convention on international trade in endangered species...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
www.CITES.org
Introduction to CITES
© Copyright CITES Secretariat 2005© Copyright CITES Secretariat 2005
2
Overview
• What is CITES?
• How CITES works
• The benefits of CITES
• Partnerships
• CITES in the region
• Summary
4
CITES• CITES is the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
• It is also known as the Washington Convention, as it was signed in Washington D.C.
• CITES was signed on 3 March 1973, and entered into force on 1 July 1975
…in operation for 30 years
5
CITES
• CITES was ‘born’ from a resolution adopted by theeighth General Assembly of IUCN held in Nairobi in 1963, which expressed concern about the wildlifetrade and called for a mechanism to regulate thistrade
• The drafting of the text started in 1964, and afterseveral worldwide consultations the final text wasadopted in Washington in 1973
• It has now become one of the largestconservation oriented Conventions
7
CITES
• CITES is an agreement between governments, to ensure that wild fauna and flora in international tradeare not exploited unsustainably
8
CITES
• CITES is an international convention that combines wildlife and trade themes with a legally binding instrument for achieving conservation and sustainable use objectives
9
Examples of trade - animals
• Primates
• Hunting trophies
• Birds of prey
• Parrots & parakeets
• Crocodilians
• Snakes & lizards
• Turtles & tortoises
• Live aquarium specimens
• Food fishes
• Spiders & butterflies
• Molluscs & corals
10
Examples of trade - plants
• Orchids
• Cacti & succulents
• Bulbs (Snowdrops, Cyclamens)
• Medicinal plants
• Ornamental trees
• Timber species
11
Mapping CITES trade
Major importing areas
North AmericaEurope
East Asia
Major importing & exporting areasAsia
Southern AfricaMiddle East
OceaniaEastern Europe
Major exporting areas
South AmericaCentral America
AfricaAsia
13
Misconceptions about CITES
• CITES deals with all aspects of wildlife conservation
– CITES deals only with international trade in certain species included in its Appendices
• CITES aims to ban all wildlife trade
– CITES aims to regulate international trade (for some species trade is highly restricted)
14
Misconceptions about CITES
• CITES regulates domestic trade
– CITES can only address international trade
• The CITES Appendices are a listing of the world’s endangered species– The Appendices only list those species that are or may
be affected by international trade
15
Misconceptions about CITES
• CITES imposes trade restrictions on developing countries– Both producer and consumer countries have
responsibility for conserving and managing resources; CITES creates the means for international cooperation and decision-making
• The CITES Secretariat issues permits to authorize trade in CITES specimens- Permits are only issued by the Management Authority of
each Party to CITES
17
How CITES works
• The Convention establishes an international legal framework with commonprocedural mechanisms for the prevention of international commercial trade in endangered species, and for an effective regulation of international trade in others
18
How CITES works• This framework and common procedural mechanism is now used
by 169 countries (the Conference of the Parties) to regulate and monitor international trade in wild resources
19
Conference of the Parties
Standing Committee
Secretariat
Plants Committee
Nomenclature Committee
Animals Committee
UNEPTRAFFIC
IUCNUNEP-WCMC
How CITES works
Other NGOs
20
Conference of the Parties
Management Authority
Secretariat
Permanent Committees
Guidance
TRAFFICIUCN
UNEP-WCMC
WCO, Interpol
Officers in charge of implementing
CITES
Recommendations
How CITES works
Scientific Authority
21
The CITES BudgetThe CITES Budget• Contributions are paid by the Parties into a CITES
Trust Fund which is used to finance the budget
• Contributions are proportional and are calculated on the basis of the UN scale of contributions
See Resolution Conf. 12.1,
• CITES 2005 budget = 4.480.000 US dollars
• The budget is used to finance:– Meetings of the Conference of the Parties and the Permanent
Committees
– Basic services and activities, such as the trade database, review of significant trade, capacity building
– The basic functioning of the Secretariat, such as staff salariesand missions
22
The CITES BudgetThe CITES Budget• External Funding:
– 1 million US dollars raised on average per year in addition to the Trust Fund
• External funding is used for projects:
– Technical Assistance to Parties
– Training Seminars, enforcement activities, identification manual, publications, national legislation activities
– Scientific Research
– Population studies
– Sponsored Delegates Project
23
How CITES works
• The Conference of the Parties adopts Resolutions to guide the interpretation and implementation of the Convention, and Decisions to provide specific short-term time-bound instructions
79 Resolutions and 118 Decisionsare in effect
24
How CITES works
• The Convention and its Appendices are legally binding, but national legislation is required to apply its provisions
25
How CITES works
• National legislation to implement CITES must, at the very least:
– designate a Management Authority and aScientific Authority
– prohibit trade in specimens in violation of the Convention
– penalize such trade
– allow for confiscation of specimens illegally traded or possessed
26
How CITES works
• The Management Authority is responsible for the administrative aspects of implementation (legislation, permits, annual and biennial reports on trade, communication with other CITES agencies)
27
How CITES works
• The Scientific Authority is responsible for advising the Management Authority on non-detriment findings and other scientific aspects of implementation, and monitoring of national trade
28
How CITES works
• Species subject to CITES regulation are divided amongst three Appendices
– The Conference of the Parties is the only body that can decide on the contents of Appendices I and II
– Any proposal to amend these two Appendices requires a two-thirds majority of voting Parties for it to be adopted
– Only Parties may propose amendments to the Appendices
29
How CITES works
Appendix I
– includes species threatened with extinction
– International (commercial) trade is generally prohibited
– Almost 530 animal species and some 300 plant species
Mic
rocy
cas
calo
com
aP
hoto
: G. v
aV
liet
Mic
rocy
cas
calo
com
aP
hoto
: G. v
aV
liet
Ailu
rus
fulg
ens
Ailu
rus
fulg
ens
30
Appendix II– includes species not necessarily
threatened with extinction, but for which trade must be controlled to avoid their becoming threatened
– includes species that resemble species already included in Appendix I or II
– International trade is permitted but regulated
– More than 4,400 animal species and more than 28,000 plant species
Dionaea muscipulaDionaea muscipula
TupinambisTupinambis
How CITES works
31
How CITES works
Streptotelia semitorquata (Photo: P. Dollinger)Streptotelia semitorquata (Photo: P. Dollinger)
Appendix III
– includes species for which a country is asking Parties to help with its protection
– International trade is permitted but regulated (less restrictive than Appendix II)
– Some 255 animal species and 7 plant species
32
• CITES regulates the export, re-export and import of live and dead animals and plants and their parts and derivatives (for listed species only) through a system of permits and certificates
• These permits or certificates may only be issued if certain conditions are met and which must be presented when leaving or entering a country
• For Appendix I and II-listed species, the most important condition is that international trade in thesespecies must not be detrimental to their survival in the wild
How CITES works
33
How CITES works
• There are special provisions for:
– Personal and household effects
– Pre-Convention specimens
– Captive-bred or artificially propagated specimens
– Scientific exchange
– Travelling exhibitions
34
How CITES works
• CITES documents are standardized for:
• Format
• Language & terminology
• Information
• Duration of validity
• Issuance procedures
• Clearance procedures
35
How CITES works
• There are four types of CITES documents:
– Export permits
– Import permits
– Re-export certificates
– Other certificates
36
How CITES worksExport permits
• Export permits can only be issued by the Management Authority, provided the Scientific Authority has advisedthat the proposed export will not be detrimental to thesurvival of the species
• The Management Authority must be satisfied that thespecimen was legally obtained
• The Management Authority must be satisfied that living specimens will be prepared and shipped in a manner thatwill minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment
37
How CITES worksImport permits
• (Applies only to specimens of Appendix-I species)
• Import permits can only be issued by the Management Authority, when the Scientific Authority has advised thatthe proposed import will be for purposes that are notdetrimental to the survival of the species
• Note: by taking stricter domestic measures a number of Parties (e.g. the member States of the European Union) also require import documents for specimens of AppendixII species
38
How CITES worksRe-export certificates
• Re-export certificates may only be issued by theManagement Authority, and only when that authorityis satisfied that the specimens have been importedin accordance with the provisions of the Convention
39
How CITES works
Other certificates
• These are used for particular cases such as:
– Captive-bred or artificially propagated specimens
– Pre-Convention specimens
– Traveling exhibitions
– Introduction from the Sea
– Appendix III certificate of origin
– Labels for scientific exchange
40
How CITES works
Similar rules and
regulations
Similar requirements
Similar authorities Similar
procedures
Similar documents
COMMON PROCEDURAL MECHANISMS
42
The benefits of CITES
• Effective and consistent international regulation of trade in wildlife for conservation and sustainable useuse
• International cooperation on trade and conservation, legislation and enforcement, resource management, conservation science
• Participation as a global player in managingand conserving wildlife at the international level
44
Partnerships with Conventions• CITES collaborates directly with a number of Conventions, such
as:
– Convention on Biological Diversity
– Basel Convention
– Ramsar
– Convention on Migratory Species
– International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling
• This collaboration can involve Resolutions and Decisions of theConference of the Parties, joint work activities, etc.
• Collaboration can be across common areas of work, such as joint Customs training, enforcement, streamlining annualreporting, harmonization of legislation etc.
45
Partnerships with Organisations
World Customs Organization Interpol
IUCN, IUCN-SSC
TRAFFIC Network
UNEP-WorldConservation
Monitoring Centre
46
Internal partnerships
• Inter-agency cooperation and partnerships at thenational level are also important
– CITES Authorities
– Customs
– Police
– Judiciary
– Resource sectors
50
Summary
• CITES is an international agreement between governments that ensures that no species of wildfauna or flora is unsustainably exploited for international trade
• The Convention establishes the international legalframework and common procedural mechanisms for the prevention of international trade in endangered species, and for an effective regulation of international trade in others
51
Summary
• CITES regulates international trade in specimens of species of wild fauna and flora listed in its Appendices on the basis of a system of permits and certificates which are issued only when certain conditions are met, and which must be presented when leaving AND entering a country
• For Appendix-I listed species, international trade isgenerally prohibited
• For Appendix-II and –III listed species, international trade is permitted but regulated
52
Summary
• The Conference of the Parties adopts Resolutionsand Decisions to guide interpretation of the Convention and to direct its activities and those of the permanent committees and the Secretariat
• National legislation is required to implement the Convention
• CITES is a powerful tool for achieving consistent international regulation of trade in wildlife for conservation and sustainable use