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Chapter 12
Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads
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Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World Lack of police enforcement outside of established
settlements Changed in classical period
Improvement of infrastructure Development of empires
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Trade Networks Develop
Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization
Maintenance of roads, bridges Discovery of Monsoon wind patterns Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open
routes
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Trade in the Hellenistic World
Bactria/India Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls
Persia, Egypt Grain
Mediterranean Wine, oil, jewelry, art
Development of professional merchant class
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The Silk Roads
Named for principal commodity from China Dependent on imperial stability Overland trade routes from China to Roman
Empire Sea Lanes and Maritime trade as well
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The Silk Roads 200 BCE – 30 CE
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Organization of Long-Distance Trade
Divided into small segments Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision Tax income incentives to maintain safety,
maintenance of passage
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Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism
Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes India through central Asia to east Asia Cosmopolitan centers promote development of
monasteries to shelter traveling merchants Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads,
200 BCE-700 CE
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The spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 BCE – 400 CE
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Buddhism in China
Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations
Gradual spread to larger population beginning 5th c. CE
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Buddhism and Hinduism in SE Asia
Sea lanes in Indian Ocean 1st c. CE clear Indian influence in SE Asia
Rulers called “rajas” Sanskrit used for written communication Buddhism, Hinduism increasingly popular faiths
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Christianity in Mediterranean Basin
Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia 3rd c. CE
Christianity spreads through Middle East, North Africa, Europe
Sizeable communities as far east as India Judaism, Zoroastrianism also practiced
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Christianity in SW Asia
Influence of ascetic practices from India Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies After 5th c. CE, followed Nestorius
Emphasized human nature of Jesus
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Spread of Manichaeism
Mani a devout Zoroastrian (216-272 CE) Viewed himself a prophet for all humanity Influenced by Christianity and Buddhism Dualist
good vs. evil light vs. dark spirit vs. matter
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Manichaean Society
Devout: “the Elect” Ascetic lifestyle Celibacy, vegetarianism Life of prayer and fasting
Laity: “the Hearers” Material supporters of “the Elect”
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Decline of Manichaeism
Spread through silk routes to major cities in Roman Empire
Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sassanid persecution Mani arrested, dies in captivity
Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute
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The Spread of Epidemic Disease
Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens Limited data, but trends in demographics
reasonably clear Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague Effect: Economic slowdown, move to regional
self-sufficiency
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Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires
0102030405060
c. 0CE
c.200CE
c.400CE
c.600CE
Chinese Population, 0-600 CE
Millions
0102030405060
c. 0 CE c. 200CE
c. 400
Roman Population, 0-400 CE
Millions
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Internal Decay of the Han State
Court intrigue Formation of actions Problem of land distribution
Large landholders develop private armies Epidemics Peasant rebellions
184 CE Yellow Turban Rebellion
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Collapse of the Han Dynasty
Generals assume authority, reduce Emperor to puppet figure
Alliance with landowners 200 CE Han Dynasty
abolished, replaced by 3 kingdoms
Immigration of northern nomads increases
China after the Han Dynasty, 220 CE
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Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples
Social and cultural changes to a Chinese way of life
Adapted to the Chinese environment Agriculture
Adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage
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Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism
Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines
Buddhism, Daoism gain popularity Religions of salvation
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Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors The Barracks Emperors 235-284 26 claimants to the throne, all but one
killed in power struggles Epidemics Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of
local and regional self-sufficient economies
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Diocletian (r. 284-305 CE)
Divided empire into two administrative districts Co-Emperors, dual Lieutenants
“Tetrarchs” Currency, budget reform Relative stability disappears after Diocletian's
death, civil war follows Constantine emerges victorious
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Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors Visigoths, influenced by Roman law, Christianity
Formerly buffer states for Roman Empire Attacked by Huns under Attila in 5th c. CE Massive migration of Germanic peoples into
Roman Empire Sacked Rome in 410 CE, established Germanic
emperor in 476 CE
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Germanic invasions and the fall of the western Roman Empire, 450-476 CE
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Cultural Change in the Roman Empire
Growth of Christianity Constantine’s Vision, 312 CE Promulgates Edict of Milan, allows Christian practice Converts to Christianity
380 CE Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman Empire
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St. Augustine (354-430 CE)
Hippo, North Africa Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism 387 converts to Christianity Major theologian
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The Institutional Church
Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early Church Divinity of Jesus Role of women
Church hierarchy established Patriarchs, Bishop of Rome primus inter pares