control of road dust by wongpun limpaseni associate professor, department of environmental...

Control of Road DustBy

Wongpun LimpaseniAssociate Professor, Department of

Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn

UniversityBangkok, THAILAND

Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution: From Plan to ActionFebruary 12-14, 2001. United Nations Conference Center, Bangkok,

Thailand

Control of Road DustContents1. Introduction2. Present Situation3. Effectiveness of Present Program4. Recommendation on Control Strategy

5. Action Plan

Regional Workshop Fighting Urban Air Pollution, February 12-14, 2001 Control of Road Dust

Introduction Three most important sources of PM10 in

Bangkokroad dust, industrial, vehicle emissionTotal PM10 emission in 2000 equals 60,000 ton per year

Road cleaning is the most cost-effective measures in controlling dust

BMA spend 82 million Baht and collected 25,000 cu.m. dust from the roads in year 2000


Present Situation (1)

Road Cleaning Operationby Public Cleansing Department and 50 district officesby private contractor in Thonburi Area Manual Method Mechanical Road Sweeper Washing with Water



Institutions Sources of road dust

construction of buildings road construction utility works

Agencies concerned BMA, Police, utility companies, mass transit

companies



Laws and Regulations BMA Pollution Control DepartmentProblems Pollution emitters law enforcers, laws and regulations co-ordination of construction works


Effectiveness of Present Program Amount of dust on road surface

(Table 1)

Resource, labor and cost in road cleaning (Table 2 and 3)

Pilot project to determine effectiveness of different methods

of road cleaning to evaluate private contractor for road cleaning

operation


Road Class Road Name Dust Silt Silt

g/sq.m. g/sq.m. %

1 Chakrapong 26.01 3.59 13.81

2 Lanluang 1.37 0.17 12.50

3 Charoenkrung 2.60 0.31 11.84

4 Silom 23.52 1.79 7.62

5 Rama VI N 17.15 0.96 5.58

5 Rama VI S 17.54 1.52 8.67

6 Rajprarop 5.05 0.15 2.94

7 Pradipat 6.39 0.28 4.35

8 Issaraphap 16.07 0.39 2.41

9 Phaholyothin 13.44 1.26 9.36

10 Ramkhamhaeng 6.33 0.52 8.14

11 Ekamai 27.90 3.12 11.20

12 Taksin 2.42 0.34 13.92

13 Sukumvit 10.24 1.00 9.77

14 Charansanitwong 62 4.64 0.41 8.84

14 Charansanitwong 65 2.93 0.12 4.26

15 Expressway Tha Rua 27.18 1.46 5.38

16 Rama 3 N 22.58 1.33 5.91

16 Rama 3 S 11.14 0.84 7.55

Average 12.87 1.03 7.67

Table 1 Dust and Silt Loading on Paved Roads in Bangkok, 1996

Source: Wongpun Limpaseni, private communication

Table 2 Number of Mechanical Road Sweepers owned by BMA

Agencies in charge

Number of Mechanical Road Sweepers

Large Medium Small Total

Public Cleansing Service Div

12 1 2 15

District offices

19 38 17 74

Private contractor

5 11 5 21

Total

36 50 24 110

Table 3 Activity Report of Mechanical Road Sweepers, April 1999

Unit Large Medium Small Total

Total Road Sweepers Truck 36 50 24 110

Number of Sweepers Reported

Truck 14 20 12 46

Sweepers in Use Truck 12 6 10 28

Length of Road Kilometer 6,152 1,136 2,493 9781

Working Hours Hours 834 365 849 2048

Dust Collected Cu.m. 787 169 429 1385

Distance travelled per Sweeper

Km/day/truck 17.09 6.31 8.31 11.64

Working hours per Sweeper

Hr/day/truck 2.32 2.03 2.83 2.44

Dust collected per Sweeper

Cu.m./day/truck

2.19 0.94 1.43 1.65

Proportion of Sweepers in Use

0.86 0.30 0.83 0.61

Estimated total length for BMA

Km/day 527 95 166 788

Estimated Dust Collected for BMA

Cu.m./day 67 14 29 110

Note: Report received from 21 districts out of 41 districts

Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (1) Comparing dust and silt loading on road

surface before and after road cleaning Comparing different mechanical road

sweepers with manual labor and washing with water

Evaluate private contractor road cleaning operation


Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (2)

BMA road cleaning efficiency total dustsilt

manual labor 15% 6% large sweeper , large road 21% 12% medium sweeper, small road 64% 68% small sweeper, small road 54% 51% washing, large road 38% 31%



Private contractor efficiency total dustsilt

medium sweeper, large road 38% 32% medium sweeper, small road 68% 66% washing, large road 55% 57% washing, small road 60% 74%

(Table 4 and 5)


Table 4 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on Total Dust Loading

No. Efficiency on Bangkok side (%)

Large Sweeper Medium Sweeper Small Sweeper Washing

6 lanes 4 lanes 4 lanes 6 lanes

1 26.76 73.12 61.67 _

2 14.5 60.71 50.11 49.49

3 23.07 56.86 47.95 47.17

Average 21.44 63.56 53.24 48.33

No. Efficiency

Manual labor

4 lanes

1 15.10

2 12.15

3 16.67

Average 14.64

No. Efficiency on Thonburi side (%)

Sweeper Sweeper Washing Washing


1 68.9 36.18 52.58 56.48

2 61.97 40.55 64.86 50.8

3 73.98 35.94 60.54 56.43

Average 68.25 37.65 59.33 54.57

No. Efficiency on Bangkok (%)

Large Sweeper Medium Sweeper Small Sweeper Washing


1 - 72.49 53.41 _

2 23.35 62.02 42.01 44.78

3 10.65 69.26 53.51 61.04

Average 17.00 67.88 49.64 52.91

Table 5 Efficiency of Road Cleaning Based on Silt Loading

No. Efficiency

Manual labor

4 lanes

1 7.79

2 13.24

3 20.00

Average 13.68

No. Efficiency on Thonburi side (%)

Sweeper Sweeper Washing Washing

2lanes 6 lanes 2 lanes 6 lanes

1 70.73 27.27 50.00 56.98

2 62.96 37.78 86.36 52.63

3 79.36 29.41 73.91 60.27

Average 71.02 32.00 73.68 56.63


BMA dust remains (g/sq.m.) total dustsilt

manual labor 2.11 0.28 large sweeper , large road 2.44 0.59 medium sweeper, small road 3.15 0.34 small sweeper, small road 2.98 0.42 washing, large road 0.84 0.12


Effectiveness of Road Cleaning (5)Private contractor dust remains total dust

silt(g/sq.m.) medium sweeper, large road 3.42 0.85 medium sweeper, small road 3.56 0.53 washing, large road 3.47 0.72 washing, small road 1.37 0.19


Recommendation on Control Strategy (1) Improve safety, health and working

condition of human sweepersmonitor and record safety data, health and compensation

Improve record on road cleaning expenditure and effectivenesse.g. expense per hour or kilometer of road cleaned or ton of dust collected

expand privatization program on road cleaning


Recommendation on Control Strategy (2) Strict enforcement of good construction

practice and proper transportation of materials

Better co-ordination in construction work on any particular road among utility companies and BMA

Pave or greening of road shoulders, sidewalks and median strips


Basis for Action Plan Recommendation for cost-effective

cleaning of roads sweep twice a week wash with water twice a week a day or two

after sweeping Assumption on costs

sweeping cost 600 Baht per kilometer of road washing cost 1,000 Baht per kilometer of road

Feasibility study of piping cleaning water


Action PlanPrivatization plan on road cleaning

Year Cost per year

Thonburi area 76 roads 128 km 200221.3 M

+ Outer Bangkok 138 roads 207 km 2003-200455.8 M

+ Inner Bangkok 330 road 208 km 2005-200690.4 M

Total 544 roads 543 km 313.7 M for 5 years


control of road dust by wongpun limpaseni associate professor, department of environmental...

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