contribution to the collembola fauna of maramureş, romania

SSttuuddiiaa UUnniivveerrssiittaattiiss

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RROOMMAANNIIAA

László DÁNYI1*, György TRASER2

1Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology 2Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of West – Hungary, Sopron Campus

*Correspondence: Dányi L., Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Baross u. 13., Budapest, H-1088 Hungary, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT. The present paper gives new records of 17 Collembola species from Maramureş county. Two of the species, Tetracanthella borsa n. sp. and Tetracanthella ignisiana n. sp. are new to the science, they are described here. Further 8 species are reported for the first time from the county, one of them, Protaphorura bicampata (Gisin, 1956) is new to the fauna of Romania, too. Keywords: Collembola, Isotomidae, Tetracanthella, endemism, new species ________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION

Maramureş county, situated in the NNW part of Romania, was a soil zoologically rather less investigated region of the Carpathians till the most recent times. In 2004 a cooperative research (“Invertebrate faunistic investigation of the Maramureş county”) started between the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and the University Vasile Goldiş (cf. Murányi & Kontschán, 2006) which enhanced our knowledge of several groups of soil invertebrates (Csuzdi & Pop, 2006, 2008; Dányi, 2006, 2008; Kontschán, 2006, 2008; Kontschán & Ujvári, 2008; Korsós & Lazányi, 2008; Kaczmarek &

Michalczyk, 2008; Mahunka, 2006; Mahunka-Papp, 2008; Murányi & Lengyel, 2006). A preliminary work was also published on the Collembola fauna by Dányi

et al. (2006), which reviewed the few earlier data and increased the number of known species from the county to 66. Subsequently Radwański et al. (2006) described a species new to the science, Protaphorura

ionescui Radwański, Fiera & Weiner, 2006 from the region. Beside the relatively low number of springtail taxa recorded, finding this new species also indicated that several other interesting results can be expected from further investigations in this area. The foregoing work on materials collected during the project resulted in several new faunistic records and in two species new to the science. Tetracanthella borsa n. sp. and Tetracanthella ignisiana n. sp. are described and the first Romanian record of Protaphorura bicampata (Gisin, 1956) are presented here.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Soil, litter and moos samples were collected and

extracted using Berlese-Tullgren funnel. For Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga, 1842), singling was used as well, because of the specimens’ great size. The identified specimens are deposited in the Soil Zoology Collections of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM), some paratypes are deposied in the

Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection at the University of West – Hungary (WHU).

The terminology used in this paper follows Potapov

& Deharveng (2005). Abbreviations in the text are after Deharveng (1987) and Potapov (2001). Additional abbreviations are as follows: „a2” second chaeta from axis in the row ‘a’; „Abd.” abdominal tergites; „Ase” external anal spines; „PAO” postantennal organ; „Th.” thoracic tergites; „Tita” tibiotarsus.

The list of localities is arranged according to Murányi (2008) and Murányi & Kontschán (2006) following the enumeration of Murányi (2008). Acronymes of the collectors are: CC – Csaba Csuzdi; LD – László Dányi; MF – Mihály Földvári; AG –Aranka Grabant; ZG – Zoltán György; JK – Jenő Kontschán; OM – Ottó Merkl; DM – Dávid Murányi; JN – Judit Nédli; KO – Kirill Orci; AP – Attila Podlussány.

RESULTS

Seventeen taxa have been found in course of our latest investigations in Maramureş county. Two of them are new to the science. Eight of them are new to the area and one of them is new to the fauna of Romania as well. The list of species and localities is the following:

PODUROMORPHA

Neanuridae

Friesea claviseta Axelson, 1900 Locality: 73: Igniş Mts, Deseşti - Staţiunea Izvoare,

spruce forest on the edge of the volcanic plateau, 24.09.2005, ~1000m, from decaying wood and moss, leg. JK, DM, JN.

Remark: New to the fauna of Maramureş county.

Friesea mirabilis (Tullberg, 1871) Locality: 5: Igniş Mts, Ocna Şugatag, Brazilor bog,


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peat bog with pine scrub, 31.08.2004, ~800m; from decaying wood and sphagnum, leg. DM, KO.


Morulina verrucosa (Börner, 1903) Locality: 157: Igniş Mts, Deseşti - Staţiunea Izvoare,

beech forest on the Valhani Plateau, 25.05.2007, N47°43.619’ E23°44.704’, 967m, leg. CC, LD, JK, DM.

Neanura minuta Gisin, 1963

Locality: 39: Rodna Mts, Borşa - Staţiunea Borşa, spruce forest and mountain grassland on the ridge between the Mt. Ştoil and Prislop Pass, 29.06.2005, N47º36’06.8” E24º50’11.7”, 1544m, from forest soil, leg. JK, DM, KO.

Remarks: New to the fauna of Maramureş county. This is the second data of the species from Romania, till now it was reported in Romania only from the Subcarpathians (Sãrata-Monteoru locality) (Fiera, 2007).

Deutonura stachi (Gisin, 1952) (Figs 1-5)

Localities: 5: Igniş Mts, Ocna Şugatag, Brazilor bog, peat bog with pine scrub, 31.08.2004, ~800m; from decaying wood and sphagnum; 73: Igniş Mts, Deseşti - Staţiunea Izvoare, spruce forest on the edge of the volcanic plateau, 24.09.2005, ~1000m, from decaying wood and moss, leg. JK, DM, JN.

Remark: A very detailed redescription of this species was given recently by Smolis (2008), with which our specimens agree entirely (Figs 1-5).

Figs 1-5. Deutonura stachi (Gisin, 1952): 1 – dorsal chaetotaxy and distribution of tubercles on the head and Th. I; 2 – dorsal chaetotaxy and distribution of tubercles on the thorax and on the abdomen; 3 – granulation and chaetotaxy of tubercles Oc, L+So and Dl on the head; 4 – (Di+De) tubercle of the head and the granulation and chaetotaxy of Th. I-II; 5 – ventral view of Abd. IV-V.



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Thaumanura carolii (Stach, 1920) Locality: 5: Igniş Mts, Ocna Şugatag, Brazilor bog,

peat bog with pine scrub, 31.08.2004, ~800m; from decaying wood and sphagnum, leg. DM, KO.


Onychiuridae Heteraphorura carpatica (Stach, 1938)

Locality: 7: Igniş Mts, Deseşti – Staţiunea Izvoare, Tătarului Gorge, Braz Stream, rocks and grasslands, 01.09.2004, N47º48.438’ E23º45.580’, 738m, leg. DM, KO.

Heteraphorura variotuberculata (Stach, 1934)

Locality: 32: Maramureş Basin, Rona de Sus, Héra, Zalom valley, alder gallery forest, 28.06.2005, N47º51’54.3” E24º05’27.8”, 504m, from alder litter, leg. JK, DM, KO.

Protaphorura bicampata (Gisin, 1956)

Locality: 5: Igniş Mts, Ocna Şugatag, Brazilor bog, peat bog with pine scrub, 31.08.2004, ~800m; from decaying wood and sphagnum, leg. DM, KO.

Remarks: Protaphorura bicampata is a species new to the fauna of Romania. The species was known from Northern Europe (Fjellberg, 1980) but also from Central Europe (e.g. Hungary: Dányi & Traser, 2008).

Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga, 1842)

Localities: 79: Lăpuş Mts, Văleni, beech forest, 23.05.2006, N47°42’43.2” E24°01’48.7”, 987m, leg. LD, MF, JK, DM; 83: Ţibleş Mts, Dragomireşti, Baicu Stream, beech forest, 24.05.2006, N47°34’43.5” E24°14’11.8”, 718m, leg. LD, MF, JK, DM; 84: Ţibleş Mts, Dragomireşti, Poienii valley, beech forest, 24.05.2006, N47°32’57.9” E24°16’29.1”, 901m, leg. LD, MF, JK, DM; 96: Igniş Mts, Sighetu Marmaţiei - Şugău, Şorămpău, beech forest, 14.06.2006, 1000m, leg. AG, ZG, OM, AP; 86: Maramureş Mts, Petrova, Frumuseana, sidebrook of the Tomnatic Stream in its gorge, spruce-beech mixed forest, 25.05.2006, N47°52’38.1” E24°19’19.4”, 681m, leg. LD, MF, JK, DM; 88: Maramureş Mts, Petrova, beside a sidestream of the Tomnatic Stream, spruce-beech mixed forest, 25.05.2006, ~950m, leg. LD, MF, JK, DM; 138: Maramureş Mts, Borşa - Băile Borşa, Vinişor valley, mixed forest at Canton Silvic, 22–24.05.2007, N47º41.081’ E24º47.416’, 870m, leg. CC, LD, JK, DM; 139: Maramureş Mts, Borşa - Băile Borşa, Vinişor valley upper section, mixed forest, 22.05.2007, N47º39.834’ E24º47.707’, 1032m, leg. CC, LD, JK, DM; 146: Rodna Mts, Borşa - Staţiunea Borşa, Cimpoies valley, beech forest, 23.05.2007, N47°36’11.2” E24°46’30.0”, 1023m, leg. CC, LD, JK, DM; 151: Rodna Mts, Săcel, Iza Gorge, Iza River, shore vegetation, 23.05.2007, ~800m, leg. CC, LD, JK, DM; 152: Maramureş Mts, Poienile de sub Munte, Budescu valley, mixed forest, 24.05.2007, N47º52.254’ E24º36.192’, 821m, leg. CC, LD, JK, DM; 154: Maramureş Mts, Poienile de sub Munte, Lutoasa valley, brook in mixed forest, 24.05.2007, N47º51.241’ E24º33.544’, 868m; leg. CC, LD, JK, DM; 155: Maramureş Mts, Poienile de sub Munte, Socolǎu

valley, mixed forest, 24.05.2007, N47º53.456’ E24º31.089’, 825m; leg. CC, LD, JK, DM;

ENTOMOBRYOMORPHA

Entomobryidae

Entomobrya dorsalis Uzel, 1891 Locality: 30: Maramureş Basin, Tisa, Tisa

floodplain, 28.06.2005, N47°56’31.7” E23°56’23.3”, 285m, leg. JK, DM, KO.

Remarks: New to the fauna of Maramureş county. In Fiera (2007) listed as Entomobrya puncteola Uzel, 1891.

Hypogastruridae

Xenylla boerneri Axelson, 1905 Locality: 32: Maramureş Basin, Rona de Sus, Héra,

Zalom valley, alder gallery forest, 28.06.2005, N47º51’54.3” E24º05’27.8”, 504m, from moss, leg. JK, DM, KO.

Remarks: New to the fauna of Maramureş county. This is the second data of the species from Romania, till now it was reported in Romania only by Bulimar (1991: from Suceava, Neamþ, Vrancea).

Isotomidae

Folsomia alpina Kseneman, 1936 Locality: 18: Rodna Mts, Borşa - Staţiunea Borşa,

spring area of the Bistriţa Aurie River under the Gărgalău Peak, pine scrub and alpine grassland, 03.09.2004, N47º34.380’ E24º48.575’, 1688-1711m, leg. DM, KO.

Folsomia penicula Bagnall, 1939

Locality: 5: Igniş Mts, Ocna Şugatag, Brazilor bog, peat bog with pine scrub, 31.08.2004, ~800m; from decaying wood and sphagnum, leg. DM, KO.

Hydroisotoma schaefferi (Krausbauer, 1898)

Locality: 39: Rodna Mts, Borşa - Staţiunea Borşa, spruce forest and mountain grassland on the ridge between the Mt. Ştoil and Prislop Pass, 29.06.2005, N47º36’06.8” E24º50’11.7”, 1544m, from forest soil, leg. JK, DM, KO.


Tetracanthella borsa n. sp. (Figs 6-19) Diagnosis: A Tetracanthella with well pigmented

cuticula, 8+8 eyes and with a well developed bidentate mucro, belonging to the pilosa-group as defined by Deharveng (1987). The dens bears 2+1 setae, the macrochaetotaxy on the thorax and abdomen segments is: 2,2/2,2,2. Using the „Synopsis” (Potapov, 2001) with the new species we key out to Tetracanthella perezi Delamare, 1944 but it is easily separated from it by the well developed empodium (strongly reduced in T. perezi) and due to the less numerous axial chaetotaxy (12,8/4,4,4,6 by T. perezi and 6,4/3,3,3(2),3 for the new sp.) as well as due to the praelabral setae (one prelabral seta in T. perezi, 4 in the new species)

Material examined: Holotype: 1♀ Romania, Rodna Mts, Borşa - Staţiunea Borşa, spring area of the Bistriţa Aurie River under the Gărgalău Peak, peat bog, pine




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scrub and alpine grassland, 29.06.2005, N47º34.380’ E24º48.575’, 1688-1711m, from moss, leg. Jenő Kontschán, Dávid Murányi, Kirill Orci (HNHM, Budapest; on slide).

Paratypes: 1♀ and 1♂ from the same locality as the holotype (HNHM, Budapest; on slide), 1♀ from the same locality as the holotype (WHU, Sopron; in alcohol).

Distribution: Only known from the type locality.

Figs 6-11. Tetracanthella borsa n. sp.: 6 – dorsal cheatom of the head and Th. II; 7 – Ant. III organ; 8 – ocelli; 9 – ocelli and PAO; 10 – chaetotaxy of Tita III; 11 – labial chaetotaxy.

Description: Habitus typical of the genus Tetracanthella. Body length 1.01 mm, head diameter 244 µm and the antennae 211 µm (Fig. 6). The body shape is rather slim. The dorsal coloration is uniformly dark blue, except legs and furca which are slightly paler.

Dorsal plates rather fine, on the hind part of Abd. IV they are a little coarser, there are 7-8 polygons

between the setae p1-p1 (Fig. 14). Rather smooth cuticula can be found on the apex of the appendages.

The proportion of the mesochaetae and the macrochaetae on the Abd. I is about 21:52, both are acuminate. On Abd. IV the proportion of the dorso-medial macrochaeta and the seta p1 is about 70:40.

8+8 ocelli, G and H smaller (dcA:dcH=10:6) (Figs 6, 8-9). The postantennal organ is slim, with a slight



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imprint in the middle-margin (Fig. 9). PAO/dcA = 22:10. There are three setae along the hind margin of the PAO (Fig. 9). Chaeta ‘s’ of ant. III in males absent. Apex of antenna without apical bulb. Antenna I bear 11 chaetae and 3 ‘s’ chaetae on the ventral, and one ‘s’ chaeta on the dorsal side, all below the verticill of the mesochaetae. Ant. III organ behind a slight cuticular fold with two outwards bent rods and with two guard chaetae on both side (Fig. 7).

The number of praelabral/labral setae is 4/5,5,4. On the labium there are 3 proximal, 5 basolateral and 4 basomedial setae (Fig. 11). Outer maxillary lobe with 2 sublobal hairs and 2 hyaline setae. The head ventrally hold 3+3 postlabial setae along the ventral line.

5 chaetae („pp-setae” in Potapov, 2001) between medial line and pc3 on head (Fig. 6). Frontal chaeta ap present (Fig. 6).

Figs 12-19. Tetracanthella borsa n. sp.: 12 – chaetotaxy of Abd. I; 13 – chaetotaxy of Abd. III; 14 – dorsal plates in axial area near p1 and m1 chaetae of Abd. IV; 15 – Abd. IV-(V-VI).; 16 – anal spines; 17 – female genitalia; 18 – ventral view of ventral tube; 19 – retinaculum and chaetotaxy of the furca and the furcal subcoxae.




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The axial chaetotaxy is rather weekly developed, as 6,4/3,3,3(2),3. Macrochaetotaxy on the thorax and abdomen segments 2,2/2,2,2 (Figs 6, 12-13). The number of the ‘s’ chaetae on thorax II to Abd. V as 3,3/2,2,2,1,2 (Figs 6, 12-13). On Abd. V close to the ‘aSe’ on both sides of the papilla on which the anal spine is, there are 1+1 ‘s’ chaetae (Figs 15-16). Number of ’ms’ chaetae: 1,-/1,1,1. The three ‘s’ chaetae on the Th. I-II are positioned as two on the anterior corner and one behind and a little lateral to the medial macrochaeta (Fig. 6). Of the two ‘s’ chaetae on the Abd. I-III one is distal from the lateral macrochaeta and the other one a little behind of the medial macrochaeta, both of them in front of the ‘p’ row (Figs 12-13). The thoracic sterna are without any setae. On Abd. IV the one ‘s’ chaeta is in the ‘p’ row in lateral position.

Sternite of Th. III without chaetae. The ventraltubus bears 3+3 laterodistal chaetae and 4 chaetae in the posterior group (Fig. 18).

Coxa I with one external chaeta. Tibiotarsi I-III with 1,2,2 slightly knobbed tenent hairs (Fig. 10), ventrally with 1,1,- tenent hairs. The number of chaetae on the tibiotarsi I-III are as 21,21,23. The empodial appendages are rather big: claw III./unguiculus=22/10 (Fig. 10). Claw without inner tooth (Fig. 10).

The retinaculum is well developed with 3 barbs and no setae (Fig. 19). The mucro is well developed, with two teeth. In the case of only one specimen there we found a third, very small tooth in middle position (Fig. 19). On the preadult specimens the mucronal teeth are less developed or missing. Anterior furcal subcoxa with five chaetae, posterior one with four chaetae (Fig. 19). Manubrium with 11+11 dorsal (posterior) chaetae (Fig. 19). Dens with two posterior and one anterior chaetae (Fig. 19).

Anal spines parallel, sitting on papillae (Figs 15-16). Abdomen V-VI dorsal chaetae arrangement: a2-a2/a1-a1=2; a2-a2/a2-aSe = 2.5.

Etymology: The species’ name is derived from ‘Borşa’, which is the nearest village to the type locality in the Rodna Mts.

Tetracanthella ignisiana n. sp. (Figs 20-32) Diagnosis: Tetracanthella with 8+8 ocelli, dark

coloured body and appendages, macrochetotaxy 2,2/2,2,2, axial chaetotaxy: 6,3/3,3,3,3, furca without mucro, 16-18 chaetae on the posterior side of the manubrium, 2 posterior and 1 anterior chaetae on the dens, small empodia, parallel analspines. Tetracanthella ignisiana n. sp. belongs to the pilosa-group as defined by Deharveng (1987) and is close to Tetracanthella bosnia Palissa & Zivadinovic, 1974. It differs from T. bosnia in the number of chaetae between the medial line and pc3 on the head (3 in T.

bosnia and 4-5 in the new species), in the axial chaetotaxy (5,4/2,2,2,2 in T. bosnia) and in the number of chaetae on the manubrium, on the anterior subcoxa and on the posterior subcoxa (6+6,2,2 respectively in T.

bosnia and 9(8)+9,4-5,4 in the new species). Material examined: Holotype: 1♂ Romania, Igniş

Mts, Deseşti – Staţiunea Izvoare, Tătarului Gorge, Braz Stream, rocks and grasslands, 01.09.2004, N47º48.438’

E23º45.580’, 738m, leg. Dávid Murányi, Kirill Orci (HNHM, Budapest; in alcohol).

Paratypes: 1♀ from the same locality as the holotype (WHU, Sopron; in alcohol); 1♂ from the same locality as the holotype (HNHM, Budapest; on slide).

Distribution: Only known from the type locality. Description: Habitus typical of the genus

Tetracanthella (Fig. 20). Body length 0.8-0.98 mm (without antennae). Head diameter 217.6 µm, lenght of antennae 160 µm. Coloration dark, including appendages.

Dorsal plates form polygons which are 0.5 to 2 times as long as diameter of mesochaeta socket (Fig. 30); polygons not larger on Abd. IV or V. Canals between polygons well marked. Smooth fields absent. Dorsal mesochaetae of medium size, longer in posterior row of Abd. IV. Mesochaetae not shortened in axial part of tergites: Abd. IV with p3 a bit longer than p1 (p3/p1 = 1.2). Macrochaetae long and acuminate.

8+8 ocelli, G and H reduced (Figs 21-22). PAO short, about two times as long as the diameter of ocellus A (Fig. 21). Chaeta ’s’ of ant. III in males absent. Apex of antenna without apical bulb. Antenna I. with 11 setae and 3 ’s’ cheatae on the ventral and 1 on the dorsal side below the mesochaetae.

Four prelabral chaetae, labral chaetotaxy 4/5,5,4. On the labium 3 proximal, 4 basolateral and 4 basomedial cheatae. 3+3 postlabial chaetae. Outer maxillary lobe with 2 sublobal hairs. 4-5 chaetae („pp-setae” in Potapov, 2001) between medial line and pc3 on head. Frontal chaeta ap present. Axial chaetotaxy: 6,3/3,3,3,3 macrochaetotaxy: 2,2/2,2,2 (Figs 20, 24, 29). Number of ’s’ chaetae: 3,3/2,2,2,2 (Figs 26-28), on Abd.V. with 2 ’s’ at the base of the anterior external anal spines. Number of ’ms’ chaetae: 1,-/1,1,1 (Figs 26-28)

Sternite of Th. III without chaetae. Coxa I with one external chaeta. Tibiotarsi with 1,2,2 long and clavate dorsal tenent hairs (Figs 23, 25). Chaeta B5 long and thin on every leg. Tibiotarsi I and II with 21 chaetae each (Fig. 23), III with 23 chaetae. Claw bent in apical third. Empodial appendage short, 1/5-1/6 as long as inner edge of claw (Figs 23, 25). Claw without inner tooth (Figs 23, 25).

Retinaculum with 3+3 teeth and without chaetae. Anterior furcal subcoxa with 4 to 5 chaetae, posterior one with 4 chaetae (Fig. 31). Manubrium with 9(8)+9 dorsal chaetae (Fig. 31). Mucro absent (Figs 32-32). Dens reduced, with two posterior and one anterior chaeta (Figs 32-32).

Anal spines parallel, sitting on papillae (Figs 20, 29). Medial mesochaetae (a1) of Abd. V slightly posterior to medial macrochaetae (a2) (Fig. 29). Arrangement of chaetae and spines on dorsum of Abd. V as a2-a2/a1-a1 = 2; a2-a2/a2-aSe = 2.11.

Etymology: Named after the locus typicus, Igniş Mountains.

DISCUSSION

Tetracanthella Schött, 1891 is one of the largest genus of Collembola, with about 100 species



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distributed in the northern hemisphere. The genus has an extreme geographic diversification (Potapov &

Deharveng, 2005) with many species of strict endemics in European mountains (Deharveng, 1987; Potapov, 2001). Since Deharveng’s excellent revision on the genus (Deharveng, 1987), several new species were found in both the Palaearctis and the Nearctis (Chen &

Yin, 1984; Deharveng & Bedos, 1997; Kutyreva, 1980; Potapov, 1997) New Tetracanthella species were found just recently even from the best surveyed regions in Europe, the Swiss Alps and the French Pyrenees (Potapov & Deharveng, 2005). So, it was expected that

a number of narrow endemic species may exist yet undescribed in less investigated mountainous regions. The work on the group was highly supported by redescriptions of very high quality (Kováč, 1993; Smolis & Skarzyński, 2006) and a review given by Potapov (2001).

The Collembola fauna of Maramureş consisted of 67 species till now. Our contribution, presented in this paper, added further 10 species. One of the new species is new to the fauna of Romania as well (Fiera, 2007) and two other are new to the science.

Figs 20-28. Tetracanthella ignisiana n. sp.: 20 – habitus; 21 – ocelli and PAO; 22 – ocelli; 23 – chaetotaxy of Tita I; 24 – axial chaetotaxy of Th. II-Abd. I (axial chaetae are marked, chaetae of the legs are not shown); 25 – chaetotaxy of Tita III in adult male; 26 – chaetotaxy of Th. II; 27 – chaetotaxy of Abd. II; 28 – chaetotaxy of Abd. VI.




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Figs 29-32. Tetracanthella ignisiana n. sp.: 29 – axial chaetotaxy of the abdomen (axial chaetae are marked); 30 – plates in axial area near p1 chaetae; 31 – chaetotaxy of the furca and the furcal subcoxae; 32 – furca, lateral view. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We’d like to thank to our colleagues Jenő Kontschán and Dávid Murányi who collected most of the soil and moss samples investigated. Special thanks to József Béres and Márta Béres for their kind help during the field-works. We also would like to thank Ágnes Vári (Tihany, HAS) for her help with the English version.

Collectings were done as part of the ”Invertebrate faunistical investigation of the Maramureş county” research program of the University Vasile Goldiş and the Hungarian Natural History Museum. This research was also supported by the National R&D Programme, title: The origin and genesis of fauna of the Carpathian Basin: diversity, biogeographical hotspots and nature conservation significance; contract no: 3B023-04. We also thank the Hungarian Scientific Research Grant (OTKA No. 72744) for a grant to the first author. REFERENCES Bulimar F, Collembolan population structure (Insecta:

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