copyright © 1999 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. 15 health psychology: stress, coping, and...
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Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
15Health Psychology:Stress, Coping,and Health
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Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Health Health psychology
– the branch of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
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Stress and Coping
What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?
Stress– the response to events that are threatening or
challenging
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Stress and Coping
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)– the study of the relationship among
psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain
Psychophysiological disorders– medical problems caused by an interaction of
psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties
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The General Adaptation Syndrome Model General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
– Alarm and mobilization stage• become aware of the stressor
– Resistance stage• preparation to fight the stressor
– Exhaustion stage• negative consequences of stress appear
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Categorizing Stressors
Cataclysmic events– strong stressors that occur suddenly, affecting
many people at once Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
– a phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes re-experience the original stress event and associated feelings in vivid flashbacks or dreams
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Categorizing Stressors
Personal Stressors– major life events that have immediate negative
consequences that generally fade with time Background stressors
– everyday annoyances that cause minor irritations but have no long-term ill effects
Uplifts– minor positive events that make one feel good
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Learned Helplessness
Learned helplessness– a state in which people conclude that
unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled
– a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence
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Coping with Stress
Coping– the efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate
the threats that lead to stress Defense mechanisms
– emotional insulation• person stops experiencing any emotions at all
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Coping with Stress
Emotion-focused coping– characterized by the conscious regulation of
emotion in which people seek to change the way they feel or perceive the problem
Problem-focused coping– attempts to change the stressful problem or
source of the stress
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Coping with Stress
Hardiness– a personality characteristic associated with a
lower rate of stress-related illness• commitment
• challenge
• control
Social support– a mutual network of caring, interested others
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Psychological Aspects of Major Health Problems How do psychological factors affect such
health-related problems as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?
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The A’s and B’s of Coronary Heart Disease Type A behavior pattern
– characterized by competitiveness, impatience, tendency toward frustration, and hostility
Type B behavior pattern– characterized by noncompetitiveness,
nonaggression, and patience in times of potential stress
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Psychological Aspects of Cancer
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Smoking
Preparation• a relatively positive attitude about the habit
Initiation• adolescent “right of passage”
Becoming a smoker• people consider themselves smokers
Maintaining the smoking habit• smoking becomes routine
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Psychological Factors Related to Physical Illness Physician-patient communication
– patients’ reluctance to describe their symptoms to their physicians
• social prestige of physicians
• material may be too technical for patients
• patients construct their own theories
• cultural values and expectations contribute
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Complying with Physician’s Orders Forms of patient noncompliance
– Creative noncompliance• patients adjust a treatment prescribed by a physician
– reactance• a disagreeable emotional and cognitive reaction that
results from the restriction of one’s freedom and that can be associated with medical regimens