cooper union engineering faculty

7/25/2019 Cooper Union Engineering Faculty

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COOPER UNION ENGINEERING FACULTY

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Melody BaglioneAssociate Professor of Mechanical Engineering

About Projects

Papers Courses

Labs

Research

Outreach

(212) ! "#2$! %elo&' cooper e&u *acult' +io
https://engfac.cooper.edu/https://engfac.cooper.edu/melodyhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Projectshttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Papershttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Courseshttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Labshttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Researchhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Outreachmailto:[email protected]://cooper.edu/engineering/people/melody-baglionehttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melodyhttp://www.cooper.edu/https://engfac.cooper.edu/https://engfac.cooper.edu/melodyhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Projectshttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Papershttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Courseshttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Labshttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Researchhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/Outreachmailto:[email protected]://cooper.edu/engineering/people/melody-baglione


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Building Sustainability into Cont ol Syste!s " Ai#andling Units

#1 Cooper S,uare

-.AC / Controls

-ot 0ater S'ste%

Chillers

Air -an&ling nits

-eat E changers

0ater"si&e *ree Cooling

Ra&iant Panels

Cogeneration

Rain3ater -ar4esting

Real"ti%e 5ashboar&

Projects

Int odu$tion

Ba$%g ound

Cont ol
https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/10https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/102https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/105https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/406https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/411https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/410https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/416https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/479https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/451https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/452https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/466https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/483https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#_Introhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#_BGhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#_CShttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/10https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/102https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/105https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/406https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/411https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/410https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/416https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/479https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/451https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/452https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/466https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/483https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#_Introhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#_BGhttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#_CS


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Int odu$tion#1 Cooper S,uare uses si air han&ling units (A- ) to heat6 cool6 hu%i&if'6 an& 4entilate allin&oor spaces 7he +uil&ing Manage%ent S'ste% (+MS) utili8es an arra' of sensors toi&entif' heating6 cooling6 an& 4entilation &e%an&s throughout the buil&ing 7he +MSanal'8es this &ata 3ith a series of co%putational algorith%s6 an& subse,uentl' controls the

buil&ing9s A- s to %aintain co%fortable in&oor con&itions in an efficient %anner

*igure 1 E terior 4ie3 of an A- fro% the roof of #1 Cooper S,uare
https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/105#_BMShttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/105#_BMS


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Air han&ling units are large heat e changers6 in 3hich a flo3 of air is heate& or coole& using3ater"fille& heating an& cooling coils 7he air han&ling units &ra3 air fro% outsi&e the

buil&ing using large centrifugal fans6 an& pass this flo3 through 4arious s%aller heate changers6 filters6 an& hu%i&ifiers to suppl' air at the te%perature an& relati4e hu%i&it'specifie& b' the +MS A&&itionall'6 carbon"&io i&e le4els are %onitore& throughout the

buil&ing in or&er to ensure that air"han&ling units are pro4i&ing a sufficient flo3 of fresh airto :eep in&oor spaces safel' 4entilate& *igure 2 &epicts one t'pe of air"han&ling unitinstalle& at #1 Cooper S,uare

*igure 2 Sche%atic of 1;;< Outsi&e Air A- 3ith 5ehu%i&ification Coil


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*igure 2 sho3s an A- that treats a flo3 consisting of onl' outsi&e air So%e other units in#1 Cooper S,uare are fitte& 3ith hu%i&ifiers or recirculation s'ste%s 7his sche%atic6ho3e4er6 pro4i&es a goo& o4er4ie3 of the basic co%ponents of an A- *irst6 the flo3

passes through a &a%per6 3hich can be opene& or close& to allo3 air to be ta:en into the unit7he air is subse,uentl' filtere& an& passe& through three ra&iator coils that heat6 cool6 an&&ehu%i&if' the flo3 =t shoul& be note& that these coils are fille& 3ith pri%ar' hot or chille&3ater fro% the boiler or chiller 6 respecti4el' 7he treate& air6 at the &esire& te%perature an&relati4e hu%i&it'6 is subse,uentl' passe& through a centrifugal fan before it is &irecte& toin&oor spaces at the &esire& flo3 rate using suppl' &a%pers

Ba$%g oundPsy$& o!et i$s'

7he stu&' of the ther%o&'na%ic properties of hu%i& air (a 3ater 4apor an& air %i ture) is:no3n as ps'chro%etrics 7he hu%i&it' of air pla's an i%portant role in the co%fort le4el ofair Air 3ith a high hu%i&it' le4el is generall' a proble% &uring the su%%er =t li%its the

abilit' of a hu%an to lose heat b' the %echanis% of s3eating =t also can enhance thefor%ation of %ol& Air 3ith a lo3 hu%i&it' is generall' a proble% &uring 3inter6 resulting in&r' s:in 7herefore6 air ta:en into a buil&ing fro% outsi&e %ust be con&itione& =t %ust becoole& an& &ehu%i&ifie& in su%%er6 an& 3ar%e& an& hu%i&ifie& in 3inter Ps'chro%etricsallo3 engineers to &efine an& ,uantif' the state an& energ' content of a 3ater 4apor an& &r'at%ospheric air %i ture using se4en &istinct properties >1?6 liste& belo3@

() * y Bulb Te!+e atu e' 7he 5r' +ulb 7e%perature is the te%perature of the air an&3ater 4apor %i ture as %easure& b' a si%ple ther%o%eter (Measure& in Celsius or*ahrenheit)

,) -et Bulb .o Satu ation/ Te!+e atu e' 0hen &iscussing a %i ture of 3ater 4aporan& air6 the 0et +ulb 7e%perature is the te%perature that a 4olu%e of air 3oul& ha4e ifcoole& a&iabaticall' to saturation b' the e4aporation of 3ater6 all latent heat being supplie&

b' the 4olu%e of air 7his propert' is usuall' %easure& using a 3et bulb ther%o%eter or ps'chro%eter (Measure& in Celsius or *ahrenheit) =t is al3a's lo3er than the 5r' +ulb7e%perature (or e,ual for saturate& inlet air strea%s)

0) Relati1e #u!idity' A ,uantit' use& to &escribe the abilit' of a hu%i& air strea% toe4aporate a&&itional 3ater 4apor =t is the ratio of actual 3ater 4apor in the air to the%a i%u% possible 3ater 4apor that the air coul& theoreticall' hol& 7her%o&'na%icall'6 this,uantit' is &efine& as the ratio of the partial pressure of 3ater 4apor in the air"3ater %i tureto the saturate& 4apor pressure of 3ater at the sa%e con&itions (pressure an& te%perature ofthe %i ture) ( suall' state& as a percentage)
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2) *e3 Point' 7he te%perature at 3hich the 3ater 4apor in hu%i& air begins to con&enseif coole& at constant pressure 0hen air is at 1;;< relati4e hu%i&it'6 it is saturate& an& at its&e3 point 0ater 4apor 3ill begin to con&ense if it is coole& an' further (Measure& inCelsius or *ahrenheit) 7he lo3er the relati4e hu%i&it'6 the lo3er the 5e3 Point

4) #u!idity Ratio' 7he -u%i&it' Ratio is &efine& as the %ass ratio of li,ui& 3ater to &r'air in a gas an& 4apor %i ture 7his ,uantit' is usuall' e presse& in poun&s of %oisture per

poun& of &r' air =t is an i%portant ,uantit' in ps'chro%etric calculations 7he abilit' of airto hol&B 3ater 4apor (the 4apor pressure) increases strongl' 3ith te%perature 7hereforecol& (3inter) air can ha4e a high relati4e hu%i&it' but a lo3 absolute hu%i&it' As col& air isheate&6 its absolute hu%i&it' sta's constant6 but the relati4e hu%i&it' &ecreases Con4ersel'6as hot (su%%er) air at a lo3 relati4e hu%i&it' is coole&6 its relati4e hu%i&it' increases =f thehot air is coole& belo3 its &e3 point6 the air beco%es saturate& an& li,ui& 3ater con&ense&6an& this is a practical 3a' to &ehu%i&if' air

5) S+e$i6i$ Ent&al+y' Enthalp' is a ther%o&'na%ic ,uantit' e,ui4alent to the total heatcontent of a substance6 e,ual to the internal energ' of the %i ture plus the pro&uct of pressurean& 4olu%e@ h u D p4 Specific enthalp' is the enthalp' of the hu%i& per unit %ass of &r'air6 an& is usuall' e presse& in +tu lb of &r' air or FG :g of &r' air

7) S+e$i6i$ 8olu!e' 7he 4olu%e of an air an& 3ater 4apor %i tusre that contains one unit%ass of &r' air suall' e presse& in cubic %eters per :ilogra% of &r' air6 or cubic feet per

poun& of &r' air

7hese se4en properties are graphicall' represente& on ps'cho%etric chart6 also :no3n asMollier 5iagra%6 sho3n belo3 in English units 7he colore& lines represent constant 4aluesof the correspon&ing propert' sho3n in the legen& Hote6 ho3e4er6 that the 5e3 Point lineonl' e ists 3here it is &epicte& in blue6 coinci&ing 3ith the line of constant 1;;< Relati4e-u%i&it' (R-) 7his blue cur4e is also :no3n as the satu ation line


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*igure Ps'chro%etric Chart >2?


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sing this chart6 an' t3o properties of hu%i& air can be use& to &eter%ine the other fi4ether%o&'na%ic properties liste& abo4e A ps'chro%etric chart allo3s -.AC engineers toco%pletel' &efine the state of a 3ater 4apor an& &r' air %i ture on a single &iagra% singthis chart6 it is possible to &eter%ine 3hich processes are necessar' to treat outsi&e air to a&esire& te%perature an& hu%i&it' content *or e a%ple6 *igures # an& ! sho3 the %anner in

3hich hot6 hu%i& su%%er air is treate& to co%fortable set points

*igure # Cooling an& &ehu%i&ification process sho3n on ps'cho%etric chart


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*igure ! Sche%atic of cooling an& &ehu%i&ification process in A-


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7he outsi&e air starts at a &r' bulb te%perature of I; J* an& I;< relati4e hu%i&it'6 &epicte&as state 1 in the figures abo4e After passing through 4arious filters6 the flo3 is coole& b' thecooling coils to the &e3 point te%perature As it cools further6 3ater con&enses out of the%i ture6 effecti4el' &ehu%i&if'ing the air until it reaches state 2 At this point6 the flo3 is

passe& through a reheating coil that brings the te%perature of the flo3 up to the no%inalA- suppl' set point of !! J*6 3hile &ecreasing the hu%i&it' le4el to K;< > ? Hote6 the firstheating coil is not utili8e& in this process 7his heating coil is pri%aril' use& to heat outsi&eair &uring the 3inter %onths

A#U *esign

#1 Cooper S,uare uses si air han&ling units to pro4i&e treate& air to classroo%6 office6au&itoriu% an& laborator' spaces 7here are t3o %ain &esign &ifferences bet3een the si

A- s in #1 Cooper S,uare *irst6 A- s can either be fitte& 3ith a hu%i&ifier or reheatingcoil Secon&6 the A- s can either utili8e 1;;< outsi&e air or be fitte& 3ith a recirculations'ste% 7he application an& principle of operation of these &ifferent &esigns are briefl'co4ere& in the follo3ing t3o sections >#?

#u!idi6ie 1s) Re&eat Coil

7he Rose Au&itoriu% an& %ost of the classroo%s an& offices in #1 Cooper S,uare are fitte&3ith a ra&iant heating an& cooling s'ste% 0hen in cooling operation6 it is possible for thesurface of the copper tubing in the ra&iant panels to be belo3 the &e3 point te%perature ofthe in&oor air6 an& conse,uentl' cause con&ensation 7his con&ensate can &rip &o3n fro% the

panels an& potentiall' &a%age electronic e,uip%ent Conse,uentl'6 it is i%portant to&ehu%i&if' the air that enters spaces fitte& 3ith ra&iant cooling s'ste% 7o acco%plish this6A- s 26 6 an& K are fitte& 3ith reheating coils 7he reheating coils allo3 hu%i& air to be&ehu%i&ifie& as illustrate& in the +ac:groun& section *igure K is a +MS screenshot of A-" 63hich utili8es a reheat coil to pro4i&e treate& air to classroo%s an& offices in the cellar an& onthe groun& floor
https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref4https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref4https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/479https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref4https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/479


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*igure K +MS Screenshot of A-" 6 3hich uses 1;;< outsi&e air an& a reheat coil Laborator' spaces in #1 Cooper S,uare are not fitte& 3ith ra&iant cooling s'ste%s

Conse,uentl'6 air for these spaces is supplie& b' A- s fitte& 3ith hu%i&ifiers that ser4e toincrease the %oisture content in the flo3 of air 7hese hu%i&ifier units si%pl' spra' &ropletsof li,ui& 3ater into the &r' air 7he &roplets absorb heat fro% the air to e4aporate an& for% a4apor"gas %i ture -u%i&ifiers are usuall' fitte& &o3nstrea% fro% heating coils so that &r'3inter air that has been heate& can be brought up to a co%fortable hu%i&it' le4el *igure an& I &epict this heating an& hu%i&ification process on a ps'chro%etric chart an& air han&lersche%atic6 respecti4el'


12/24

*igure -eating an& hu%i&ification of col&6 &r' air sho3n on ps'cho%etric chart


13/24

*igure I Sche%atic of heating an& hu%i&ification process in A-


14/24

7he ps'chro%etric chart an& sche%atic sho3 ho3 col& outsi&e air is &ra3n in at #; J* an& 2;< Relati4e -u%i&it'6 &epicte& as state 1 *ro% states 1 to 26 the &r' bulb te%peratureincreases an& the relati4e hu%i&it' &ecreases as the flo3 passes through the heating coil Atstate 26 the flo3 is at the no%inal suppl' te%perature of !! J*6 but is 4er' &r' (R- 1;


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an inno4ati4e re"circulation s'ste% that allo3s treate& air fro% non"laborator' spaces air to be rec'cle&6 an& use& to 4entilate laborator' spaces before being e hauste&

#1 Cooper S,uare has a large central atriu% aroun& 3hich %ost classroo%s an& offices arelocate& 7hese classroo% an& office spaces are 4entilate& using A- s that treat 1;;< fresh

air 7his fresh treate& air enters the classroo% an& office spaces an& is naturall' e hauste& tothe large central atriu% At the top of the atriu%6 large air han&ling units re"use this treate& air to %eet 4entilation &e%an&s in the buil&ing9s laboratories 7he sche%atic belo3 represents anA- s'ste% 3ith recirculation

*igure 1; Sche%atic of Air"-an&ler 3ith Recirculation fro% Atriu%


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7he sche%atic illustrates the %anner in 3hich the recirculation s'ste% can be use& &uring the3inter %onths to efficientl' 4entilate the buil&ing 3ith 3ar% air 7he recirculation s'ste%&ra3s 3ar% in&oor air fro% the top of the atriu% using a large centrifugal fan So%e of thisflo3 is e hauste& outsi&e the buil&ing6 3hile the other portion is &irecte& to3ar&s the airhan&ling unit At this point6 the 3ar% return flo3 is %i e& 3ith fresh6 but col&6 outsi&e airan& treate& to the appropriate te%perature an& hu%i&it' set points +' %i ing the 3ar%return air 3ith col& outsi&e air6 the A- 9s heating loa& an& energ' consu%ption aresignificantl' re&uce& 7heoreticall'6 it 3oul& be %ost efficient to treat onl' the return flo3 ofair in a continuous loop -o3e4er6 as air is passe& through the buil&ing6 it is conta%inate&3ith carbon &io i&e fro% the occupants 7hus6 it is al3a's necessar' to %i a certain a%ountof fresh air 3ith the return flo3 in or&er to :eep the buil&ing properl' 4entilate&

7he flo3 rates of the outsi&e air6 return6 e haust an& suppl' flo3s is %o&ulate& using 4ariableair &a%pers 7he +MS controls the position of these &a%pers (the &egree to 3hich the' areopene& or close&) b' %onitoring the flo3 rate6 te%perature6 hu%i&it'6 an& carbon &io i&ele4els of the four flo3s 3ith a large arra' of sensors +' anal'8ing the collecte& &ata6 the+MS is able to calculate a ratio of return air an& outsi&e air that can be treate& efficientl' to%eet the buil&ing9s 4entilation &e%an&s6 an& subse,uentl' output appropriate co%%an&s tothe A- 9s &a%pers an& other co%ponents *=gure 11 is a +MS screenshot of A-"#6 3hich4entilates laborator' spaces on le4els through $ of #1 Cooper S,uare

*igure 11 +MS screenshot of A- N#6 3hich controls %ost of the lab spaces in #1 CooperS,uare
https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/105#_BMShttps://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/105#_BMS


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7his +MS screenshot abo4e sho3s the location of 4arious sensors in the air han&ling unit =tshoul& also be note& that this air han&ling unit is connecte& in parallel 3ith A-"!6 3hich alsorecirculates air fro% the atriu% A si%ilar s'ste% is use& in the Rose Au&itoriu%6 3heresignificant energ' sa4ings can be achie4e& in treating the large space 3ith a recirculations'ste%

A- s 3ith re"circulation s'ste%s ha4e a greater upfront cost than those that use onl' 1;; ? Con4ersel'6 3hen this SP set point ine cee&e&6 the fan %otor is ra%pe& &o3n to conser4e energ' After e iting the fan6 thete%perature an& hu%i&it' le4el of the flo3 are fe& bac: to control the heating6 cooling6 an&hu%i&if'ing ele%ents in the A- s

Cont ol o6 A#Us 3it& Re;Ci $ulation'
https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3


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7here are a&&itional sensors an& actuators necessar' to control the %i ture of outsi&e air an&return air that is input to an air han&ling unit 3ith re"circulation *igure 1! is a +MSscreenshot of A-"#6 3hich &epicts the 4arious sensors an& actuators use& to control the re"circulation s'ste%

*igure 1! Co%ponents of A- N#6 4ie3e& fro% the +MS


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As &escribe&6 the return airflo3 for A-"# is collecte& at the top of the atriu% 7hete%perature6 relati4e hu%i&it'6 an& carbon &io i&e content of this return flo3 are %onitore&using sensors in the return &uct 7he return flo3 is subse,uentl' passe& through a centrifugalfan 7he fan9s spee& is controlle& b' a .*5 as a function of the static pressure at the&ischarge point

After passing through the fan6 the flo3 is either e hauste& outsi&e the buil&ing or re"&irecte&to3ar&s the air"han&ling unit 7he flo3 rate of air that is e hauste& an& re"circulate& iscontrolle& using 4ariable air &a%pers6 3hich are opene& or close& b' the +MS 7he outsi&eair &a%per in this t'pe of unit is also 4ariable6 an& the +MS is conse,uentl' able to control

the e act ratio of fresh an& return air that is treate& b' the A- 7his ratio is %ainl'controlle& as a function of the carbon &io i&e content in the return airflo3

7he flo3 rate of air to the 4arious spaces is controlle& b' the re,uire& 4entilation in the4arious buil&ing spaces .entilation rates to in&oor spaces are co%%onl' ,uantifie& in ter%sof the nu%ber of ti%es all the total 4olu%e of air in the space has been e hauste& an&replace& 3ith treate& air *or e a%ple6 occupie& laborator' spaces are progra%%e& to recei4e

bet3een 1; an& 12 air changes per hour =n or&er to conser4e energ'6 this set point is lo3ere&to # air changes per hour 3hen the laborator' is unoccupie& >!?

A- s 3ith re"circulation s'ste%s are also outfitte& 3ith a 6 ee $ooling 6eatu e 6 3hich

allo3s the unit to &etect 3hen con&itions allo3 for %a i%u% use of the re"circulation s'ste%to re&uce energ' consu%ption As outline& in the Se,uence of Operations6 the A- &etectsthat the outsi&e suppl' air (OSA) enthalp' is greater than the return air enthalp'6 an& closesthe OSA &a%per to pro4i&e onl' the %ini%u% a%ount of fresh air to %eet 4entilation&e%an&s 7hus6 the A- is able to conser4e energ' b' utili8ing return air that is alrea&'coole& belo3 at%ospheric con&itions to lo3er the unit9s cooling loa& > ?

>1? engel an& M +oles Thermodynamics: an engineering approach 6 th e& He3 or:6McQra3"-ill6 2;11
https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref5https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref5https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref5https://engfac.cooper.edu/melody/417#ref3


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>2? Ps'chro%etric Chart se (inner fra%e) Homepages Web Server - UITS - University ofConnecticut H p 6 n & 0eb 2; *eb 2;12 http@ 333 sp uconn e&u %&arre HE12 He3*iles ps'chro%etricTinset ht%l

> ? Q Sa%pton Sequence of Operation The !e" #cademic $ui%ding of Cooper Union

Morphosis Architects6 Los Angeles6 CA6 Rep 1!$!$6 Gune 2;;! p #"K

>#? &'( Set - The !e" #cademic $ui%ding of Cooper Union 'odu%ar Outdoor #ir Hand%ing Units) S's:a -enness' Qroup6 He3 or:6 H 6 2;;

>!? *aboratory +enti%ation Codes and Standards, Re4 #6 Sie%ens +uil&ing 7echnologies =nc 6Munich6 Qer%an'6 2;;26 pp 1$

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cooper union engineering faculty

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