copyright 2005 - 2009: hi tech criminal justice, raymond e. foster public policypublic policy and...

Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

Public PolicyPublic Policy and Practice and Practice in in Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice

Decision MakingDecision Making

Part IIPart II


Public PolicyPublic Policy Clarke E. Cochran, et al.: "the actions of

government and the intentions that determine those actions."

Clarke E. Cochran, et al.: "the outcome of the struggle in government over who gets what."

Thomas Dye: "Whatever governments choose to do or not do."

Charles L. Cochran and Eloise F. Malone: "political decisions for implementing programs to achieve societal goals."

B. Guy Peters: "sum of government activities, whether acting directly or through agents, as it has an influence on the life of citizens."


Public PolicyPublic Policy

Because of limited Because of limited (scarce) resources (scarce) resources choiceschoices about the objectives must be made: Which? How? Importance?


What is Policy Analysis?What is Policy Analysis?

Refers to a variety of analysis Refers to a variety of analysis techniques used to develop, analyze techniques used to develop, analyze and evaluate policyand evaluate policy

The choice of tool may be dependent on the The choice of tool may be dependent on the questionquestion


ToolsTools

Seven Criteria of Good PolicySeven Criteria of Good Policy The 6 C’s of Policy OptionsThe 6 C’s of Policy Options The 3 E’s of Policy OptionsThe 3 E’s of Policy Options Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness AnalysisCost-Effectiveness Analysis ModelingModeling Decomposition AnalysisDecomposition Analysis Ideological AnalysisIdeological Analysis Point of View AnalysisPoint of View Analysis


Seven Criteria of Good PolicySeven Criteria of Good Policy

EffectivenessEffectiveness ExternalitiesExternalities EfficiencyEfficiency TheoryTheory ComplianceCompliance EquityEquity Measurable EffectMeasurable Effect


EffectivenessEffectiveness

What is the bottom line?What is the bottom line? What was is it that the policy What was is it that the policy

intended to do? The bottom line.intended to do? The bottom line. Perhaps for a private firm, profitPerhaps for a private firm, profit Is the Policy Working?Is the Policy Working? Are goals met as opposed to activity Are goals met as opposed to activity

takes place.takes place.


Traffic CitationsTraffic Citations

The goal is traffic The goal is traffic safety!safety!

A motor officer can A motor officer can efficiently issue efficiently issue citations, but does citations, but does his activities add to his activities add to the bottom line of the bottom line of traffic safety.traffic safety.


ExternalitiesExternalities

Side effectsSide effects Many actions have Many actions have

intended and intended and unintended positive unintended positive and negative side and negative side effectseffects


EfficiencyEfficiency

If effectiveness is concentrating on If effectiveness is concentrating on the outputs or goals, essentially the outputs or goals, essentially doing the right things.doing the right things.

Efficiency is doing things right. Using Efficiency is doing things right. Using the least amount of inputs the least amount of inputs (resources) to produce the output.(resources) to produce the output.


TheoryTheory

The underlying assumptions and The underlying assumptions and theories supporting the theorytheories supporting the theory

Recall, nearly all justice policy is Recall, nearly all justice policy is founded in founded in criminological theorycriminological theory


ComplianceCompliance

Does the policy Does the policy comply with the comply with the fundamentals of fundamentals of our system of our system of laws?laws?

Is it Constitutional?Is it Constitutional? Is it consistent with Is it consistent with

the American the American system of justice?system of justice?


EquityEquity

Are outputs Are outputs and and burdens burdens equitably equitably distributeddistributed??

3 or ½3 or ½

ExerciseExercise


Intervention EffectIntervention Effect

Can the effect be Can the effect be measured?measured?


The 6 C’s of Policy OptionsThe 6 C’s of Policy Options

ConcentrationConcentration ClarityClarity ChangeabilityChangeability ChallengeChallenge CoordinationCoordination ConsistencyConsistency


ConcentrationConcentration

Concentration of resources on Concentration of resources on meaningful aspect of the problem.meaningful aspect of the problem.

Do the resources exist to implement Do the resources exist to implement the policy – personnel, time, the policy – personnel, time, equipment, money, etc.equipment, money, etc.


ClarityClarity

Are the goals and action steps clearly Are the goals and action steps clearly outlined?outlined?

Are all the stakeholders identified?Are all the stakeholders identified? Do the stakeholders implementing Do the stakeholders implementing

the policy understand their roles?the policy understand their roles? Do stakeholders affected by the Do stakeholders affected by the

policy understand it?policy understand it?


StakeholdersStakeholders

Any organization, Any organization, governmental entity, governmental entity, or individual that has or individual that has a stake in or may be a stake in or may be impacted by a policy.impacted by a policy.

Photograph provided by Robert Eplett, California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services


Determining StakeholdersDetermining Stakeholders

Stakeholders can be determining by Stakeholders can be determining by analyzing their role in relationship to analyzing their role in relationship to the problem or policy:the problem or policy: RightsRights ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities Revenues and RewardsRevenues and Rewards RelationshipsRelationships


ChangeabilityChangeability

How flexible is the policy to change if How flexible is the policy to change if conditions change?conditions change?

Are the Stakeholders (individuals and Are the Stakeholders (individuals and organizations) responsible for organizations) responsible for implementing the policy able to implementing the policy able to adapt to the change in policy?adapt to the change in policy?

Are the Stakeholders (individuals and Are the Stakeholders (individuals and organizations) affected by policy able organizations) affected by policy able to adapt to the change in policy?to adapt to the change in policy?


ChallengeChallenge

Is the policy doable? Is the policy doable? Is it realistic in terms Is it realistic in terms of available of available resources, resources, stakeholder support stakeholder support and outcomes?and outcomes?


CoordinationCoordination

Is there effective coordination and Is there effective coordination and communication between all communication between all stakeholders.stakeholders.

Is there a feedback mechanism for Is there a feedback mechanism for course corrections?course corrections?


ConsistencyConsistency

Are the actions consistent with the Are the actions consistent with the objectives; are the objectives objectives; are the objectives consistent with the goal?consistent with the goal?

Is the policy consistent with other Is the policy consistent with other policies?policies?

Is the policy action delivered Is the policy action delivered consistently?consistently?


Goals and ObjectivesGoals and Objectives

Goals are broad Goals are broad while objectives are while objectives are narrower, concrete narrower, concrete results that support results that support goals:goals: Reduce traffic Reduce traffic

injuries (Goal)injuries (Goal) Encourage use of Encourage use of

seatbelts (Objective)seatbelts (Objective) Enforcement of Enforcement of

seatbelt law (Action)seatbelt law (Action)


Policy OpportunitiesPolicy Opportunities

Opportunities for new policies or policy change occur with: Political change Structural change Introduction of change agents into

organizations Response to unpredictable major events,

trends and changes Leverage points

Opportunities where the application of relatively minor resources provides huge gains.


Incremental and complex

Policy is often incremental, making Policy is often incremental, making small changes rather than large small changes rather than large changes. changes. ExperimentationExperimentation Chance eventsChance events Learning from mistakesLearning from mistakes Political/financial/stakeholder realitiesPolitical/financial/stakeholder realities


Policy Analysis TechniquesPolicy Analysis Techniques

Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost-Benefit Analysis Cost-Effectiveness AnalysisCost-Effectiveness Analysis Influence AnalysisInfluence Analysis ModelingModeling Decomposition AnalysisDecomposition Analysis Forecasting / Futures AnalysisForecasting / Futures Analysis Ideological Analysis Ideological Analysis Point of View AnalysisPoint of View Analysis


Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost-Benefit Analysis

Identify CostsIdentify Costs Resources, money, personnel, Resources, money, personnel,

equipment, etc.equipment, etc. Identify BenefitsIdentify Benefits Assign a monetary amount to bothAssign a monetary amount to both If benefit greater than cost, If benefit greater than cost,

implement policyimplement policy


Cost-Benefit AnalysisCost-Benefit Analysis

Opportunities CostOpportunities Cost Intangible benefitsIntangible benefits ExternalitiesExternalities Difficulty in Difficulty in

assigning real or assigning real or exact dollar exact dollar amounts to the amounts to the futurefuture


Cost-Effectiveness AnalysisCost-Effectiveness Analysis

Effectiveness of a policy Effectiveness of a policy relative to costs.relative to costs.

Expensive policies are Expensive policies are sometimes justified by sometimes justified by their effectiveness.their effectiveness.

While some policies are While some policies are more effective than more effective than alternatives, less costly alternatives, less costly might be preferred if might be preferred if the difference is the difference is considered minor.considered minor.


Influence AnalysisInfluence Analysis

Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence Everyone or a few individuals?Everyone or a few individuals? General behavior or specific behavior?General behavior or specific behavior?

MechanismsMechanisms Degree of coerciveness of policy?Degree of coerciveness of policy?


Influence AnalysisInfluence Analysis

Laws against Laws against murdermurder

Conditions of Conditions of paroleparole

State Traffic State Traffic regulationsregulations

City Parking City Parking OrdinancesOrdinances

Number of people affected by policy

High Low

High

Low

CC

OO

EE

RR

CC

II

VV

EE

NN

EE

SS

ss


ModelingModeling

Modeling is the creation of a Modeling is the creation of a simplified version of reality.simplified version of reality.

They are used to understand policy They are used to understand policy and to make predictions about what and to make predictions about what will happenwill happen

Models are used to so causal and Models are used to so causal and functional relationshipsfunctional relationships

Models can be graphic or descriptive.Models can be graphic or descriptive.


2X2 Matrix2X2 Matrix

The 2X2 Matrix is The 2X2 Matrix is an example of a an example of a descriptive and descriptive and analytical model.analytical model.

Laws Laws against against murdermurder

ConditionConditions of s of

ParoleParole

State State Traffic Traffic

regulatioregulationsns

City City Parking Parking

OrdinancOrdinanceses


Decomposition AnalysisDecomposition Analysis

Breaking down a Breaking down a complex problem complex problem into smaller parts.into smaller parts. View relationship of View relationship of

the parts to each the parts to each othersothers

View relationship of View relationship of parts to the wholeparts to the whole

View the relationship View the relationship of parts to things of parts to things external to the policyexternal to the policy


Forecasting / Futures AnalysisForecasting / Futures Analysis

Predicting the futurePredicting the future Sometimes based on Sometimes based on

the pastthe past Sometimes based on Sometimes based on

other variables that other variables that indicate a change is indicate a change is on the horizonon the horizon

Often involves if/then Often involves if/then statementsstatements

If this occurs, this If this occurs, this will happen, etc.will happen, etc.


Ideological AnalysisIdeological Analysis

Policy approaches can be examined Policy approaches can be examined by political or ideological point of by political or ideological point of view. For instance:view. For instance: ConservativeConservative LiberalLiberal RadicalRadical AlternativeAlternative


Point of View AnalysisPoint of View Analysis

For criminal justice policy, this would For criminal justice policy, this would be an analysis based on criminological be an analysis based on criminological theory point of view. Essentially, how theory point of view. Essentially, how would a policy response change by would a policy response change by the application of a different the application of a different criminological theorycriminological theory


ReferencesReferences

International Fund for Agricultural International Fund for Agricultural Development, Development, www.ifad.orgwww.ifad.org


Public PolicyPublic Policy and Practice and Practice in in Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice

Explore Explore Forensic ScienceForensic Science at at

www.forensicprofiles.comwww.forensicprofiles.com

copyright 2005 - 2009: hi tech criminal justice, raymond e. foster public policypublic policy and...

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