Cool Tools for Force & Motion Buzz Putnam Whitesboro High School, NY Who is Arbor Scientific? Educational research has shown that pounding concepts into students heads through lecture only does not result in positive student learning and long-term retention of the concepts. This Should Do It! Variety of Methods Many concepts in science are not well-understood so a variety of teaching methods are encouraged by educational researchers. Demonstrations It has been shown that using Demonstrations in the science classroom helps students retain concepts, energizes the science classroom and is more fun! Why Study Force and Motion? The study of Force and Motion is fundamental to student understanding of the world around us. Arbor Challenge Question! 1. How fast are you moving right now? 2. What is the fastest moving object ever made by man? 3. What Natural Earth Process holds the record for the slowest speed ever recorded? All Motion is Relative You MUST have a Frame of Reference ! Frame of Reference *Are the boy & the girl at rest OR in motion? The Helios spacecraft traveled the distance = from New York to California in 1 minute. Fastest Man-Made Object: Helios 2 [launched in 1976] 150,000 mph. In 2018 though, a new NASA mission Solar Probe Plus will be launched. Designed to come as close as 8.5 solar radii to the Sun (thats about 3.7 million miles), it will hit orbital velocities as high as 200 kilometers a second (450,000 miles an hour).Solar Probe Plus Going this fast would get you from the Earth to the Moon in about 1/2 an hour. It is also about 0.067% the speed of light. Slowest recordable speed in history: Plate tectonics 2 cm (0.8 inch) per year Constant Velocity Car This little battery-operated car moves with a Constant Velocity! How does it work? The car moves at a constant velocity when a switch is activated. When reaching a barrier, the car will flip over and move in the opposite direction! You can also make the car go in reverse by switching the poles on the batteries. Demonstrations & Experiments 1.Using stopwatches & meter sticks, teachers can investigate the concepts of Speed vs. Velocity. * Lay down two meter sticks at Rt. Angles to each other & use the Constant Velocity Car to follow the meter sticks path. Have the students calculate Average Speed vs. Average Velocity. 1m What is the Ave. Speed? What is the Ave. Velocity? 2. Students can measure the distance the car moves with each second and plot distance vs. time using meter sticks & stopwatches, an Arbor Spark Timer or by using a Go! Motion Sensor Have students create d/t & v/t graphs by hand or use Excel! d t Demonstrations & Experiments V t Challenge Question! If the cat is moving with a Constant Speed from Position I to Position II to Position III, is it accelerating? Pull-Back Car This pull-back car moves with nearly Constant Acceleration! How does it work? The pull-back car houses a spring mechanism that will accelerate when wound. Students will observe a Constant Acceleration as well as Constant Deceleration after the car has reached its top speed. Acceleration is how fast you speed up or slow down or the speed of the speed Demonstrations & Experiments 1. Students can measure the distance the car moves with each second and plot distance vs. time using meter sticks & stopwatches, Arbors spark timer or by using a Go! Motion Sensor. You can create graphs of d/t and v/t. The slope of the graph is the Acceleration of the car. A great intro to graphing! 2. Attach Ticker Tape to the truck & use a Spark Timer. Students can determine the acceleration! Challenge Question! 2.The Galileo Museum is located in A.Florence, Italy B.Rome, Italy C.Pisa, Italy D.Padua, Italy E.Venice, Italy F.Paris, France 3.As you enter the Galileo museum, the 1 st exhibit you encounter is A. Galileos Original Inclined Plane B. A stone statue of Galileo C. Galileos Original Telescope D. Galileo 4Galileo was able to experiment & actually calculate acceleration for a rolling ball down his inclined plane by using A. A spring-driven watch B.A dripping water clock mechanism C.A swinging pendulum with bells D.An hourglass Galileo performed his famous ball drop in Pisa, Italy from the Leaning Tower. Galileos Famous Experiment Galileos famous experiment is still difficult for students to grasp today; How can a heavy object strike the ground at the same time as a lighter object? & How can the Acceleration be the same value? F = g m F = g m Challenge Question! 1. As a person falls to the Earth, their Acceleration due to Gravity (g) (..assume a vacuum)... Increases, Decreases, Remains the Same 2. Galileo first dropped balls of different mass from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to show that all objects fall with the same g. His experiment was confirmed how many years later with a feather and hammer and where? g-Ball The g-Ball has an imbedded stopwatch with a touch sensor incorporated within the device to stop the time when dropped on a surface. A button on the g-Ball begins the stopwatch upon its release & will stop when the g-Ball reaches the surface, resulting in a time of fall that is well within reasonable limits. How Does It Work? One of the all-time favorite experiments with the g-Ball is to show students that g is the same for any dropped height. Dropping the g Ball from 3 meters, 2 meters, 1 meter, and from 50 cm in height results in ~ 10 m/s 2 every time! Galileo would be proud! Finally, a way for students to understand what Free Fall is and the difficult concept of Acceleration due to Gravity in a qualitative way, without probes or computers! Challenge Question! At the same time that a high speed bullet is fired horizontally from a rifle, another bullet is simply dropped from the same height. What happens? a.The fired bullet hits the ground 1 st b.The dropped bullet hits the ground 1 st c.They hit the ground at the same time d.It depends on how fast the bullet is fired Vertical Acceleration Demonstrator Answers the question: Which lands first a ball dropped straight down or a ball thrown out horizontally? How does it work? Place two identical balls in the Vertical Acceleration Demonstrator. One ball is projected horizontally & one ball is simply dropped. Demonstrations & Experiments When the device is fired, students should listen & observe both balls motions. The time that it takes a HORIZONTALLY-LAUNCHED projectile to hit the ground is = to a VERTICALLY-DROPPED projectile to hit the ground as long as they begin from the same height! Galileos Original sketches of Horizontal Projectile Motion The Ballistics Car launches a ball vertically while the car undergoes a Constant Velocity due to its nearly friction-free wheels Ballistic Car Vertical Motion is INDEPENDENT (unaffected by) of Horizontal Motion. The flight of the ball horizontally is at a Constant Velocity. The Vertical Motion is ruled by gravity forces. How Does It Work? Repeat the demo by accelerating & decelerating the car AFTER the ball is launched AND Launching while the car is moving down OR up a ramp Surprising results! Use the Ballistics Car on a level surface & demonstrate the independence of Horizontal/Vertical Velocities Demonstrations & Experiments Relate the Ballistics Car to the dropping of packages from airplanes. Great example of independence of Horizontal/Vertical Velocities! Challenge Question! A very smart monkey hangs from a tree. The hunter aims his gun directly at the monkey & the monkey lets go at the SAME time the hunter pulls the trigger. What happens? A.The hunter kills the monkey B.The bullet misses above the monkey C.The bullet misses below the monkey Bring the classic scenario to life! Illustrates the independence of Vertical & Horizontal motion! Monkey & Hunter Demo The Monkey-Hunter works through a Series Circuit with an Electromagnetic switch. The monkey is placed at any height & secured by an electromagnet. By LASER sighting the gun, the hunter will hit the monkey every time!Monkey-Hunter How Does It Work? Demonstrate the independence of Vertical and Horizontal velocities at ANY angle & ANY speed; even a horizontally- projected ball! Demonstrations & Experiments The Air-Powered, chemical-free rocket is Controllable Reusable Reliable 100% Safe EASY! Repeatable and Predictable! Air-Powered Projectile Pressurize the launch chamber with an ordinary bicycle pump! Each rocket comes with four different thrust washers - Low, Medium, High, and Super - so you can vary launch speeds. How Does It Work? Finding Initial Velocity Launch the projectile vertically Time its flight Divide by two to find its time up Using g = -10m/s 2, if it took 3 seconds to stop, it must have started at 30 m/s! Demonstrations & Experiments Finding the Range 1.Use the launch angle to find the horizontal & vertical components of the launch velocity V y = 30 m/s (sin 60) = 26 m/s vertically V x = 30 m/s (cos 60) = 15 m/s horizontally 2.The 1 st half of flight time is calculated using a= v/t or 2.6 seconds 3.Doubling the time results in a full flight time of 5.2 seconds 4.Using d h = v h t h or d = 15 x 5.2 students can find a range of ~78 meters. (assuming a vacuum & NO friction) Demonstrations & Experiments In the movie Speed, a bus jumps a 50-Foot gap in an unfinished bridge. If the bus JUST makes it and it was moving at 68 mph when it leaves the ramp, were the movie makers accurate? v 50 20 o Your students WILL solve the Hollywood mystery in lab! Challenge Question! 1.Using a reliable & repeatable Friction pull-car that travels at the same top speed every time, students will calculate the horizontal & vertical height of the car jump 2.The ramp adjusts to three angles (10 o, 20 o, & 30 o ) with complete lessons included How Does It Work? 3. Calculate the correct launch variables to clear the Ring of Fire! Create an exciting indoor projectile investigation with this complete lab, inspired by the movie Speed. Calculate the cars landing spot and then test it! Stunt Car Lab In 1971, using a smuggled six-iron (45 o loft) & the same launch velocity as on Earth (70 m/s), how far horizontally did Astronaut Alan Shepard drive the golf ball on the Moon? [Hint to find the time of flight, use g = 1.6 m/s 2 for the Moon.] 45 o 70 m/s Challenge Question! A great way for students to test the variables of Projectile Motion indoors! Elasti-Launcher Rubber bands with 10 different launch settings & 7 launch angles provide numerous variables for student lab groups. How Does It Work? Middle school students can use the Elasti-Launcher in discovering angles vs. range and height High school students can calculate the range and height of the launched rockets using d=v i t + at 2 High school students can calculate the range and height Have students make their own rockets w/ their unique tailfin designs! Demonstrations & Experiments Challenge Question The following questions refer to the diagram of a Blue planet revolving around a Red Sun in a horizontal circle at a Constant Speed. A T or F The Planet is ACCELERATING. 2.If the Gravity (Centripetal Force) was turned off at Point A in its orbit the Blue Planet would fly off in direction 1, 2, 3 or 4? The Flying Pig is a battery-operated toys that students hang from the ceiling and will move in a circular path with a Constant Speed. Flying Pig Comes with a ceiling/string/hook set-up that students will use to secure the Pig When its switch is turned on & its wings extended, the Flying Pig will move in a circular path at a Constant Speed. How Does It Work? Use a stopwatch & meter stick to find the Flying Pigs Tangential Velocity! v = 2 r T Demonstrations & Experiments Spillnot What keeps an object traveling in its Circular path? Whether its a satellite, a roller coaster or just swinging a bucket of water over your head, the force required to keep all those objects moving in a circular path is the CENTRIPETAL FORCE. Spillnot Use the Spill-Not for your lesson on Centripetal Force or just use it as a cup holder in your classroom to stir your coffee! The same force which holds a rider on a rollercoaster upside down loop or swinging a bucket of water over your head is demonstrated by the Spillnot. Any movement of the Spillnot is of a circular nature and the forces on the cup and its liquid are directed toward the center (strap) of the circle which BLUE VECTOR-Velocity RED-Centripetal Force GREEN-Centripetal Acceleration Challenge Question! B #1 Which has more inertia? 1.A 1000 kg Rhinocerous moving at 3 mph 2.A 50 kg cheetah moving at 60 mph 3.A 3000 kg stationary elephant 4.All have the same inertia #2 Which has MORE inertia? 1. A bowling ball on Earth 2. A bowling ball on the Moon 3. A bowling ball in deep space 4. The inertia is the same An object will remain at rest or continue to move with a Constant Velocity in the Same Direction unless acted upon by an Unbalanced Force. Newtons 1 st Law The Inertial Apparatus & Air Puck system are a great way to show Newtons 1 st Law The Law of Inertia Inertia Apparatus The Inertia Apparatus simulates the classic notion of Inertia in that all objects will remain at rest unless an unbalanced force act on them. Just as the coin, card & cup demo or the tablecloth/dishes trick. How Does It Work? The Air Puck System can demonstrate the other aspect of the Law of Inertia where an object will continue at a Constant Velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on it. Demonstrations & Experiments Challenge Question! B 1.If a 1 Newton apple is brought up to the International Space Station, its weight is a. Almost the same as on the Earths surface. b. About as much as on the Earths surface. c. Almost zero (microgravity). d. Zero Finally a great toy for students to remember what 1 Newton feels like! Made of styrofoam, it weighs exactly 1 Newton Newtons Apple The Human Dynamics Cart is designed for students to experience Newtons 2 nd Law personally! When a CONSTANT UNBALANCED FORCE acts on a mass, the mass will accelerate Human Dynamics Cart Human Dynamics Cart is designed to allow students to experience Forces, Newtons Laws and Momentum/Impulse concepts kinesthetically. The cart is sturdy & large enough for football players & roomy enough for additional experiments on- board. How Does It Work? The wheels are nearly friction-free for accurate calculations of F net = ma in Lab! With Unbalanced forces, Acceleration occurs Students can determine THEIR mass indirectly by using the Arbor Metric Bath Scale & push with a constant Force over a given distance. Using F=ma, they find their acceleration & read the Metric Scale for the Force reading. With Balanced Forces, no acceleration is possible Demonstrations & Experiments Use the Metric Bath Scale to illustrate Newtons 3 rd Law Use TWO scales Back-to-Back & have a student push you while stationary. Read both scales Use TWO scales Back-to-Back & you push the student while stationary. Read both scales Use TWO scales Back-to-Back & BOTH push at the same time. Read both scales Demonstrations & Experiments Forces Come in Pairs that act on each object with Equal and Opposite Force. The Balloon Helicopter Kit is a cheap and easy way for students to see Newtons 3 rd Law in action! Balloon Helicopter See Packet for your free sample! Use a class set of Balloon Helicopters and take your class to the gym or outdoors Experiment with the copters to see which ones fly higher, quicker or stay up the longest. A great outdoor activity for your students! How Does It Work? Dont Forget the CoolStuff Fill out the CoolStuff Newsletter card for a chance to win a $25 gift certificate! CoolStuff newsletter! Its full of fun and informative labs, demos, and tools for your classroom! What is CoolStuff? Buzz Putnam Science Workshops for Teachers & Student groups/assemblies Making Science Phun Again! The Fizziks WizardContact info for Demo ideas, PowerPoints, Workshops, etc. Thank You!(800)