copy right by the nophea kim-phat nophea kim-phat graduate school of applied informatics, university...

Copy right by the Nophea Kim-PhatCopy right by the Nophea Kim-PhatCopy right by the Nophea Kim-PhatCopy right by the Nophea Kim-Phat

Nophea Kim-PhatGraduate School of Applied Informatics, University of Hyogo

QUEST Scientific Visitor, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Bristol University

Guest Scientist, Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University

http://www.bris.ac.uk/


OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

• TO COMPARE TWO MANAGEMENT OPTIONS AND INCENTIVES FOR BETTER USE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE TROPICAL FOREST RESOURCES

• TWO LOGGING PRACTICES ARE COMPARED (CONVENTIONAL AND REDUCED-IMPACT LOGGING)



TROPICAL NATURAL FORESTS(about 1720 million ha in 2000)

Production Forests

(47%)Potential Conversion Forest

(29%)Protected Forest

(24%)

Concession(TIMBER)(TIMBER)

Community ForestryAgroforestryPlantations

ConservationOthersOthers

MAIN PLAYERS

Companies Government

Local CommunitiesNGOs

Government

GovernmentLocal Communities

NGOsAll（ ??）

This color: Partly or wholly included in CDMThis color: Partly or wholly included in CDMThis color To be included in post-2012 CDM?? This color To be included in post-2012 CDM??

Based onKim-Phat and Knorr (submitted)

Reforestation (?)



Forests are strongly affected by logging practicesForests are strongly affected by logging practices

CONVENTIONAL LOGGING CONVENTIONAL LOGGING (CVL)(CVL) is traditional logging is traditional logging practice involving the uses of practice involving the uses of heavy machineries, untrained heavy machineries, untrained staff, improper plan etc. that staff, improper plan etc. that result in large damages and result in large damages and disturbances to forest and its disturbances to forest and its ecosystems, but with low cost.ecosystems, but with low cost.

REDUCED-IMPACT REDUCED-IMPACT LOGGINGLOGGING is a new logging is a new logging practice for the tropics that practice for the tropics that uses modern technology and uses modern technology and well-trained staff. Although well-trained staff. Although operational cost is high, it is operational cost is high, it is capable of reducing various capable of reducing various damages. damages.

Nophea

Nophea

logslogs

Helicopter

Helicopter

CambodiaCambodia MalaysiaMalaysia

Heli-LoggingHeli-Logging



SOME CASE STUDIES: 1

Hinrichs et al., (2002)

In East Kalimantan

RIL:19%

CVL:26%

RIL

CVL

Canopy open due to logging

Logging and damagesLogging and damages



Table 1 Impacts of RIL and CVL techniques on different forest values: 2 (Sabah, Malaysia)Forest Values RIL CVL

TIMBER

Stand structure (>1 cm DBH, Unit: trees ha-1)

- Before logging 3,798 ±101 (100%)(100%) 4,382 ±212 (100%)(100%)

- After logging 3,001 ±131 (79%)(79%) 2,463 ±212 (56%)(56%)

Species (density of dipterocarps, Unit: trees ha-1)

- Before logging 522 ±69 (100%)(100%) 742 ±100 (100%)(100%)

- After logging 388 ±46 (74%) 435 ±49 (57%)(57%)

Removals (extracted and killed)

797797 1,9201,920

Volume extracted (unit: ha-1)

- Year (0) 9 trees or 106 m3 13 trees or 136 m3

- Year (60) 111 m111 m33 85 m85 m33

Source: Tay et al., (2002)



Country CVL RIL

Tree damages (%)

Sabah, Malaysia 56.0 29.029.0

Sarawak, Malaysia 54.0 28.028.0

East Kalimantan, Indonesia 48.4 30.530.5

Wood waste (%): cut-offs, top logs, stumps

Sarawak, Malaysia 20.0 0.00.0

East Kalimantan, Indonesia 46.2 26.226.2

Easter Amazon, Brazil 24.0 8.o8.o

Table 2 Some studies on CVL and RIL

Source: Costa and Tay (1996), FAO (2001), Sist and Saridan (1998), Sist et al. (2003), Holmes et al. (2002)

As published in Kim-Phat et at. (2004)



IMPLICATIONSIMPLICATIONSCVL

• Concentrated logging: trees at the accessible areas are harvested

• Large openness: fragmentation leading to pioneer plant and lianas invasion

• Soil disturbance: high• Growth: likely

decrease

RIL• Smooth logging: trees

are felled as planed through the areas

• Less openness: allowing native species to regenerate

• Soil disturbance: less• Growth: likely increase• Work well if harvested

tree density less than 8 trees/ha or 50-70 m3

• DBH: 60-100 cm

modified from Sist et al. (2003)



POTENTIAL GLOBAL CARBON SINKS IN MANAGED FORESTS

(about -400 TgC year-1)

Some studies on MAI in the tropics:Some studies on MAI in the tropics:0.71 MgC (Phillips et al., 1998 in 0.71 MgC (Phillips et al., 1998 in ScienceScience), about 0.2 to 1.5 MgC ), about 0.2 to 1.5 MgC (Alder and Silva, 2000 in FORECO)

Assuming a mean annual increment (MAI) of Assuming a mean annual increment (MAI) of 0.5 MgC ha0.5 MgC ha-1-1 year year-1-1, total tropical production f, total tropical production forests could sequester about orests could sequester about 400400 TgC annu TgC annually. Additionally, there will be more carbon flally. Additionally, there will be more carbon fl

uxes in harvested wood productsuxes in harvested wood products


Copy right by the Nophea Kim-PhatCopy right by the Nophea Kim-PhatCopy right by the Nophea Kim-PhatCopy right by the Nophea Kim-Phat Taken from Kim-Phat et al. (2004)

coupe/block lay-outcoupe/block lay-out Pre-harvest inventoryPre-harvest inventory Log skiddingLog skidding

TOTAL ADDITIONAL COSTTOTAL ADDITIONAL COST• Malaysia: Malaysia: $$4.034.03 (CVL: (CVL: 7.35, RIL: 11.38))• Brazil: Brazil: $$0.080.08 (( CVL: 5.20, RIL 5.28) )

TrainingPre-harvest and harvest planning: coupe/block lay-out, inventory, tree marking, data processing, road and log stockpile planning, othersHarvesting operations: road construction, log stockpile preparation, felling, skidding, othersPost-harvest operation: damage assessment, and RIL compliance assessment

Per m3 of harvested woodPer m3 of harvested wood



INVESTMENT COSTS FOR IMPROVING FOREST MANAGEMENT

AND RESOURCE USE1.Training: not only for logging, but also for

protecting wildlife!

2. Pre-harvest and harvest planning:

3. Harvesting operations:

4. Post-harvest operation

5. Certification

6. Wood processing technology: only 50% or

less of harvested logs are being used at

present



Proposed Framework for Effective Implementation and Avoiding Leakage

Step 1: Government announces the available forestsStep 2: Public Bidding and Qualifications CheckStep 3: Select good companies (professional, good logging history, sufficient professional staff)Step 4: Agreements, Laws, Policies (forestry and climate), Logging Code of Practice, Certification

Step 5: Intervene for access to better marketsStep 6: Enforcement mechanisms, verification, punishments, …. Step 7: Incentives (funding mechanism), selling of carbon



CONCLUDING REMARKS• Logging technology does exist for improving Logging technology does exist for improving

forest managementforest management• Improved forest management through adoptiImproved forest management through adopti

ng reduced-impact logging is likely to sequesng reduced-impact logging is likely to sequester more carbon at low cost, but high carbon ter more carbon at low cost, but high carbon price if sold price if sold

• Main constraints would be the availability of fMain constraints would be the availability of funds, the uncertainty of political commitmentunds, the uncertainty of political commitments, timber prices and future inclusion of forest s, timber prices and future inclusion of forest management into the second Kyoto commitmmanagement into the second Kyoto commitmentent


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