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Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab
Industrial EngineeringDept. of Industrial Systems & Information Engineering
Korea University
Serial Modules in Parallel : The Psychological Refractory Period and Perfect Time-Sharing
Psychological Review 2001M.D Byrne & J.R. Ander-son
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순 서
Introduction
ACT-R PM
Modeling Simple Dual Tasks - PRP, Perfect Time-Sharing
Complex Dual Task - Experiment 1,2,3
General Discussion
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Introduction
Computational theory are not new to experimental psy-chology.
Attempt to integrate cognition, perception, action
MHP (1983, Card, Moran, Newell) - Cognition, Perception, Motor processor - Critical Path of dependencies among the parallel stages
EPIC(1997, Meyer, Kieras) - Substantial advance in computational modeling - Simple dual task - Low level cognition( not theory of memory, problem solv-
ing, learning)
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ACT-R/PM
ACT-R + EPIC’s Perceptual - Motor Modules
Spreading activation is parallel Cognition is serial Serial Production Fire
Activation-based retrieval from D.M
Motor Module - preparation(50ms) - execution(initiation 50ms)
Vision Module - move-attention(135ms)
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Modeling Simple Dual Task
PRP (Psychological Refractory Period) - Simple choice reaction task - T2 is elevated at short SOAs (PRP effect) - SOA 0, total time < T1+T2
Response Selection Bottlenecks
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Modeling Simple Dual Task (2)
EPIC-SRD (strategic response deferment) - strategically defer responding to Task 2 - some stage of Task 2 is not allowed to proceed until it has
been “unlocked” that is triggered by the completion of some critical stage of Task 1
Subadditive difficulty effects of Schumacher et al(1999) - Task 1 : tone discrimination 1120 Hz / 1450Hz (Left middle, index finger / vocal “high”, “low” ) - Task 2 : position discrimination easy : right index, middle, ring, little finger hard : right ring, index, little, middle finger
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Subadditive difficulty effect
r2=0.93 RMSE=18.1ms r2=0.91 RMSE=14.4ms
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Explaining Subadditive Difficulty Ef-fects(1)
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Explaining Subadditive Difficulty Ef-fects(2)
A1. Uniform unlockingA2. Task 1 response selection & transmissionA3. Task 2 response selection & transmissionA4. Dual task goal Task 1 : tc+ta+tc+(nf*tf)+ti+tk=405msTask 2 : tc+tv+r(ac)+tc+(nf*tf)+ti+tk=395+r(ac)
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Perfect Time Sharing
Lack of input interference & no output interference No peripheral interference Schumacher et al. (1997) experiment - tone discrimination : auditory-vocal task (445ms-456ms) - visual position discrimination : visual-manual task (279ms-
283ms)
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Complex Dual Task(1) PRP Arith-metic Task 1 : two auditorily presented digit - spoken answer Task 2 : single digits and addition task (6+7=12 or
6+7=13) easy : small digit / hard : large digit
1. No systematic interaction between SOA and the difficulty of the second task 2. Despite greatly increase the cognitive component – very little time sharing
3. Single task times are all reliably smallerthan the dual task times
0 SOA T2
2400 SOA T1+T2
Easy 2070 2362
Hard 2247 2592
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Complex Dual Task (2) Parallel Arithmetic Replication of PRP arithmetic No instruction regarding response order EPIC : Possible perfect time sharing ACT-R/PM : impossible because of increased cognitive
demand
Task 1 : Multiplication (auditory – verbal) ex) 6 * 4 = 28 Task 2 : Addition verification (visual – manual) ex) 5+3=9 incorrect
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Complex Dual Task (2) Parallel Arithmetic EPIC : no increase in response time Both task are slow down significantly than single task SOA effect on multiplication : addition first (-SOA,
easy>hard) Participant behave any differently when order is removed If cognition can go on parallel, task 2 should not be
slowed No incentive for strategic deferment and no share modali-
ties
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Complex Dual Task (3) Fixed-Free Arithmetic Auditory stimulus was transient than visual stimulus
Combining the stimulus into one visual stimulus
Fixed vs Free condition - Fixed : Verification task first - Free : No order
Example 3 4 7 task 1 : addition verification respond correct or false task 2 : addition or multiplication respond 10 or 21
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Complex Dual Task (3) Fixed-Free Arithmetic No difference between addition and multiplication Slightly more often to the production task first (59%) Single task time < Dual task time (encode all aspect) Task 2 were much more slower – weak parallelism evi-
dence Absence of any clear perceptual-motor bottleneck, task 2
was slowed substantially in bothVerification re-sult
Production result
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Complex Dual Task (4) Pattern Math
Modality-specific working memory Task 1 : pattern A:4 keys, B:6 keys Task 2 : addition verification (true/false) easy: 1-4, hard:6-9 Condition : Free vs Fixed(priority pattern classifi-
cation)
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Complex Dual Task (4) Pattern Math
No evidence condition effect Little parallelism in the dual task No strategic difference between fixed and free Dual task cost in both condition – unavoidable bottleneck Cognitive bottleneck rather than perceptual or motor
Pattern Classification re-sult
Addition verification re-sult
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ACT-R/PM Models of the Current Ex-periment Parallel Arithmetic Experiment - Perceive > encode > retrieve > respond - F 0.85 > 0.65
r2=0.98
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ACT-R/PM Models of the Current Ex-periment Fixed-Free Arithmetic Pattern Math
r2=0.96 r2=0.98
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General Discussion
ACT-R/PM is a synthesis of computational theories
ACT-R/PM can model PRP experiments including subaddi-tive effects, perfect time sharing, dual task interference
Dual task decrement – hold additional element of both task in the goal > less source activation > more retrieval time
EPIC : ACT-R/PM = Parallel Cognition : Serial Cognition
Cognitive Architecture : High level cognition – Low level cognition
Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab
Industrial EngineeringDept. of Industrial Systems & Information Engineering
Korea University
?Q & A
Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab
Industrial EngineeringDept. of Industrial Systems & Information Engineering
Korea University
Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab
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