i

CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) TOWARDS

SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT (MSWM):

CASE OF MAJENGO WARD IN DODOMA MUNICIPALITY

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA – 2013

ii

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that I have gone through this dissertation report titled “Contribution of Public-

Private Partnership (PPP) Towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Wastes Management

(MSWM): Case of Majengo Ward in Dodoma Municipality” and found it to be acceptable in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts in Geography and Environmental

Studies at University of Dodoma.

THABIT JACOB (SUPERVISOR)

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (UDOM)

………….……………………………………………………………..

DATE:

iii

COPYRIGHT

All rights reserved.

No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any

form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior

written permission of the author or The University of Dodoma in the behalf.

iv

DECLARATION

I, Mwendamseke Ephraim, certifies to the best of my knowledge that, except for references to

other people's work which have been duly acknowledged, this work is a product of my own

efforts and have not been presented or submitted anywhere for the award of degree or any other

academic certificate in any other institution.

Student full name: ………………………………………

Registration number ……………………………………..

Signature…………………………………………………

Date……………………………………………………..

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to present this report on Public Private Partnership for Solid Waste Management:

The Case of Majengo ward. This report is the result of eight months study which was undertaken

from October, 2012 to June, 2012.

Many thanks for almighty God who art in heaven because I believe in him and him above his

love and grace lifted me up and take courage and make me able to accomplish this work

precisely.

I have been assisted by many people and organizations for the accomplishment of this study and

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all those who extended their

kind assistance and cooperation.

My special thanks go to my family and all people around me; they had so much to do for me to

accomplish well this work. George Babune, monitoring and evaluation officer of Dodoma

environmental network (DONET). Tausi Mayola, chairperson of Mazingira women group

(MWG). Bi.Maua, chairperson of Fatina USAFI group. Head of department of health and

environmental safety at Dodoma municipality, municipal cleansing officer Mr. Othman Abdul

for their unfailing support without which my study would have been incomplete.

Last but not least I would also like to give special thanks to my supervisor Thabit J, for his

tireless efforts in guiding me, without him this work would not be easily possible.

Mwendamseke Ephraim.

June 2013.

vi

DEDICATION.

This work is dedicated to my lovely father Benson Mwendamseke, my precious mother Agatha

Magehema and my hilarious young sister Stella and Happiness. I am glad to have amazing

family like you guys, may Lord God bless you a millions ways and have long life. I got nothing

but love for you.

vii

ABREVIATIONS.

USEPA – United states environmental protection agency.

MSWM – Municipal solid wastes management.

SWM – Solid wastes management.

CDA – Capital Development Authority.

DONET - Dodoma Environmental Network.

PPP – Public Private Partnership.

CBO’S – Community Based organizations

NGO’S – Non – Governmental Organizations.

NEMC – National Environmental Management Council.

SLF – Sanitary Landfills.

3RS – Recycle, Reuse, Reduce

viii

Contents

COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................................................... iii

DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... v

DEDICATION. ................................................................................................................................................ vi

ABREVIATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES, PICTURES AND CHARTS. .................................................................................................xiii

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... xiv

CHAPTER ONE. .............................................................................................................................................. 1

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background information. .................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the research problem. .................................................................................................. 3

1.3. Objective of the research. .................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................................................. 5

1.3.2 Specific objectives. ........................................................................................................................... 5

1.4 Research questions. ........................................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Significance of the study. ................................................................................................................... 5

1.6 Delimitation of the study. ................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO. ............................................................................................................................................. 8

2. LITERATURE REVIEW. ............................................................................................................................ 8

2.1 Definition of terms. ............................................................................................................................. 8

ix

2.2 Theoretical literature review. ............................................................................................................. 9

2.2.1 Waste management theory. ............................................................................................................ 9

2.2.2 Environmental social justice theory. .............................................................................................. 10

2.2.2.1 Environmental Social Justice theory and Municipal Solid Waste Management. ....................... 10

2.2.3 Environmental Ethics and Municipal Solid Waste Management. .................................................. 12

2.3 Overview of waste management and associated problems globally ............................................... 12

2.4 Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Development and Millennium Development Goals .......... 16

2.4.1 Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger. ........................................................................... 17

2.4.2 Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality. ..................................................................................................... 17

2.4.3 Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability. ................................................................................ 18

CHAPTER THREE. ......................................................................................................................................... 19

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. ............................................................................................................ 19

3.1 Report Structure. .............................................................................................................................. 19

3.2 Research design. ............................................................................................................................... 21

3.2.1 Study Area. ..................................................................................................................................... 21

3.3 Research strategy. ............................................................................................................................. 22

3.4 Research design. ............................................................................................................................... 23

3.5 Data required. ................................................................................................................................... 23

3.5.1 The source of data. ........................................................................................................................ 23

3.6 Sampling design. .............................................................................................................................. 24

x

3.6.1 Study population ........................................................................................................................... 24

3.6.2 Sampling procedure. ...................................................................................................................... 25

3.6.3 Sample frame. ................................................................................................................................ 25

3.6.4 Sampling unit. ................................................................................................................................ 25

3.6.5 Sample size. ................................................................................................................................... 26

3.6.6 Unit of analysis. .............................................................................................................................. 26

3.6.7 Parameters of interest. .................................................................................................................. 26

3.7 Data collection design. ...................................................................................................................... 27

3.7.1 Data collection methods. ............................................................................................................... 27

3.7.1.1 Survey.......................................................................................................................................... 27

3.7.1.2 Key informant interview. ........................................................................................................... 27

3.7.1.3 Personal observation. ................................................................................................................ 28

3.7.1.4 Focus group discussion. ............................................................................................................. 28

3.7.2. Tools for data collection. .............................................................................................................. 29

3.7.2.1. Questionnaire. ........................................................................................................................... 29

3.7.2.2. Interview guide. ......................................................................................................................... 29

3.8. Data Analysis design. ....................................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 31

4. ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS. ............................................................................................... 31

4.1. Introduction. .................................................................................................................................... 31

xi

4.2 Solid Wastes Generation, collection and transportation at Majengo ward. .................................... 31

4.2.1. Solid Wastes Generation. .............................................................................................................. 31

4.2.2. Solid Wastes Segregation and Collection. .................................................................................... 33

4.2.1. Problems in Solid Wastes Collection at Majengo ward. .............................................................. 35

4.2.3. Solid Wastes transportation and disposal. ................................................................................... 37

4.2.3.1. Problems in Solid Wastes transportation and disposal. ............................................................ 37

4.3. Current solid Waste Situation at Majengo ward. ............................................................................ 40

4.4. Government/Public Sectors and Solid Wastes Management at Majengo ward. ............................ 41

4.4.1. Response on capability of municipality in solid wastes management activities. ......................... 43

4.5. Public private partnership analysis. ................................................................................................. 45

4.5.1. Introduction. ................................................................................................................................. 45

4.5.2. Opportunities for Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management. ............... 45

4.5.3. Benefits of Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management. ......................... 46

4.5.4. Problems hindering effectiveness of Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes

management. .......................................................................................................................................... 47

CHAPTER FIVE. ............................................................................................................................................ 49

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. ............................................................................................... 49

5.1. Conclusion. ....................................................................................................................................... 49

5.2. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 50

REFFERENCES. ............................................................................................................................................. 52

APPENDIX. ................................................................................................................................................... 55

xii

KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PUBLIC SECTORS: ..................................................................... 55

KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES. .............................................................. 59

KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRIVATE FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANISATION. .............. 61

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES, PICTURES AND CHARTS.

List of figures:

Figure 1. Report structure.

Figure 2. Map: showing administrative boundaries of Dodoma municipal (urban district)

Lists of pictures:

Picture 1. Congestions of people and socio economic activities at Majengo increase solid wastes

generation.

Picture 2. Solid wastes and some organic wastes situation at Majengo market dumping place

generated (from market only) for the less than a week

Picture 3. Scavengers at Majengo street (on left) and from Mlimwa landfill (on right) which can

extremely contribute to improvement of solid waste management in locality

Picture 4. Workers of Mazingira women organization in solid waste collection process at

Mnyapara street, Majengo.

Picture 5. Solid wastes transportation to disposal at Mlimwa landfill.

Picture 6. Waste spillage from the uncovered cart while in transit makes previously

cleaned localities dirty.

Picture 7.Mlimwa landfill.

Picture 8. Wheelbarrows, safe vest and spades outside municipal cleansing offices, tools for

municipal solid wastes collection for part time workers.

Chart 1. Response on capability of municipality in solid wastes management activities.

xiv

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in Dodoma municipality at very populated ward of Majengo in

Dodoma region. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of public-private

partnership (PPP) towards sustainable Municipal solid wastes management (MSWM). The aim

of this study was therefore to find out if, how and why the involvement of the private sector has

led to better municipal solid waste management in Dodoma municipal especially at Majengo

ward.

The study used purposive sampling method and data collection tool was key informant interview,

direct observation and questionnaire where by data from 18 respondents were gathered. 16

experts on municipal solid wastes management were interviewed face to face and 2

questionnaires were sent to some officials.

The study reveals that that the government capability in monitoring the solid wastes is not good

enough. For the overall data obtained from response of solid wastes expertise from private and

public sectors. 61% of them blamed government to be incapable in monitoring activities while

39% showed that government is capable in monitoring and management of the solid wastes

activities in the locality. That shows that capability of government in monitoring solid wastes

activities is very low.

Public private partnership was recommended as the best alternative way for sustainable solid

wastes management for 100% of all respondents. Opportunity of PPP is 50% over 50%, for Well

invested private sectors and government authorities perceives as an opportunity while the

community based organizations (CBO’S) perceive as a problem to them because CBO’S work

under unfavorable conditions.

1

CHAPTER ONE.

1. INTRODUCTION.

1.1 Background information.

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) continues to be a major challenge for governments

in both urban and rural areas across the world and unluckily in developing country the situation

is very worse. The available statistics show that, although the municipal solid waste generation in

the developing countries is still low compared to that in the developed world, the developing

countries account for a disproportionately high share of the world’s solid waste generation

relative to their share of world income. Moreover, from a dynamic point of view, the municipal

solid waste management in developing countries faces even greater challenges in the future

because of their rapid urbanization and economic growth trends. (Zurbrugg, 2003).

Population growth, rapid urbanization and industrialization have challenged the public sector

responsible for provision of solid waste services in the cities of developing countries. The

increasing population and economic development has produced increasing volumes of waste to

be managed. Current solid waste management in place has not met the excess demand for proper

waste collection and disposal creating a backlog of wastes that accumulated within the urban

environment and causing immense health and environmental hazards. Due to inability of public

sector in provision of services, the need for reform of municipal solid waste management

systems in the cities of developing countries is strongly felt. The challenge for these countries is

to improve their solid waste management systems for both economic and environmental reasons.

One of the possible solutions that have been repeatedly recommended by some of most

2

influential organizations such as World Bank is private sector involvement in the waste sector.

(Hedaiatullah, 2012).

The current practices of collecting, processing and disposing municipal solid wastes is also

considered to be inefficient in the developing countries. The typical problems are low collection

coverage and irregular collection services, crude open dumping and burning without air and

water pollution control, the breading of flies and vermin, and the handling and control of

informal waste picking or scavenging activities (Bartone, 1995). Poor solid waste management in

the developing countries consists of a major threat to public health and environmental quality

and reduces the quality of life, particularly for the poorer residents in both urban and rural areas.

One of the principal reasons for the inefficient SWM systems in the developing countries is the

financial constraint, poor technology for management, rapid population increase, poor planning

as well as poor awareness of the people about the waste management. (ibid)

Dodoma has been Tanzania’s capital since the 1970’s and is the seat of the Union Parliament.

Being the one of the largest city in Tanzania, it has about 400’000 inhabitants and faces a high

yearly population growth rate of 3.4%. (URT, 2009). Due to increase of urbanization Dodoma is

highly affected by the solid wastes from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other

Institutions like colleges and universities.

The main challenge however is to identify and verify the role that the formal private and

community and informal private sectors can effectively play in delivering services for Dodoma

municipal solid waste management while the Government through its Local Government

Authorities maintain their role and obligation of delivering Quality Solid Waste Management

Services by which their effectiveness and efficiency is mainly gauged. (Ntakamulenga, 2012).

3

1.2 Statement of the research problem.

Municipal solid wastes management (MSWM) is a major problem in most towns and cities in

Tanzania. Unprecedentedly population increase that the world experience, increases share of the

population living in town and big cities that poses serious challenges in provision of Municipal

Solid Wastes management services by the Municipalities in Tanzania. Due to increase of

urbanization Dodoma is highly affected by the solid wastes from households, offices, hotels,

shops, schools and other Institutions like colleges and universities. Increase of many current

institutions in Dodoma municipal such as universities, colleges that include UDOM, CBE, ST.

JOHN, IRDP and increase of Government administrative centers that together brought about the

rapid population increase in Dodoma in last decade. Increase of population in Dodoma varied

lifestyles and consumption patterns that influence the quantity and composition of solid wastes

produced in the locality, thus, automatically increases the demand for Wastes management

services from Dodoma Municipal authority.

Dodoma municipal authority through department of Environment health management and

Capital Development Authority (CDA) are taking conscious measures to set up the policies

necessary and incentives in a better management of the solid wasted wastes in Municipal

compounds. Government authorities provides different incentives for managing solid wastes

which includes, provision of education concerning solid wastes management and allocating

material incentives and fund in managing the problem of solid wastes management. Despite all

incentives and investment in Solid Wastes Management services are not likely sufficient as

quickly as the population increase and increase of quantity of Solid wastes produced in the

Compound, this situation makes ineffectively performance in delivering the solid wastes

management services by local authority

4

Despite the different efforts and measures that local authorities and central government put in

managing municipal solid wastes, the increasing population and economic development in

Dodoma has increased the volume of wastes produced and to be managed. Current solid wastes

management services provided by public authority in place has not met the excess demand for

proper waste collection and disposal in locality, which creating a backlog of wastes that

accumulated within the urban environment and causing immense health and environmental

hazards

An increase of produced wastes in Dodoma municipal overloads the responsible authorities

(public sectors) that led to unimpressive performance of the public sector in the provision of

sustainable municipal solid wastes management services on their own. Following unimpressive

performance of the public sector in the provision of municipal services in many cities of middle

and low-income countries, the suggested alternatives is private sector participation in urban solid

waste management which has also been strongly advocated by the World Bank (Cointreau1994).

The partnership between public and private sectors is argued that leads to improvement in the

delivery of solid waste services in many areas in the world. Considering that fact the study is

therefore aimed at assessing the contribution of involving the private sectors in ensuring the

sustainable municipal solid wastes management.

5

1.3. Objective of the research.

1.3.1 General objective

The main objective of the study is to assess the contribution of Public-Private Partnership

towards Municipal Solid Wastes Management in Majengo Ward.

1.3.2 Specific objectives.

Thus the specific objectives of the study are:

i. Identifying gap of public sectors in MSWM.

ii. Assessing the role of PPP in MSWM.

iii. Examine the benefits of PPP in MSWM.

iv. Examining the problems hindering the effectiveness of PPP.

1.4 Research questions.

i. What is the shortfall of the public sector in SMW?

ii. What is the role of PPP in MSWM ?

iii. What are the benefits of PPP?

iv. What are problems likely to hinder/hindering private sector participation in SWM?

1.5 Significance of the study.

The study basically concerned with the current issues of environmental pollution due to rapid

population growth within the big cities and town in Tanzania especially in Dodoma municipal.

6

The study interested much in solid wastes management that are seems to be not easy to manage

them because many of them are not decomposable. The study will be essential because it focuses

on the contribution of Public private partnership (PPP) in municipal solid waste management,

Public Private Partnership (PPP) is conceptually the collaboration between public and private

sector organizations in public service delivery. (Commonwealth, 2003) and (Nkya, 2000).

According to Gildman et al (1995), admitted four groups of actors are relevant in PPPs. These

groups are the Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Based

Organizations (CBOs) and formal sectors and informal sectors

The significance of this study is to review recent experiences, add knowledge in this field,

highlighting lessons learned and identify critical gaps to be addressed. This study is important

because it will add to existing knowledge on the problem of waste management and justify with

evidence the contributing factors and its effects in relation to national policies and programs. The

recommendations of the study will help the governments, non-government organizations,

communities, private enterprises and programmers dealing with waste management projects to

design appropriate strategies so as to solve the problem.

1.6 Delimitation of the study.

This project tries to study the effectiveness of private sector participation in solid waste

management sector and intends to focus on the public private partnership in solid waste

management as a possible alternative and solution for the waste management problems in

Majengo ward in Dodoma municipality. The main purpose of this study is to focus on the

possible solutions to either improve or make more efficient waste management practices in the

above mentioned ward. The study includes acquisition of data from selected public sectors,

7

private sectors and other solid wastes management stakeholders found in municipality. These

sectors include Dodoma Environmental Network, (DONET), Capital Development Authority

(CDA), NEMC, local authorities, formal and informal private sectors, donor agencies and other

authorities responsible for environmental management.

8

CHAPTER TWO.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW.

This section attempts to describe a wide literature search related to the study. It begins with a

definition of the terms, theoretical review, environmental ethics and environmental justice theory

in relation to Solid Waste Management, Overview of waste management and associated

problems globally, Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Development and Millennium

Development Goals,

2.1 Definition of terms.

Municipal Solid wastes are material such as household garbage, food wastes, yard wastes, and

demolition or construction debris. It also includes discarded items like household appliances,

furniture, scrap metal, machinery, car parts and abandoned or junk vehicles. (Zurbrugg, 2003),

These solid wastes are emitted from different sources like households, hospitals, business places,

industries and other institutions like offices and university.

Solid waste management is a methodology used to achieve waste reduction, primarily through

reduction at source, but also including recycling and re-use of materials. Also waste management

refers to the storage, collection, transfer, recycling, and final disposal of wastes from households,

9

industrial and commercial establishments, and refuse from institutions (including nonpathogenic

waste from hospitals), market waste, yard waste, and street sweepings. (Zurbrugg, 2003),

Puplic Private Partnership (PPP) is conceptually the collaboration between public and private

sector organizations in public service delivery. (Commonwealth, 2003) and (Nkya, 2000).

According to Gildman et al (1995), admitted four groups of actors are relevant in Puplic Private

Partnership. These groups are the Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs),

Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and formal sectors or informal sectors

2.2 Theoretical literature review.

The purpose of this form is to examine the corpus of theory that has accumulated in regard to an

issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review helps to establish what

theories already exist, the relationships between them to the research issue, to what degree the

existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested.

2.2.1 Waste management theory.

For sustainable solid waste management some theories are also so important to consider, Theory

of Waste Management is a unified body of knowledge about waste and waste management, and

it is founded on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to

human health and the environment and promote resource use optimization. Waste Management

Theory is to be constructed under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology as Industrial Ecology is

equally adaptable to incorporate waste minimization and/or resource use optimization goals and

values. (E.P.A, 1980)

10

The Theory of Waste Management represents a more in-depth account of the domain and

contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of

waste management. Waste Management Theory is founded on the expectation that waste

management is important in preventing the effects of waste to human being and environment at

large

2.2.2 Environmental social justice theory.

Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless

of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and

enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. Fair treatment means that no group

of people, including racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic group should bear a disproportionate share

of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, municipal, and

commercial operations or the execution of ( E.P.A, 1980)

The interest for environmental and social justice begun in the United States in the 1980s, which

was the result of growing frustration of the African-Americans in the US with the placement of

toxic landfills and garbage incinerators in the neighborhoods or communities of minority

population. Therefore, the concept of environmental equity was presented as a fight against

environmental racism (Hannigan, 2008). Environmental equity argues that all people have the

equal right to natural resources such as clean air, land, water and food, and the right to live and

work in a clean and safe environment, regardless of their race, color, national origin and wealth.

2.2.2.1 Environmental Social Justice theory and Municipal Solid Waste Management.

Public private partnership (PPP) will be in good position to thrive and termed sustainable if it

will consider the environmental social justice theory. Solid waste management without

11

considering the environment social justice will lead to poor solid wastes in some social class of

people

It is desirable for most of the people in a society that the collective benefits (such as natural

resources) and the collective burdens (such as pollution) are equally distributed between the

members. But in the real world, the poor and most vulnerable groups of society are discriminated

against as they receive fewer benefits and bear more burdens in their societies (Tilly, 2004). This

discrimination against a poor and vulnerable group of people in a society, who are not able to

protest or defend themselves, has been conceptualized as social injustice (Miller, 1999, Syme

and Nancarrow 2001). According to Miller social injustice refers to “Perceived unfairness or

injustice of a society in its distributions of benefits and burdens” (Miller, 1999), while Syme and

Nancarrow defines social injustice as “When not all people within a society have equal access to

facilities, services or systems within that society” (Syme, et al 2001). And it is exactly what is

happening in the developing countries, a great portion of the people who are the poor and most

vulnerable groups of society have not access to solid waste service (Cointreau 2007, UN-

HABITAT 2003, Khatib, 2010, Zurbrugg 2003). For instance in Mumbai, one of the mega cities

in India, there are highly-serviced areas, medium-serviced areas and very low-serviced areas. It

is worth to mention that the low served areas are mostly slums. According to Mukherjee, slums

are not seen as the rightful recipients of the formal systems of solid waste management. It means

that a huge area of the city and a significant number of the population do not receive municipal

solid waste services, since slums form 60% of Mumbai`s population (Mukherjee, 2005).

Therefore, the social injustice is only way that can hold the sustainable solid waste management

into the success.

12

2.2.3 Environmental Ethics and Municipal Solid Waste Management.

Environmental ethics is important thing to consider in solid wastes management. Environmental

ethics refers to the moral relationship between human beings and nature (Lundmark, 2003).

Environmental ethic discourse mainly focuses on two systems of belief, anthropocentrism and

ecocentrism.

The anthropocentrism belief considers human beings separate from the nature and more

important and worth than the other organisms. In this belief the nature is seen as a source of

providing the resources which can be used for human purposes. Anthropocentrism judges our

acts towards nature on the basis of how they affect us, not on how our acts affect other beings

(Lundmark, 2003). Anthropocentrism considering much on how environment can help human

being to meet his demand without considering the fact that human being should also consider

environmental conservation is important for survival of human and environment.

But in contrast, an ecocentrism belief sees the environment consisting of complex system of

ecological interdependence (ibid). In this belief each organism and environment are given

intrinsic value and it says that pollution and other forms of human interventions can have

multiple ecological effects, therefore ecocentrism is disagree with the anthropocentrism belief

which puts and absolute dividing line between nature and human beings (ibid),. This study is

based on ecocentrism ideas which strongly believe that all living creature have the same right to

live in this planet and Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the way of keeping e

2.3 Overview of waste management and associated problems globally.

Waste management is a methodology used to achieve waste reduction, primarily through

reduction at source, but also including recycling and re-use of materials. Waste management

13

refers to the storage, collection, transfer, recycling, and final disposal of waste. Solid waste is

taken to include refuses from households, no hazardous solid (not sludge or semisolid) waste

from industrial and commercial establishments, and refuse from institutions (including

nonpathogenic waste from hospitals), market waste, yard waste, and street sweepings. Liquid

waste includes no hazardous foul water and sewage generated by urban households and

commercial and industrial establishments. (Zurbrugg, 2003),

The challenges in municipal solid waste management have attracted attention of many scholars,

writers and other environmental conservation association. Hua Wang et al (2011) perceived the

solid waste management as the global challenges that affect the large cities and towns in the

world. And they mentioned the least developed countries are very vulnerable to the problem than

developed countries. Developing countries do not produce much solid wastes than developed

countries but are subjected to disproportionately high share of the world’s solid waste generation

relative to their share of world income. Also they went far in economically justification need for

better SWM services in the developing countries by arguing on good valuation studies on the

potential benefits of such services. Several techniques for assigning economic values to SWM

services as suggested in the literature, including contingent valuation, travel cost, hedonic

housing price and choice modeling or experiments.

The same study was developed by Chris Zurbrugg,(2003) in association with SANDEC

(Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries at the Swiss Federal Institute of

Aquatic Science and Technology {EAWAG}) when they examine the state of the solid wastes

management in developing countries in terms of sources of solid wastes and challenges to solid

wastes management. Also the argument was raised upon the alternative methods of solid waste

14

management like reuse, reduce, recycling of inorganic materials instead of landfills methods of

management which is not much good for land.

Human activities create waste, and it is the way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and

disposed of, which can pose risks to the environment and to public health. In urban areas,

especially in the rapid urbanizing cities of the developing world, problems and issues of

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) are of immediate importance. This has been

acknowledged by most governments, however rapid population growth over-whelms the

capacity of most municipal authorities to provide even the most basic services. Typically one to

two thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected. As a result, the uncollected waste, which

is often also mixed with human and animal excreta, is dumped indiscriminately in the streets and

in drains, so contributing to flooding, breeding of insect and rodent vectors and the spread of dis-

eases. (Zurbrugg, 2003).

Most studies report about the problems of solid wastes in urban areas. The increase of population

in urban areas came up with the increase of the solid wastes in the streets and dumping places.

Due to this situation scavenging is a widely spread in third world countries, one can find on the

streets or in garbage dumps of third world cities people collecting all kinds of materials for reuse

or recycling. It has been estimated that up to 2 % of the population in Third World countries

survives by recovering materials from waste (Bartone, 1995). Scavengers face multiple hazards

and problems. Due to their daily contact with garbage, scavengers are usually associated with

dirt, disease, squalor and perceived as a nuisance, a symbol of backwardness or even as

criminals. They survive in a hostile physical and social environment. Even though scavengers are

not always the poorest of the poor, their occupation is generally ascribed the lowest status. There

is high health risks associated with this type of labor. (Medina et al, 2007). According to Castillo

15

(1990), Mexico City scavengers have a life expectancy of 35 years which is less than the general

population's life expectancy which is 67 years because the prevalence of infectious diseases is

high.

In countries where local authorities are not able to adequately address the solid waste problem,

private companies fill this gap. This is especially the case in Africa, where municipalities are

often unable to fulfill their service mandates. In Guinea Bissau for example, waste collection is

only carried out on a temporary basis when a local private company has a contract paid for by the

World Bank. Available data reveal that Nigeria’s urban population has been growing at an

alarming rate. For instance Nigerian towns and cities are exploding growing in leaps and bounds.

A little more than 50 years ago, fewer than 7% of Nigerians lived in urban centers (that is

settlements with populations of 20 000 or more). This proportion rose to 10% in 1952 and 19.2%

in 1963. It is now estimated at about 40% and is expected to be as high as 45% by 2000. In fact,

Nigerian cities are among the fastest growing in the world. Nigeria now has 7 cities with

populations at 1 million; 18 cities, at more than 500 000; 36, at more than 200 000; and 78, at

more than 100 000. As well, there were 5 050 towns with more than 20 000 people (Babayemis

& Dauda, 2009). The municipal service that has seemed to fail most strikingly is waste collection

and disposal. The service is frequently inadequate, with a preponderant proportion of the refuse

generated remaining uncollected and with large parts of cities, particularly the low-income areas,

receiving little or no attention. In most towns, the service is unreliable, irregular, and inefficient.

The onus is often on the local government to provide a service for solid-waste management, but

a fundamental deficiency of this system is the failure of governments to assume basic

responsibility in raising sufficient funds to provide acceptable levels of service (Stren et a,.

1994).

16

As well Solid waste management in Delhi in India has been a very poorly planned affair with

onus on simply transporting the mixed waste by trucks and disposing it in sanitary landfills

(SLF). Complete negligence of waste minimization and recycling over the years gave way to a

whole lot of problems with disposal emerging as a major one. Since 1975, 20 Sanitary Landfills

have been created of which 15 are exhausted, while 2 are suspended. Only 3 are operational at

Bhalaswa, Ghazipur, and Okhla, and even these are close to exhaustion. (Ankur et al 2007).

Delhi government in its attempt to overcome the grim scenario signed agreements with three

private companies for collection, segregation, transportation and disposal of municipal solid

waste in six zones on January 31 2005. Aimed at increasing efficiency and effectiveness of its

waste management activities. The agreement also contained a performance evaluation and

monitoring mechanism where the monitoring of the project was to be carried out by an

independent engineer appointed by mutual consent of the corporation and the companies. (ibid).

2.4 Solid Waste Management, Sustainable Development and Millennium Development

Goals

Sustainable development refers to “development that meets the need of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland

Commission, 1987). In order to achieve sustainable development, having an appropriate

approach and strategy for solid waste management is essential. OECD environmental outlook

2020 listed municipal waste generation among the “red light” pressures on the environment and

one of the problems that need to be addressed urgently. A waste management policy towards

waste minimization and changing patterns of consumption was recognized among the solution to

the environmental problems by OECD (OECD, 2001).

17

Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization and population growth has significantly increased the

amount of solid waste produced daily in the cities of developing countries. When improperly

managed, waste has very serious impacts on people’s well-being and implicitly on the

achievement of the MDGs (Millennium development goals) (Coad and Gozenbach, 2007).

Proper solid waste management can contribute to achieve the following Millennium

Development Goals.

2.4.1 Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger.

Although indirect, the impact of improper waste management on poverty is even more insidious

and long lasting. It has been proven that healthier people are more likely to escape poverty. Thus

well management of municipal solid waste and removing the effects of waste on health would

have positive implications on poverty reduction, which is the first of the eight MDGs.

Furthermore, waste management provides employment opportunities for cities` poor in activities

such as sweeping, collection and recycling (Coad et al, 2007). By improving their working

conditions, waste management can contribute to reducing poverty and improving the quality of

life of the people. For instance, in India about one million people find livelihood opportunities by

collecting and recycling of waste. Though informal in nature but still is a source of income for

them.

2.4.2 Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality.

One of the initial reason for better management of solid waste is to protect people`s health.

Improperly managed solid waste makes a good breeding place for houseflies and other insects,

which are a major vector for different diseases such as diarrhea and outbreaks of plague, which

are deadly infectious disease and particularly affect children, so proper waste management can

18

reduce child mortality (Coad et al 2007). Furthermore, drains blocked by dumped waste cause

flooding and are favorable breeding places for mosquitoes spreading Malaria, dengue, and other

diseases and burnt waste causes respiratory illnesses, especially affecting waste workers and

those living in vicinity of dumps. (ibid). Additionally, waste causes surface and ground water

pollution, which is one of the major sources of health problems in the developing countries.

2.4.3 Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.

Proper and sound solid waste management can also contribute to the achievement of the

environmental sustainability, for instance, recycling reduces the demand for raw materials and

saves energy. Forests can be protected by using recycled pulp and use of biogas produced by

anaerobic digestion process of biodegradable waste instead of using wood for cooking. Proper

disposal and treatment avoids surface and ground waters pollution, created through dumping

waste into rivers and lakes, and leachate from landfills (also a source of methane emissions)

(Awomeso 2010, Narayana 2008). Uncollected waste which is carried away to rivers, lakes and

sea affects the ecosystems. Composting is also one of possible options which reduces the need

for chemical fertilizers, has positive spill-over effects on health, as the use of good quality

compost in agriculture and food production process improves nutrition environmental safe for

sustainable environmental conservation for all creature.

19

CHAPTER THREE.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.

Research methodology is a systematically way of solving the research problem. It may be

understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically (Kothari, 2004). Research

methodology involves the systematic procedures by which the researcher starts from the initial

identification of the problem to its final conclusion. Research methodology involves such general

activities as identifying problems, review of the literature, formulating hypotheses, procedure for

testing hypotheses, measurement, data collection analysis of data, interpreting results and

drawing conclusions (Singh, 2006).Thus, research methodology consists of all general and

specific activities of research. The aim of research methodology is to present the structure of the

report, provide a description about the research methods used in order to answer the project’s

research questions as well as clarify the reasoning behind choosing each of these methods.

3.1 Report Structure.

Chapter one of report provides an introduction, highlighting the main problems and issues

regarding the municipal solid waste management in developing countries mainly caused by

urbanization and population growth. A statement of the problem, objective of research and

research question and significance of the study also form part of this chapter.

20

Chapter two presents the literature review on the issues related to research tittle in other areas.

Also chapter two explains some other relevant concepts related to solid wastes management, like

solid wastes management and millennium development goals, environmental ethics and solid

waste management and environmental justice and social justice theories which is theories used to

identify current set up of solid waste management from a social and environmental justice

perspective in developing countries.

Chapter three presents the methodology of the research which was used, based on both

qualitative data collection and quantitative data collection through observation, questionnaire,

interview and focus group discussion.

Chapter four presents an analysis of the results/findings of the research while chapter five will

finally draw together a conclusion and recommendation of the study.

Figure 1. Report structure.

Source: Researcher own creation.

21

3.2 Research design.

Research design is a mapping strategy which is based on sampling technique. It essentially

includes objectives, sampling, research strategy, tools and techniques for collecting the

evidences, analyzing the data and reporting the findings. Thus, research design is the statement

of the object of the inquiry and how a satisfactory culmination to be effected. (Singh, 2006).

Research design states the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. The

preparation of such a design facilitates research to be as efficient as possible yielding maximal

information. In other words, the function of research design is to provide for the collection of

relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money (Kothari, 2004).The study

used cross section design which is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data

collected from a population, or a representative subset at one specific point of time.

3.2.1 Study Area.

This study will be conducted in Dodoma Municipal Council where in Majengo ward. Dodoma

Municipal Council is among the five councils of Dodoma Region, others include Kongwa,

Kondoa, Mpwapwa and Dodoma district councils (two other councils will be established

following the establishment of two new districts of Bahi and Chamwino).

Majengo ward is situated at the center of Dodoma Municipal. It has 4 Mitaa which are Fatina,

Mausi, Kitenge, and Mnyampara. The ward is very populated. The Ward has 660 households,

average household size of 3.9; and the population is 6901 out of which 3,308 are male and 3,593

are female. The congestion of people and different economic activities at Majengo Ward

increases the amount of wastes. Considering that fact that’s why the research was interested the

study location of Majengo than other.

22

Figure 2. Map: showing administrative boundaries of Dodoma municipal (urban district)

Source. Capital development authority DODOMA (CDA) library

3.3 Research strategy.

Research strategy is a generalized plan for a problem analysis in research which includes

structure of the research, desired solution in terms objectives of research and an outline of

planned devices necessary to implement the strategy .The research strategy is a part of a larger

23

development scheme of research’ approach (Singh, 2006). Research strategy can be quantitative,

qualitative or combined. The study used the combined research strategy; this is due to the nature

of the study will use an open ended and closed ended questionnaire and focus group discusion as

data collection tools

3.4 Research design.

The function of the research design in the research is to provide measures for collection of

relevant evidences with minimal expenditure of effort, time, and money, (Kothari, 2009).

Research design contains some methodologies that acts as coherent rules and procedures

followed for investigating or conducting research. Research methodology explains on how and

where research or study will be conducted. The study used the design that depicted real current

situation of the problem and how the authorities and private sectors take measures to manage the

problem. The study used cross section design this is due to the time and financial constraints

3.5 Data required.

The study used two types of data: primary data and secondary data. Primary data are data that

will be collected directly from the respondents through questionnaire, interview and personal

observation. Secondary data are data that obtained through reading various written documents

such as journals, books, pamphlets and researches report which are concerned solid waste

management (Kothari, 2009).

3.5.1 The source of data.

The study obtained data from selected organizations deals with solid waste management that

were public sectors, private sectors and other solid wastes management stakeholders found in

24

municipality. These organizations include Dodoma Environmental Network, (DONET), Capital

Development Authority (CDA), local authorities, formal and informal private sectors.

3.6 Sampling design.

Sampling design is plan that shows a systematic ways of choosing small portion to study from

the total population. In the social sciences, it is not possible to collect data from every respondent

relevant to the study but only from some fractional part of the respondents. The process of

selecting the fractional part from the entire population is what is called sampling (Singh, 2006).

The researcher must decide the way of selecting a sample or what is popularly known as the

sample design. In other words, a sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are

actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population (Kothari, 2004).

3.6.1 Study population

Population or universe means the entire mass of observations which is the parent group from

which a sample is to be formed. The sample observations provide only an estimate of the

population characteristics. A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or

objects that is the main interests for a scientific query. It is for the benefit of the target population

that researches are done (Singh, 2006). The study population will be actors of water sectors at

Dodoma region. The study population was solid waste management actors in Dodoma municipal.

These includes officials and workers in some public sectors, local authorities, and private formal

and private informal sectors that deal with solid wastes management in Dodoma Municipal

25

3.6.2 Sampling procedure.

Sampling procedures refers to the ways that used to select the sample in the study population.

Sampling can be either random probability sampling or non-random probability sampling

(Kothari, 2004).The sampling method was used is the study is non-randomly (purposive

sampling). Purposive sampling occurs when the researcher picks a specific group to study

because it is known to be of the type that is wanted (Kothari, 2004). Sample was taken from the

officials and workers in some public sectors, local authorities, and private formal and private

informal sectors that deal with solid wastes management in Dodoma..

3.6.3 Sample frame.

Sampling frame is the complete list of all units or element from which sample is drawn. It helps

to make comparison of information derived from the sample because all detail from the sample

will reflect the characteristics of entire population such as level of education, economics status

and income. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include

individuals, households or institutions. (Kothari, 2004) sampling frame were officials in local

authorities, formal and informal private sectors, donor agencies and other key informants in

authorities’ responsible sectors including Dodoma Environmental Network, (DONET), Capital

Development Authority (CDA), NEMC, for environmental management.

3.6.4 Sampling unit.

Sampling unit is the unit that a researcher selecting the sample from. A decision has to be taken

concerning a sampling unit before selecting sample. Sampling unit may be a geographical one

such as state, district, village, or a construction unit such as house, flat or it may be a social unit

such as family, club, school or it may be an individual. The researcher will have to decide one or

26

more of such units that he has to select for his study. (Kothari, 2004). The study sampling unit

was Majengo ward that is found at the center of Dodoma municipality.

3.6.5 Sample size.

Sample size is a portion or an element of the population to be studied to represent the entire

population, the size of sample depends on the number of factors like the size of the population,

purpose of the study accessibility of the element as well as the costing of obtaining elements.

(Rwegoshora, 2006). The study used purposive sampling method and data collection tool will

key informant interview, direct observation, focus group discussion and questionnaire where by

data from 18 key informants from private organization, local authorities, formal and informal

private sectors.

3.6.6 Unit of analysis.

The unit of analysis is the major entity that is being analyzed in a study. It is what or who that is

being studied. In social science research, typical units of analysis include individuals (most

common), groups, social organizations and social artifacts. Unit of analysis embody the type of

object whose characteristics we measure and we are interested in the study. (McNeill and

Chapman 2005). In this research the unit of analysis was waste management actors in Dodoma

municipal these are private and public organization deals with solid waste management in

Dodoma municipality.

3.6.7 Parameters of interest.

In determining the sample design, research must consider the question of the specific population

parameters which are of interests. (Kothari, 2004). The study was interested on waste

27

management actors (public sectors, private formal and informal sectors) in Dodoma municipal

and the purposive sampling was drawn from them and 18 key informants were interviewed.

3.7 Data collection design.

The central focus of any research activity is the gathering of data as the production of

knowledge. The study based on two types of data, primary data and secondary data. Secondary

data are data that collected through the already written documents such as journals, books,

pamphlets, reports concerned with the specified topic of municipal solid wastes management and

primary acquired direct from the field concerning public private participation in their activities to

the municipal solid waste management. Primary data are those obtained through questionnaire,

interview and personal observation (Kothari, 2009).

3.7.1 Data collection methods.

Data collection methods are the techniques that allow systematic collection of information about

the study from the different sources (Kothari, 2009).

3.7.1.1 Survey.

Survey is the method of data collection which involves the use of questionnaire to extract

information from respondents. Survey method used because is effective method in finding

comparative information through questionnaire tool.

3.7.1.2 Key informant interview.

Key informant interviews are qualitative in depth interviews with people who know what is real

going on in the community. The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information

28

from a wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or residents who have

first-hand knowledge about the community. These community experts, with their particular

knowledge and understanding can provide insight on the nature of problems and give

recommendations for solutions. (USAID, 1996). Key informant interview was conducted to the

key informants of public and private formal and informal organization that deals with solid

wastes management in Dodoma.

3.7.1.3 Personal observation.

Direct observation technique also was employed in collection of primary data during the field

work of observing the activities performed by the assigned sectors in municipal solid wastes

management. Personal observation upon all activities performed for solid wastes management

within the municipal including solid wastes collection, transportation and solid wastes disposal

will be check listed.

3.7.1.4 Focus group discussion.

The study considered the focus group discussion as one of the best means of data collection. The

focus group discussion (FGD) is a rapid assessment, semi‐ Structured data gathering method

in which a purposively selected set Of participants gather to discuss issues and concerns based

on a list of key themes drawn (Kumar, 1987). focus group discussions were conducted between

officials/leaders of private and public organizations involves in solid waste management at

Majengo ward.

29

3.7.2. Tools for data collection.

Data collection tools are the techniques used to extract the information from the source. (Kumar,

1987). The research used questionnaire, interview guide as a tool for survey, interview and

observation respective. Also the researcher used focus group discussion guide for obtaining

information from focus group discussion method.

3.7.2.1. Questionnaire.

Questionnaires consists of the number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form

or set of forms. (Kothari, 2009). It is just a structure of getting information directly from the

respondents by interviewing with fixed questions which need precise answer to each question.

The interviewer choose to make sample from some workers in public sectors, privates’ formal

sectors and private informal sectors and local authorities’ deals with solid municipal wastes

management. The questionnaires were translated into Kiswahili language and were given to

interviewee as reference documents for them during interview.

3.7.2.2. Interview guide.

Interview guide is a tool that guides researcher’s conversation toward the topics and issues

she/he wants to learn about from respondents. Interview guides vary from highly scripted to

relatively loose, but they all share certain features: interview guide helps researcher to know

what to ask about, in what sequence, how to pose the questions, and how to pose follow-ups.

They provide guidance about what to do or say next, after your interviewee has answered the last

question. (Kumar, 1987). Interview guide used to get information from respondents.

30

3.8. Data Analysis design.

After the collection of data from direct observation, interview, focal group discussion and

questionnaire of responses and the transcription of the interviews, the quantitative data were

stored in Microsoft excel and qualitative data were stored in table format for analysis.. Also

some closed ended questions in questionnaire were processed by using SPSS (statistical package

for service and solution) to provide an output. Also pictures and diagrams used as the main data

to present direct observations.

31

CHAPTER FOUR

4. ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.

4.1. Introduction.

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study. The main goal of this study was to find out

whether and how public private partnership leads to improvement of solid waste management in

Majengo ward in Dodoma municipality. Public private partnership has been well studied in this

study. In such partnerships responsibility of providing some of the municipal services are passed

to the private sector, formal and informal sectors. The reason for establishing such partnerships

in the waste management sector is to improve operation and maintenance of the municipal

services concerning solid waste management.

Challenges that the municipality are currently facing in provision of municipal services for their

residents, has been discussed. Public awareness and community involvement in the solid waste

management process were also of critical importance in the study.

4.2 Solid Wastes Generation, collection and transportation at Majengo ward.

4.2.1. Solid Wastes Generation.

Due to increase of urbanization Dodoma is highly affected by the solid wastes generated from

households, markets, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other Institutions like colleges and

universities. Solid wastes from that different source are increasing day to day due to increase of

socio-economic activities within the area. Also unprecedentedly population increase led to

increase of solid wastes in all streets of ward, especially in Fatina Street and Mausi Street which

are near Majengo market which is center of trading activities in Dodoma region.

32

Picture 1. Congestions of people and socio economic activities at Majengo increase solid wastes

generation.

Source: Researcher field data, 2013.

33

Picture 2. Solid wastes and some organic wastes situation at Majengo market dumping place

generated (from market only) for the less than a week.

Source: Researcher field data, 2013.

4.2.2. Solid Wastes Segregation and Collection.

The responsibility of collecting wastes generated from different sources except from market

dumping place is assigned to private organization while government collects waste from

dumping place at market place only. Private community based organization like Fatina USAFI

group and Mazingira women group are responsible in solid waste collection and sweeping all

streets at Majengo ward.

34

Private organizations collects wastes from households, bars, offices, hotels, shops, schools,

streets and other Institutions and those wastes producers pays service charge of 500 shillings for

small producers like households and 1000 shillings for large producers like bars, guest houses

and hotels.

Also Informal waste collectors including scavengers working in streets and at the landfills who

collect the recyclable waste around the city and sell to some businessman who transport them to

Dar es salaam for recycling. Unluckily these informal waste collectors are not recognized by any

existing policies and in most cases they are harassed by people in the society. Scavengers are

mainly from minority groups of society who are socially and economically most vulnerable

people. There are many waste pickers and scavenger at Majengo ward which can extremely

contribute to improvement of solid waste management in locality.

Picture 3. Scavengers at Majengo street (on left) and from Mlimwa landfill (on right) which can

extremely contribute to improvement of solid waste management in locality.

Source: Researcher field data, 2013.

35

4.2.1. Problems in Solid Wastes Collection at Majengo ward.

Waste collection at Majengo ward encounters some problems. The recognized problems

includes, Ward community has been reluctant to pay for the services charge (for collection of

garbage). The set waste collection fee is 500/- per house per week, which become a huge

problem for some community members, especially men because many organizations for solid

waste management in Majengo area are owned and ran by women groups. Even those who

operate shops and therefore have no excuse of having no money, refuse to pay 1000/= giving

reasons that they have already paid at the Municipal Council, while in actual fact they are

supposed to pay for the service providers which are private organizations. This reluctance to pay

is because of habits that have been built within the community. This is a major problem for the

sustainability of the waste management project; because the project uses service charges to pay

the wastes collectors, sweepers and cart pusher's allowances and to pay the amount of money for

rented carts because all community based organizations at Majengo do not have their own carts.

If people do not pay the service charges, then it means the project will not be able to sustain itself

in terms of operations and management.

Also there is no effective law enforcement organs for those who denies or delay to pay service

charges, even though at Majengo ward just like any other ward has Mitaa chairpersons who has

an authority at that particular level but still people are rigid to deliberately pay service charges to

private organizations which led the management of solid wastes to be not easy. Also some

people within the community opted to dump wastes near roads during night to escape to be

charged the service charge for their wastes. This problems occurs because of low awareness to

many people in the community about the effects of dumping waste haphazardly in streets

36

Also the relationship between the organizations and the community is not good probably, even

though members of these organisation are also members of Majengo community as well, the

system of service charger collection led to hostility between organization and some people in

community especially those people who being sued by legal system for not paying service

charges or those who dumps wastes in open spaces.

Other problems are organizational basis like lack of funds, lack of equipment like boots, cars,

carts, gloves which reduces the efficient in solid waste management. Also the huge problem is

the distance from the ward area to dumping place at Mlimwa increases operational costs which

in turn can make organizations to work under loss.

Picture 4. Workers of Mazingira women organization in solid waste collection process at

Mnyapara Street, Majengo.

37

4.2.3. Solid Wastes transportation and disposal.

Solid Wastes collected from households, markets, offices, hotels, shops, schools, streets and

other Institutions like colleges and universities must be transported to the municipal landfills at

Mlimwa area. This is according to municipal regulations because there is no any temporally

place to dispose wastes near town areas. Private organizations transports solid wastes from

Majengo area to Mlimwa landfill by using carts pulled by human being and the study recognized

that municipal council transports wastes from market temporal dumping place to Mlimwa by

using single car that serves the whole municipal.

4.2.3.1. Problems in Solid Wastes transportation and disposal.

Process of transporting solid wastes from community area and disposing to the landfill faces

some serious problem. Distance from community where solid wastes are collected to disposing

place at Mlimwa is very far compared to the means used for transporting solid wastes, this

become a huge problem. Carts and wheelbarrows are the main means of transportations if

compared to the distance increases operational costs and became a big problem for sustainable

solid waste management. Uses of carts as main means of transportation became problem because

carts are not covered at the bottom this led to wastes spillage during transportation; Waste

spillage from the uncovered cart while in transit makes previously cleaned localities dirty again.

Solid wastes disposal also is recognized as the problem, firstly landfill area at Mlimwa is at the

open space, which make some light wastes like plastic bags to be moved out by wind motion,

also there is no systematic way of dumping solid wastes, some people dumps the wastes outside

the dumping area where it led to effects on people’s crops because there is farms around landfill,

38

Picture 5. Solid wastes transportation to disposal at Mlimwa landfill.

Source: field data, 2013.

39

Picture 6. Waste spillage from the uncovered cart while in transit makes previously

cleaned localities dirty.

Picture 7.Mlimwa landfill.

40

4.3. Current solid Waste Situation at Majengo ward.

From the case study the interviews conducted with the solid waste sector experts in Majengo, It

has been observed that the general solid waste management situation is highly unsatisfactory

over the entire streets of Majengo, in all Fatina street, Mausi street, Mnyapala street and Kitenge

street.

There are many solid wastes from households and other dumped by the people along the streets.

These wastes include plastic bags, plastic bottles, glasses, piece of woods and building remains

materials. During rain seasons the situation becomes much worse. Public health and aesthetics

are compromised when the wastes from transfer stations are not collected according to schedule

because they are located along main streets and near houses in small dust bins and plastic bags

which are from households and mostly are used by many people. Government do not have a

specific areas for temporary disposing wastes, Also wastes spillage from the uncovered carts

while in transit makes previously cleaned localities dirty. There are also some managerial

problems in regard to the health protection of the collection staff. The municipalities are

reluctant to enforce measures aimed at protecting the health of collection staff.

According to a study conducted, people willingness for reduction, reusing and recycling of waste

at Majengo also is very low it depends on their level of knowledge. People who were more likely

to reusing waste were those who fully understood the proper way and the reasons to do it.

Therefore conducting public awareness and educational campaigns looks extremely necessary

and useful. For instance people can contribute to a successful waste management by reduction,

reusing, recycling and proper segregation of waste at source. Also households was recognized

that can play a significant role in cooperating with waste collection staff by putting placing their

wastes on the right place and right time outside the house.

41

Considering the fact that the main solid waste management practiced in Majengo is collection of

wastes, transportation and disposing of wastes at Mlimwa landfill. Recycling, reusing and

reducing are not mostly applicable even though some people with knowledge about important of

3RS methods they use those methods but are not many at study area.

Despite doing a significant job, informal waste collectors including scavengers working at the

landfills and those who collect the recyclable waste around the city are not recognized by any

existing policies and in most cases they are harassed by people in the society. Scavengers are

mainly from minority groups of society who are socially and economically most vulnerable

people. There are many waste pickers in Majengo ward which can extremely contribute to

improvement of solid waste management in locality.

4.4. Government/Public Sectors and Solid Wastes Management at Majengo ward.

Due to rapid urbanization and population growth in the recent years in Dodoma municipal, the

amount of wastes being generated has significantly increased while the capacity of municipal

authorities in delivering waste services for their residences remains undesirably low. The

problems facing solid waste management in Majengo ward can be categorized as political,

technical, organizational, institutional, socioeconomic and managerial problems, which faces

municipal to deliver good services to populated areas like Majengo ward.

This inability in delivering the services is caused by different factors such as lack of institutional

capacities in government, technical capacitates and lack of proper knowledge among the

municipal officers and workers concerning solid wastes management, lack of law enforcement

for those people who are against laws governing solid wastes management and in some cases

lack of financial resources, equipment for workers, trucks and vehicles for waste transportation,

42

small number of workers for instance according to the municipal cleansing office, in year 2013,

124 workers only are temporally employed for sweeping and collection of wastes for some

places in municipal area. Also lack of public awareness about adverse consequence of inadequate

waste management, lack of community participation and people cooperation has further

worsened the situation of solid waste management in the area.

Lack of long term vision and goals also is recognized as problem that encounters municipal

council in solid waste management sector. Municipal council and local government all lacks of

ability to understand that long-term vision for solid waste management is very important. It is

highly recognized that the Municipal council and local government had always given attention

on short-term solutions only and have not considered the waste management issues as a priority.

In other words solid waste management is a highly political neglected issue and the government

left the management to be done with private sectors only to great extent.

Lack of proper plan for solid waste programs in the municipalities and inter organizational

complications which is due to structural problems has been observed the most important issues.

Lack of cooperation and coordination between the departments involved in the management of

solid waste and private organization creates huge managerial problems. Municipality

environmental health departments and private sectors blaming each other for not performing well

their activities when issues such as public awareness, community mobilization, and training of

education programs for people are mentioned also as the problem for sustainable waste

management.

Picture 8. Wheelbarrows, few safe vest and spades outside municipal cleansing offices, tools for

municipal solid wastes collection for part time workers.

43

4.4.1. Response on capability of municipality in solid wastes management activities.

Researcher interviewed 16 experts and also sent 2 questionnaires to some officials to make the

total of 18 experts, about the capability of municipality in monitoring solid wastes management

activities in Majengo. The distribution was as outlined in a chart below about the responses about

the capability of government in monitoring the solid wastes management activities at majengo

ward.

44

Chart, 1.

Source: Field data, 2013.

Data obtained showing that the government capability in monitoring the solid wastes

management is not good enough. For the overall data obtained from response of solid wastes

experts from private and public sectors. 61% of them blamed government to be incapable in

monitoring activities while 39% showed that government is capable in monitoring and

management of the solid wastes activities in the locality. That shows that capability of

government in monitoring solid wastes activities is very low.

45

4.5. Public private partnership analysis.

4.5.1. Introduction.

Public private partnership is a long or medium term arrangement between the public and private

sectors whereby public sector transfers part of its responsibilities to the private sector (World

Bank 2011). These arrangements are typically formed with clear goals and agreements for

delivery of public services.

4.5.2. Opportunities for Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management.

On assessing the opportunity for public partnership in Majengo, study recognized that the room

for Public private partnership to thrive in solid wastes management is still doubtable.

Government and well invested private sectors perceive as an opportunity while the community

based organizations (CBO’S) perceive as a problem to them.

Well invested Private organizations are very eager for collaborative responsibility for solid

wastes management in the city; because for them the public private partnership is like business

oriented and customer based activities which they can get and maximize profit while maintaining

sustainable solid waste management. This is due to the fact that they have high qualified

personnel and high investment in transportation facilities which can ease the solid waste

management and perform activities quickly and precisely by using low cost.

Community based organizations which are not well invested they use poor tools that lead to

poor working conditions and increase of operational costs which make them to work under loss

sometimes. Also the study recognized the gap of cooperation between government and

community based organizations. Communities based organization at Majengo blaming

government for being not cooperative in solid wastes management. This situation make

46

community based organizations to work under unfavorable condition which in long run can put

the partnership jeopardy.

Government authorities are in favor to the PPP to be an alternative good way of solid wastes

management because it reduces time of government to consume much time in dealing solid

wastes management. Also it is an effective precise way for solid wastes management.

4.5.3. Benefits of Public private partnership in Municipal solid wastes management.

Public Private Partnerships aimed at providing good public services. Such partnerships are

characterized by the sharing of risks, responsibilities and reward between the partners for

sustainable services provision.

Collaboration between public private combines the skills of both public and private sectors that

improves the solid waste management situation, thus public private partnership recognized as a

better alternative model for solid waste management that all stakeholders agreed with it. From

the data obtained from the field all respondent agreed with the public private partnership to the

best way for sustainable solid wastes in the city (Majengo ward). Also in case usefulness of the

private public partnership model all respondent was pro-ideas as the best model of solid waste

management.

This idea has been proven in practices in the public private partnership in Majengo ward. After

partnership collection, transportation practices have been significantly improved and have

resulted in huge reduction in the amount of waste on streets. According to the different sources

the situation of solid wastes at Majengo in year 2005 and backward the situation of solid waste

was worse compared to now, because during that time there were few private organizations to

work in partnership with government for sustainable solid wastes management.

47

The partnership led to better management system, better services, Speedy, efficient and cost

effective delivery of projects objectives. Public private partnership increases accountability and

competition for the provision and delivery of quality public services through performance of

incentive management which in turn led good service which can automatically led to sustainable

solid wastes management in the ward and city at large.

4.5.4. Problems hindering effectiveness of Public private partnership in Municipal solid

wastes management.

The study reveals some problems and constrains for effective public private partnership for

sustainable solid wastes management.

Relationship between private sectors and government it was recognized as a barrier for effective

PPP. The department of environment health and safety at municipal council are blamed to be not

supportive and collaborative enough to the community based organization working at Majengo

concerning solid wastes activities in locality. Monitoring and motivations for community based

organization doing solid wastes management is very low which became a problem for

sustainable solid wastes management because the owner and workers of organization they feel

like are unprivileged by the government which led them to be despaired to perform well their

works which in turn could put PPP into jeopardy.

Shortage of fund is the most ranked barrier which affects the effectiveness of private

organizations. This barrier affects many organisations because they need money for operation

costs and once they do not have enough fund efficiency in service provision is affected.

Due to shortage of funds private sectors faces some difficulties in covering costs for maintenance

of collection trucks, fuels, carts and paying for human labour which affect the collection and

48

transportation of solid wastes from the collection points to the dumping sites for disposal. Most

of the funds used by private sectors operating at Majengo are obtained from service charge

collection from the wastes producers, meaning that they depend much on willingness of the

community to contribute for the services.

Inadequate equipment for waste collection is another critical barrier ranked by the respondents

and affects the effectiveness of private contractors in solid waste management. Equipment

including trucks, collection equipment and safety measures that are necessary for the solid waste

management in all the areas researched. Other barriers including population growth, low

education to people on solid waste management issues, poor technology, poor sanitation

infrastructure and lack of experienced and competent personnel in SWM also affects the

effectiveness in other way around but they can be solved once the private contractors build

capacity in getting enough funds and equipment for the sustainable services provision.

49

CHAPTER FIVE.

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.

5.1. Conclusion.

The goal of this study was to study the solid waste management practices and its associated

problems in Majengo ward, Public private partnership for solid waste management has been

studied with the aim of exploring its efficiency towards sustainable solid waste management also

to assess whether it is possible better alternative model for the public sector controlled system to

work in partnership with private sectors.

Solid waste management is not only the responsibility of public sector because everybody who

generates waste is a stakeholder and needs to bear some responsibility. It has repeatedly been

pointed out by most influential organizations such as World Bank and European Commission

that there is a need for a change and different approach in order to overcome the increasing

problem of solid waste management in most of developing countries. From social point of view

they emphasize on community and private sector participation in the form of partnerships. This

participation and partnership stems for the following situation: Firstly, the growing deterioration

in the environment due to population growth, uncontrolled rapid urbanization and economic

growth has challenged the capacity of public sector to work up to the expectation of the people.

Secondly, private sector is believed to have the ample time, resources, technologies, capacities,

efficiency and expertise needed for more effective management of solid waste, while

government/public sector can play a significant role in making the regulations and retain the

50

authority of monitoring over the private sector contractors and organization. Such distribution of

responsibilities can be arranged in the form of public private partnership.

Generally, until all stakeholders Such as public and private sectors (both formal and informal),

NGOs and communities are involved in the solid waste management process, a durable and

sustainable solid waste management system is not possible. Public private partnership is a good

alternative model for solid waste management in any urban area, but at the same time one

important issue worth mentioning that capacity building in the public sector is also very

important for having a successful partnership with private sector. Without institutional capacities

public sector cannot be a strong partner to properly manage the contract and monitor the quality

of services provided by the private sector.

5.2. Recommendations

Basing on the findings from this study, review of literature, and views obtained during survey

and conclusion of the study, various recommendations are given below on what should be done

so as to have effective PPP in solid waste management services provision, Private organizations

should employ better ways of motivating the residents to contribute for the services by educating

them on the necessity of paying services charges instead of blaming in the rigidity of people to

contribute. Different ways such as public meetings, interest groups meetings and conducting

workshops for leaders are suggested to be used so as to make residents aware of the services

contribution for effective service provision. The government should make sure that there are

rules and regulation to govern private contractors on coverage of the services so as enable equal

distribution of the services regardless of the income status of the areas. Private sectors should

invent different and better ways of services charges collection so as to have enough funds for

51

providing the services instead of door to door visiting which sometimes has resulted into failure

in collection due to rigidity of some residents especially those living in medium and low income

areas. Considering the results from findings, analysis and conclusion solid wastes collection

using trucks and carts moving around the sub wards on set days has been facing many challenges

the biggest being high operating costs. Because of that the researcher advises on the use of the

communal temporary containers method as a simple ways of waste collection. Through this

method, residents will collect their wastes in the containers distributed around their sub wards

and collectors will pick them from those areas. Municipal governments should plan and design

proper waste disposal sites in some areas in their municipality and can arrange proper transport

to the landfill, so as to reduce the transportation of wastes by organization which led to more

costs and disturbance which results into dropping of wastes on other areas during transportation

to disposing site.

Regular public awareness campaigns are needed to motivate the community to participate in

paying service charge payment and cleanliness maintenances, not just on their own premises but

also in open and public areas so as to reduce the amount of solid wastes spreading around the

areas. In the contemporary world where the environment is at stake and where sustainable

development is the way to go, it is time now that solid waste management is prioritized and

budgeted in development plans. This is because it is one of the problems that have far- reaching

effects on the environment and when not mitigated the problem results into adverse effects. The

main researcher’s suggestion is that Dodoma Municipal Council should have long term vision

for MSWM and council should deliberately include solid waste management as a priority in its

annual budgets for sustainable MSWM.

52

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Delhi, India.

Awomeso, J., A. Taiwo, A. Gbadebo, and A. Arimoro. 2010. “Waste disposal and pollution

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Lundmark, Carina. 2003. The Politics of Recycling – a Liberal Democratic Dilemma? European

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Medina, M. (2010). “Solid Wastes, Poverty and the Environment in Developing Country Cities:

Challenges and Opportunities.” United Nations University, World Institute for Development

Economics Research.

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Production. Alta Mira Press, Plymouth, UK.

Mukherjee, Nita. 2005. Solid Waste Management in Mumbai. Understanding our civic issues.

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recovery of resources. Waste Management 29 (2009) 1163–1166

Ntakamulenga, R. (2012).The Status of Solid Waste Management in Tanzania. NEMC.

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Consumption.

Hedaiatullah, S. (2012).Application of Public Private Partnership in Sustainable Solid Waste

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Technological University

.

55

APPENDIX.

______________________________________________________________________________

KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PUBLIC SECTORS:

i. Please explain a little bit about yourself and your organization activities concerning solid

wastemanagement?............................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

Ii.Solid waste management has become unprecedentedly huge problem in developing countries.

What are the current problems for sustainable municipal solid waste management in your

municipal?..........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

iii.What are the causes of these

problems?...........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................

iv.What are the current solid waste management practices

employed?..........................................................................................................................................

56

............................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

v.What are the main shortfalls of public sector for successful solid waste management in

Majengoward?....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

vi. Do you think involvement of private sector in solid waste services is useful? YES( ) /

NO ( )

Please

explain.......................................................................................................................................

vii. What should be done to encourage private sector participation in municipal solid waste

management?

............................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

viii. How can the private sector complement the work of the public sector in

SWM?................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

ix. What are the consequence of private sector involvement in municipal solid waste

management in

general?..............................................................................................................................................

57

............................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

x. What are the benefits and constraints of associating Private contractors in municipal

solid

wastesmanagement?...........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................

xi. How do you see the role of Municipalities in supporting private sectors in municipal solid

wastesmanagement?...........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

xii. How do you evaluate the role of private sector in delivering solid waste

services?.............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

xiii. Do you think that municipal council have the capacities and are capable enough to

monitor the activities of private contractors?

YES / NO

if is NO, explain

............................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

58

xiv. What should be done in order to make sure that private contractors do their job

properly?............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

xv. What are problems likely to hinder/hindering private sector participation in SWM?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

xvi. Do you have any suggestion at the end as an expert what should be done to improve the

municipal solid waste management in

Majengo?............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

59

KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

i. Please explain a little bit about yourself and your organization activities regarding solid

waste

management………………………………………………………………………………...............

.........................................................................................................................................

ii. What are the main solid waste management problems in your municipality especially

Majengo

ward?..................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

iii. How do you evaluate the capacities of municipalities in dealing with solid waste

management?.....................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

iv. Do you think that municipal council have the capacities and are capable enough to

monitor all activities concerned solid wastes management? YES ( ) / NO ( ) . If no please

60

explain................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

v. Do you think involvement of private sector in solid waste services is useful?

YES ( )/NO ( )

vi. What is your opinion about associating Private sectors in municipal solid waste

management?.....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

vii. Do you think public private partnership is a better alternative for management of solid

waste in your locality?

YES ( )/ NO ( )

If yes what should be done in order to make sure that private contractors do their job

properly?............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................

viii. What effort shown by local authorities in supporting private sector in municipal solid

wastemanagement?............................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

ix. What are problems likely to hinder/hindering private sector participation in SWM?

61

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

x. Do you have any suggestion at the end as an expert what should be done to improve the

municipal solid waste management in

Majengo?............................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................

KEY INFORMANT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRIVATE FORMAL AND INFORMAL

ORGANISATION.

i. Please explain a little bit about yourself and your organization activities regarding solid

waste

management?.....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

ii. Most of the cities in developing countries are facing serious municipal solid waste

management problems, What are the current problems for sustainable municipal solid waste

management in your

locality?..............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

iii. What are the causes of these problems?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………..

iv. What are the current solid waste management practices employed

62

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

v. What are the main institutional barriers to successful and fairly solid waste management

in your municipality especially in Majengo

ward?..................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................

vi. How do you evaluate the capacities of municipalities in municipal solid waste

management in your

locality?..............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................

vii. Which management model do you think would be a better alternative for current solid

waste management systems which in most cases is fully controlled by public sector?

.......................................................................................................................................

viii. Do you think private sector participation in the management of solid waste is a good

option in municipal solid waste management?

YES ( )/ NO ( ).

ix. What effort shown by local authorities in supporting private sector in municipal solid

wastemanagement?............................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................

x. What is the consequences of private sector involvement in municipal solid waste

management in

63

general?..............................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

xi. Do you think that municipal council has the capacity to monitor the activities of private

contractors? YES ( )/ NO ( )

If is NO explain how..................................................................................................................

xii. What is the best evaluation criterion for private organization on their activities concern

municipal solid waste management...

xiii. What should be done in order to make sure that private contractors do their job

properly?............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

xiv. What are the measures to be taken in order to create a good public private partnership in

municipal solid waste

management?.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

xv. What is the efficiency of Public Private Partnership in solid waste

management?.....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................

xvi. What are the benefits and constraints of Public Private Partnership in municipal solid

wastes

64

management?.....................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

....................

xvii. What are problems likely to hinder/hindering private sector participation in

SWM?................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

xviii. What is your suggestion as an expert on improvement of solid waste management

systems in municipality, what should be done in

general?..............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

.........

65