COOKSTOVE ADOPTION

RICARDO PIEDRAHITA

MCEN 4228/5228

WHAT IS COOKSTOVE ADOPTION?

• How do people come to burn less fuel and do it more safely?• Decision to adopt• Long term adoption

WHY IS COOKSTOVE ADOPTION IMPORTANT? HEALTH AND SAFETY• Pollution from open fires using biomass (cooking and

heating) is responsible for 4 million deaths each year

• 300,000 people die from burns each year, many due to open fires

• Women and children are disproportionately exposed to emissions

• Fuel collection is time consuming and can be dangerous

• WHO predicts that by 2030, deaths related to open fires will be higher than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined

WHY IS COOKSTOVE ADOPTION IMPORTANT? ENVIRONMENT• Impacts air quality locally and globally

• Biomass combustion is a major black carbon source (~1/3 of global emissions)

• Biomass combustion contributes to climate change through black carbon and CO2 emissions

• Inefficient combustion leads to higher fuel use, putting pressure on local ecosystems

• Deforestation• Soil erosion

Livetolearn.org

BARRIERS TO ADOPTION• (i) Fuel and technology characteristics

• (ii) Household and setting characteristics

• (iii) Knowledge and perceptions

• (iv) Financial, tax and subsidy aspects

• (v) Market development

• (vi) Regulation, legislation and standards

• (vii) Programmatic and policy mechanisms

• (Rehfuess et al., 2013)• Economics

• Culture/Social structures

• Technology

WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO ADOPTION? ECONOMICS• Lack of supply and demand

• Difficult for local and foreign companies to succeed if there is no market

• Prohibitive pricing• Education

• Limited incentive to adopt a new technology• Trust: The case of LPG in Ghana• Household may be unwilling to make such expenditures• Bollywood

• Supply chain

WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO ADOPTION? CULTURE• Clashes with social and culinary traditions

• Cooking is a social activity*Guatemala

• Important to preserve flavors and textures of foods

• Limitations due to gender roles

• Women are often in charge of domestic chores

• Men are often in control of finances and decision making *Not in Sudan. Muneer et al., 2002

Appropedia.org

WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO ADOPTION? TECHNOLOGY• Mismatch between culture and technology

• New cookstoves must be compatible with existing traditions *Ghana

• Or… be amazing *Biolite

• Lack of field testing and testing equipment

• GACC’s water boiling test is appropriate in the lab, but local measurements are essential *Ghana

• Lack of maintenance and training

• Lack of follow-through often cancels out good progress • NPIC in India (Venkataraman et al., 2010; Hanbar et al.,

2002)

ECONOMIC PATHWAYS TO ADOPTION

• Making the decision to adopt *Slaski et al. 2009

• Marketing *Indonesia • Promotions *Kenya (Silk et al., 2012)

• Distribution models *Rwanda – Inyenyeri

• Supply chains *China

• ‘Last-mile’ distribution• Purchasing the stove

• Micro-financing *Envirofit

• Bartering• Tiered pricing

• Subsidies

• Carbon credit financing• Rapid-response funding

KENYA JIKO STOVES

www.charcoalproject.org

PATHWAYS TO ADOPTION THROUGH INSTITUTIONS • Provide education

• Government initiatives *China

• Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

• Formed in 2010 with a $60 million grant

• Target of 100 million homes with improved cookstoves/fuels by 2020

Cleancookstoves.org

CULTURAL PATHWAYS TO ADOPTION

• Provide education and build trust

• Local social networks *Peru

• “Diffusion of innovation: an idea or object perceived as new (an innovation) is communicated to individuals and accepted by the majority of a population. It requires a time period for the individual members of the social system to receive the information about the innovation through different channels, to evaluate its usefulness, and to decide to use it or not.” (Adrianzen 2014)

TECHNOLOGICAL PATHWAYS TO ADOPTION• Better, cheaper, or game-changing

• Appropriate

• Training on how to use the stove *Ghana

• Training on stove repair

• Measurements

• Measuring stove performance• Measuring health and the environment• Measuring adoption

Engineeringforchange.org

• Lewis and Pattanayak (2012)

• Cookstove adoption and fuel adoption• Analyzed a subset of comparable studies• Vote counting method

FUEL AND ICS ADOPTION META-REVIEW

MEASURING ADOPTION THROUGH SURVEYS

• Surveys before/after

• Demographics (age, income, household size, etc.)

• Education about cookstove issues

• Availability of cookstoves and other technology

• Validate results with other data streams

• Data analysis and statistics

• Logistic regression• Mixed effects models

PAKISTAN CASE STUDY• 100 random households surveyed (Jan, 2012)

• Age – Education – Landholding – Family size – Household working members – Income – Biomass collection – Knowledge of biomass hazards

• Jan 2011: “The study concludes that the rate of adoption could substantially be improved if the government and non-governmental organizations play a greater role in overcoming the social, economic, cultural, political, and institutional barriers to adopting improved cooking technologies. “

MEASURING ADOPTION DIRECTLY

Ruiz-Mercado 2012

• Stove usage monitors (SUMs)

• CRECER/RESPIRE studies

• Proposed standard methods and algorithms for SUMs in Ruiz-Mercado et al., 2012

• Proposed adoption metrics at the household level

• Stacking• Methods being used in

Ghana

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

SOURCEShttp://www.cleancookstoves.org/resources_files/ghana-executive-summary.pdf

Agurto Adrianzén, Marcos. “Social Capital and Improved Stoves Usage Decisions in the Northern Peruvian Andes.” World Development 54 (February 2014): 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.07.004.

Barnes, Douglas F., Keith Openshaw, Kirk R. Smith, and Robert van der Plas. “The Design and Diffusion of Improved Cooking Stoves.” The World Bank Research Observer 8, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 119–141. doi:10.1093/wbro/8.2.119.

El Tayeb Muneer, Siddig, and El Waseilah Mukhtar Mohamed. “Adoption of Biomass Improved Cookstoves in a Patriarchal Society: An Example from Sudan.” Science of The Total Environment 307, no. 1–3 (May 20, 2003): 259–266. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00541-7.

“Igniting_Change.pdf,” http://www.cleancookstoves.org/resources/fact-sheets/Igniting_Change.pdf

Hanbar, R. D., & Karve, P. (2002). National Programme on Improved Chulha (NPIC) of the Government of India: an overview. Energy for Sustainable Development, 6(2), 49–55.

Jan, Inayatullah. “What Makes People Adopt Improved Cookstoves? Empirical Evidence from Rural Northwest Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 5 (2012): 3200–3205.

Lewis, Jessica J., and Subhrendu K. Pattanayak. “Who Adopts Improved Fuels and Cookstoves? A Systematic Review.” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 5 (May 2012): 637–645. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104194.

Ruiz-Mercado, Ilse, Eduardo Canuz, and Kirk R. Smith. “Temperature Dataloggers as Stove Use Monitors (SUMs): Field Methods and Signal Analysis.” Biomass and Bioenergy 47 (December 2012): 459–468. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.003.

Ruiz-Mercado, Ilse, Omar Masera, Hilda Zamora, and Kirk R. Smith. “Adoption and Sustained Use of Improved Cookstoves.” Energy Policy 39, no. 12 (December 2011): 7557–7566. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.028.

Slaski, Xander, and Mark Thurber. Research Note: Cookstoves and Obstacles to Technology Adoption by the Poor. Stanford Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Working Paper, 2009. http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22678/WP_89,_Slaski_Thurber,_Tech_adoption_framework_for_poor,_16Oct09.pdf.

Venkataraman, C., A.D. Sagar, G. Habib, N. Lam, and K.R. Smith. “The Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass Cookstoves: The Benefits of Clean Combustion.” Energy for Sustainable Development 14, no. 2 (June 2010): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2010.04.005.

Rehfuess, E. A., Puzzolo, E., Stanistreet, D., Pope, D., & Bruce, N. G. (2013). Enablers and Barriers to Large-Scale Uptake of Improved Solid Fuel Stoves: A Systematic Review. Environmental Health Perspectives. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306639

Silk. (2012). BMC Public Health | Full text | A Strategy to Increase Adoption of Locally-produced, Ceramic Cookstoves in Rural Kenyan Households. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/359