convergence of technologies ©2000 westnet, inc. unit 1 unit 2unit 3unit 4unit 5unit 6unit 7unit 8...

Convergence of Technologies©

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Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8

Introduction

– Ethernet Bus Configurations

– Ethernet Star Configurations

– Switched Ethernet

– Fast Ethernet

– Gigabit Ethernet

– Broadcast Domains

– Virtual LANs

– Data Flow Across Multiple Networks

LAN Protocols - Overview

Lessons in Unit 1:

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SummaryQuiz


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LAN Protocols - Ethernet Bus Configurations

At the end of Lesson 1, you shouldbe able to:

– Draw 10Base2 and 10Base5 Ethernet network configurations

– Understand the limitations of coaxial-based Ethernet solutions

Coax-based Ethernet networks are still in use; however, they are seldom incorporated in new installations.

Key Point

This lesson explains the typical configuration of a 10Base2 or 10Base5 Ethernet network, operating at 10 Mbps.

Introduction

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The most straightforward Ethernet configuration consists of several Ethernet workstations connected onto a single Ethernet bus segment.

This is shown on the 10Base2 Ethernet Configuration Diagram, consisting of four network nodes and a single server.

Thinnet Configuration

Introduction

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10Base2 Ethernet Configuration

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The network interface card (NIC) normally contains the transceiver, and the Thinnet cable is attached to the NIC by means of a T-connector as shown on the 10Base2 Adapter and Cable Diagram.


10Base2 Adapter and Cable

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A transceiver is:

– a device that takes the digital signal from the workstation and converts it to a format suitable for the physical cabling.

Thinnet connectivity is simple and provides a low-cost alternative for Ethernet networks.


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The following specifications apply to 10Base2 Ethernet networks:

– RG-58A/U coaxial cabling is normally used.

– The 5/4/3 rule applies.

– A maximum of 30 nodes can be attached to each segment.

– Minimum distance between drops is 1.64 feet.


Introduction

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Another example of an Ethernet network is shown on the 10Base5 Ethernet Configuration Diagram.

10Base5 cabling is also called Thicknet or Yellow Wire, because the outer cover is often yellow.

Thicknet Configuration

10Base5 Ethernet Configuration

Introduction

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The following specifications apply when reviewing a 10Base5 coaxial Ethernet network configuration:

– Transceivers should be placed at 8.5-foot intervals or multiples thereof.

– Each segment must be no longer than 500 meters (1,640 feet).

– The 5/4/3 rule applies.

– There can be a maximum of 100 nodes per segment.

– RG-8 coaxial cable is normally used.

Thicknet Configuration

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1) Draw a Thinnet network diagram that consists of three segments. The first and last segments contain 10 nodes. The middle segment does not contain any nodes and is only used for network extension.

Activity

Introduction

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SummaryQuiz


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1) Using a Web search engine, find information that relates to the 5/4/3 rule and coaxial Ethernet. List your findings.

Extended Activity

Introduction

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LAN Protocols - Ethernet Star Configurations


– Draw a 10BaseT Ethernet network using one or more hubs

– Understand the function of an uplink port on a hub

– Understand the concept of a collision domain

The most common Ethernet topology is a star.

Key Point

Newer Ethernet networks use star configurations as the primary method of connectivity.

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An example of an Ethernet star network is shown on the 10BaseT Ethernet Configuration Diagram.

This star configuration, uses twisted pair cabling.

Star Configuration Using Hub Technology

10BaseT Ethernet Configuration

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10BaseT star-wired networks provide the following advantages over 10Base2 and 10Base5:

– Nodes are easily added to, and removed from, a network.

– Network problems are easier to troubleshoot because suspect nodes can easily be disconnected from the hub.


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A collision domain is the portion of a network where all nodes receive every frame transmitted.

Larger networks may contain many collision domains.


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The Ethernet Collision Domain Diagram illustrates this principle.


Ethernet Collision Domain

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As a network grows and more nodes are needed, hubs must be added providing more physical ports for additional device connectivity.

The Ethernet Hub-to-Hub Diagram illustrates this principle.

Hub-to-Hub Connectivity

Introduction

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Introduction

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Ethernet Hub-to-Hub Diagram


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As networks grow, more and more hubs may be added to increase the number of nodes attached to a network.

At some point in time, servers must be added to provide options not available in a strictly peer-to-peer network.


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This is shown on the Ethernet Client/Server Configuration Diagram.


Ethernet Client/Server Configuration

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1) Using 12-port hubs, draw an Ethernet network consisting of 50 computers.

2) How many collision domains are there in this network?

3) If a frame is sent between two clients attached to the same hub, how many total devices in this network will detect this frame?

4) What is the purpose of the central hub?

Activities

Introduction

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1) Using the Web, research Ethernet hubs and list three vendor products. Summarize your findings and include the cost per port and functionality of each product.

Extended Activity

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LAN Protocols - Switched Ethernet


– Describe the function of a switch

– Explain the difference between a network using hubs versus switches

– Describe the performance advantages of using a switch over a hub

Ethernet switches use frame addresses to make switching decisions.

Key Point

Ethernet switches provide performance improvements over hub-based solutions.

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An Ethernet switch provides connectivity between any two attached Ethernet devices (or segments) on a frame-by-frame basis.

The Media Access Control (MAC)-layer address determines the hub or switch port to which the frame will travel.

In Ethernet switching, a dedicated virtual connection is established between each pair of sending and receiving ports.

Switched Configurations

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The two most common types of Ethernet switches are:

– store-and-forward switches

– fast-forward switches

Store-and-forward switches check each frame for accuracy and then direct the frame to the destination.

Fast-forward switches do not error-check the frame; they merely direct the frame to the appropriate destination.


Introduction

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The Standard Hub vs. Switching Hub Diagram compares Ethernet LANs implemented by a standard hub versus a switching hub.


Standard Hub vs. Switching Hub

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The Switched Workgroups Diagram illustrates how performance can be improved using a switch versus adding another hub.

Switched Ethernet Backbone

Switched Workgroups

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Many switches offer ports with different speeds.

The workgroups are in separate collision domains, traffic destined for a computer in another workgroup may affect the performance of the computers in that workgroup.


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This is demonstrated on the Workgroup-to-Workgroup Traffic Diagram.


Workgroup-to-Workgroup Traffic

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1) Discuss trends in LAN technologies in class.

2) Review current implementation costs of an Ethernet LAN in class.

3) Discuss performance characteristics of Ethernet bandwidths and configurations in class.

4) Discuss the difference between a switched backbone and a backbone that contains a hub in class.

Activities

Introduction

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1) Perform the hands-on exercises to demonstrate the difference between hubs and switches.

2) Observe the instructor’s demonstration of LAN features/functions (in lab or classroom).

Extended Activities

Introduction

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LAN Protocols - Fast Ethernet


– Draw 10Base2 and 10Base5 Ethernet network configurations

– Understand the limitations of coaxial-based Ethernet solutions

Fast Ethernet is identical 10 Mbps Ethernet, only faster.

Key Point

Fast Ethernet works the same way as 10 Mbps Ethernet, only 10 times faster (10 times the bit rate).

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In some cases, switched 10 Mbps Ethernet networks may not provide enough bandwidth for an organization.

The Network Applications Table summarizes the applications and their impact on the network.

The Need for Speed

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The Need for Speed

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Application DataType/Size

Network TrafficImpact

NetworkRequirements

ScientificModeling Gigabytes

Increase in Large FilesLarge BandwidthsRequired

Higher BandwidthDesktop, Server,Backbone

Publications,Imaging

100’s ofMegabytes

Increase in Large FilesLarge BandwidthsRequired

Higher BandwidthDesktop, Server,Backbone

InternetIntranetExtranet

Audio, Video1-100 Megabytes

Increase in Large FilesLarge BandwidthsRequiredLow LatencyNecessary

Higher BandwidthDesktop, Server,BackboneLow Latency

DataWarehousingNetworkBackup

TerabytesIncrease in Large FilesLarge BandwidthsRequiredFixed Time of Transmission


DesktopConferencingWhiteboarding

1.5-4 Mbps Class of Service RequiredHigh Volume of Data



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Many of these applications require the transmission of large files over the network.

Many companies are now using Internet technologies to build private intranets.

Data warehousing has become popular as a way of making enterprise data available to decision makers for reporting and analysis without sacrificing the performance, security, or integrity of production systems.

The Need for Speed

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Network backup of servers and storage systems is common in many industries that require enterprise information to be archived.

The Need for Speed

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100BaseT twisted pair cabling can extend to distances of 100 meters.

An example of a 100BaseT network is shown on the 100BaseT Network Diagram.

This configuration is identical to a star configuration used in 10 Mbps Ethernet LANs.

Fast Ethernet

100BaseT Network

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It is possible to combine Ethernet LANs using both 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps technology.

This is illustrated on the 10/100BaseT Network Configuration Diagram.

Fast Ethernet

10/100BaseT Network Configuration

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100BaseTX is the specification that describes how to run 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet over Category 5 UTP.

Key points regarding Fast Ethernet are:

– The 100BaseT standard requires replacement of existing equipment.

– The maximum UTP cable length is 100 meters.

– Category 5 cabling must be used.

– The 100BaseT standard can extend distance capabilities by using fiber optic cable technology.

– The maximum number of repeater hops is two.

Fast Ethernet

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A typical quote from a LAN implementation vendor is shown below. This estimate contains the cost of installing a 16-station Fast Ethernet network using Category 5 twisted pair cabling and a 100 BaseT hub. All intelligent devices are Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) capable.

Activities

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Quantity Description Unit Price ExtendedPrice

1 Vendor X 16-port managed Fast Ethernethub

each $480.00 $480.00

16 Ethernet PCI 32 bit 100 Mbps NIC each $60.00 $960.00

1,200 4 pair UTP plenum 24 Ga Category 5 Cable(75’ per drop)

feet $0.29 $348.00

1 24 port Category 5 patch panel and wallmount bracket

each $165.00 $165.00

16 Wall mount faceplates with Category 5jacks

each $6.50 $104.00

16 4’ Category 5 patch cords each $3.10 $49.60

16 Installation drop charge each $125.00 $2000.00

Total $4106.60


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1) Draw a diagram of this network and discuss in class.

2) Describe why higher speeds are required.

Activities

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1) Research Ethernet at higher speeds than 100 Mbps, such as Gigabit Ethernet.

2) What products are currently available for these newer technologies?

Extended Activities

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LAN Protocols - Gigabit Ethernet


– Identify the common features shared by both Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, as well as features that differ between the two standards

– Describe some of the problems Gigabit Ethernet may solve, as well as problems it may create

– Discuss how much of a network’s existing Ethernet technology might be preserved in a migration to Gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet preserves the existing Ethernet frame format and CSMA/CD media access.

Key Point

This lesson explains the typical configuration of a 10Base2 or 10Base5 Ethernet network, operating at 10 Mbps.

Introduction

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The goal of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.3z Task Force, which developed the Gigabit Ethernet standard, was to deliver 10 times the performance of Fast Ethernet at very affordable prices.

The Gigabit Ethernet Standard

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As the Ethernet Compatibility Table shows, Gigabit Ethernet uses existing Ethernet technologies, taking advantage of Ethernet’s fiercely competitive pricing.


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Variable Fast Ethernet Gigabit EthernetSpeed 100 Mbps 1000 Mbps

Frame Format 802.3 Ethernet 802.3 Ethernet

MAC Layer 802.3 Ethernet 802.3 Ethernet

Flow Control 802.X Ethernet 802.X Ethernet

Primary Mode Full Duplex Full Duplex

Physical Signaling FDDI Fiber Channel


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The key objective of the 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet Task Force was to develop a Gigabit Ethernet standard that accomplished the following:

– Allowed half- and full-duplex operation at speeds of 1,000 Mbps

– Used the 802.3 Ethernet frame formats

– Used the carrier sense multiple access/collision detect (CSMA/CD) access method with support for one repeater per collision domain

– Addressed backward compatibility with 10BaseT and 100BaseT technologies


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As illustrated on the Gigabit Ethernet Layers Diagram, the Physical (PHY) Layer is a crucial part of the Gigabit Ethernet specification.

Gigabit Ethernet Cabling and Distance Specifications

Gigabit Ethernet Layers

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The Physical Layer provides the interface between the MAC layer and the transceivers in Gigabit Ethernet hardware.

The Physical Layer performs

– encoding

– decoding

– carrier sense

– link monitor functions

Gigabit Ethernet Cabling and Distance Specifications

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The Gigabit Ethernet standard includes three specifications for fiber cabling:

– 1000BaseSX (“S” for short wavelength) defines optical transceivers or Physical Layer devices for laser fiber cabling.

– 1000BaseLX (“L” for long wavelength) defines optical transceivers or Physical Layer devices for laser fiber cabling.

– 1000BaseLH (“LH” for long haul) is a multivendor specification that defines optical transceivers that support distances greater than the 1000BaseLX specification.

Fiber Cabling Specifications

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The Gigabit Ethernet Distances for Fiber Optic Media Table shows the distance specifications for 1000BaseSX and 1000BaseLX fiber optic media.


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SummaryQuiz

TransceiverFiber Diameter

(Microns)MM = Multi-modeSM = Single-Mode

Bandwidth(Mhz * km)

Minimum Range(meters)

1000BaseSX MM 62.5MM 62.5MM 50MM 50

160200400500

2 to 2202 to 2752 to 5002 to 550

1000BaseLX MM 62.5MM 50MM 50SM 9

500400500N/A

2 to 5502 to 5502 to 550

2 to 5,000

2 to


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The Gigabit Ethernet Distances for 1000BaseLH Fiber Optic Media Table lists specific wavelength distances recently qualified by 3Com.


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SummaryQuiz

TransceiverSingle-Mode

Fiber Diameter(Microns)

Wavelength(nm)

MinimumRange (meters)

1000Base LH(Extended Distance) 9 1310 1 to 49 km

1000Base LH(Extended Distance) 9 1550 50 to 100 km


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Gigabit Ethernet also includes two copper cabling specifications:

– 1000BaseCX (“C” for copper) defines transceivers or Physical Layer devices for shielded copper cabling.

– 1000BaseTX (“T” for twisted pair) is the developing specification for Gigabit Ethernet over four-pair Category 5 UTP copper cabling for distances up to 100 m.

Copper Cabling Specifications

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To assess a new technology like Gigabit Ethernet, you must compare it to other technologies and evaluate its impact on existing network topology and equipment.

Implementing Gigabit Ethernet in a Network

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Link or port aggregation, also called trunking.

Link aggregation is the ability to support multiple, point-to-point, parallel active links between switches, or between a switch and server.

The advantages of link aggregation are:

– higher bandwidth

– redundant links

– load sharing

Gigabit Ethernet and Link Aggregation

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Gigabit Ethernet relieves the bottleneck at the server.

Gigabit Ethernet NICs currently under design will overcome some of the server system bottlenecks and be optimized for the upcoming evolution in server architecture.

Optimizing Servers to Handle Gigabit Ethernet

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Critical server system improvements include the following:

– PCI Bus Bandwidth

– Network Operating System

– CPU Utilization at Gigabit Speeds

– Memory Subsystems

– Storage Subsystems

Optimizing Servers to Handle Gigabit Ethernet

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The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus is the predominant bus in x86 platforms.

The PCI Bus Bandwidth Matrix shows that PCI buses support gigabit rates today.

PCI Bus Bandwidth

PCI Bus Bandwidth

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The bottleneck has moved from the network to inside the host itself; the challenge is now to increase the performance of the network operating system (NOS) and host.

The performance of the server connection depends heavily on the NOS and underlying protocols.

Network Operating System

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At gigabit speeds, routine networking tasks such as TCP/IP checksum calculations can easily tie up the processor, resulting in 100 percent CPU utilization that leaves no processing power for other applications.

CPU Utilization at Gigabit Speeds

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Memory subsystem performance also affects overall server performance and network connection throughput.

Memory Subsystems

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Storage is typically the slowest component of the server.

It usually uses rotating media (disk) technology with mechanical limitations.

Storage Subsystems

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Gigabit Ethernet is best suited for unclogging network bottlenecks that occur in three main areas:

– Switch-to-switch connections

– Connections to high-speed servers

– Backbone connections

Gigabit Ethernet Migration Scenario

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The following scenario details a network migration to Gigabit Ethernet.

As shown on the Starting Point Diagram, the initial building backbone is 10-Mbps Ethernet.

Initial Configurations

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Starting Point

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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In this scenario:

– Power users are experiencing bottlenecks from their 10-Mbps links.

– Users on the shared segments are experiencing slow response times.

– All new desktops are equipped with 10/100-PCI NICs.


Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The Phase 1 Diagram shows how the first upgrade phase is implemented in three areas:

– Upgrading the network backbone to 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet

– Upgrading the power workgroup to 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet connections between the end stations and switch

– Implementing 10-Mbps switching in other workgroups that need dedicated bandwidth

Phase 1 Upgrade

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Phase 1 Upgrade

Phase 1

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The Phase 2 Diagram shows how the riser downlinks are upgraded to Gigabit Ethernet to increase backbone bandwidth even further.

Phase 2 Upgrade

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Phase 2 Upgrade

Phase 2

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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1) How does Gigabit Ethernet compare with Fast Ethernet in terms of similar technology?

2) List the characteristics of Gigabit Ethernet fiber cabling specifications.

3) What are the characteristics of Gigabit Ethernet copper cabling specifications?

4) Contrast link aggregation with Gigabit Ethernet in terms of solutions to provide additional bandwidth.

Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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5) Discuss the problems of delivering Gigabit Ethernet to servers and workstations with PCI buses.

6) What would logically be the first area in an enterprise network that would benefit from migration to Gigabit Ethernet?

7) Would most users benefit from Gigabit Ethernet to the desktop or should the existing Ethernet technology be preserved? Explain.

Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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1) Research information on the latest 10-Gbps Ethernet standards and compare these to the Fibre Channel standard.

2) Go to Web site http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org and note the current developments in Gigabit Ethernet.

Extended Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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LAN Protocols - Broadcast Domains


– Understand the concept of broadcast domains

– Understand the difference between a broadcast network and broadcast frame

Broadcast traffic should be minimized in a LAN

Key Point

This lesson looks at the concept of broadcast domains in a LAN.

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Switches isolate traffic between individual workgroups by forming separate collision domains.

A broadcast network or collision domain is a network that consists of nodes attached to the same physical media or hub that receive every transmitted frame on the network.

Broadcast traffic consists of broadcast frames, that have a special destination MAC address of all 1s.

Traffic Isolation

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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When a switch sees a frame with a specific NIC address, it makes a switching decision.

When a switch sees a frame with a broadcast address, it has no choice but to send the frame out every port (except in VLAN applications discussed in the next lesson).

This is referred to as a broadcast domain and is illustrated on the Ethernet Broadcast Domain Diagram.

Traffic Isolation

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Traffic Isolation

Ethernet Broadcast Domain

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The Ethernet Switch and Router Diagram illustrates one possible configuration for connecting a switched network to another network.

Switched Ethernet Backbone and Router Connectivity

Ethernet Switch and Router

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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1)Determine the number of collision domains and broadcast domains in each of the following three configurations:

a For the first configuration, use the 10BaseT Ethernet Configuration Diagram from Lesson 4.

b For the second configuration, use the Ethernet Hub-to-Hub Diagram from Lesson 2.

c For the next configuration, use the Switched Workgroups Diagram from Lesson 3.

2) Draw a diagram that contains three collision domains and one broadcast domain.

Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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1) Perform the lab exercise entitled “Hubs and Switches in Networks.”

Extended Activity

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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LAN Protocols - Virtual LANs


– Describe the concept of a VLAN

– Understand the concept of broadcast containment

– Understand the relationship between VLANs and broadcast traffic

VLANs provide broadcast containment in a LAN.

Key Point

Using switches and software, without moving users to new desks, VLANs can create the appearance of a private LAN for every virtual workgroup.

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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A VLAN consists of many nodes connected by a single bridging domain.

A bridging domain is a portion of a network that consists of end nodes and Layer 2 devices such as bridges and switches.

Switched VLANs

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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An example of a VLAN is shown on the VLAN Diagram.

Switched VLANs

VLAN

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The Routed VLAN Configuration Diagram demonstrates the configuration normally used to segment switched networks into VLANs, while maintaining widespread communication using a routed backbone.

Routed VLANs

Routed VLAN Configuration

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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One of the primary purposes for implementing virtual LANs is broadcast containment.

Broadcast containment is the principle of limiting the amount of broadcast traffic on a network.

Routed VLANs

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Routers contain broadcast traffic because they analyze packet and frame addresses.

Routers pass traffic destined for remote Layer Three addresses networks.

A disadvantage to router processing is the time it takes to process both frames and packets.

Routed VLANs

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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With the introduction of switching, organizations were able to divide the network into smaller, Layer 2-defined segments, enabling increased bandwidth per segment.

VLANs represent an alternative solution to routers for broadcast containment, because VLANs allow switches to also contain broadcast traffic.

Routed VLANs

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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1) VLANs are typically implemented using which type

of device?

a Bridge

b Gateway

c Repeater

d Switch

Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

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Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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2) Which of the following best describes the functionality of a VLAN?

a Grouping nodes logically that may be physically separated

b Grouping nodes physically in one single routing domain

c Replacing passive hubs for performance purposes

d Providing performance improvements over traditional routed networks

Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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3) The primary reason to build a VLAN is to:

a Separate servers from workstations

b To minimize broadcast traffic

c Increase reach ability of broadcast traffic

d Provide for increased segment-switching capabilities

4) VLANs can be created using a variety of switch vendor products in the same network. True / False

5) VLANs can be roughly equated to a broadcast domain. True / False

Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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1) Configure a switch to act as a VLAN in a network.

Extended Activity

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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LAN Protocols - Data Flows Across Multiple Networks


– Explain how packets and LAN frames work together

– Describe how information flows through hubs, switches, and routers

Networking protocols and devices determine how data flows.

Key Point

This lesson ties many concepts together as we discuss moving data across two or more connected LANs or WANs.

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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This section details several key points including:

– Protocol layering

– Processes and protocols

– Format of information transfer

– Client/server communication

– Hub, switch, and router operation

– Relationship of frames, packets, and process addresses

Flow Analysis

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The Network Information Flow Diagram is used to illustrate some of these key points.

Flow Analysis

Network Information Flow

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Client 1 is requesting a World Wide Web (Web) page from a remote Web site.

Point 1 demonstrates a common protocol stack found in computers that access information across a network.

1. Client Request

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Point 2 on the diagram illustrates the frame format that is found anywhere between Client 1 and one of the routers in the network.

Because this request is going to a remote location, the frame destination address is the address of the router NIC.

2. Traversing the LAN

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The switch forwards the frame to the correct port based on the destination address of the Ethernet frame, which is addressed to the NIC in the router.

When the router receives the frame, it recognizes its own NIC address. The router then passes the IP packet up to its IP process.

3. Crossing the Wide Area Link

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The packet arrives at the remote router, which sends the packet on its way to its final destination.

It does this by first decapsulating the packet from the frame relay frame, then encapsulating the packet in a new Ethernet frame addressed to Web Server 1.

4. Delivery to Destination

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Web Server 1’s protocol stack (Point 5) is identical to Client 1, except the Web server has a server application loaded instead of a Web browser.

By the end of this complex process, the client’s request has been successfully delivered to the server.

4. Delivery to Destination

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Answer the following questions using the Network Information Flow Diagram presented in this lesson.

1) How many collision domains are in the network?

2) How many broadcast domains are in the network?

3) What layer(s) of software process information at the first router?

4) How does a router know whether to forward information to another network?

5) What is the source and destination address of the first frame in this network?

Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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The trace information below shows details of a client request to a server.

Packet 5 captured at 04/15/1998 01:37:58 PM; Packet size is 54(0x36)bytes

Relative time: 000:00:19.969

Delta time: 0.000.054

Ethernet Version II

Address: 00-A0-24-BF-6F-B3 --->00-60-08-3B-92-06

Ethernet II Protocol Type: IP

Internet Protocol

Version(MSB 4 bits): 4

Header length(LSB 4 bits): 5 (32-bit word)

Extended Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

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Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Service type: 0x00

000. .... = 0 - Routine

...0 .... = Normal delay

.... 0... = Normal throughput

.... .0.. = Normal reliability

Total length: 40 (Octets)

Fragment ID: 4111

Flags summary: 0x40

0... .... = Reserved

.1.. .... = Do not fragment

..0. .... = Last fragment

Fragment offset(LSB 13 bits): 0 (0x00)

Extended Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Time to live: 32 seconds/hops

IP protocol type: TCP (0x06)

Checksum: 0x03A8

IP address 205.169.85.201 ->205.169.85.253

No option

Transmission Control Protocol

Port 1143 ---> World Wide Web HTTP

Sequence Number: 7718009

Acknowledgement Number: 1532373165

Header Length(MSB 4 bits): 5 (32-bit word)

Reserved(LSB 4 bits): 0

Code: 0x10

Extended Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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RES: 00.. .... = Reserved

URG: ..0. .... = Urgent Pointer is Invalid

ACK: ...1 .... = Acknowledgement Field is Valid

PSH: .... 0... = No push Requested

RST: .... .0.. = No reset Connection

SYN: .... ..0. = No synchronize Sequence Number

FIN: .... ...0 = More Data From Sender

Window: 8760

Checksum: 0xF8C9

Urgent Pointer: 0x0000

Extended Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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Packet: 5

0000: 00 60 08 3b 92 06 00 a0 24 bf 6f b3 08 00 45 00 | .`.;....$.o³..E.

0010: 00 28 10 0f 40 00 20 06 03 a8 cd a9 55 c9 cd a9 | .(..@. ..¨Í©U.Í©

0020: 55 fd 04 77 00 50 00 75 c4 79 5b 56 28 ad 50 10 | Uý.w.P.u.y[V(.P.

0030: 22 38 f8 c9 00 00 | “8....

Extended Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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1) Where does the frame begin and end in the hexadecimal detail?

2) Where does the packet begin and end in the hexadecimal detail?

3) Where does the message begin and end in the hexadecimal detail?

4) What is the purpose of this client request?

Extended Activities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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LAN Protocols - Summary Quiz

1) The distance that information can be sent over twisted pair in a typical LAN environment is:

a 100 meters

b 1,000 meters

c 10 kilometers

d 200 meters

Unit 1 Summary Quiz

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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2) Which connector type is associated with Thinnet coaxial cable?

a RJ-45

b RG-58

c BNC

d RS-232

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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3) An Ethernet LAN that uses UTP cabling as the physical media is referred to as a:

a Star

b Star/Ring

c Bus

d DRing

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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4) A collision domain is the part of the network where:

a Ethernet NICs exist

b Frames are received by all nodes on the physical segment

c Switches attach PCs

d A collision is most likely to exist

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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5) A special port on a hub called a crossover or uplink port is provided for:

a Connectivity to a WAN

b Connectivity to another hub or switch

c Connectivity to a server

d Peer-to-peer network traffic isolation

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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6) The primary difference between a hub and switch is:

a A hub is a Physical Layer device; a switch is a Network Layer device.

b A hub has fewer physical ports than a switch.

c A switch is less efficient than a hub.

d A switch can isolate traffic.

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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7) One advantage to using a switch over a hub is:

a Cost

b Traffic isolation capabilities

c Configuration capabilities

d Network management capabilities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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8) Fast Ethernet is similar to standard Ethernet in which of the following ways:

a The same type of frame format is used.

b The same type of cabling can be used.

c Star configurations are used in both types.

d All of the above

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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9) The network topology that uses a single wire or cable to connect all devices is referred to as:

a Bus topology

b Ring topology

c Loop topology

d Mesh topology

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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10) When is UTP cable preferred over STP?

a When there is little electrical interference

b When cost is no object

c When going long distances

d When a fire hazard exists

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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11) Which of the following are considered advantages of star topology?

a Redundancy

b Ease of management

c Minimum cable requirements

d High immunity to noise

Introduction

Lesson 1

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Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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12) Ethernet operates at all of the following speeds except:

a 600 Kbps

b 100 Mbps

c 1 Gbps

d 1,000 Mbps

Introduction

Lesson 1

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Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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13) Which of the following best describes the function of a Data Link Layer address?

a Transmits a frame to the next NIC

b Transmits a packet to the correct port

c Transmits a frame to the final destination

d Transmits a frame to the correct socket

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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14) The primary reason to build a VLAN is to:

a Separate servers from workstations

b Group segments to form logical traffic patterns

c Increase reachability of broadcast traffic

d Provide for increased segment-switching capabilities

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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15) A broadcast domain is the part of a network where:

a All frames are received regardless of destination address.

b All frames are received when a broadcast frame is transmitted.

c Hubs are used to connect clients.

d Switches are used to connect clients.

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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16) The Ethernet standard is referred to as:

a IEEE 802.5

b IEEE 802.2

c IEEE 802.3

d IEEE 800.X

Introduction

Lesson 1

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Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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17) What is the primary purpose of a Data Link Layer

protocol?

a Transmit bits across a physical link

b Transmit frames across a physical link

c Transmit packets across a network

d Transmit messages from process to process

Introduction

Lesson 1

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Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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18) How far in a network will a frame (Data Link Layer) address go?

a To the final destination, across routers

b To the final destination, across gateways

c To the next NIC

d None of the above

Introduction

Lesson 1

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Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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19) Why is a hub used in a LAN?

a To concentrate and repeat digital signals

b To detect fiber optic loss of light

c To regenerate a token in a Token Ring network

d To isolate traffic between Ethernet and Token Ring networks

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz


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20) 10BaseT cabling is also referred to as:

a Thinnet

b Thicknet

c STP

d UTP

Introduction

Lesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

SummaryQuiz

convergence of technologies ©2000 westnet, inc. unit 1 unit 2unit 3unit 4unit 5unit 6unit 7unit 8...

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