Sec. 562, P. L. & R.U. S. POSTAGE

PaidButte, Mont.

Permit 'No. 139

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Message

trout

~ajor

-General

l;alDphell• l

'I•BEFORE our invasion of North A~rica last Nov. 7, I talked with General Eisen- !hower in England.

He told me we had the finest weapons and ammunition, tanks and otherimplements of warfare, with which our Army has ever entered a war.

I am glad of an opportunity to relay his words to the men and womenof Montana's copper industry' because they are entitled to some of thecredit for this com .....endation.

The gunsmiths and the tank makers. skillful though they be, are help·less without the materials of their trade ... .

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It took ton upon ton of copper to turn out the $55.000,000,000 har-vest of munitions which America produced in the first year of the war.

Lacking sufficient copper, one of our scarcest Mrategic metals, it wouldhave been a disappointing harvest-a dangerously poor one.

The men and women of the copper industry came through. They heldup their end. The Army knows they'lf hold up their end. every difficultY tothe contrary, right through to th~ Day of Victory.

We all have our responsibilities in this life-and-death struggle with thelaps and Nazis.

The Ordnance Department recognizes that, above all, its responsibilitylies in getting the highest quality of weapons in the correct quantity to theright places at the right time. "

We have striven always to meet this responsibility. We depend on themen and women of the copper industry to help us meet it.

American arms in Africa have written a glorious new chapter in the • 11military history of our nation. Far Westward in Montana, the men and I'women of the copper industry helped to write that chapter.

MAJOR CENERAL L. H. CAMPBELL, JR., Chief of Ordnance

ARMY ORDNANCE

Axes forthe Axis \

The gilding metal being produced at Creat Fansswings a .real axe on the Ax·is. And it answers aprayer for Uncle Sam for a big job, done on time.This is the first of a series of articles tellinghow Uncle Sam asked, and the boys at Creat Fallsanswered. "you'Il agree the gang is coming through

THE 'war is hitting close to CreatFalls.The whole idea that we all kept on doingthe same thing we have always been do-ing has been kicked in the head in justthe past few weeks. For up at the Refin-ery, the schedule has been changed to ac-commodate one of the major operations ofthe Government, namely supplying ofgilding metal for-war purposes.

.ny had to turn itself upside-down to gefout an almost entirely new product andin record time. Adjustments had to bemade on furnaces, because the factor ofzinc had been brought into the picture.So an experimental three-ton furnace wasset up and for a period of about six weeksthe boys fussed and fumed over the fur-nace in an effort to strike the best pos-sible productive formula. As Uncle Samknows, the boys.came through.

We have just finished a trip throughthe entire operation, and in this article,the first of a series on this great war pro-duction development, we take youthrough the chief stages, Here in the Fur-nace Refinery the huge furnaces arecharged with copper cathodes and z inc,Actually, the process doesn't differ ma-terially from the normal charging forpure copper production-the real trickscome into the picture later on, when pro-

What is this miracle at Great Falls?Well, it is simple enough to explain, butits importance to the United Nations wareffort probably couldn't be put in words.It boiIs down to this: The Governmentrequested that the Refinery turn itself

, loose on a new type of product-ninetyper cent copper and ten per cent zinc-to create gilding metal or brass for drivingbands for shells, jackets for bullets, andother vital war uses.

The brass plants throughout thecountry have plenty of capacity for roll-ing the metal but not for making it; afew smaller plants in this country wereturning out a moderate production ofgilding metal but the Government neededmore and needed it fast.

A few months ago the boys in theFurnace Refinery ana the Casting Divi-sion of the copper end of the businessdidn't feel too close to the war, becausethey were doing the same thing they hadbeen doing in time of peace. But UncleSam stepped in with a request so greatthat it was almost staggering. The nicepart of it was that, staggering though itwas, it didn't jolt the boys at Great Falls.Today they have knocked over the fond-est estimates and almost every 'day theyset a new production record.

Actually the Refinery had neverworked on brass before. It had to adapt itsequipment from copper to brass wedgecakes. This end of the Refinery practic-

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vision must be made for taking care oft:he zinc with which the copper is mixed.

Here in the Furnace Refinery, weget a picture (shown at the upper leftpage 3) of Ted Bloemker, one of the nim-blest cranemen who ever handled the gad-gets. At the bottom of page 3 you can geta close-up view of the cathodes as they arelifred on Ted's crane and plunged into the'furnace. This furnace is a hot baby-thetemperature is about 22000 fahrenheit= _and brass scrap. copper cathodes and cop-per scrap. plus zinc, are fed into it toform the basic metal.

Up to a short time ago a charge offive or six thousand pounds was consid-ered average. but the boys at Great Fallsstreamlined their operations so that todaycharges of 350 to 380 thousand poundsare by no means uncommon.

Over to the left you can get a betterglimpse of the furnace being charged. Inthe top picture Jim Smith, superintendentof the Furnace Refinery and a guy whospent sleepless days and nights helping towork out the production formula, isshown standing before the furnace door.:It is into this chamber that the cathodesand wedge cakes are plunged. In the sec-ond picture you can see the zinc slabs be-ing dropped into the furnace so that theymay alloy with the copper. And in thepictures at the bottom there are close-upviews. Take it from us that it's some hotspot to stand in front of.

This is only a matter of scratchingthe surface on this whole operation. folks.so bear with us until another issue whenwe will take you to the Casting Divisionand show you how these boys are smack-M1g one record after another in their effortto bring the Axis to its knees. The actualcasting is something to see because thecesting of these metals is a difficult andcomplicated thing.-

What is so outstanding about thisenti re operation is that the boys who workon this gilding metal assignment knowearned well that their products are go-:i-Ag just as fast as they can be carried tom~facfuring plants for conversion intoshells and other essential war materials.

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TreasureHunting

Veins of ore are like hidden treasures and in aJot of cases they are really hidden. Read andsee how the fell~ws in the Geology Depart-ment Ilhunt" and find these faulted ore bodies

I F the east half of "The Richest Hill onEarth" were cut off, leaving the west halfstanding, and you stood near Meadervilleand looked at the cut, you would see ahigh cliff running north and south. On theface of this cliff would appear the manyveins and faults that exist in the hill.It would remind you of a piece of shatter-proof glass which had been in an auto-mobile wreck with its many branchingsof cracks. The picture would look likethe one reproduced below from the rec-·ords of the Geological Department. Slices

cut at other places through the hill wouldbe even more complicated. The accom-panying picture of an outcrop showswhat one of these veins looks like whereit comes to the surface. The reason thatthis one projects above the surroundinglandscape is because it was made ofharder material than the enclosing rockand so was not worn away so fast. Inthe upper right picture you can get anidea of the ore deposits as they are shownby the glass enclosed model out at theSchool of Mines .

Because of many mining litigationsand the gr-adual recognition of the corn-plicated nature of the ore deposits, HieGeological Department was organized '"1900. At that time it became neces ...sary to study this complex structure sothat the ownership of the many orebodies could become known. It was soonfound, however, that such studies woufdresult in much practical assistance in thedevelopment and mining of them. 1\geologist can direct a crosscut to inter-sect a vein with the least amount of

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IN the picture above Charles Coddard is examining the vein outcrop of the TzarenaMi.,e just west of Butte. This is a low grade manganese vein outcrop. Maps are made. of all 9f the vein exposures in the Bu~te areas as well as the underground veins. Rob-_,rt Lacy and Charles Coddard in the lower picture are mapping the same outcrop atanother location. The distance is being taped from some known bench mark (that·s. an established survey point). Charles is marking down the strike ~nd dip in the note-book which will later be taken to the office and platted on the district map

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work or he can guide the development soas to recover lost or displaced ore bodieswhen the miners report that the vein has"pinched out." He can also place a raiseto better advantage on account of hisgeological knowledge. There are nowtwenty-five men in the Geological De-partment doing this useful work.

Let's see what conclusions the geol-ogists have reached after years of work.The Butte mines are located in an enor-mous mass of granite, Granite is anigneous rock, which means that at onetime it was red-yes white-hot andliquid Jike the, slag at the smelter. Inthis respect it differs from sedimentaryrocks, the sandstones, shales and lime-stones which were formed at the bottomof·the seas of ancient times. As coolingprogressed, the earth, like most hotthings, contracted. During this con-traction, the crust, which was made oflimestones, shales and sandstones-atthat long ago time-was bent, squeezed.broken and pushed about on a tremen-dous scale. The irregularities producedthe mountains. At the weakened placesthe molten material from the interiorcame very near the surface, sometimesbreaking through the crust. As this hotmaterial stoped its way up toward thesurface, it gradually became cooler andcrystals of the various rock minerals -began to form. First the dark ones likethe micas and later the whiter mineralsof feldspar and quartz solidified to makethe granite as we find it today. The biggranite area around Butte extends from.Helena on the north to the Highlandssouth of Butte and from about Elkhornon the east to about Deer Lodge on thewest.

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As the cooling of the granite pro-gressed, numerous cracks developed.

'. Then as time went on, various gases andvapors emanated from the depths andfound their way upward through thesecracks much the same as the vaporsescape from cracks in Yellowstone Park.These vapors were richly charged withsulphur and with the various metalswhich they had collected frpm themolten rock mass miles below. As theyascended, they attacked the wall rocksin the cracks-and some penetrated the:granite. This changed their chemicalcharacter from what it was originally sothat they began to act differently as theyprogressed. Also, as these vapors movedtoward the surface they became cooler.Just as hot coffee can hold more sugarin solution than cold coffee, these cool-ing vapors began to drop out some of themetals they were carrying and depositedthem in various forms in the fissures.The copper minerals came out first while

. the solutions were still pretty hot. Later,as the solutions reached cooler levelshigher up, they could no longer hold thezinc so zinc minerals we.re deposited.The lead and the manganese traveledfarthest because they are metals whichcan be held until the solutions get much

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cooler. This is the reason why the man-ganese ores are nearest the surface, thezinc next with the copper reaching to thegreatest depths. In this way, the cracks~ere filled up and the veins were formed.The metals did not get there in a moltenstate at all as many people believe.

But there was much more to thestory.after the veins received their storesof ore. The many intersecting cracksmade the rocks weak and not at all likesolid granite. As time went on, great

.' blocks of ground began to slip on thesecracks. One mass of rock would slidealong another, either sideways or down-ward. If this particular area containeda vein it would no longer continue on itsoriginal course but would be displaced.This is what is meant by faulting and thecrack along which the ground moved iscalled a fault. In the mines a fault isrecognized as a crack filled with clay,better known to the miners as "talc."The clay is the evidence of the movementand it got there because of the grindingof one mass 'Of rock upon another. Thismade fine dust and when it got wet theresult was a clay-like material. .

The first veins to be formed strikeeasterly and westerly across the district.The first series of fault slips and displace-ments was in a northwest and southeastdirection. At the time this happenedthere were still some mineralizing vaporsactive so they got to work on the newcracks, deposited their minerals in themin the places they could reach and thusproduced the northwest series of veins.When the job was done there often re-mained long stretches of barren veinswhose presence is only known by the claywalls. In cases like these the geologistcan recommend the necessary develop-ment to reach the ore shoot.

But the northwest slipping was nota)1 that happened by any means. Therewere three more periods where slippingand sliding took place. These were in

, a northeasterly direction and each one ofthem faulted and displaced all of theveins that had preceded them. The re-

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suit is the most complicated geologicalpattern in mining. The displacementsmay be from a few inches to several hun-dred feet. In an area where 'an east andwest vein has suffered faulting by each, of the four succeeding movements, it isindeed a puzzle to find all parts of it.That is the work of the Geological De-partment.

Here's the way the geologist works.He takes underground notes-an accu-rate record of the strikes and dips of theveins and the clays, noting the width ofeach,·and the kind and amount of theminerals exposed, sketching any pecu-liarities, such as cut-offs, pinching ordrag of the ore and records the charac-ter of the vein formation and of thewall rock. Then he combines hissketches and notes with others taken innearby workings, perhaps even with notestaken by another man in an adjacentmine. The resulting picture to him sug-gests the answer and he can make hisrecommendation which leads to the re-covery of the displaced ore body.

He.re's Cerld Thomson Taking a Sample

In the upper left picture, ErnestThurlow is "taking" the bearings of thecourse of the drift with a Brunton com-pass. In the middle picture he isI'taking" the dip of the vein. The upperright shot shows a vein of ore cut off bya fault.

The geologist makes and keeps' upto date complete sets of maps, withnotes, showing all workings on all levelsof every mine. Careful study of themaps and notes results in recommenda-tions for cross-cuts, drifts, or raises, andstates the exact points at which to start.the approximate amount of work needed.and the object sought. He also preparesmaps of vertical cross sections-such asthe map on page S-which show clearlythe many branchings of the veins, andthe displacements by later movements ofthe rocks. and from these, he makes hisrecommendations. Samples ~re taken atfrequent intervals along the veins.That's Gerld Thomson taking a samplein the lowe~ picture. The results of theassayer are pictured in such a way thatthe geologist can determine for any givenvein, the distribution of copper, silver orzinc values in the drift. This aids inlocating possible ore shoots, calculatingdeveloped ore reserves, etc. Another jobfor the men is a bit different-sometimesthey look for the spot where there areno veins or faults, when locating a pumpstation or a drain tunnel and the mostsolid ground possible is desired.

The men of the Geology Departmentdo a real job both underground and in theoffice, and their work is mighty impor-tanf When a ton of ore is mined. it isnecessary to know where another ton canbe mined in the future, otherwise theremight come-a-day when there was nowork due to the fact that the known veinswere gone. In the next issue we'll go intothe office with .the men from the Geolog-ical Department and see them at workthere.

TIGDTENYOURBELT!SINCE our last issue, the Government hasdecreed that shoes go on the rationinglist. There is every indication that 'other,-

necessities of life are going to be broughtunder the rationing banner also. In cer-tain parts of the country meat and bld-ter, particularly, are difficult if not im-possible to obtain. The grocers' shelveshave fewer canned goods than they everhad before. Advices from Washingtonare to the effect that we can look for-ward to a series of even greater sacrifices.

There are those among us who re-ceive each bit of news about rationingwith a sense of shock, as though somebig bully were taking our marbles awayfrom us. Actually there should be nosense of surprise any longer. We shouldby now condition our minds to expectmore and bigger sacrifices if we are goingto win the war.

The year 1943 is bound to be onewherein everyone must tighten his belt.

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It doesn't make any difference whetherhe is in the upper income brackets ormerely grubbing along with the barestnecessities of life. While the war newsin the main has been cheering, we havea fong, long way yet to go.

Let's be willing-hell's bells, let'sbe EACER to carry our share of the load.

COPPER COMMANDO is the official newspaper.t the Victory Labor-Management ProductionCommittees of the Anaconda Copper MiningCompany at Butte, Anaconda and Creat Falls,Montana. It is issued every two weeks ••• COP-PER COMMANDO is headed by a joint commit-tee from Labor and Management; its policies areIhaped by both sides and are dictated by neither••• COPPER COMMANDO was established atthe recommendation of the War Department withthe concurrence of the War Production Board.Its edito.r is Bob Newcomb; its associate editor.. Marg Sammons; its safety editor is John LBoardman; its chief photographer is Bob Nes-mith; its staff photographer is Les Bishop ••• ItsEditorial Board consists of: Denis McCarthy, CIO;John F. Bir;d. AFL; Ed Renouard, ACM, fromButte; Dan Byrne, CIO; Joe Marick, AFL; C. A.Lemmon, ACM, from Anaconda; Jack Clark,CIO; Herb Donaldson, AFL, and E. S. Bardwell,ACM, from Creat Falls • • • COPPER COM-MANDO is mailed to the home of every employeeof ACM in the three locations-if you are notreceiving your copy advise COPPER COMMANDO.t 112 Hamilton Street, Butte, or better still, dropi. and tell us. This is Volume 1, No. 14.

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Big 00010 for Sure!Everybody loves a parade. Especially that's true. when theButte Miners' Union .No.1 Drum and Bugle Corps lead it

(:;OME one o'clock Sunday afternoonduring the winter months and if you arearound Butte Miners' Union No.1, you'llhear some real music. When change dayfalls on Sunday, you'll hear more instru-ments-probably all thirty-five of theButte Miners' Union No. 1 Drum andBugle Corps-goi ng strong. The boysnever miss a rehearsal unless their shiftskeep them right on the firing line pro-ducing the vital war materials.

Butte Miners' Union No. 1 Drumand Bugle Corps was organized in 1939,the only drum corps representing labor inthe country. Only recently did they getthe fancy uniforms you see them wearingin the picture. A trim of gold on a mid-night blue makes for a mighty attractiveuniform. The boys had always used theiroveralls. Not long ago one of the Unionmembers got up in a meeting and said hethought it a shame that with the fine in-struments- and more than fine music-that thete weren't uniforms furnished tothe men who so willingly gave their time.Within three weeks the uniforms wereready for the boys.

More and more the boys are beingcalled on to parade. At Anaconda's FieldDay celebration, Labor Day at Great Falls.the state convention at Anaconda andHelena, Field Day for Local 23, Basin,Montana, the Production parade, Miners'Union Day, the boys have done a real joband have gotten plenty of praise for theirmusic.

Five of the boys, John Govednik,Floyd Aubrey, George Lee Cowling, Tony

Petroni and Melvin Johnson, originallyformed the Hungry Five, and they reallymade a hit. Garfield Nicholls has joined. them so now there are six. Playing on thestreet corners after the parade, serenad-ing here and there, it's unusual and atreat unexpected but most appreciatedby everyone hearing them.

1n the picture above that's Joe Boyleand Oscar Kills holding the 'flags. RolandJobe, the instructor, is standing betweenthem. In the next row left to right are:John Govednik, Melvin Johnson, WalterImmonen, Louie Govednik, Raymond Wil-liams, James Sullivan, Alan Kangas andGarfield Nicholls. In the middle row are:Carl Keller, George Kovacich, Jack Hih-nala, Herb O'Neil, Harry Brezinski andVic Rauh. Moving down to the front row.are: Tony St. Peter, Runnie Mattson, Wil-liam Pickthall, Earl Barsanti, Tony Pe-:

. troni, Bob Dodd, Wally Matson, RichardSerrano and Pete Verbonic. The attrac-tive majorettes are: Opal Lee, ReginaSternhagn and Betty Walsh.

.Seven of the members were missingthe day we took the picture. Bill Ries, [r .•Don Lessila, Wilho Immonen, Tom Al-bright, Ed McGuire, W. J. Backa andGeorge Lee Cowling are the boys missing.Also missing from the picture are Wil-'liam Kerr, Vincent Burns and GeorgeKovacich who are away fighting. on an-other front.

Don't wait for a parade. Come ondown to the Miners' Union some Sundayafternoon and meet the boys and hearsome real music.

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'DotStuff

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ON our series of trips with the orethrough the Smelter at Anaconda, we left'the ore in the form of froth at the flota-jtion machines. This froth, which con-tains the copper concentrate, is washedinro large settling tanks. The upper pic_Iture to the right will give you an' idea of

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how one of the filied tanks looks fromabove.

From the time the concentrateleaves the flotation machines. it is a dry-ing out process. The solids settle to thebottom of the tank and are dischargedthrough a spigot. This spigot product isabout forty per cent water and sixty percent concentrate, Since it is necessary toget rid of more of the water before turn-ing the concentrate over to the Smelter,this spigot product is directed to flow intothe sump of the filters. The filters arearums covered with canvas which revolveslowly in metal tanks. The water is suckedthrough the canvas covers by means of

. vacuum pumps, and the concentrate col-lects as a cake on the drum like you see inthe lower picture and in the upper left onthe next page. As the fiIter drum re-volves the concentrate is blown off of itby compressed" air and falls first on theapron and then onto a conveyor beltwhich carries it to the roaster. In theupper left next page picture Fritz Fred-

. ericksen is greasing the idler on the c,on-veyor belt, so as to keep it moving rightalong. This is the end of the wet processof copper ore, for from now on it's allrurnace work.

The concentra-tes from the filters areM'i>Ee€i with the proper flux (that's lime,poc-« and ore) and conveyed to the top oftf.te r-eGlstingI::H:Ji~cliflg,caHeEi the chargef.t<*>f". There are seven hearths, one abovethe other, in addition to the drying hearthon top of each roaster. The whole is en-closed in steel shells Iined with brick.After the concenrtate like shown in thelower left next page picture has been re-ceived on the drying hearth, revolving

- rabble arms move it until it drops throughthe discharge openings 'to the hearthbelow. The rabble arms provide a slow,steady, regular feed. In the top hearththe concentrate is moved from the out-side to the center and dropped through'discharge holes at the center, while on

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Hot stuff, known as "calcine," is what the ore is when it leaves the roaste~. It was"fine stuff" in the form of froth as it left the flotation machines in the previous issue.O tt'" ." hur nex s ep IS roasting, were you see the concentrate ignite and burn to ahigh temperature without any other fuel. There's a series of interesting steps inthis burning process. Come on and see how it is moved red hot in specially con.structed cars to !.he next furnace

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'-'e next hearth below the concentrateIs moved from the center and dropped""rough holes at the outside or circum-fere"ce of the hearth. It alternates oneach hearth in this way until it finally(Jischarges to the "calcine" hoppers......der the furnace. The reason for mov-ling the material back and forth across thefurnace floors is to keep constantly ex-posing fresh surfaces of the charge toexygeJ1. The oxygen is drawn into the,furnaces as atmospheric air throughCIoors on the several floors.

As the concentrate enters the roast-er it contains about ten per cent mois-,..re. The heat from the gases of the low-er part of the furnace dry the feed and itbecomes hotter and hotter. On the sec-

ond floor blue ·flames of sulphur appearas it ignites and it continues-to burn as thematerial ·is worked by the rabbles fromhearth to hearth through the furnace.Since the material is very finely groundand oxygen is readily accessible, oxida-tion of the sulphur and iron is easilyaccomplished.

. In starting a furnace, fuel is used tobring the temperature up to the point atwhich sulphur will ignite, but thereafterall the heat required for roasting is fur-nished by the burning or oxidation of theroasting materials. As long as fresh con-centrates are supplied to the top of thefurnace and air is admitted through theseveral doors, the process will maintainitself, .~or as the material proceeds down

THAT'$- Clinton Rice behind the respir-ator. He was ··blowing down" the fur-nace feed bins of the copper roaster whenwe snapped ,him. That's·to keep it moving

the lower hearths, the combustion andtemperature increase. The temperature asit reaches +he fifth hearth is usually about1;700·to 1,800 degrees fahrenheit.

The roasting continues to the bot-tom of the furnace where the material isdischarged into calcine hoppers. Theroasted concentrate, known as "calcine,"is promptly loaded into cars such as yousee in the top picture on page eleven. Inorder that the heat may not be wasted,the cars are moved promptly. The processof calcining is finished with a tempera-ture of about 1,000 degrees fahrenheit, so .it is transported red hot in these speciallyconstructed cars to reverberatory smelt-ing furnaces. In another issue we'll go to'the furnaces with it.

MATT FORTUN to the right is cleaningtile blades of the rabble arms on the bot-Iem floor of the furnace. The blades arecleaned once a shift. That's the mixture., co~centrate and flux on the drying"'rth of the roaster in the shot below

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THE picture above shows the cars into which the red hot cal-cine is discharged from the hopper. In these cars it is trammedto the reverberatory furnaces. The lower left picture showsthe water pipings and reservoir which supply the water to the

water cooled rabble arms of the roaster. In 'the lower right,that's Azo Morni, head repairman at the roaster. A:r.o says it is,a lot. easier to repair the new blades and blade holders usedin the furnaces, which have replaced the old solid rakes

EACH one of us has the same reason for buying War Bonds and War

Stamps and each one of us has a different reason. The different reason is

the husband, sweetheart, or brother at the Front. The same rea~on is WE

ARE AMERICANS. It's the "same reason" that Hitler and Company cannot

and will never understand. We know what they are up to. We, as Amer-

icans, understand tyranny (which is what they are up to) and hate it. Hitler

and Company do not understand li&erty (which is what we are up to).

Victory" to our boys at the Front means a free future for the rest of their

lives and for the lives of their wives and children. They fight because they

want America to be free for their children to live in. We buy Bonds so

that America can be free for us to live in and that the boys fighting at

the Front, who have left their wives and children behind, may return to a

free4 country. We buy Bonds in order to protect the greatest thing in the

world-our freedom. We buy Bonds and Stamps so that our loved ones may

return. It takes a lot of money to buy supplies for our Army, Navy and

Marines. It takes a lot of money to build bombers. tanks and planes. There

are times when by helping our Government, we directly benefit ourselves-

when the practical personal advantage coincides with that of helping the

Government. Such is the purchase of War Bonds and Stamps. War Bonds

a~d Stamps are a sound investment; they pay good dividends; they work

for your country, while they build fut,,!re security for you. Let's all of us

at Butte, Anaconda and Great Falls pitch in and back up our boys at the

Front, and our future freedom with every dollar we can spare. Voluntary

sacrifices give greater satisfaction than involuntary ones.

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Two

Reasonsfor

BuyingBonds