cooperative psychological biases effect on intra-households allocation of goods

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PSYCHOLOGICAL BIASES EFFECT ON INTRA- HOUSEHOLDS ALLOCATION OF GOODS Analysis of mental accounting effect when married couple face with a permanently change of income for one of them December 22 2011 December 22 2011

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December 22 2011. cooperative Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods. Analysis of mental accounting effect when married couple face with a permanently change of income for one of them. ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

COOPERATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL BIASES EFFECT ON INTRA-HOUSEHOLDS ALLOCATION OF GOODSAnalysis of mental accounting effect when married couple face with a permanently change of income for one of them

December 22 2011December 22 2011

Page 2: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™

ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ขืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื”

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืจืืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ืžืงืกื•ื ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื—ืœืงืช ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช

ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืชืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”. โ€“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ Chiapporiืžื•ื“ืœ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ

ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ข

ืื ืฉื™ื. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชืืจืช ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช

ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื "ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืกืคืงื˜". ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืœืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืจืกืคืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ข

ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืœืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ืงื‘ืœืช

ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช.

Page 3: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

Value Function โ€“ Prospect Theory

ืฉื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“.1.

ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.2.

ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“ โ€“ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืกื“ื™ื 3. ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” 500$ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ืื™ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ

. ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ 500$ืžื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ.

Page 4: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

. ืฉื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ 1ื‘ื”ืคืกื“

ืฉื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—โ€ขโ€ขA-(84% )240$ - ื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘

B - 25%ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื•ื 75%- $ ื•1000 ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ -(16%)

ืื”ื‘ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“โ€ขโ€ขC (13%.)750$ - ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ

D - 75% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืœื•ื. 25% ื•1000$ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ -(87%)

Page 5: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

. ื- ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช 2

ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ ืžื—ืœื” ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืช โ€ข ืื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื•ืช. ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช :600ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชืงื˜ื•ืœ

โ€ขA ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจื“ื•. 200 - ืื ืชืื•ืžืฅ โ€ขB ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ 2/3 ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 600 ืฉื›ืœ ื”-1/3 - ืื ืชืื•ืžืฅ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ

ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“.

((72%72%))

Page 6: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

.ื‘- ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช 2ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ ืžื—ืœื” ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืช โ€ข

ืื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ื•ืช. ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช :600ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชืงื˜ื•ืœ โ€ขC ืื™ืฉ ื™ืžื•ืชื•.400 - ืื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืชืื•ืžืฅ โ€ขD 2/3 ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 1/3- ืื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืชืื•ืžืฅ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ

ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืžื•ืชื• โ€ข((78%78%))

Page 7: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

. ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“ โ€“ ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช )ื˜ืืœืจ, 31980)

ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืจื™:2ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ืœ-โ€ข( ืืช 9.25 - 0.25"ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื", ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืกืคืœ ืงืคื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข )

ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืœ.

"ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื" ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกืคืœ ื”ืงืคื”.

โ€ข WTA = 7.12$WTP=2.87$ "ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื" ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€ข

ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืกืคืœ ื”ืงืคื”.โ€ข Choosers= 3.12$

Page 8: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

Mental Accounting

ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื โ€ขืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช, ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ

ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช. โ€ข Mr. X is up $50 in a monthly poker game. He has a queen high flush

and calls a $10 bet. Mr. Y owns 100$ shares of IBM which went up 150% Today and is even in the poker game. He has a king high flush but he folds. When X wins, Y thinks to himself, โ€œIf I had been up $50 I would have called too.โ€

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ : ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื โ€ขื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”"ื ืขื™ื" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ืโ€ขืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ืโ€ขืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ืโ€ขืžืคืจื™ื“ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ืโ€ข

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ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ืžื™ื“ื™ืช: ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ, โ€ขืžืจืชืฃ ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.

ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ. ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ข ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœืงื™ื. 2ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืœ-โ€ขื”ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืžื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง.โ€ขื”ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœื–ื•ื’ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื โ€ข

ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.

Invest now, drink later, spend never: On themental accounting of delayed consumptionShafir & Thaler 2006

Page 10: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

โ‚ช , ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืืฆืœืš ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ืช 80 ืฉื ื” ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ 20ื”ืฉืืœื”: ืœืคื ื™ โ€ข. ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ืืฉื•ืชื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. 2ืฉ"ื—. ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืœ-300ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื

(30/30ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืœื” ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจ )ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืœืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ( ) โ€ข(17/18 $ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืœืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•. )80ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ืœื™ โ€ข(9/7 ืฉืฉื™ืœืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช. )80$ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• โ€ข(30/20 ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื™ ืื•ืชื•.)300$ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื• โ€ข, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืื• ืœืชืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 220$ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ โ€ข

(14/25 ). 80$ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืœืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืจืง 300

ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ืื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื•

)a( 0 $ 8%

)b( 80 $ 24%

)c( 80$ plus interest 11%

)d( $ 300 55%

)e( Saving of 220$ 2%

Study 1: Wine experiment

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ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื, ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืชืคืกื• โ€ข, ืืœื• ืฉืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื›ืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ืช ื•ืืœื• ืฉืชืคืกื• 0ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ืขืœื•ืช

ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื›ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ โ€“ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”"ื ืขื™ืžื”" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฉ"ื— ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ 300ื›ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื ื–ื”ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช โ€ข

ืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ 26%ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื/ืฉื•ืชื™ืืฉืœ . ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ 55%ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”

ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ืฉ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ ื”"ื—ื™ื ื" ืืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

"Do they think they are spending any money when "Do they think they are spending any money when they buy the wine initially?โ€they buy the wine initially?โ€

Study 1: Wine experiment results

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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื 400$ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆืืช ืืจื’ื– ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-โ€ข ืฉื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. )ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 25. ืืชื” ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื”ืืจื’ื– ื”ื–ื” ื‘-500$

(.1-5ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกืงืืœื” ืฉืœ

ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงืขืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื”ืฉืงืขื”, ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ โ€ขื”ืงื•ื“ื ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ืขืœื•ืช

ืืคืกื™ืช ืื• ื›ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ. ืžืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืฆืจื™ื›ื”?

Invest now, drink later, spend never!Invest now, drink later, spend never!

Study 2: โ€˜โ€˜Investmentโ€™โ€™ purchases: Why things do not cost when you buy them

(a )I feel like I just spent $400, much as I would feel if I spent $400 on a weekend getaway )3.31(

(b )I feel like I made a $400 investment, which I will gradually consume after a period of years )1.94()1.94(

(c )I feel like I just saved $100, the difference between what the futures cost and what the wine will sell for when delivered )2.88(

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ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ืœ 4 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. 8ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืžื ื•ื™ ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ โ€ข 15$ )120$ ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ 25$ืฉื ื”. ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ื•ื

ืœืžื•ืคืข(, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื ื•ื™.

โ€ข )a( I feel like I just spent $120, much as I would feel if I spent $120 on a night out in New York 3.63

โ€ข )b( I feel like I made a $120 investment, which I will gradually consume over the course of the next two years 2.20

โ€ข )c( I feel like I just saved $80, the additional money I would have paid to buy the tickets one at a time 2.65

ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื” โ€ขืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”

ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”"ื ืขื™ืžื”" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื โ€ขื›ืืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.

Study 3: Planned consumption: Why things do not cost when you use them

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Study 3: Planned consumption: Why things do not cost when you use them

ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื ื•ื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉืช. ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” โ€ขืชื•ืคื™ืข ืœื”ืงื” ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื– ืฉืจื›ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™ ื•ื›ืขืช

, ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”50$ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช

((aa)) I feel like this costs me $50, the current worth of the ticket and the price I could have gotten if I had chosen to sell 3.96

((bb)) I feel like this costs me $25, the list price of a single ticket to this concert 4.37

((cc)) I feel like this costs me $15, the price I paid for the ticket 2.37((dd)) I do not feel like this costs me anything, since I have already paid for the

ticket, a long time ago 2.48((ee ) )Going to the concert feels like I am saving $35, the di erence between ff

what I paid for the ticket and what it would cost now 2.40

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Study 3: Planned consumption: Why things do not cost when you use them

ื ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื ื•ื™ ืœืœื”ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ืช. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ืช ืืช โ€ขื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืฉืœืš.

)a()a( I feel like this costs me $50, the current worth of the ticket and the price I could have gotten if I had chosen to sell 2.43 )b()b( I feel like this costs me $25, the list price of a single ticket to this concert 4.06 )c()c( I feel like this costs me $15, the price I paid for the ticket 3.60)d()d( I do not feel like this costs me anything, since I have already paid for the ticket, a long time ago 4.33

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Study 3: Planned consumption: Why things do not cost when you use them

ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื. ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™ ื”ื โ€ขื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื›ืš ื›"ื”ืฉืงืขื”" ืื• "ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ" ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืš ื›ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ื›ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ

ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช? โ€ข76%

Page 17: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช. โ€ขืžื ื’ื“ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื• ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืžื•ืคืจื“ืช

ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.โ€ขืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉื ืงื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ื“ื“ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›"ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช" ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื—ื•ืกื›ืช โ€ข

ื›ืกืฃ.ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช.โ€ขื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืœื ื ืฆืจืš ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ )ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื ืฉื‘ืจ(, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืขืœื•ืชื โ€ข

ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืช.ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืœื“ื•ื’': ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ โ€ข

ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื›ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื™ืชืคืก ื›ืืคืก ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช. ืื– ืœืžื”

( 2006ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื•ืงื• ืžื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจื”? ื”ืฉืืœื” ื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ )ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช?

ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื”. ืืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืขืช ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ โ€ขื”ื›ืœืช ื”ืคืจืžื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”. ื”ืื ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™? ืื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืชื™ื”ืจืก ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืคืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืืš ืœื ื™ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™

ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ?

Invest now, drink later, spend never: On themental accounting of delayed consumptionShafir & Thaler 2006

โ€œ โ€œ Rational is not necessarily happy, and irrational gives you the rare opportunity to Rational is not necessarily happy, and irrational gives you the rare opportunity to enjoy โ€˜โ€˜freeโ€™โ€™ drinksenjoy โ€˜โ€˜freeโ€™โ€™ drinks โ€. โ€.

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ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“

ื›ืืฉืจ Communal Vs. Exchange )ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื )โ€ขื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ื "ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื™ื" ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืจืžืช

ืฉื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื“ืจืš ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืกืคืœื™ื.

AGGARWAL & ZHANG )2006(

novemsky&kahneman)ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช โ€ข

, ื”ืื ืขืœ ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ? (2005'( ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื“ื“ 79ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื”: ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ ื•ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™ )โ€ข

ืœืจืžืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื.

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ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ืœืจืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” โ€ข

2 ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ืื™ืš ืชื‘ื•ื˜ื ืขืฆืžืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ 2ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ )ื”ืขืœืื”/ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช(, ื›ื™ืฆื“ โ€ขืชื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ

ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช.ืื™ืš ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ โ€ข

ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.ื”ืื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” )ืงืืคื•ืจื™( ื”ื•ื โ€ข

ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืชืื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”?ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”? ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืข"ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.โ€ขืชื•ื“ื”.โ€ข

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ืคืจ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”-ืžืฉืœืžื™ื โ€ข ืœืฉื ื” )ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช(. 1000$ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืื• 20$. ืฉื ืชื™ืชื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืœืžื™ื

ื”ื’ืขืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ.

โ€ข )a( I feel like I just wasted $20, which is what I paid to work out that evening 1.98 2.70

โ€ข )b( I feel like I wasted nothing, since my visit had already been paid for, and sometimes you just canโ€™t take full advantage of things to which you are entitled 3.77 3.03

โ€ข )c( I feel like I wasted something, perhaps time, perhaps money, but no specific amount or measure readily comes to mind 2.95 2.40

Study 4: Local versus global representations

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ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืื™ืš ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช 500$ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื”. ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืงืคื” ืขื•ืœื” โ€ขืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”:

ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื 36% ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื”ืฉืงืขื”. 64%โ€ขืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื›ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ื ื ื™ื— ืžื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.

ืื™ืš ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืคื” ืื—ืจื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”?โ€ข

โ€ข Each morningโ€™s latteยด feels like it is costing me two or three dollars, which will gradually add up to make for the $500 espresso machine expense 42% )ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช(

โ€ข Each morningโ€™s latteยด feels like it is not costing me hardly anything )except for the negligible price of the ingredients( 19% )ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช(

โ€ข Each morningโ€™s latteยด feels like it is saving me nearly three dollars, which I would be spending at the Cafeยด had I not owned the machine 39% )ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ(

ื›ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืืคืก ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ื›ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ.โ€ขื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœื”ื ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ โ€“ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ โ€ข

.)ืžื•ืชืื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ(500$ ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื•ื•ื” 90%ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉ

Study 5: Local accounting implications

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ืืชื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืชื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ืช ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื›ืขืช โ€ข.1000$ื ืžื›ืจืช ื‘-

ืกื‘ื ืฉืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืš ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ืžืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœืš โ€ขืฉืœื—ื” ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช. ืกื˜ ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืœืกื‘ืš ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ

. ื’ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืืชื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ื“ืช 1000$ืœืš ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘-ืืช ื”ืกื˜.

ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืจื™ื’ืฉื™ ื•ืœื 74%ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืกื“. โ€ข ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ 25% ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช 1000$ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื.ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื. โ€ข

ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

Study 6: The nature of items and thoughts of their replacement

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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ-ืฆืจื™ื›ื”. ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€ขืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช? ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™, ืงืจื ื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ื ื›ืก ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ

ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื 2ืฉื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ-ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืฉืžืขืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช โ€ขื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.

ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืชืืžืช โ€ขื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื™ื—ืก ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืื ื”ื—ืœืงืช ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช. ื”ื

ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ื™.ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” โ€ข

ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ื™. ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ืื›ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื "ืฉืžืŸ ืžื“ื™ื™".

ืื– ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช โ€“ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช โ€ขืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืกืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” โ€ขืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืชืฉืชื ื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื™ื—ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื "ืœ

ื•ืฉืื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื™ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.

Save More Tomorrow โ„ข : Using BehavioralEconomics to Increase Employee Saving

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Save More Tomorrow โ„ข : Using BehavioralEconomics to Increase Employee Saving

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช:3ืขืœ โ€ข ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™, "ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ" ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™

ื•ื”ื—ืœืงืช ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช.ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ )ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™( โ€“ ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื

ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ( ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืง 88ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืฉืืคืจืŸ ื•ื˜ืืœืจ )

ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ.ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€“ ื–ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืื™ืš ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช

ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืจืžื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืžืจืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” โ€ข

ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.

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ืžืฆื™ืืช ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืงืฉื”.โ€ขืื™ืš ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื— ืžืชืฉื•ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” โ€ข

ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”.ื›ื•ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื’ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง โ€ข

ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ืžื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ 35%ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช. โ€ข

ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื™ื—ืก ืฆืจื™ื›ื”/ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ.ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ โ€“ ืคืจื˜ ื”ื™ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื™ )ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืื• ื ืื™ื‘ื™(: ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ืœ โ€ข

ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ืืš ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• 2ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืื• ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” 2ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข

ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืจืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.

Save More Tomorrowโ„ข: Using BehavioralEconomics to Increase Employee Saving

ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ื™?

Page 26: cooperative  Psychological Biases Effect on Intra-Households Allocation of Goods

(, ืœื“ื•ื’' ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื status quo biasื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื )โ€ข ืงืจื ื•ืช )ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื’"ื—(, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชืฉื•ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช 2ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจื ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœ-

ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื’"ื—ื™ื ืข"ืค ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ื™ื—ืก ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืชื•.50/50ืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืž

ื‘ื’ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ โ€ขื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื•, ื’ื ืขื ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชืฉื•ืื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ

ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื’ื ืื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืชื’ื“ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืงืจืŸ.ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“ โ€“ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื›ื•ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข โ€ข

ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ื›ื”ืคืกื“, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชืฆืจื•ื›ืช ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื

ืข"ืค ื–ืžืŸ. ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืชืงืฉื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื- ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš, ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื โ€ข

ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ื™ ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ.

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Save More Tomorrowโ„ข: Using BehavioralEconomics to Increase Employee Saving

ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืจืžืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.SMarTืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช โ€ข ื”ื•ื ืจืฃ ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืœื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ.70% ื”ื•ื "ื ื›ื•ืŸ" ื”ื—ืœืงืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• 100%ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ โ€ข

TABLE 6Median Income Replacement Ratios (%). the ratio of retirement

income to preretirement income.Age 25 35 45 55

A. Pre-SMarTโ€ข $25,000 57 57 56 55โ€ข $50,000 51 51 51 54โ€ข $75,000 48 49 46 43

B. Post-SMarTโ€ข $25,000 108 90 75 63โ€ข $50,000 98 83 70 62โ€ข $75,000 90 77 63 50

ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืกืš ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ขื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™โ€ขื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ืฆืœืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€ข

ืฉืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื—ืกื•ืš ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.

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โ€ข Self Control โ€“ internal conflict, temptation and willpower.

ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš. ืื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื โ€ขืœืžื“ืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื.

ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช, ื”ืื—ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ. ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื• โ€ขื–ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื•ืืžื•ืช.

ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืคืจื˜ Yt ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”/ืคื ืกื™ื”. Tืคืจื˜ ื—ื™ โ€ข.0. ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื t. R=1ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื”

โ€ข ฮฃ C= LW= ฮฃY

ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื•ืœ "ืขื•ืฉื”", ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืงืฆืจ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ืกืง ืจืง ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. โ€ข.C ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘U(, ื•ื›ืŸ Cืคื•ื ' ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ืคื•ื—ืชืช )ืงืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ โ€ข, ืื ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืืช Xื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืกื˜ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” โ€ข

ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.C, ื”ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ Cื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ , ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืฉื˜ W, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืชืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘-Cื›ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช โ€ข

ื›ืืฉืžื” ืื• ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ wื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœW โ€“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉื ื™ืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ .Zt=Ut+Wt

ื”ื•ื Z ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืกืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืžืงืกื U ื•Zื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื— ื”ืจืฆืŸ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืงืกื•ื โ€ข , ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื™ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช C* ื™ืกืžืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ื›ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืจื“ ืขื ฮ˜ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืžืชื›ื ืŸ.

Zืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘( ืชื˜ื ื ื—ืœืฉ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ .T)

The Behavioral Life-Cycle Hypothesis;Shefrin & Thaler

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The Behavioral Life-Cycle Hypothesis;Shefrin & Thaler

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื•ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื™ื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช โ€ขืื—ืจื•ืช:

ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืชโ€ข

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ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื—ืกืจืช-ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื: ืžื“ื™ื“ื” "ื ืงื™ื™ื”" ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื›ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช โ€ขืฉื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื-ืคืจื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื›ื›ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืชื— ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืคืจืกืงืจืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื "ืœ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืชื—ืช โ€ขืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืฆืจืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื˜.

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ) ืชืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ โ€ขื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช(

Loss Aversion Under Prospect Theory:A Parameter-Free Measurement

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Loss Aversion Under Prospect Theory:A Parameter-Free Measurement

ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“:โ€ข

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โ€ขFraming effect ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช, 2 โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืงื˜ ื™ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช, ื ื ื™ื— ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ืจื•ื•ื—.

ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืœื ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช- ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช. ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ โ€ข0.11 ืœ0.1 ืœืขื•ืžืช 1 ืœ0.99ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžืื•ืจืข ืžืฉืชื ื” ืž

ืื”ื‘ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืชื•ื—ืœืช โ€ขื”ื”ื’ืจืœื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ

ื™ื•ืชืจ.ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืกื“- ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื.โ€ข ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”: ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื•ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”. ื”ื•ื 2ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€ข

ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืชืœื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืื—"ื› ืžืฉืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื”, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื” ืขืจืš ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช โ€ขืœืคื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžืื•ืจืข.

ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ืจื•ื•ื— ืื• ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœื ื›ืก โ€ขื”ืกื•ืคื™.

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ื”ืฉืงืœื•ืœ ืœื ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืงืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ โ€ขืžืฆืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื "ืœ ื”ื ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื“ื•-ืฉืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช. โ€ข ื›ืจื•ื•ื— ืื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ื›ื”ืกืคื“ ืื ืฉืœื™ืœื™.Xื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช

ืื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืคืจื˜ ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืžืจื—ืง โ€ขืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ืื– ืžืฉื ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืš

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื–?ืžืžื” ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช? ืžื”ื™ื•ืจืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš โ€ข

ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ ืœื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื™ื” โ€ข

ื“ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืžื” ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช? ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืœื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืกืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืคืฉืจ ื•ืืฃ ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื”

ืœื›ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ื–ื ื—ืช ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืจืืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจ.

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( ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ืืช framing and editing )ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื”โ€ขื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•.ื”ืžื™ืกื’ื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช,

ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืœื™ืžื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ืื• ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“.

( ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช evaluation )ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ขื•ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจืช

ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื•ื—ืœื•ืช )ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžืงืกื•ื ืชื•ืขืœืช( ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืขืจืš ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ

ืœืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืงืจื™ ืจืžืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช โ€ขืžื’ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื—ืชื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืฉื” ืื• ืžืื“ื

ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื– ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ืืฉื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืจืžืช โ€ข

ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืื ืืฉื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ื ื•ืชื ืช ืฉืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžื ื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืื

ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื ืขืœืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช? ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ืจ ื•ื˜ืืœืจ, ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืคืกื“ ืžื•ืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ืœืฅ ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื”ื–ืืช

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืชืคืกืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ โ€ข

ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืื” ื‘ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจืžืช ื”ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ืื™ืœื• ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช, ืžื™ ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื•ืžื™ ื ื—ืœืฉืช, ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”? ืžื™ ืžื•ืฉืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืชื•

ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืจ ืื– ื‘ืžื” ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™? ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช?

AN EXAMINATION OF WHETHER AND HOW RACIAL ANDGENDER BIASES INFLUENCE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคืืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆืืช โ€ขืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ โ€ขืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• โ€ข(.unitary assumptionืขืงื•ืžืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ืช )

' ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ 98ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื ื’ ื•ืงืื™ืคื•ืจื™ โ€ขืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ืงื™ื. ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืชื ืื™ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ

ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ

ื™ืฉื™ืจ โ€“ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื“ื•ื’' ื”ื ื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื )ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ(.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื—ืœื•ืงื”.โ€ข

Efficient Intra-Household Allocations and Distribution Factors:Implications and Identification; BOURGUIGNON, BROWNING & CHIAPPORI )2008(

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โ€ขA convincing empirical example is the empirical analysis of Lundberg, Pollak and Wales )1997( who consider the effect of a change in the payment of child benefits in the U.K. in the 1980โ€™s. This change effectively shifted the payment from fathers to mothers without a major impact on household income. In a unitary model, such a shift in โ€œwho gets whatโ€ should not lead to changes in household decisions )โ€œincome poolingโ€(. Lundberg et al. show that, contrary to this, the policy changes caused significant increases in the demands for children and womenโ€™s clothing as compared to menโ€™s clothing.

ื”ื ื—ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” โ€ขื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืคืืจื˜ื•- ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืจ. ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื”

ืžื“ื™ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช? ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื, ื’ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช

ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ืฆืคื™ืช.

Efficient Intra-Household Allocations and Distribution Factors:Implications and Identification; BOURGUIGNON, BROWNING & CHIAPPORI )2008(

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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžืชื™ ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ โ€ขืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ืฆืคื™ืช.

' ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช 94ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื ื’ โ€ขื•ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ

Engel curvesื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขืงื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืงืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš โ€ข

ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช

ื”ื ืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช โ€ข

ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื ื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ

ืœืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืชืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืจื ื—ืœื•ืงื” โ€ข

ืงืจื™, ืœื ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื )ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”(, ืœื ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ )ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™( ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช

ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.

Efficient Intra-Household Allocations and Distribution Factors:Implications and Identification; BOURGUIGNON, BROWNING & CHIAPPORI )2008(