copyright © 2006 the mcgraw-hill companies inc. permission required for reproduction or display. 1...

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

1

Chapter 15 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)

Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty

Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty

Massive building projects (Military labor, Conscripted labor)

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The Grand Canal

Intended to promote trade between north and south China

Linked network of earlier canals2000k (1240 miles)Roads on either bank

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The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)

Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty

Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion

Emperor assassinated in 618 - Tang Dynasty initiated

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Tang Taizong (r. 627-649 CE)

2nd Tang emperor

Strong rulerBuilt capital at

Chang’anLaw and orderTaxes, prices lowMore effective

implementation of earlier Sui policies

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Major achievements of Tang Dynasty

Transportation and communicationsExtensive postal, courier services

Equal-field System20% of land hereditary ownership80% redistributed according to formula

Family size, land fertility

Worked well until 8th centuryCorruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries

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Bureaucracy of MeritImperial civil service

examinations

Some bribery, nepotism

But most advance through merit Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until

early 20th century

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Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations

Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet

One of the largest expansions of China in its history

Established tributary relationships Gifts

China as “Middle Kingdom” The kowtow ritual

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The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.

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Tang Decline

Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine

775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander

Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763

Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang

Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor abdicates 907

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Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts

Military not emphasized

Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded

meritocracy

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The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

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Song Weaknesses

Size of bureaucracyTwo peasant rebellions in

12th c.Internal inertia prevents

reform of bureaucracy

Civil service leadership of militaryLacked military trainingUnable to contain nomadic

attacksJurchen conquer, force

Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)

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Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties

Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year

Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals

Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals

Terrace farming

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Population GrowthResult of increased

agricultural production

Effective food distribution systemTransportation networks

built under Tang and Song dynasties

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UrbanizationChang’an world’s most populous

city: 2 million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou:

over 1 million Several cities over 100,000

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Patriarchal Social StructuresIncreased emphasis on

ancestor worshipElaborate grave ritualsExtended family

gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors

Footbinding gains popularityIncreased control by male

family members

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Footbinding19


Technology and IndustryPorcelain (“Chinaware”)

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MetallurgyIncrease of iron production due to use of coke, not

coal, in furnacesAgricultural tools, weaponry

Gunpowder invented

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PrintingMoveable type by mid-11th centuryYet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique

easier

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Naval technology

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Emergence of a Market Economy

“Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortagesPromissory notes, checks also used

Development of independently produced paper moneyNot as stable, riots when not honored

Government claims monopoly on money production in 11th century

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China and the Hemispheric EconomyIncreasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities

Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

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Cultural Change in Tang and Song ChinaDeclining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han

Increasing popularity of Buddhism

Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear

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DunhuangMahayana Buddhism especially

popular in western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 CE

Buddhist temples, libraries

Economic success as converts donate land holdings

Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor

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Conflicts with Chinese Culture

Buddhism:Text-based (Buddhist

teachings)

Emphasis on Metaphysics

Ascetic idealCelibacyisolation

Confucianism:Text-based (Confucian

teachings)Daoism not text-based

Emphasis on ethics, politics

Family-centeredProcreationFilial piety

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Chan (Zen) Buddhism

Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climateDharma translated as daoNirvana translated as wuwei

Accommodated family lifestyle“one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”

Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead

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Persecution of Buddhists

Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty

840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians,

Manicheans as well

Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings

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Neo-Confucianism

Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians

Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought

Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) important synthesizer

Popular to 20th century

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China and Korea

Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor

Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent

Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

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China and VietnamVietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology

But ongoing resentment at political domination

Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10th century

34


China and Early Japan

Chinese armies never invade Japan

Yet Chinese culture pervasive

Imitation of Tang administrationEstablishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara

Japan” (710-794 CE)

Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings

Yet retention of Shinto religion

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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)

Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution

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Japanese Literature

Influence of Chinese kanji charactersClassic curriculum dominated by Chinese

Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet

Court life: The Tale of GenjiWritten by woman with weak command of Chinese,

becomes classic of early Japanese literature

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Institution of the Shogun

Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12th century

Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE

Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto

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39


Medieval JapanKamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods

Decentralized power in hands of warlordsMilitary authority in hands of samura

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Summary

41

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