contents€¦ · contents foreword iii 1. how, when and where 1 2. from trade to territory 9 the...

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Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision 39 of a Golden Age 5. When People Rebel 51 1857 and After 6. Colonialism and the City 64 The Story of an Imperial Capital

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Page 1: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

Contents

Foreword iii

1. How, When and Where 1

2. From Trade to Territory 9

The Company Establishes Power

3. Ruling the Countryside 26

4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision 39

of a Golden Age

5. When People Rebel 51

1857 and After

6. Colonialism and the City 64

The Story of an Imperial Capital

Page 2: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❍�✁✂ ✄☎✆✝ ✞✝✟ ✄☎✆✠✆✶

✡☛☞ ✌✍✎☛✏✑✒✓✑ ✒✏✔ ✕✒✑✔✖✗❚✘✙✚✙ ✛✜✢ ✜ ✣✤✥✙ ✛✘✙✦ ✘✤✢✣✧✚✤✜✦✢ ✛✙✚✙❢✜✢★✤✦✜✣✙✩ ✛✤✣✘ ✩✜✣✙✢✪ ❚✘✙✚✙ ✛✙✚✙ ✘✙✜✣✙✩✩✙❞✜✣✙✢ ✜❞✧✫✣ ✣✘✙ ✩✜✣✙✢ ✧✦ ✛✘✤★✘ ✚✫✬✙✚✢✛✙✚✙ ★✚✧✛✦✙✩ ✧✚ ❞✜✣✣✬✙✢ ✛✙✚✙ ❢✧✫✇✘✣✪■✦ ✣✘✙ ★✧✥✥✧✦✭✢✙✦✢✙ ✦✧✣✤✧✦✮ ✘✤✢✣✧✚✯ ✛✜✢✢✯✦✧✦✯✥✧✫✢ ✛✤✣✘ ✩✜✣✙✢✪ s✧✫ ✥✜✯ ✘✜♦✙✘✙✜✚✩ ❤✙✧❤✬✙ ✢✜✯✮ ✰■ ❢✤✦✩ ✘✤✢✣✧✚✯ ❞✧✚✤✦✇❞✙★✜✫✢✙ ✤✣ ✤✢ ✜✬✬ ✜❞✧✫✣ ✥✙✥✧✚✤✢✤✦✇✩✜✣✙✢✪✱ ■✢ ✢✫★✘ ✜ ★✧✦★✙❤✣✤✧✦ ✣✚✫✙❝✲✤✢✣✧✚✯ ✤✢ ★✙✚✣✜✤✦✬✯ ✜❞✧✫✣ ★✘✜✦✇✙✢

✣✘✜✣ ✧★★✫✚ ✧♦✙✚ ✣✤✥✙✪ ■✣ ✤✢ ✜❞✧✫✣ ❢✤✦✩✤✦✇✧✫✣ ✘✧✛ ✣✘✤✦✇✢ ✛✙✚✙ ✤✦ ✣✘✙ ❤✜✢✣ ✜✦✩✘✧✛ ✣✘✤✦✇✢ ✘✜♦✙ ★✘✜✦✇✙✩✪ ✳✢ ✢✧✧✦ ✜✢✛✙ ★✧✥❤✜✚✙ ✣✘✙ ❤✜✢✣ ✛✤✣✘ ✣✘✙ ❤✚✙✢✙✦✣✛✙ ✚✙❢✙✚ ✣✧ ✣✤✥✙✮ ✛✙ ✣✜✬✴ ✧❢ ✰❞✙❢✧✚✙✱ ✜✦✩✰✜❢✣✙✚✱✪▲✤♦✤✦✇ ✤✦ ✣✘✙ ✛✧✚✬✩ ✛✙ ✩✧ ✦✧✣ ✜✬✛✜✯✢

✜✢✴ ✘✤✢✣✧✚✤★✜✬ ❛✫✙✢✣✤✧✦✢ ✜❞✧✫✣ ✛✘✜✣ ✛✙✢✙✙ ✜✚✧✫✦✩ ✫✢✪ ✵✙ ✣✜✴✙ ✣✘✤✦✇✢ ❢✧✚ ✇✚✜✦✣✙✩✮✜✢ ✤❢ ✛✘✜✣ ✛✙ ✢✙✙ ✘✜✢ ✜✬✛✜✯✢ ❞✙✙✦ ✤✦ ✣✘✙✛✧✚✬✩ ✛✙ ✤✦✘✜❞✤✣✪ ✷✫✣ ✥✧✢✣ ✧❢ ✫✢ ✘✜♦✙ ✧✫✚✥✧✥✙✦✣✢ ✧❢ ✛✧✦✩✙✚✮ ✛✘✙✦ ✛✙ ✜✚✙ ★✫✚✤✧✫✢✮ ✜✦✩ ✛✙ ✜✢✴❛✫✙✢✣ ✤✧✦✢ ✣✘✜✣ ✜★✣✫✜✬✬✯ ✸✹❡ ✘✤✢✣✧✚✤★✜✬✪ ✵✜✣★✘✤✦✇✢✧✥✙✧✦✙ ✢✤❤ ✜ ★✫❤ ✧❢ ✣✙✜ ✜✣ ✜ ✚✧✜✩✢✤✩✙ ✣✙✜ ✢✣✜✬✬ ✯✧✫✥✜✯ ✛✧✦✩✙✚ ♠ ✛✘✙✦ ✩✤✩ ❤✙✧❤✬✙ ❞✙✇✤✦ ✣✧ ✩✚✤✦✴ ✣✙✜ ✧✚★✧❢❢✙✙❝ ▲✧✧✴✤✦✇ ✧✫✣ ✧❢ ✣✘✙ ✛✤✦✩✧✛ ✧❢ ✜ ✣✚✜✤✦ ✯✧✫ ✥✜✯✜✢✴ ✯✧✫✚✢✙✬❢ ♠ ✛✘✙✦ ✛✙✚✙ ✚✜✤✬✛✜✯✢ ❞✫✤✬✣ ✜✦✩ ✘✧✛ ✩✤✩❤✙✧❤✬✙ ✣✚✜♦✙✬ ✬✧✦✇ ✩✤✢✣✜✦★✙✢ ❞✙❢✧✚✙ ✣✘✙ ✜✇✙ ✧❢ ✚✜✤✬✛✜✯✢❝❘✙✜✩✤✦✇ ✣✘✙ ✦✙✛✢❤✜❤✙✚ ✤✦ ✣✘✙ ✥✧✚✦✤✦✇ ✯✧✫ ✥✜✯ ❞✙★✫✚✤✧✫✢ ✣✧ ✴✦✧✛ ✘✧✛ ❤✙✧❤✬✙ ✇✧✣ ✣✧ ✘✙✜✚ ✜❞✧✫✣ ✣✘✤✦✇✢❞✙❢✧✚✙ ✦✙✛✢❤✜❤✙✚✢ ❞✙✇✜✦ ✣✧ ❞✙ ❤✚✤✦✣✙✩✪

❋✺✻✼ ✽ ❹ ✾✿❀❁❂❀❃❄ ❅❆❆❇✿❈❃❉ ❊❁❇❙❁❀❄❊✿❀❄ ❊❅ ✾✿❈❊❀❃❃❈❀● ❆✿❅❃❊❈❄❏❈❇❑❇❊❅ ❊❁❇ ❆❈✿❄❊ ❂❀❏ ❏✿❅t▼❑❇t ◆❖P❀❂❇❄ ◗❇❃❃❇❯● ❱❲❳❨❩❬❭❭❬❪ ❫❴❵ ❴❵❜❬❣ ✐❥ ❩❦✐❬❧♥♣❪qr❬ ♥❦ ✉❧❦❣✈①❬ ②❴✉❵ ❦③④q❭❣✈❵♥❴❭⑤ ⑥❭ ❬❭♥⑦✈❵q❴❵♥q①❵✈✉✉❦❧♥❬❧ ❦③ ⑧❧q♥q❵⑦ ①❦❭⑨✈❬❵♥ ❦③⑩❭❣q❴❶ ❩❬❭❭❬❪ ❵❴❫ ✉❧❬✉❴❧❴♥q❦❭❦③ ②❴✉❵ ❴❵ ❬❵❵❬❭♥q❴❪ ♥❦ ♥⑦❬✉❧❦①❬❵❵ ❦③ ❣❦②q❭❴♥q❦❭⑤ ❷⑦❬✉q①♥✈❧❬ ⑦❬❧❬ ♥❧q❬❵ ♥❦ ❵✈❸❸❬❵♥ ♥⑦❴♥⑩❭❣q❴❭❵ ❫q❪❪q❭❸❪❥ ❸❴r❬ ❦r❬❧ ♥⑦❬q❧❴❭①q❬❭♥ ♥❬❺♥❵ ♥❦ ⑧❧q♥❴❭❭q❴ ❻ ♥⑦❬❵❥②✐❦❪ ❦③ ⑧❧q♥q❵⑦ ✉❦❫❬❧ ❻ ❴❵ q③❴❵❜q❭❸ ⑦❬❧ ♥❦ ✐❬①❦②❬ ♥⑦❬✉❧❦♥❬①♥❦❧ ❦③ ⑩❭❣q❴❭ ①✈❪♥✈❧❬⑤

❼ ❽❾❿➀➁➀❿➂➃➄➄➅ ➆➇➈➉➊➋➌➌➍ ➇➎ ➏➐➑➒➓ ➇➔→ ➣➈➐➎➉ ➇ ↔➇➈➇➑➈➇↔↕ ➉➙↔➌➇➐➔➐➔➑↕➄➣ ➎↕➐➛ ➐➜➇➑➉ ↔➈➄➝➉➆➎➛ ➇➔ ➐➜↔➉➈➐➇➌ ↔➉➈➆➉↔➎➐➄➔➒

Page 3: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✷

❆✆✆ ✝✞✟✠ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✡✟✍✆ ✎✞✏✝☛✡☞✑✝ ✌✏✒✏✌ ✞✝ ✓✍✟✔ ☛☞ ✑☞☛✡☞✑✝

☞✒ ☛✡♦✏✕ ✖✞☛ ☛✡♦✏ ✗☞✏✝ ✑☞☛ ✠✍✘✏ ☛☞ ✓✏ ✍✆✙✍✚✝ ✛✌✏✟✡✝✏✆✚

✗✍☛✏✗ ✡✑ ☛✏✌♦✝ ☞✒ ✍ ✛✍✌☛✡✟✞✆✍✌ ✚✏✍✌ ☞✌ ✍ ♦☞✑☛✠✕

❙☞♦✏☛✡♦✏✝ ✡☛ ✡✝ ✍✟☛✞✍✆✆✚ ✡✑✟☞✌✌✏✟☛ ☛☞ ✒✡✜ ✛✌✏✟✡✝✏ ✗✍☛✏✝

☛☞ ✛✌☞✟✏✝✝✏✝ ☛✠✍☛ ✠✍✛✛✏✑ ☞✘✏✌ ✍ ✛✏✌✡☞✗ ☞✒ ☛✡♦✏✕ t✏☞✛✆✏

✡✑ ✐✑✗✡✍ ✗✡✗ ✑☞☛ ✓✏✢✡✑ ✗✌✡✑✔✡✑✢ ☛✏✍ ☞✑✏ ✒✡✑✏ ✗✍✚✣ ☛✠✏✚

✗✏✘✏✆☞✛✏✗ ✍ ☛✍✝☛✏ ✒☞✌ ✡☛ ☞✘✏✌ ☛✡♦✏✕ ❞✠✏✌✏ ✟✍✑ ✓✏ ✑☞ ☞✑✏

✟✆✏✍✌ ✗✍☛✏ ✒☞✌ ✍ ✛✌☞✟✏✝✝ ✝✞✟✠ ✍✝ ☛✠✡✝✕ ❙✡♦✡✆✍✌✆✚❝ ✙✏

✟✍✑✑☞☛ ✒✡✜ ☞✑✏ ✝✡✑✢✆✏ ✗✍☛✏ ☞✑ ✙✠✡✟✠ ✖✌✡☛✡✝✠ ✌✞✆✏ ✙✍✝

✏✝☛✍✓✆✡✝✠✏✗❝ ☞✌ ☛✠✏ ✑✍☛✡☞✑✍✆ ♦☞✘✏♦✏✑☛ ✝☛✍✌☛✏✗❝ ☞✌

✟✠✍✑✢✏✝ ☛☞☞✔ ✛✆✍✟✏ ✙✡☛✠✡✑ ☛✠✏ ✏✟☞✑☞♦✚ ✍✑✗ ✝☞✟✡✏☛✚✕ ❆✆✆

☛✠✏✝✏ ☛✠✡✑✢✝ ✠✍✛✛✏✑✏✗ ☞✘✏✌ ✍ ✝☛✌✏☛✟✠ ☞✒ ☛✡♦✏✕ ❡✏ ✟✍✑

☞✑✆✚ ✌✏✒✏✌ ☛☞ ✍ ✝✛✍✑ ☞✒ ☛✡♦✏❝ ✍✑ ✍✛✛✌☞✜✡♦✍☛✏ ✛✏✌✡☞✗ ☞✘✏✌

✙✠✡✟✠ ✛✍✌☛✡✟✞✆✍✌ ✟✠✍✑✢✏✝ ✓✏✟✍♦✏ ✘✡✝✡✓✆✏✕

❡✠✚❝ ☛✠✏✑❝ ✗☞ ✙✏ ✟☞✑☛✡✑✞✏ ☛☞ ✍✝✝☞✟✡✍☛✏ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✚

✙✡☛✠ ✍ ✝☛✌✡✑✢ ☞✒ ✗✍☛✏✝✇ ❞✠✡✝ ✍✝✝☞✟✡✍☛✡☞✑ ✠✍✝ ✍ ✌✏✍✝☞✑✕

❞✠✏✌✏ ✙✍✝ ✍ ☛✡♦✏ ✙✠✏✑ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✚ ✙✍✝ ✍✑ ✍✟✟☞✞✑☛ ☞✒

✓✍☛☛✆✏✝ ✍✑✗ ✓✡✢ ✏✘✏✑☛✝✕ ✐☛ ✙✍✝ ✍✓☞✞☛ ✌✞✆✏✌✝ ✍✑✗ ☛✠✏✡✌

✛☞✆✡✟✡✏✝✕ ♣✡✝☛☞✌✡✍✑✝ ✙✌☞☛✏ ✍✓☞✞☛ ☛✠✏ ✚✏✍✌ ✍ ✔✡✑✢ ✙✍✝

✟✌☞✙✑✏✗❝ ☛✠✏ ✚✏✍✌ ✠✏ ♦✍✌✌✡✏✗❝ ☛✠✏ ✚✏✍✌ ✠✏ ✠✍✗ ✍ ✟✠✡✆✗❝

☛✠✏ ✚✏✍✌ ✠✏ ✒☞✞✢✠☛ ✍ ✛✍✌☛✡✟✞✆✍✌ ✙✍✌❝ ☛✠✏ ✚✏✍✌ ✠✏ ✗✡✏✗❝

✍✑✗ ☛✠✏ ✚✏✍✌ ☛✠✏ ✑✏✜☛ ✌✞✆✏✌ ✝✞✟✟✏✏✗✏✗ ☛☞ ☛✠✏ ☛✠✌☞✑✏✕

❋☞✌ ✏✘✏✑☛✝ ✝✞✟✠ ✍✝ ☛✠✏✝✏❝ ✝✛✏✟✡✒✡✟ ✗✍☛✏✝ ✟✍✑ ✓✏

✗✏☛✏✌♦✡✑✏✗❝ ✍✑✗ ✡✑ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✡✏✝ ✝✞✟✠ ✍✝ ☛✠✏✝✏❝ ✗✏✓✍☛✏✝

✍✓☞✞☛ ✗✍☛✏✝ ✟☞✑☛✡✑✞✏ ☛☞ ✓✏ ✡♦✛☞✌☛✍✑☛✕

❆✝ ✚☞✞ ✠✍✘✏ ✝✏✏✑ ✡✑ ☛✠✏ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✚ ☛✏✜☛✓☞☞✔✝ ☞✒ ☛✠✏ ✛✍✝☛

☛✙☞ ✚✏✍✌✝❝ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✡✍✑✝ ✑☞✙ ✙✌✡☛✏ ✍✓☞✞☛ ✍ ✠☞✝☛ ☞✒ ☞☛✠✏✌

✡✝✝✞✏✝❝ ✍✑✗ ☞☛✠✏✌ ✎✞✏✝☛✡☞✑✝✕ ❞✠✏✚ ✆☞☞✔ ✍☛ ✠☞✙ ✛✏☞✛✆✏

✏✍✌✑✏✗ ☛✠✏✡✌ ✆✡✘✏✆✡✠☞☞✗❝ ✙✠✍☛ ☛✠✏✚ ✛✌☞✗✞✟✏✗ ✍✑✗ ✍☛✏❝

✠☞✙ ✟✡☛✡✏✝ ✗✏✘✏✆☞✛✏✗ ✍✑✗ ♦✍✌✔✏☛✝ ✟✍♦✏ ✞✛❝ ✠☞✙

✔✡✑✢✗☞♦✝ ✙✏✌✏ ✒☞✌♦✏✗ ✍✑✗ ✑✏✙ ✡✗✏✍✝ ✝✛✌✏✍✗❝ ✍✑✗ ✠☞✙

✟✞✆☛✞✌✏✝ ✍✑✗ ✝☞✟✡✏☛✚ ✟✠✍✑✢✏✗✕

❲✤✦✧✤ ★✩✪✫✬✭

✖✚ ✙✠✍☛ ✟✌✡☛✏✌✡✍ ✗☞ ✙✏ ✟✠☞☞✝✏ ✍ ✝✏☛ ☞✒ ✗✍☛✏✝ ✍✝

✡♦✛☞✌☛✍✑☛✇ ❞✠✏ ✗✍☛✏✝ ✙✏ ✝✏✆✏✟☛❝ ☛✠✏ ✗✍☛✏✝ ✍✌☞✞✑✗ ✙✠✡✟✠

✙✏ ✟☞♦✛☞✝✏ ☞✞✌ ✝☛☞✌✚ ☞✒ ☛✠✏ ✛✍✝☛❝ ✍✌✏ ✑☞☛ ✡♦✛☞✌☛✍✑☛ ☞✑

☛✠✏✡✌ ☞✙✑✕ ❞✠✏✚ ✓✏✟☞♦✏ ✘✡☛✍✆ ✓✏✟✍✞✝✏ ✙✏ ✒☞✟✞✝ ☞✑ ✍

✛✍✌☛✡✟✞✆✍✌ ✝✏☛ ☞✒ ✏✘✏✑☛✝ ✍✝ ✡♦✛☞✌☛✍✑☛✕ ✐✒ ☞✞✌ ✒☞✟✞✝ ☞✒

✝☛✞✗✚ ✟✠✍✑✢✏✝❝ ✡✒ ✙✏ ✓✏✢✡✑ ☛☞ ✆☞☞✔ ✍☛ ✑✏✙ ✡✝✝✞✏✝❝ ✍ ✑✏✙

✝✏☛ ☞✒ ✗✍☛✏✝ ✙✡✆✆ ✍✛✛✏✍✌ ✝✡✢✑✡✒✡✟✍✑☛✕

❈☞✑✝✡✗✏✌ ✍✑ ✏✜✍♦✛✆✏✕ ✐✑ ☛✠✏ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✡✏✝ ✙✌✡☛☛✏✑ ✓✚

✖✌✡☛✡✝✠ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✡✍✑✝ ✡✑ ✐✑✗✡✍❝ ☛✠✏ ✌✞✆✏ ☞✒ ✏✍✟✠ ❇☞✘✏✌✑☞✌✲

❇✏✑✏✌✍✆ ✙✍✝ ✡♦✛☞✌☛✍✑☛✕ ❞✠✏✝✏ ✠✡✝☛☞✌✡✏✝ ✓✏✢✍✑ ✙✡☛✠ ☛✠✏

✌✞✆✏ ☞✒ ☛✠✏ ✒✡✌✝☛ ❇☞✘✏✌✑☞✌✲❇✏✑✏✌✍✆❝ ❡✍✌✌✏✑ ♣✍✝☛✡✑✢✝❝

✍✑✗ ✏✑✗✏✗ ✙✡☛✠ ☛✠✏ ✆✍✝☛ ❛✡✟✏✌☞✚❝ ✮☞✌✗ ✯☞✞✑☛✓✍☛☛✏✑✕ ✐✑

✝✏✛✍✌✍☛✏ ✟✠✍✛☛✏✌✝ ✙✏ ✌✏✍✗ ✍✓☞✞☛ ☛✠✏ ✗✏✏✗✝ ☞✒ ☞☛✠✏✌✝ s

✰✱✳✴ ✵ ❹ ✶✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✺✿✺❀✼✾ ❁✺❂❃ ❄✻✺❅✼✺✼❅✾✼✺

❉❊● ❍●❏❑▲▼◆◗❑❘❑❚▼◗ ❯❑❊❱ ❳◗❳❚●❑▲◗▼❍❚● ❯✉❨ ❘❍▲❩❑▼◗ ❬✉▲ ❚❑❨❱▲✉●❳❭▼◗ ❨❑▲❑ ❭▲❑❍▼❑● ❍❚● ❚❑❨▼❍◗▼❑◗ ❨❑▲❑ ❱✉❱❳❊❍▲◆◗❑●❪ ❫❯◆◗❴❵❜❜ ❍●❏❑▲▼◆◗❑❘❑❚▼ ❬✉▲ ❢◆❱▼✉❚▼❑❍ ◗❳❣❣❑◗▼◗ ▼❯❍▼ ▲✉❤❍❊▼❤ ❍❊❊ ✉❏❑▲▼❯❑ ❨✉▲❊● ◆◗ ❍◗◗✉❭◆❍▼❑● ❨◆▼❯ ▼❯◆◗▼❑❍❪ ❥❚ ▼❯❑ ❦❍❭❩❣▲✉❳❚● ❤✉❳ ◗❑❑▼❯❑ ✉❳▼❑▲ ❨❍❊❊ ✉❬ ❍❚ ❥❚●◆❍❚❱❍❊❍❭❑❧ ❨❯◆❊❑ ◆❚ ▼❯❑ ❬✉▲❑❣▲✉❳❚●❧◗❑❍▼❑● ✉❚ ❯✉▲◗❑❦❍❭❩ ◆◗ ▼❯❑ ▼❯◆▲●◗✉❚ ✉❬ ♠❳❑❑❚ ♥◆❭▼✉▲◆❍ ✉❬ q▲◆▼❍◆❚❧r▲◆❚❭❑ ✈▲▼❯❳▲❧ ❨❯✉ ❨❍◗ ❣◆❏❑❚ ▼❯❑▼◆▼❊❑ ①❳❩❑ ✉❬ ②✉❚❚❍❳❣❯▼❪

Page 4: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❍�✁✂✄☎✆✁✝ ✞❡✟✟❡✁✟❡✠✝ ✡❡☎✂✄☎☛☞✝ ✌�✟✍✎✏✁✄❡✝ ✑�☎☎✄☎✆✝▲�✒✓❡☎☛❡✝ ▲✠✂✂✎☎✝ ②✄✔✎☎✝ ✑✏✓✕✎☎✝ ❍�✓✖✄☎✆✝ ✗✓✒✄☎✘ ✗✂ ✒�✁� ✁❡❡❛✄☎✆✟✠ ☎❡✙❡✓✲❡☎✖✄☎✆ ✁✏☛☛❡✁✁✄✎☎ ✎✚ ✛✎✙❡✓☎✎✓✲✛❡☎❡✓�✟✁ �☎✖ ●✄☛❡✓✎✠✁✘ ✜✟✟ ✂✍❡ ✖�✂❡✁ ✄☎ ✂✍❡✁❡ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠❜✎✎☞✁ ✒❡✓❡ ✟✄☎☞❡✖ ✂✎ ✂✍❡✁❡ ✔❡✓✁✎☎�✟✄✂✄❡✁ ✢ ✂✎ ✂✍❡✄✓�☛✂✄✙✄✂✄❡✁✝ ✔✎✟✄☛✄❡✁✝ �☛✍✄❡✙❡❛❡☎✂✁✘ ✗✂ ✒�✁ �✁ ✄✚ ✂✍❡✓❡ ✒�✁☎✎✂✍✄☎✆ ✎✏✂✁✄✖❡ ✂✍❡✄✓ ✟✄✙❡✁ ✂✍�✂ ✒�✁ ✄❛✔✎✓✂�☎✂ ✚✎✓ ✏✁ ✂✎☞☎✎✒✘ ❦✍❡ ☛✍✓✎☎✎✟✎✆✠ ✎✚ ✂✍❡✄✓ ✟✄✙❡✁ ❛�✓☞❡✖ ✂✍❡ ✖✄✚✚❡✓❡☎✂☛✍�✔✂❡✓✁ ✎✚ ✂✍❡ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠ ✎✚ ✡✓✄✂✄✁✍ ✗☎✖✄�✘

✑�☎ ✒❡ ☎✎✂ ✒✓✄✂❡ �❜✎✏✂ ✂✍❡ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠ ✎✚ ✂✍✄✁ ✔❡✓✄✎✖ ✄☎� ✖✄✚✚❡✓❡☎✂ ✒�✠✣ ❍✎✒ ✖✎ ✒❡ ✚✎☛✏✁ ✎☎ ✂✍❡ �☛✂✄✙✄✂✄❡✁ ✎✚✖✄✚✚❡✓❡☎✂ ✆✓✎✏✔✁ �☎✖ ☛✟�✁✁❡✁ ✄☎ ✗☎✖✄�☎ ✁✎☛✄❡✂✠ ✒✄✂✍✄☎✂✍❡ ✚✎✓❛�✂ ✎✚ ✂✍✄✁ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠ ✎✚ ✛✎✙❡✓☎✎✓✲✛❡☎❡✓�✟✁✣

✞✍❡☎ ✒❡ ✒✓✄✂❡ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠✝ ✎✓ � ✁✂✎✓✠✝ ✒❡ ✖✄✙✄✖❡ ✄✂ ✄☎✂✎☛✍�✔✂❡✓✁✘ ✞✍✠ ✖✎ ✒❡ ✖✎ ✂✍✄✁✣ ✗✂ ✄✁ ✂✎ ✆✄✙❡ ❡�☛✍ ☛✍�✔✂❡✓✁✎❛❡ ☛✎✍❡✓❡☎☛❡✘ ✗✂ ✄✁ ✂✎ ✂❡✟✟ � ✁✂✎✓✠ ✄☎ � ✒�✠ ✂✍�✂ ❛�☞❡✁✁✎❛❡ ✁❡☎✁❡ �☎✖ ☛�☎ ❜❡ ✚✎✟✟✎✒❡✖✘ ✗☎ ✂✍❡ ✔✓✎☛❡✁✁ ✒❡ ✚✎☛✏✁✎☎✟✠ ✎☎ ✂✍✎✁❡ ❡✙❡☎✂✁ ✂✍�✂ ✍❡✟✔ ✏✁ ✂✎ ✆✄✙❡ ✁✍�✔❡ ✂✎ ✂✍❡✁✂✎✓✠ ✒❡ �✓❡ ✂❡✟✟✄☎✆✘ ✗☎ ✂✍❡ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✄❡✁ ✂✍�✂ ✓❡✙✎✟✙❡ �✓✎✏☎✖✂✍❡ ✟✄✚❡ ✎✚ ✡✓✄✂✄✁✍ ✛✎✙❡✓☎✎✓✲✛❡☎❡✓�✟✁✝ ✂✍❡ �☛✂✄✙✄✂✄❡✁ ✎✚✗☎✖✄�☎✁ ✁✄❛✔✟✠ ✖✎ ☎✎✂ ✚✄✂✝ ✂✍❡✠ ✍�✙❡ ☎✎ ✁✔�☛❡✘ ✞✍�✂✝✂✍❡☎✝ ✖✎ ✒❡ ✖✎✣ ✑✟❡�✓✟✠✝ ✒❡ ☎❡❡✖ �☎✎✂✍❡✓ ✚✎✓❛�✂ ✚✎✓✎✏✓ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠✘ ❦✍✄✁ ✒✎✏✟✖ ❛❡�☎ ✂✍�✂ ✂✍❡ ✎✟✖ ✖�✂❡✁ ✒✄✟✟ ☎✎✟✎☎✆❡✓ ✍�✙❡ ✂✍❡ ✁✄✆☎✄✚✄☛�☎☛❡ ✂✍❡✠ ❡�✓✟✄❡✓ ✍�✖✘ ✜ ☎❡✒✁❡✂ ✎✚ ✖�✂❡✁ ✒✄✟✟ ❜❡☛✎❛❡ ❛✎✓❡ ✄❛✔✎✓✂�☎✂ ✚✎✓ ✏✁ ✂✎ ☞☎✎✒✘

✤✥✦ ✧✥ ✦★ ✩★✪✫✥✧✫✬★✭✗☎ ■✮■✯✝ ✰�❛❡✁ ✱✄✟✟✝ � ✳☛✎✂✂✄✁✍ ❡☛✎☎✎❛✄✁✂ �☎✖ ✔✎✟✄✂✄☛�✟✔✍✄✟✎✁✎✔✍❡✓✝ ✔✏❜✟✄✁✍❡✖ � ❛�✁✁✄✙❡ ✂✍✓❡❡✲✙✎✟✏❛❡ ✒✎✓☞✝❆ ✴✵✶✷✹✺✻ ✹✼ ✽✺✵✷✵✶✾ ✿❀❁✵❂✘ ✗☎ ✂✍✄✁ ✍❡ ✖✄✙✄✖❡✖ ✗☎✖✄�☎✍✄✁✂✎✓✠ ✄☎✂✎ ✂✍✓❡❡ ✔❡✓✄✎✖✁ ✢ ❍✄☎✖✏✝ ✱✏✁✟✄❛ �☎✖ ✡✓✄✂✄✁✍✘❦✍✄✁ ✔❡✓✄✎✖✄✁�✂✄✎☎ ☛�❛❡ ✂✎ ❜❡ ✒✄✖❡✟✠ �☛☛❡✔✂❡✖✘ ✑�☎✠✎✏ ✂✍✄☎☞ ✎✚ �☎✠ ✔✓✎❜✟❡❛ ✒✄✂✍ ✂✍✄✁ ✒�✠ ✎✚ ✟✎✎☞✄☎✆ �✂✗☎✖✄�☎ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠✣

✞✍✠ ✖✎ ✒❡ ✂✓✠ �☎✖ ✖✄✙✄✖❡ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠ ✄☎✂✎ ✖✄✚✚❡✓❡☎✂✔❡✓✄✎✖✁✣ ✞❡ ✖✎ ✁✎ ✄☎ �☎ �✂✂❡❛✔✂ ✂✎ ☛�✔✂✏✓❡ ✂✍❡☛✍�✓�☛✂❡✓✄✁✂✄☛✁ ✎✚ � ✂✄❛❡✝ ✄✂✁ ☛❡☎✂✓�✟ ✚❡�✂✏✓❡✁ �✁ ✂✍❡✠�✔✔❡�✓ ✂✎ ✏✁✘ ✳✎ ✂✍❡ ✂❡✓❛✁ ✂✍✓✎✏✆✍ ✒✍✄☛✍ ✒❡ ✔❡✓✄✎✖✄✁❡✢ ✂✍�✂ ✄✁✝ ✖❡❛�✓☛�✂❡ ✂✍❡ ✖✄✚✚❡✓❡☎☛❡ ❜❡✂✒❡❡☎ ✔❡✓✄✎✖✁ ✢❜❡☛✎❛❡ ✄❛✔✎✓✂�☎✂✘ ❦✍❡✠ ✓❡✚✟❡☛✂ ✎✏✓ ✄✖❡�✁ �❜✎✏✂ ✂✍❡ ✔�✁✂✘❦✍❡✠ ✁✍✎✒ ✍✎✒ ✒❡ ✁❡❡ ✂✍❡ ✁✄✆☎✄✚✄☛�☎☛❡ ✎✚ ✂✍❡ ☛✍�☎✆❡✚✓✎❛ ✎☎❡ ✔❡✓✄✎✖ ✂✎ ✂✍❡ ☎❡❢✂✘

✱✄✟✟ ✂✍✎✏✆✍✂ ✂✍�✂ �✟✟ ✜✁✄�☎ ✁✎☛✄❡✂✄❡✁ ✒❡✓❡ �✂ � ✟✎✒❡✓✟❡✙❡✟ ✎✚ ☛✄✙✄✟✄✁�✂✄✎☎ ✂✍�☎ ❧✏✓✎✔❡✘ ✜☛☛✎✓✖✄☎✆ ✂✎ ✍✄✁ ✂❡✟✟✄☎✆✎✚ ✍✄✁✂✎✓✠✝ ❜❡✚✎✓❡ ✂✍❡ ✡✓✄✂✄✁✍ ☛�❛❡ ✂✎ ✗☎✖✄�✝ ❍✄☎✖✏ �☎✖✱✏✁✟✄❛ ✖❡✁✔✎✂✁ ✓✏✟❡✖ ✂✍❡ ☛✎✏☎✂✓✠✘ ②❡✟✄✆✄✎✏✁ ✄☎✂✎✟❡✓�☎☛❡✝☛�✁✂❡ ✂�❜✎✎✁ �☎✖ ✁✏✔❡✓✁✂✄✂✄✎✏✁ ✔✓�☛✂✄☛❡✁ ✖✎❛✄☎�✂❡✖

❃❄❅❇ ❅❃❲❈ ❉❈❊ ❅❃❲❋❲

❏❑▼◆ ❖ ❹ P◗❘❘❙❚ ❯◗❱❳❨❚❩❱ ❬❙❭◗❪❙❳t❙ ❫❨❘❱❳ ❴❵❝❙❘❚❵❘❞❴❙❚❙❘◗❣ ❵❫ ❤❚✐❨◗❨❚ ❥♠♠♥♦♣qrs ♣q✉✈✇①③ ④✇✇⑤✉ ⑥⑦①①⑦✈s⑧ ✈♣s⑧ss⑧✉ ✇⑨ ⑩✇❶s①⑥✇①❷⑩s⑥s①⑦r✉❸④q✇❺①⑦❻♣qs✉ ❺r✇①q⑨qs⑧ ✈♣s❼ ⑦✉❻s①✉✇⑥✉❸ ⑦⑥⑧ ❻⑦q⑥✈q⑥❺✉ ❻①✇❽s❾✈s⑧✈♣s❼ ⑦✉ ❻✇❿s①⑨➀r ⑨q❺➀①s✉➁

➂➃➄➅➆➇➈➅➉ ➊➋➌➆ ➍➋➄➎➅➆➋➆ ➏➃➋➄➎➅➆ ➍➅➍➐➅➆ ➋➑➊➋➌➆ ➑➏➍➈➒➊ ➄➋ ➑➈➃➓ ➋➌➄➏➐➋➌➄ ➄➎➅➈➆ ➒➈➑➅➔ →➋➉➓➈➇➈➓➅ ➄➎➅➈➆ ➒➈➑➅ ➈➃➄➋➓➈➑➑➅➆➅➃➄ ➣➅➆➈➋➓↔ ➏➃➓➒➈↔➄ ➋➌➄ ➄➎➅ ↔➈↕➃➈➑➈➙➏➃➄➅➇➅➃➄↔ ➈➃ ➅➏➙➎ ➣➅➆➈➋➓➔➛➜➣➒➏➈➃ ➄➎➅ ➐➏↔➈↔ ➋➑➊➋➌➆ ➣➅➆➈➋➓➈↔➏➄➈➋➃➔

➝ ➞➟➠➡➢➡➠➤

Page 5: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✹

s✆✝✞✟✠ ✠✞✡☛☞ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✍✑✠☛✒ ✓✞✠✠ ✡☛✠✎✒ ✝✆✑✠✔ ✝✞✕✞✠✞s☛ ✖✗✔✞✟☞ ✘✆ ✔✆

✎✏✞s ✞✎ t✟s ✗☛✝☛ss✟✍✙ ✎✆ ✞✗✎✍✆✔✑✝☛ ✚✑✍✆✛☛✟✗ ✜✟✗✗☛✍s✒ ✟✍✎s✒

✞✗s✎✞✎✑✎✞✆✗s ✟✗✔ ✠✟ts ✞✗ ✖✗✔✞✟☞ ✓✞✠✠✒ ✞✗ ✡✟✝✎✒ s✑✐✐☛s✎☛✔ ✎✏✟✎

✎✏☛ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ s✏✆✑✠✔ ✝✆✗✢✑☛✍ ✟✠✠ ✎✏☛ ✎☛✍✍✞✎✆✍✞☛s ✞✗ ✖✗✔✞✟ ✎✆ ☛✗s✑✍☛

✎✏☛ ☛✗✠✞✐✏✎☛✗✜☛✗✎ ✟✗✔ ✏✟✛✛✞✗☛ss ✆✡ ✎✏☛ ✖✗✔✞✟✗ ✛☛✆✛✠☛☞ ✣✆✍

✖✗✔✞✟ t✟s ✗✆✎ ✝✟✛✟✤✠☛ ✆✡ ✛✍✆✐✍☛ss t✞✎✏✆✑✎ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✏☛✠✛☞

✖✗ ✎✏✞s ✞✔☛✟ ✆✡ ✏✞s✎✆✍✙✒ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✍✑✠☛ ✍☛✛✍☛s☛✗✎☛✔ ✟✠✠ ✎✏☛ ✡✆✍✝☛s

✆✡ ✛✍✆✐✍☛ss ✟✗✔ ✝✞✕✞✠✞s✟✎✞✆✗☞ ✘✏☛ ✛☛✍✞✆✔ ✤☛✡✆✍☛ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✍✑✠☛

t✟s ✆✗☛ ✆✡ ✔✟✍✇✗☛ss☞ ✦✟✗ s✑✝✏ ✟ ✝✆✗✝☛✛✎✞✆✗ ✤☛ ✟✝✝☛✛✎☛✔ ✎✆✔✟✙✧

✖✗ ✟✗✙ ✝✟s☛✒ ✝✟✗ t☛ ✍☛✡☛✍ ✎✆ ✟✗✙ ✛☛✍✞✆✔ ✆✡ ✏✞s✎✆✍✙ ✟s ★✩✞✗✔✑✪

✆✍ ★✓✑s✠✞✜✪✧ ♦✞✔ ✗✆✎ ✟ ✕✟✍✞☛✎✙ ✆✡ ✡✟✞✎✏s ☛✫✞s✎ s✞✜✑✠✎✟✗☛✆✑s✠✙

✞✗ ✎✏☛s☛ ✛☛✍✞✆✔s✧ ✬✏✙ s✏✆✑✠✔ t☛ ✝✏✟✍✟✝✎☛✍✞s☛ ✟✗ ✟✐☛ ✆✗✠✙

✎✏✍✆✑✐✏ ✎✏☛ ✍☛✠✞✐✞✆✗ ✆✡ ✎✏☛ ✍✑✠☛✍s ✆✡ ✎✏☛ ✎✞✜☛✧ ✘✆ ✔✆ s✆ ✞s ✎✆

s✑✐✐☛s✎ ✎✏✟✎ ✎✏☛ ✠✞✕☛s ✟✗✔ ✛✍✟✝✎✞✝☛s ✆✡ ✎✏☛ ✆✎✏☛✍s ✔✆ ✗✆✎

✍☛✟✠✠✙ ✜✟✎✎☛✍☞ ✬☛ s✏✆✑✠✔ ✟✠s✆ ✍☛✜☛✜✤☛✍ ✎✏✟✎ ☛✕☛✗ ✍✑✠☛✍s ✞✗

✟✗✝✞☛✗✎ ✖✗✔✞✟ ✔✞✔ ✗✆✎ ✟✠✠ s✏✟✍☛ ✎✏☛ s✟✜☛ ✡✟✞✎✏☞

✓✆✕✞✗✐ ✟t✟✙ ✡✍✆✜ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✝✠✟ss✞✡✞✝✟✎✞✆✗✒ ✏✞s✎✆✍✞✟✗s ✏✟✕☛

✑s✑✟✠✠✙ ✔✞✕✞✔☛✔ ✖✗✔✞✟✗ ✏✞s✎✆✍✙ ✞✗✎✆ ✉✟✗✝✞☛✗✎✭✒ ✉✜☛✔✞☛✕✟✠✭ ✟✗✔

✉✜✆✔☛✍✗✭☞ ✘✏✞s ✔✞✕✞s✞✆✗ ✎✆✆ ✏✟s ✞✎s ✛✍✆✤✠☛✜s☞ ✖✎ ✞s ✟

✛☛✍✞✆✔✞s✟✎✞✆✗ ✎✏✟✎ ✞s ✤✆✍✍✆t☛✔ ✡✍✆✜ ✎✏☛ ✬☛s✎ t✏☛✍☛ ✎✏☛

✜✆✔☛✍✗ ✛☛✍✞✆✔ t✟s ✟ss✆✝✞✟✎☛✔ t✞✎✏ ✎✏☛ ✐✍✆t✎✏ ✆✡ ✟✠✠ ✎✏☛

✡✆✍✝☛s ✆✡ ✜✆✔☛✍✗✞✎✙ ❢ s✝✞☛✗✝☛✒ ✍☛✟s✆✗✒ ✔☛✜✆✝✍✟✝✙✒ ✠✞✤☛✍✎✙ ✟✗✔

☛✢✑✟✠✞✎✙☞ ✓☛✔✞☛✕✟✠ t✟s ✟ ✎☛✍✜ ✑s☛✔ ✎✆ ✔☛s✝✍✞✤☛ ✟ s✆✝✞☛✎✙

t✏☛✍☛ ✎✏☛s☛ ✡☛✟✎✑✍☛s ✆✡ ✜✆✔☛✍✗ s✆✝✞☛✎✙ ✔✞✔ ✗✆✎ ☛✫✞s✎☞ ✦✟✗ t☛

✑✗✝✍✞✎✞✝✟✠✠✙ ✟✝✝☛✛✎ ✎✏✞s ✝✏✟✍✟✝✎☛✍✞s✟✎✞✆✗ ✆✡ ✎✏☛ ✜✆✔☛✍✗ ✛☛✍✞✆✔

✎✆ ✔☛s✝✍✞✤☛ ✎✏☛ ✛☛✍✞✆✔ ✆✡ ✆✑✍ s✎✑✔✙✧ ✮s ✙✆✑ t✞✠✠ s☛☛ ✞✗ ✎✏✞s

✤✆✆✇✒ ✑✗✔☛✍ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✍✑✠☛ ✛☛✆✛✠☛ ✔✞✔ ✗✆✎ ✏✟✕☛ ☛✢✑✟✠✞✎✙✒ ✡✍☛☛✔✆✜

✆✍ ✠✞✤☛✍✎✙☞ ✯✆✍ t✟s ✎✏☛ ✛☛✍✞✆✔ ✆✗☛ ✆✡ ☛✝✆✗✆✜✞✝ ✐✍✆t✎✏

✟✗✔ ✛✍✆✐✍☛ss☞

✓✟✗✙ ✏✞s✎✆✍✞✟✗s ✎✏☛✍☛✡✆✍☛ ✍☛✡☛✍ ✎✆ ✎✏✞s ✛☛✍✞✆✔ ✟s ✉✝✆✠✆✗✞✟✠✭☞

❲✰✱✲ ✳✴ ✵✶✷✶✸✳✱✷✺

✖✗ ✎✏✞s ✤✆✆✇ ✙✆✑ t✞✠✠ ✍☛✟✔ ✟✤✆✑✎ ✎✏☛ t✟✙ ✎✏☛ ✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✝✟✜☛ ✎✆

✝✆✗✢✑☛✍ ✎✏☛ ✝✆✑✗✎✍✙ ✟✗✔ ☛s✎✟✤✠✞s✏ ✎✏☛✞✍ ✍✑✠☛✒ s✑✤❝✑✐✟✎✞✗✐

✠✆✝✟✠ ✗✟t✟✤s ✟✗✔ ✍✟❝✟s☞ ❧✆✑ t✞✠✠ s☛☛ ✏✆t ✎✏☛✙ ☛s✎✟✤✠✞s✏☛✔

✝✆✗✎✍✆✠ ✆✕☛✍ ✎✏☛ ☛✝✆✗✆✜✙ ✟✗✔ s✆✝✞☛✎✙✒ ✝✆✠✠☛✝✎☛✔ ✍☛✕☛✗✑☛ ✎✆

✜☛☛✎ ✟✠✠ ✎✏☛✞✍ ☛✫✛☛✗s☛s✒ ✤✆✑✐✏✎ ✎✏☛ ✐✆✆✔s ✎✏☛✙ t✟✗✎☛✔ ✟✎

✠✆t ✛✍✞✝☛s✒ ✛✍✆✔✑✝☛✔ ✝✍✆✛s ✎✏☛✙ ✗☛☛✔☛✔ ✡✆✍ ☛✫✛✆✍✎✒ ✟✗✔

✙✆✑ t✞✠✠ ✑✗✔☛✍s✎✟✗✔ ✎✏☛ ✝✏✟✗✐☛s ✎✏✟✎ ✝✟✜☛ ✟✤✆✑✎ ✟s ✟

✝✆✗s☛✢✑☛✗✝☛☞ ❧✆✑ t✞✠✠ ✟✠s✆ ✝✆✜☛ ✎✆ ✇✗✆t ✟✤✆✑✎ ✎✏☛ ✝✏✟✗✐☛s

✌✍✞✎✞s✏ ✍✑✠☛ ✤✍✆✑✐✏✎ ✟✤✆✑✎ ✞✗ ✕✟✠✑☛s ✟✗✔ ✎✟s✎☛s✒ ✝✑s✎✆✜s

✟✗✔ ✛✍✟✝✎✞✝☛s☞ ✬✏☛✗ ✎✏☛ s✑✤❝✑✐✟✎✞✆✗ ✆✡ ✆✗☛ ✝✆✑✗✎✍✙ ✤✙ ✟✗✆✎✏☛✍

✠☛✟✔s ✎✆ ✎✏☛s☛ ✇✞✗✔s ✆✡ ✛✆✠✞✎✞✝✟✠✒ ☛✝✆✗✆✜✞✝✒ s✆✝✞✟✠ ✟✗✔ ✝✑✠✎✑✍✟✠

✝✏✟✗✐☛s✒ t☛ ✍☛✡☛✍ ✎✆ ✎✏☛ ✛✍✆✝☛ss ✟s ✝✆✠✆✗✞s✟✎✞✆✗☞

❧✆✑ t✞✠✠✒ ✏✆t☛✕☛✍✒ ✡✞✗✔ ✎✏✟✎ ✟✠✠ ✝✠✟ss☛s ✟✗✔ ✐✍✆✑✛s ✔✞✔ ✗✆✎

☛✫✛☛✍✞☛✗✝☛ ✎✏☛s☛ ✝✏✟✗✐☛s ✞✗ ✎✏☛ s✟✜☛ t✟✙☞ ✘✏✟✎ ✞s t✏✙ ✎✏☛

✤✆✆✇ ✞s ✝✟✠✠☛✔ ✻✼✽ ✾✿❀❁❀ ✞✗ ✎✏☛ ✛✠✑✍✟✠☞

Page 6: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❍�✁ ✂� ✄☎ ✆✝�✁✞

❲✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✍✎✏☛ ✑☞ ✟✒☛✡☞✍✒✠✓☛ ✌☛✏ ✒✓ ✔✍✒✡✒✓✕ ✠✖☞✌✡ ✡✟✏❧✠☛✡ ✗✘✙ ✚✏✠✍☛ ☞✛ ✜✓✑✒✠✓ ✟✒☛✡☞✍✚✢

❆✣✤✥✦✥✧★✩✪★✥✫✦ ✬✩✫✣✭✮✯✧ ✩✯✮✫✩✣✧

❖✓✏ ✒✰✱☞✍✡✠✓✡ ☛☞✌✍✎✏ ✒☛ ✡✟✏ ☞✛✛✒✎✒✠❧ ✍✏✎☞✍✑☛ ☞✛ ✡✟✏ ✲✍✒✡✒☛✟✠✑✰✒✓✒☛✡✍✠✡✒☞✓❛ ✳✟✏ ✲✍✒✡✒☛✟ ✖✏❧✒✏✴✏✑ ✡✟✠✡ ✡✟✏ ✠✎✡ ☞✛✔✍✒✡✒✓✕ ✔✠☛ ✒✰✱☞✍✡✠✓✡❛ ✇✴✏✍✚ ✒✓☛✡✍✌✎✡✒☞✓✵ ✱❧✠✓✵ ✱☞❧✒✎✚✑✏✎✒☛✒☞✓✵ ✠✕✍✏✏✰✏✓✡✵ ✒✓✴✏☛✡✒✕✠✡✒☞✓ ✟✠✑ ✡☞ ✖✏ ✎❧✏✠✍❧✚✔✍✒✡✡✏✓ ✌✱❛ ❖✓✎✏ ✡✟✒☛ ✔✠☛ ✑☞✓✏✵ ✡✟✒✓✕☛ ✎☞✌❧✑ ✖✏ ✱✍☞✱✏✍❧✚☛✡✌✑✒✏✑ ✠✓✑ ✑✏✖✠✡✏✑❛ ✳✟✒☛ ✎☞✓✴✒✎✡✒☞✓ ✱✍☞✑✌✎✏✑ ✠✓✠✑✰✒✓✒☛✡✍✠✡✒✴✏ ✎✌❧✡✌✍✏ ☞✛ ✰✏✰☞☛✵ ✓☞✡✒✓✕☛ ✠✓✑ ✍✏✱☞✍✡☛❛

✳✟✏ ✲✍✒✡✒☛✟ ✠❧☛☞ ✛✏❧✡ ✡✟✠✡ ✠❧❧ ✒✰✱☞✍✡✠✓✡ ✑☞✎✌✰✏✓✡☛✠✓✑ ❧✏✡✡✏✍☛ ✓✏✏✑✏✑ ✡☞ ✖✏ ✎✠✍✏✛✌❧❧✚ ✱✍✏☛✏✍✴✏✑❛ ✶☞ ✡✟✏✚☛✏✡ ✌✱ ✍✏✎☞✍✑ ✍☞☞✰☛ ✠✡✡✠✎✟✏✑ ✡☞ ✠❧❧ ✠✑✰✒✓✒☛✡✍✠✡✒✴✏✒✓☛✡✒ ✡✌✡✒☞✓☛❛ ✳✟✏ ✴✒❧❧✠✕✏ t✷✸✹✻✼✽✷✾➄☛ ☞✛✛✒✎✏✵ ✡✟✏✎☞❧❧✏✎✡☞✍✠✡✏✵ ✡✟✏ ✎☞✰✰✒☛☛✒☞✓✏✍➄☛ ☞✛✛✒✎✏✵ ✡✟✏ ✱✍☞✴✒✓✎✒✠❧☛✏✎✍✏✡✠✍✒✠✡☛✵ ✡✟✏ ❧✠✔✎☞✌✍✡☛ s ✠❧❧ ✟✠✑ ✡✟✏✒✍ ✍✏✎☞✍✑ ✍☞☞✰☛❛✶✱✏✎✒✠❧✒☛✏✑ ✒✓☛✡✒✡✌✡✒☞✓☛ ❧✒❙✏ ✠✍✎✟✒✴✏☛ ✠✓✑ ✰✌☛✏✌✰☛ ✔✏✍✏✠❧☛☞ ✏☛✡✠✖❧✒☛✟✏✑ ✡☞ ✱✍✏☛✏✍✴✏ ✒✰✱☞✍✡✠✓✡ ✍✏✎☞✍✑☛❛

▲✏✡✡✏✍☛ ✠✓✑ ✰✏✰☞☛ ✡✟✠✡ ✰☞✴✏✑ ✛✍☞✰ ☞✓✏ ✖✍✠✓✎✟☞✛ ✡✟✏ ✠✑✰✒✓✒☛✡✍✠✡✒☞✓ ✡☞ ✠✓☞✡✟✏✍ ✒✓ ✡✟✏ ✏✠✍❧✚ ✚✏✠✍☛☞✛ ✡✟✏ ✓✒✓✏✡✏✏✓✡✟ ✎✏✓✡✌✍✚ ✎✠✓ ☛✡✒❧ ❧ ✖✏ ✍✏✠✑ ✒✓ ✡✟✏✠✍✎✟✒✴✏☛❛ ❝☞✌ ✎✠✓ ✠❧☛☞ ☛✡✌✑✚ ✡✟✏ ✓☞✡✏☛ ✠✓✑ ✍✏✱☞✍✡☛ ✡✟✠✡✑✒☛✡✍✒✎✡ ☞✛✛✒✎✒✠❧☛ ✱✍✏✱✠✍✏✑✵ ☞✍ ✡✟✏ ✒✓☛✡✍✌✎✡✒☞✓☛ ✠✓✑✑✒✍✏✎✡✒✴✏☛ ✡✟✠✡ ✔✏✍✏ ☛✏✓✡ ✖✚ ☞✛✛✒✎✒✠❧☛ ✠✡ ✡✟✏ ✡☞✱ ✡☞✱✍☞✴✒✓✎✒✠❧ ✠✑✰✒✓✒☛✡✍✠✡☞✍☛❛

✜✓ ✡✟✏ ✏✠✍❧✚ ✚✏✠✍☛ ☞✛ ✡✟✏ ✓✒✓✏✡✏✏✓✡✟ ✎✏✓✡✌✍✚ ✡✟✏☛✏✑☞✎✌✰✏✓✡☛ ✔✏✍✏ ✎✠✍✏✛✌❧❧✚ ✎☞✱✒✏✑ ☞✌✡ ✠✓✑ ✖✏✠✌✡✒✛✌❧❧✚✔✍✒ ✡✡✏✓ ✖✚ ✎✠❧❧✒✕✍✠✱✟✒☛✡☛ s ✡✟✠✡ ✒☛✵ ✖✚ ✡✟☞☛✏ ✔✟☞☛✱✏✎✒✠❧✒☛✏✑ ✒✓ ✡✟✏ ✠✍✡ ☞✛ ✖✏✠✌✡✒✛✌❧ ✔✍✒✡✒✓✕❛ ✲✚ ✡✟✏ ✰✒✑✑❧✏☞✛ ✡✟✏ ✓✒✓✏✡✏✏✓✡✟ ✎✏✓✡✌✍✚✵ ✔✒✡✟ ✡✟✏ ☛✱✍✏✠✑ ☞✛ ✱✍✒✓✡✒✓✕✵✰✌❧✡✒✱❧✏ ✎☞✱✒✏☛ ☞✛ ✡✟✏☛✏ ✍✏✎☞✍✑☛ ✔✏✍✏ ✱✍✒✓✡✏✑ ✠☛✱✍☞✎✏✏✑✒✓✕☛ ☞✛ ✏✠✎✟ ✕☞✴✏✍✓✰✏✓✡ ✑✏✱✠✍✡✰✏✓✡❛

✿❀❁❂ ❁✿❃❄ ❅❄❉ ❁✿❃❇❃

❋❈❊● ■ ❏ ❑▼◆ P◗❘❚❯❱◗❳ ❨❩❬▼❚❭◆❪ ❯❫ ❴❱❵❚◗ ❬◗❜◆ ❞❡ ❚❱ ❘▼◆ ❢❣❤✐❪❥❦♠♥ ♦♠♣ q♠r❦✉ ♣✈① ②③✉r④⑤ ④❦♠ ♦✈④✉⑥♥✈r ⑦③①♠③⑧ ✈♥⑨ ④❦♠ ♦✈④✉⑥♥✈r⑩❶❷❦✉❸♠① ♣♠❶♠ ②⑥④❦ r⑥❷✈④♠⑨ ❷r⑥①♠ ④⑥ ④❦♠ ❹✉❷♠❶♠❺✈r ❻✈r✈❷♠❼ ❽❦✉① r⑥❷✈④✉⑥♥❶♠❾r♠❷④① ④❦♠ ✉⑧❿⑥❶④✈♥❷♠ ④❦♠①♠ ✉♥①④✉④③④✉⑥♥① ❦✈⑨ ✉♥ ➀❶✉④✉①❦ ✉⑧✈❺✉♥✈④✉⑥♥❼

➁➂➃➅➆➇ ➈

➉➊➋➌➍➎➏ ➎➌ ➎➐➊

➑➌➒➊ ➓➊➋➔➍➎➒➊→➎

➣↔ ↕➙➛➜ ➝➞➟ ➠➡➢➡↔➤➥➢➦➡➧➟➨↔➩➟↔➝ ➤↔ ➣↔➫➤➥➭➥➯ ➝➨➲➤↔➦ ➝➡ ➳➵➝ ➫➡➭↔ ➥➩➵➝➤↔➲ ➝➞➥➝ ➸➨➡➺➟ ➡➵➝➡↔ ➝➞➟ ➯➞➤➳➯ ➡➻ ➝➞➟➼➡➲➥➢ ➣↔➫➤➥↔ ➽➥➧➲➾ ➚➟➨➟➤➯ ➥ ➯➥➩➳➢➟ ➡➻ ➝➞➟ ➺➤↔➫➡➻ ➨➟➳➡➨➝➯ ➝➞➟ ➚➡➩➟➪➟➳➥➨➝➩➟↔➝ ➦➡➝ ➻➨➡➩➝➞➟ ➫➤➻➻➟➨➟↔➝ ➫➡➠➺➲➥➨➫➯➶

➹➘➴➷➬➮➱ ✃❐❐➬❒❮❰➴❰❒ÏÐÑ➬Ò❰ ➷❰❰❒ ➴➬Ó❰ Ô➘❐ÏÑ❰ ✃❐➴➮ Ï➘ Ï➬Õ❰ ➘Ò❰❐ÐÑÖ×Ð ➬❒Ó ❰ÐÏ➬➷ØÖÐÑ➴❰❒ÏÙÚ➘➮➬Ø Û➬Ò➮ ÐÑÖ×Ð ➬❐❰❐❰➴➬Ö❒Ö❒❮ ➘ÜÏÐÖÓ❰ ÏÑ❰Ñ➬❐➷➘Ü❐Ù

Ý➬❐➬ÞÑÖ➱ ßàá ➴ÜÏÖ❒❰❰❐Ð➬❐❰ Ü❒Ó❰❐ ➬❐❐❰ÐÏ ➬❒Ó➬ Ô❰â ➴➘❐❰ ÐÏ❐➘❒❮Ø➮ÐÜÐ×❰ÞÏ❰Ó ➬❐❰ Ï➘➷❰ ➬❐❐❰ÐÏ❰Ó ã ✃ØØ❰ÐÏ➬➷ØÖÐÑ➴❰❒ÏÐ ã ➬❐❰Ü❒Ó❰❐ ➴ÖØÖÏ➬❐➮ ❮Ü➬❐ÓÙ

äÖå➬❮➬×➬Ï❒➬➴➱ æÑ❰×➘ÐÖÏÖ➘❒ ÖÐ Þ➘➴×Ø❰Ï❰Ø➮Ü❒Ó❰❐ Þ➘❒Ï❐➘Ø ➬❒Ó ❒➘ÒÖ➘Ø❰❒Þ❰ Ñ➬Ð ➘ÞÞÜ❐❐❰ÓÙçÖØÖÏ➬❐➮ ❮Ü➬❐ÓÐ Ñ➬Ò❰➷❰❰❒ ×Ø➬Þ❰Ó ➘❒ ÐÑÖ×Ð➬❒Ó ❰ÐÏ➬➷ØÖÐÑ➴❰❒ÏÐÙÛ➘ ÔÜ❐ÏÑ❰❐ Ï❐➘Ü➷Ø❰ ÖÐ❰è×❰ÞÏ❰Ó ❰èÞ❰×Ï ÏÑ➬Ï➬ Ô❰â ➴❰❒ ➴➬➮ ❐❰ÔÜÐ❰Ï➘ â➘❐ÕÙéêëìíîïë ïð ñòîìóóêôìòíìõ ö÷øñòùêú ûïüüúòùõ ýêîþúîêïò

ÿì❘ïëî �ïø ✁ø ✂êóì �ïø ✄☎✆✝☎✞✟öïüì ❍✠ïóêîêíúó✡õ

●ï☛ìëòüìòî ïð ñòùêú

Page 7: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✻

❙✆✝✞✟✠✡ ☛✟☞✌✍✟ ✎✍✏✌✝✑✒✓✑

❚✔✕ ✖✗✘✙✚✛✙✕ ✜✢ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✛★✩ ✘✪✣✜ ✫✕✙✘✬✕ ✙✜✬✬✜★ ✤★✭✕✗

✚✔✕ ✙✜✪✜★✛✘✪ ✘✭✬✛★✛✣✚✗✘✚✛✜★t ❚✔✕ ✮✗✛✚✛✣✔ ✫✕✪✛✕✦✕✭ ✚✔✘✚

✘ ✙✜✤★✚✗✧ ✔✘✭ ✚✜ ✫✕ ✖✗✜✖✕✗✪✧ ❛★✜✯★ ✫✕✢✜✗✕ ✛✚ ✙✜✤✪✭ ✫✕

✕✢✢✕✙✚✛✦✕✪✧ ✘✭✬✛★✛✣✚✕✗✕✭t

✮✧ ✚✔✕ ✕✘✗✪✧ ★✛★✕✚✕✕★✚✔ ✙✕★✚✤✗✧ ✭✕✚✘✛✪✕✭ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✣

✯✕✗✕ ✫✕✛★✩ ✙✘✗✗✛✕✭ ✜✤✚ ✚✜ ✬✘✖ ✚✔✕ ✕★✚✛✗✕ ✙✜✤★✚✗✧t

✰★ ✚✔✕ ✦✛✪✪✘✩✕✣✱ ✗✕✦✕★✤✕ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✣ ✯✕✗✕ ✙✜★✭✤✙✚✕✭t

❚✔✕ ✕✢✢✜✗✚ ✯✘✣ ✚✜ ❛★✜✯ ✚✔✕ ✚✜✖✜✩✗✘✖✔✧✱ ✚✔✕ ✣✜✛✪

q✤✘✪✛✚✧✱ ✚✔✕ ✢✪✜✗✘✱ ✚✔✕ ✢✘✤★✘✱ ✚✔✕ ✪✜✙✘✪ ✔✛✣✚✜✗✛✕✣✱

✘★✭ ✚✔✕ ✙✗✜✖✖✛★✩ ✖✘✚✚✕✗★ ✲ ✘✪✪ ✚✔✕ ✢✘✙✚✣ ✣✕✕★ ✘✣

★✕✙✕✣✣✘✗✧ ✚✜ ❛★✜✯ ✘✫✜✤✚ ✚✜ ✘✭✬✛★✛✣✚✕✗ ✚✔✕ ✗✕✩✛✜★t

❋✗✜✬ ✚✔✕ ✕★✭ ✜✢ ✚✔✕ ★✛★✕✚✕✕★✚✔ ✙✕★✚✤✗✧✱ ✳✕★✣✤✣

✜✖✕✗✘✚✛✜★✣ ✯✕✗✕ ✔✕✪✭ ✕✦✕✗✧ ✚✕★ ✧✕✘✗✣t ❚✔✕✣✕ ✖✗✕✖✘✗✕✭

✭✕✚✘✛✪✕✭ ✗✕✙✜✗✭✣ ✜✢ ✚✔✕ ★✤✬✫✕✗ ✜✢ ✖✕✜✖✪✕ ✛★ ✘✪✪ ✚✔✕

✖✗✜✦✛★✙✕✣ ✜✢ ✰★✭✛✘✱ ★✜✚✛★✩ ✛★✢✜✗✬✘✚✛✜★ ✜★ ✙✘✣✚✕✣✱

✗✕✪✛✩✛✜★✣ ✘★✭ ✜✙✙✤✖✘✚✛✜★t ❚✔✕✗✕ ✯✕✗✕ ✬✘★✧ ✜✚✔✕✗ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✣

✲ ✫✜✚✘★✛✙✘✪ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✣✱ ❹✜✜✪✜✩✛✙✘✪ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✣✱ ✘✗✙✔✘✕✜✪✜✩✛✙✘✪

✣✤✗✦✕✧✣✱ ✘★✚✔✗✜✖✜✪✜✩✛✙✘✪ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✣✱ ✢✜✗✕✣✚ ✣✤✗✦✕✧✣t

❲✴✒✑ ✌✵✵✎☞✎✒✶ ✝✟☞✌✝✷✡ ✷✌ ✓✌✑ ✑✟✶✶

❋✗✜✬ ✚✔✛✣ ✦✘✣✚ ✙✜✗✖✤✣ ✜✢ ✗✕✙✜✗✭✣ ✯✕ ✙✘★ ✩✕✚ ✚✜ ❛★✜✯ ✘

✪✜✚✱ ✫✤✚ ✯✕ ✬✤✣✚ ✗✕✬✕✬✫✕✗ ✚✔✘✚ ✚✔✕✣✕ ✘✗✕ ✜✢✢✛✙✛✘✪

✗✕✙✜✗✭✣t ❚✔✕✧ ✚✕✪✪ ✤✣ ✯✔✘✚ ✚✔✕ ✜✢✢✛✙✛✘✪✣ ✚✔✜✤✩✔✚✱ ✯✔✘✚

✸✹✺✼ ✽ ✾ ✿❀❁❁❂❃❄ ❀❃❅ ❆❇❈❉❊● ❍❁❊❈❀❏❂❍❃❆ ❂❃ ❁❈❍❄❈❊❆❆ ❂❃ ❑❊❃❄❀▲▼ ❀ ❅❈❀◆❂❃❄ ◗● ❘❀❯❊❆ ❱❈❂❃❆❊❁▼ ❳❨❩❬

❭❪❫❴ ❵❪❜ ❝❞❞ ❫❵❴ ❡❢❣❫❤✐❥❴❢❫❣ ❫❵❝❫ ❜❴❤❴ ✐❣❴❦ ❡❢ ❣✐❤❧❴♠❣ ❝❤❴ ♥❞❝♦❴❦ ❡❢ ❫❵❴ ♣❪❤❴r❤❪✐❢❦ ❫❪❴❥♥❵❝❣❡❣❴ ❫❵❴ ❣♦❡❴❢❫❡♣❡♦ ❢❝❫✐❤❴ ❪♣ ❫❵❴ ♥❤❪s❴♦❫✉

✸✹✺✼ ✈ ✾ ✇①❇❆❏❀❈❅②❀❁❁▲❊❁▲❀❃❏▼ ❳③③④❆

⑤❪❫❝❢❡♦❝❞ r❝❤❦❴❢❣❝❢❦ ❢❝❫✐❤❝❞ ❵❡❣❫❪❤♠❥✐❣❴✐❥❣ ❴❣❫❝⑥❞❡❣❵❴❦ ⑥♠ ❫❵❴⑤❤❡❫❡❣❵ ♦❪❞❞❴♦❫❴❦ ♥❞❝❢❫ ❣♥❴♦❡❥❴❢❣❝❢❦ ❡❢♣❪❤❥❝❫❡❪❢ ❝⑥❪✐❫ ❫❵❴❡❤✐❣❴❣✉ ⑦❪♦❝❞ ❝❤❫❡❣❫❣ ❜❴❤❴ ❝❣⑧❴❦ ❫❪❦❤❝❜ ♥❡♦❫✐❤❴❣ ❪♣ ❫❵❴❣❴ ❣♥❴♦❡❥❴❢❣✉⑨❡❣❫❪❤❡❝❢❣ ❝❤❴ ❢❪❜ ❞❪❪⑧❡❢r ❝❫❫❵❴ ❜❝♠ ❣✐♦❵ ❡❢♣❪❤❥❝❫❡❪❢❜❝❣ r❝❫❵❴❤❴❦ ❝❢❦ ❜❵❝❫ ❫❵❡❣❡❢♣❪❤❥❝❫❡❪❢ ❤❴❧❴❝❞❣ ❝⑥❪✐❫ ❫❵❴❢❝❫✐❤❴ ❪♣ ♦❪❞❪❢❡❝❞❡❣❥✉

Page 8: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

t�✁✂ ✄✁☎✁ ✆✝t✁☎✁✞t✁✟ ✆✝✠ ✡✝✟ ✄�✡t t�✁✂ ✄✆✞�✁✟ t☛♣☎✁✞✁☎☞✁ ✌☛☎ ♣☛✞t✁☎✆t✂✍ ✎�✁✞✁ ☎✁✏☛☎✟✞ ✟☛ ✝☛t ✡✑✄✡✂✞ �✁✑♣✉✞ ✉✝✟✁☎✞t✡✝✟ ✄�✡t ☛t�✁☎ ♣✁☛♣✑✁ ✆✝ t�✁ ✏☛✉✝t☎✂ ✌✁✑t✠✡✝✟ ✄�✡t ✑✡✂ ❛✁�✆✝✟ t�✁✆☎ ✡✏t✆☛✝✞✍

❋☛☎ t�✡t ✄✁ ✝✁✁✟ t☛ ✑☛☛✒ ✁✑✞✁✄�✁☎✁✍ ✓�✁✝ ✄✁ ❛✁✔✆✝t☛ ✞✁✡☎✏� ✌☛☎ t�✁✞✁ ☛t�✁☎ ✞☛✉☎✏✁✞ ✄✁ ✌✆✝✟ t�✁✕ ✆✝ ♣✑✁✝t✂✠t�☛✉✔� t�✁✂ ✡☎✁ ✕☛☎✁ ✟✆✌✌✆✏✉✑t t☛ ✔✁t t�✡✝ ☛✌✌✆✏✆✡✑ ☎✁✏☛☎✟✞✍✓✁ �✡☞✁ ✟✆✡☎✆✁✞ ☛✌ ♣✁☛♣✑✁✠ ✡✏✏☛✉✝t✞ ☛✌ ♣✆✑✔☎✆✕✞ ✡✝✟t☎✡☞✁✑✑✁☎✞✠ ✡✉t☛❛✆☛✔☎✡♣�✆✁✞ ☛✌ ✆✕♣☛☎t✡✝t ♣✁☎✞☛✝✡✑✆t✆✁✞✠✡✝✟ ♣☛♣✉✑✡☎ ❛☛☛✒✑✁t✞ t�✡t ✄✁☎✁ ✞☛✑✟ ✆✝ t�✁ ✑☛✏✡✑ ❛✡✖✡✡☎✞✍❆✞ ♣☎✆✝t✆✝✔ ✞♣☎✁✡✟✠ ✝✁✄✞♣✡♣✁☎✞ ✄✁☎✁ ♣✉❛✑✆✞�✁✟ ✡✝✟✆✞✞✉✁✞ ✄✁☎✁ ✟✁❛✡t✁✟ ✆✝ ♣✉❛✑✆✏✍ ✐✁✡✟✁☎✞ ✡✝✟ ☎✁✌☛☎✕✁☎✞✄☎☛t✁ t☛ ✞♣☎✁✡✟ t�✁✆☎ ✆✟✁✡✞✠ ♣☛✁t✞ ✡✝✟ ✝☛☞✁✑✆✞t✞ ✄☎☛t✁t☛ ✁✗♣☎✁✞✞ t�✁✆☎ ✌✁✁✑✆✝✔✞✍

❆✑✑ t�✁✞✁ ✞☛✉☎✏✁✞✠ �☛✄✁☞✁☎✠ ✄✁☎✁ ♣☎☛✟✉✏✁✟ ❛✂ t�☛✞✁✄�☛ ✄✁☎✁ ✑✆t✁☎✡t✁✍ ❋☎☛✕ t�✁✞✁ ✄✁ ✄✆✑✑ ✝☛t ❛✁ ✡❛✑✁ t☛✉✝✟✁☎✞t✡✝✟ �☛✄ �✆✞t☛☎✂ ✄✡✞ ✁✗♣✁☎✆✁✝✏✁✟ ✡✝✟ ✑✆☞✁✟ ❛✂t�✁ t☎✆❛✡✑✞ ✡✝✟ t�✁ ♣✁✡✞✡✝t✞✠ t�✁ ✄☛☎✒✁☎✞ ✆✝ t�✁ ✕✆✝✁✞☛☎ t�✁ ♣☛☛☎ ☛✝ t�✁ ✞t☎✁✁t✞✍ ♦✁tt✆✝✔ t☛ ✒✝☛✄ t�✁✆☎ ✑✆☞✁✞ ✆✞✡ ✕☛☎✁ ✟✆✌✌✆✏✉✑t t✡✞✒✍

❨✁t t�✆✞ ✏✡✝ ❛✁ ✟☛✝✁✠ ✆✌ ✄✁ ✕✡✒✁ ✡ ✑✆tt✑✁ ❛✆t ☛✌ ✁✌✌☛☎t✍✓�✁✝ ✂☛✉ ☎✁✡✟ t�✆✞ ❛☛☛✒ ✂☛✉ ✄✆✑✑ ✞✁✁ �☛✄ t�✆✞ ✏✡✝❛✁ ✟☛✝✁✍

❍✘✙✱ ✙❍❲✚ ✛✚❉ ✙❍❲✜❲

✢✣✤✥ ✦ ❹ ✧★✩ ✪✩✫✩✬✭ ✮✯ ✰✲✳✴■✵✶✷✸✹ ✺✸✸✻ ✽✾ ✿✸ ❀✶❁✸❂❃❄❄❅ ✹✽❃✻❇✸✻ ❂✾❁ ✽❈✸❅ ❊❁✾●✸❀✽ ✽❈✸ ❏❇✸❑❊✾❇✺✽✾❂ ✽❈✾✹✸ ❑❈✾ ❀❁✸✶✽✸ ✽❈✸✵▲ ▼❈❇✹ ❇✵✶✷✸ ❀✶✺ ✿✸ ❂✾❃✺✻ ❇✺ ✹✸❏✸❁✶❄❇❄❄❃✹✽❁✶✽✸✻ ✿✾✾◆✹ ❊❁✾✻❃❀✸✻ ✿❅ ✽❈✸ ❖❁❇✽❇✹❈ ✶❂✽✸❁ ✽❈✸ P◗❘❙ ❁✸✿✸❄❄❇✾✺▲▼❈✸ ❀✶❊✽❇✾✺ ✶✽ ✽❈✸ ✿✾✽✽✾✵ ✹✶❅✹❚ ❯❱❃✽❇✺✾❃✹ ✹✸❊✾❅✹ ✹❈✶❁✸ ✽❈✸ ❄✾✾✽❳▲■✺ ❖❁❇✽❇✹❈ ❁✸❊❁✸✹✸✺✽✶✽❇✾✺✹ ✽❈✸ ❁✸✿✸❄✹ ✶❊❊✸✶❁ ✶✹ ✷❁✸✸✻❅❩ ❏❇❀❇✾❃✹ ✶✺✻✿❁❃✽✶❄▲ ❜✾❃ ❑❇❄❄ ❁✸✶✻ ✶✿✾❃✽ ✽❈✸ ❁✸✿✸❄❄❇✾✺ ❇✺ ❡❈✶❊✽✸❁ ❘▲

➁❬❭❪ ❫❴❪ ❫❭❵ ❝❞❢❣❤

❥❭❤❦❞❢❧❪❴❭❤♠

♥qrs✈✇✈q①s ✈①②③④⑤q✇⑥⑥②⑦⑧⑨s ②⑩ ⑨❶q ❷②③q❷q⑧⑨s④⑧ ⑤④⑩⑩q①q⑧⑨ ✈✇①⑨s ②⑩ ⑨❶q⑥②⑦⑧⑨①❸❺ ❻q①q ④s ✇ ①q✈②①⑨②⑩ ✇ ✈②❼④⑥q s⑨①④❽q ④⑧ ❾❿➀➂❺

➃➄➅➆ ➇➈➉➊ ➋➌➌➌➍➄➎➏➐➆➑➆➊ ➏➊ ➒➆➎➈➏➅➆➓➔→➆➣ ➇➄ ➇➉↔➆ ➇➈➆➏➅➓➄➄➣ ➄➊ ↕➈➔➅→➣➉➙➑➄➅➊➏➊➛ ➉→ ➉ ➍➅➄➇➆→➇➉➛➉➏➊→➇ ➇➈➆➏➅ ➎➄➜→➉➎➉➅➏➆→ ➉➊➣ ➇➈➆➝➉➣ ➞➔➉➎➏➇➙ ➄➓ ➓➄➄➣→➔➍➍➎➏➆➣ ➇➄ ➇➈➆➑➓➅➄➑ ➇➈➆ ➟➄➎➏➐➆ ➠➏➊➆→↔➏➇➐➈➆➊➡

➢→ ➇➈➆ ➊➆➜→ →➍➅➆➉➣➇➄ ➇➈➆ ➄➇➈➆➅ ➍➄➎➏➐➆→➇➉➇➏➄➊→➤ ➇➈➆ ➑➆➊ ➇➈➆➅➆➉➎→➄ ➅➆➓➔→➆➣ ➇➄ ➇➉↔➆➓➄➄➣ ➥ ➦➊➆ ➄➓ ➇➈➆→➇➅➏↔➆➅→ →➉➏➣➧ ➨↕➈➆➓➄➄➣ →➔➍➍➎➏➆➣ ➇➄ ➔→➓➅➄➑ ➇➈➆ ➟➄➎➏➐➆ ➠➏➊➆→↔➏➇➐➈➆➊ ➏→ ➊➄➇ ➓➏➇ ➓➄➅➈➔➑➉➊ ➐➄➊→➔➑➍➇➏➄➊➡➩➫➆➊ ➐➉➇➇➎➆ ➜➄➔➎➣➊➄➇ ➆➉➇ ➇➈➆ ➭➯➲➳➳➲➵➵➸➺➉➊➣ ➻➲➼ ➜➈➏➐➈ ➜➆➈➉➫➆ ➇➄ ➆➉➇➡➽

➾➚➪➶➹➘➴➷➪ ➬➚➮➱➘✃❐❐ ❒❮❰ÏÐÑ ÒÓÔÕ

Ö×ØÙÚÛ Ü

ÝÞÞß àá âÞãäåæç è àéê ëìíÞ îÞã ïðéê àéîêðïïæäæéåæç ðé áñæ éàáãäæÞï äæòÞäáðéóô õöò÷àðéøñàá îÞã Þùçæäúæì

û üýþÿ❆ÿþ�

Page 9: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✽

▲✆✝✞✟ ✠✆✡☛☞☞

✶✳ ❙✌✍✌✎ ✏✑✎✌✑✎✒ ✌✒✓✎ ✔✒ ✕✍✖✗✎✘

✭✍✮ ❏✍✙✎✗ ✚✛✖✖ ✜✛✢✛✜✎✜ ✣✤✜✛✍✤ ✑✛✗✌✔✒✦ ✛✤✌✔ ✌✑✒✎✎♣✎✒✛✔✜✗ ✧ ★✛✤✜✓✩ ✚✓✗✖✛✙✩ ✪✑✒✛✗✌✛✍✤✳

✭❜✮ ✫✕✕✛✬✛✍✖ ✜✔✬✓✙✎✤✌✗ ✑✎✖♣ ✓✗ ✓✤✜✎✒✗✌✍✤✜ ✏✑✍✌✌✑✎ ♣✎✔♣✖✎ ✔✕ ✌✑✎ ✬✔✓✤✌✒✦ ✌✑✛✤t✳

✭✬✮ ❚✑✎ ✯✒✛✌✛✗✑ ✌✑✔✓✰✑✌ ✗✓✒✢✎✦✗ ✏✎✒✎ ✛✙♣✔✒✌✍✤✌✕✔✒ ✎✕✕✎✬✌✛✢✎ ✍✜✙✛✤✛✗✌✒✍✌✛✔✤✳

▲✆✝✞✟ ✱✲✟✡✴✟✟

✷✳ ❲✑✍✌ ✛✗ ✌✑✎ ♣✒✔❜✖✎✙✏✛✌✑ ✌✑✎ ♣✎✒✛✔✜✛✗✍✌✛✔✤ ✔✕ ✣✤✜✛✍✤✑✛✗✌✔✒✦ ✌✑✍✌ ❏✍✙✎✗ ✚✛✖✖ ✔✕✕✎✒✗❤

✸✳ ❲✑✦ ✜✛✜ ✌✑✎ ✯✒✛✌✛✗✑ ♣✒✎✗✎✒✢✎ ✔✕✕✛✬✛✍✖ ✜✔✬✓✙✎✤✌✗❤

✹✳ ★✔✏ ✏✛✖✖ ✌✑✎ ✛✤✕✔✒✙✍✌✛✔✤ ✑✛✗✌✔✒✛✍✤✗ ✰✎✌ ✕✒✔✙ ✔✖✜✤✎✏✗♣✍♣✎✒✗ ❜✎ ✜✛✕✕✎✒✎✤✌ ✕✒✔✙ ✌✑✍✌ ✕✔✓✤✜ ✛✤ ♣✔✖✛✬✎✒✎♣✔✒✌✗❤

▲✆✝✞✟ ✱✵

✺✳ ✪✍✤ ✦✔✓ ✌✑✛✤t ✔✕ ✎❈✍✙♣✖✎✗ ✔✕ ✗✓✒✢✎✦✗ ✛✤ ✦✔✓✒ ✏✔✒✖✜✌✔✜✍✦❤ ❚✑✛✤t ✍❜✔✓✌ ✑✔✏ ✌✔✦ ✬✔✙♣✍✤✛✎✗ ✰✎✌✛✤✕✔✒✙✍✌✛✔✤ ✍❜✔✓✌ ✏✑✍✌ ✦✔✓✤✰ ♣✎✔♣✖✎ ✎✤✐✔✦ ♣✖✍✦✛✤✰✏✛✌✑ ✔✒ ✑✔✏ ✌✑✎ ✰✔✢✎✒✤✙✎✤✌ ✕✛✤✜✗ ✔✓✌ ✍❜✔✓✌ ✌✑✎✤✓✙❜✎✒ ✔✕ ✦✔✓✤✰ ♣✎✔♣✖✎ ✛✤ ✗✬✑✔✔✖✳ ❲✑✍✌ ✬✍✤ ✍✑✛✗✌✔✒✛✍✤ ✜✎✒✛✢✎ ✕✒✔✙ ✗✓✬✑ ✗✓✒✢✎✦✗❤

▲✆✝✞✟ ✲✻☛✼✲✾✆

✿❀❁❂❃❄❅ ❆❇❁❆ ❉❊❋ ❁●❅❁ ❇❃❛❆❊●❃❁❄ ❍❁❄❆❃❄❂❆❊ ❑❃❄▼ ❊❋❆ ❁◆❊❋❆❇❊❍ ❁❂●❃◗❋❘❆❋●❅◗❇❁❄❂❅▼ ❃❄ ❁ ●❅❀❊❆❅❆●❃◆❁❘ ❁●❅❁ ❁❑❆❅●❃❄▼❅❯❅❄▼❅❄◗❅❱ ❳❃❛❆❆❇❅ ▼❃❑❑❅●❅❄❆ ❍❁❉❛ ❃❄❍❇❃◗❇ ❉❊❋ ❍❊❋❘▼ ❑❃❄▼❃❄❑❊●❀❁❆❃❊❄ ❊❄ ❆❇❃❛❱

Page 10: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❋�✁✂ ✄�☎✆✝ ✞✁ ✄✝��✟✞✁�✠

❚✡☛ ☞✌✍✎✏✑✒ ✓✔✕✏✖✗✘✔✡☛✔ ✙✌✚☛✛✷

❆✜✢✣✤✥✦✧★ ✩✣✪ ✫✬✧ ✭✣✪✫ ✮✯ ✫✬✧ ✰✮✩✧✢✯✜✭ ✱✜✥✬✣✭ ✢✜✭✧✢✪✲❍✧ ✧✪✫✣★✭✳✪✬✧✴ ✵✮✤✫✢✮✭ ✮✶✧✢ ✣ ✶✧✢✸ ✭✣✢✥✧ ✰✣✢✫ ✮✯ ✫✬✧✫✧✢✢✳✫✮✢✸ ✫✬✣✫ ✳✪ ✤✮✩ t✤✮✩✤ ✣✪ ✹✤✴✳✣✲ ❆✯✫✧✢ ✬✳✪ ✴✧✣✫✬ ✳✤✺✻✼✻✽ ✾✣✤✸ ✱✜✥✬✣✭ ✥✮✶✧✢✤✮✢✪ ✿s❀❁❂❃❂❄s❅ ✣✤✴ ★✳✥✦✣✾✳✤✴✣✢✪ ★✧✥✣✤ ✣✪✪✧✢✫✳✤✥ ✫✬✧✳✢ ✣✜✫✬✮✢✳✫✸ ✣✤✴✧✪✫✣★✭✳✪✬✳✤✥ ✢✧✥✳✮✤✣✭ t✳✤✥✴✮✾✪✲ ❆✪ ✰✮✩✧✢✯✜✭ ✢✧✥✳✮✤✣✭t✳✤✥✴✮✾✪ ✧✾✧✢✥✧✴ ✳✤ ✶✣✢✳✮✜✪ ✰✣✢✫✪ ✮✯ ✹✤✴✳✣✽ ❦✧✭✬✳ ✵✮✜✭✴✤✮ ✭✮✤✥✧✢ ✯✜✤✵✫✳✮✤ ✣✪ ✣✤ ✧✯✯✧✵✫✳✶✧ ✵✧✤✫✢✧✲

❇✸ ✫✬✧ ✪✧✵✮✤✴ ✬✣✭✯ ✮✯ ✫✬✧ ✧✳✥✬✫✧✧✤✫✬ ✵✧✤✫✜✢✸✽ ✬✮✩✧✶✧✢✽✣ ✤✧✩ ✰✮✩✧✢ ✩✣✪ ✧✾✧✢✥✳✤✥ ✮✤ ✫✬✧ ✰✮✭✳✫✳✵✣✭ ✬✮✢✳✦✮✤ ❛✫✬✧ ❇✢✳✫✳✪✬✲ ❦✳✴ ✸✮✜ t✤✮✩ ✫✬✣✫ ✫✬✧ ❇✢✳✫✳✪✬ ✮✢✳✥✳✤✣✭✭✸✵✣✾✧ ✣✪ ✣ ✪✾✣✭✭ ✫✢✣✴✳✤✥ ✵✮✾✰✣✤✸ ✣✤✴ ✩✧✢✧ ✢✧✭✜✵✫✣✤✫ ✫✮✣✵❈✜✳✢✧ ✫✧✢✢✳✫✮✢✳✧✪❉ ❍✮✩ ✫✬✧✤ ✴✳✴ ✫✬✧✸ ✵✮✾✧ ✫✮ ★✧ ✾✣✪✫✧✢✪✮✯ ✣ ✶✣✪✫ ✧✾✰✳✢✧❉ ✹✤ ✫✬✳✪ ✵✬✣✰✫✧✢ ✸✮✜ ✩✳✭✭ ✪✧✧ ✬✮✩ ✫✬✳✪✵✣✾✧ ✣★✮✜✫✲

❊●■❏ ❑ ❹ ▲▼◆▼❖P◗ ❘◆▼◆ ❙▼❯▼◗▼❱❖ ◆❲❳ ❳❨❱❳ ❩❬❲❱❭ ▼◗◗❬❳❪❬❖ ❩❫❴▼❵❪▼❲❱ ❜❨❖❳❨❱❝❞❡❢❣ ❝❤❣✐❥❧♠❢♥ ❡♦❢❣❢ ♣✐q ❥r✉r♣❢❣❞❤✈ ✇❤❧♦✐✈ ❣❤✈❢❣① ♥❤❡✇❤❧♦✐✈ ❢②✉❢❣r❣q ③r❥❡④❥❤❢⑤ ❡r♥❢ q⑥②♥r✈④③✐✈✈⑥ ④②✉r❣❡✐❥❡⑦⑧❥ ❞✐③❡① ♣♦❢❥ ✐ ②✐qq④⑨❢ ❣❢♥❢✈✈④r❥✐❧✐④❥q❡ ⑩❣④❡④q♦ ❣❤✈❢ ♥❣r❶❢ r❤❡ ④❥❷❸❺❻① ⑩✐♦✐⑤❤❣ ❼♦✐♦ ❽✐❞✐❣①❡♦❢ ✇❤❧♦✐✈ ❢②✉❢❣r❣ ✐❡ ❡♦❢ ❡④②❢①♣✐q q❢❢❥ ✐q ❡♦❢ ❥✐❡❤❣✐✈ ✈❢✐⑤❢❣⑦❾❥③❢ ❡♦❢ ❣❢⑨r✈❡ ♣✐q ✉❤❡ ⑤r♣❥ ♥⑥❡♦❢ ③r②✉✐❥⑥① ⑩✐♦✐⑤❤❣ ❼♦✐♦❽✐❞✐❣ ♣✐q ❞r❣③❢⑤ ❡r ✈❢✐⑨❢ ❡♦❢❶④❥❧⑤r②① ✐❥⑤ ♦④q qr❥q ♣❢❣❢ q♦r❡④❥ ③r✈⑤ ♥✈rr⑤⑦

Page 11: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✶✆

❊✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☞✝ ✌✍✎✏✝✡✑

✌✍✎❈✞ ❊✝✞✟

✒✓ ✔✕✖✖✗ ✘✙✚ ✛✜✢✘ ✒✓✣✤✜✦✧★✩✜✓✪ ✜✫✬✭✤✮✚✣ ✜ ✫✙✜✮✘✚✮❢✮✧★ ✘✙✚ ✮✭✯✚✮ ✧❢ ✛✓✰✯✜✓✣✗◗✭✚✚✓ ✛✯✤✱✜✲✚✘✙ ✒✗ ✰✮✜✓✘✤✓✰ ✤✘✘✙✚ ✢✧✯✚ ✮✤✰✙✘ ✘✧ ✘✮✜✣✚ t✤✘✙ ✘✙✚✛✜✢✘✳ ✴✙✤✢ ★✚✜✓✘ ✘✙✜✘ ✓✧ ✧✘✙✚✮✘✮✜✣✤✓✰ ✰✮✧✭✩ ✤✓ ✛✓✰✯✜✓✣ ✫✧✭✯✣✫✧★✩✚✘✚ t✤✘✙ ✘✙✚ ✛✜✢✘ ✒✓✣✤✜✦✧★✩✜✓✪✳ ✵✤✘✙ ✘✙✤✢ ✫✙✜✮✘✚✮✘✙✚ ✦✧★✩✜✓✪ ✫✧✭✯✣ ✷✚✓✘✭✮✚✜✫✮✧✢✢ ✘✙✚ ✧✫✚✜✓✢✗ ✯✧✧❛✤✓✰❢✧✮ ✓✚t ✯✜✓✣✢ ❢✮✧★ t✙✤✫✙ ✤✘

✫✧✭✯✣ ✲✭✪ ✰✧✧✣✢ ✜✘ ✜ ✫✙✚✜✩ ✩✮✤✫✚✗ ✜✓✣ ✫✜✮✮✪ ✘✙✚★✲✜✫❛ ✘✧ ✛✭✮✧✩✚ ✘✧ ✢✚✯✯ ✜✘ ✙✤✰✙✚✮ ✩✮✤✫✚✢✳ ✴✙✚ ✦✧★✩✜✓✪✣✤✣ ✓✧✘ ✙✜✷✚ ✘✧ ❢✚✜✮ ✫✧★✩✚✘✤✘✤✧✓ ❢✮✧★ ✧✘✙✚✮ ✛✓✰✯✤✢✙✘✮✜✣✤✓✰ ✫✧★✩✜✓✤✚✢✳ ▼✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿✸ ✘✮✜✣✤✓✰ ✫✧★✩✜✓✤✚✢✤✓ ✘✙✧✢✚ ✣✜✪✢ ★✜✣✚ ✩✮✧❢✤✘ ✩✮✤★✜✮✤✯✪ ✲✪ ✚✐✫✯✭✣✤✓✰✫✧★✩✚✘✤✘✤✧✓✗ ✢✧ ✘✙✜✘ ✘✙✚✪ ✫✧✭✯✣ ✲✭✪ ✫✙✚✜✩ ✜✓✣ ✢✚✯✯ ✣✚✜✮✳

✴✙✚ ✮✧✪✜✯ ✫✙✜✮✘✚✮✗ ✙✧t✚✷✚✮✗ ✫✧✭✯✣ ✓✧✘ ✩✮✚✷✚✓✘ ✧✘✙✚✮✛✭✮✧✩✚✜✓ ✩✧t✚✮✢ ❢✮✧★ ✚✓✘✚✮✤✓✰ ✘✙✚ ✛✜✢✘✚✮✓ ★✜✮❛✚✘✢✳❇✪ ✘✙✚ ✘✤★✚ ✘✙✚ ❢✤✮✢✘ ✛✓✰✯✤✢✙ ✢✙✤✩✢ ✢✜✤✯✚✣ ✣✧t✓ ✘✙✚t✚✢✘ ✫✧✜✢✘ ✧❢ ✇❢✮✤✫✜✗ ✮✧✭✓✣ ✘✙✚ ✦✜✩✚ ✧❢ ❀✧✧✣ ❁✧✩✚✗ ✜✓✣✫✮✧✢✢✚✣ ✘✙✚ ✒✓✣✤✜✓ ❝✫✚✜✓✗ ✘✙✚ ❂✧✮✘✭✰✭✚✢✚ ✙✜✣ ✜✯✮✚✜✣✪✚✢✘✜✲✯✤✢✙✚✣ ✘✙✚✤✮ ✩✮✚✢✚✓✫✚ ✤✓ ✘✙✚ t✚✢✘✚✮✓ ✫✧✜✢✘ ✧❢✒✓✣✤✜✗ ✜✓✣ ✙✜✣ ✘✙✚✤✮ ✲✜✢✚ ✤✓ ❀✧✜✳ ✒✓ ❢✜✫✘✗ ✤✘ t✜✢ ❃✜✢✫✧✣✜ ❀✜★✜✗ ✜ ❂✧✮✘✭✰✭✚✢✚ ✚✐✩✯✧✮✚✮✗ t✙✧ ✙✜✣ ✣✤✢✫✧✷✚✮✚✣✘✙✤✢ ✢✚✜ ✮✧✭✘✚ ✘✧ ✒✓✣✤✜ ✤✓ ✔❄❅❆✳ ❇✪ ✘✙✚ ✚✜✮✯✪ ✢✚✷✚✓✘✚✚✓✘✙✫✚✓✘✭✮✪✗ ✘✙✚ ❉✭✘✫✙ ✘✧✧ t✚✮✚ ✚✐✩✯✧✮✤✓✰ ✘✙✚ ✩✧✢✢✤✲✤✯✤✘✤✚✢✧❢ ✘✮✜✣✚ ✤✓ ✘✙✚ ✒✓✣✤✜✓ ❝✫✚✜✓✳ ♦✧✧✓ ✘✙✚ ❋✮✚✓✫✙ ✘✮✜✣✚✮✢✜✮✮✤✷✚✣ ✧✓ ✘✙✚ ✢✫✚✓✚✳

✴✙✚ ✩✮✧✲✯✚★ t✜✢ ✘✙✜✘ ✜✯✯ ✘✙✚ ✫✧★✩✜✓✤✚✢ t✚✮✚✤✓✘✚✮✚✢✘✚✣ ✤✓ ✲✭✪✤✓✰ ✘✙✚ ✢✜★✚ ✘✙✤✓✰✢✳ ✴✙✚ ❢✤✓✚ ✬✭✜✯✤✘✤✚✢✧❢ ✫✧✘✘✧✓ ✜✓✣ ✢✤✯❛ ✩✮✧✣✭✫✚✣ ✤✓ ✒✓✣✤✜ ✙✜✣ ✜ ✲✤✰ ★✜✮❛✚✘✤✓ ✛✭✮✧✩✚✳ ❂✚✩✩✚✮✗ ✫✯✧✷✚✢✗ ✫✜✮✣✜★✧★ ✜✓✣ ✫✤✓✓✜★✧✓ ✘✧✧t✚✮✚ ✤✓ ✰✮✚✜✘ ✣✚★✜✓✣✳ ✦✧★✩✚✘✤✘✤✧✓ ✜★✧✓✰✢✘ ✘✙✚✛✭✮✧✩✚✜✓ ✫✧★✩✜✓✤✚✢ ✤✓✚✷✤✘✜✲✯✪ ✩✭✢✙✚✣ ✭✩ ✘✙✚ ✩✮✤✫✚✢✜✘ t✙✤✫✙ ✘✙✚✢✚ ✰✧✧✣✢ ✫✧✭✯✣ ✲✚ ✩✭✮✫✙✜✢✚✣✗ ✜✓✣ ✘✙✤✢✮✚✣✭✫✚✣ ✘✙✚ ✩✮✧❢✤✘✢ ✘✙✜✘ ✫✧✭✯✣ ✲✚ ✚✜✮✓✚✣✳ ✴✙✚ ✧✓✯✪ t✜✪✘✙✚ ✘✮✜✣✤✓✰ ✫✧★✩✜✓✤✚✢ ✫✧✭✯✣ ❢✯✧✭✮✤✢✙ t✜✢ ✲✪ ✚✯✤★✤✓✜✘✤✓✰✮✤✷✜✯ ✫✧★✩✚✘✤✘✧✮✢✳ ✴✙✚ ✭✮✰✚ ✘✧ ✢✚✫✭✮✚ ★✜✮❛✚✘✢ ✘✙✚✮✚❢✧✮✚✯✚✣ ✘✧ ❢✤✚✮✫✚ ✲✜✘✘✯✚✢ ✲✚✘t✚✚✓ ✘✙✚ ✘✮✜✣✤✓✰ ✫✧★✩✜✓✤✚✢✳✴✙✮✧✭✰✙ ✘✙✚ ✢✚✷✚✓✘✚✚✓✘✙ ✜✓✣ ✚✤✰✙✘✚✚✓✘✙ ✫✚✓✘✭✮✤✚✢ ✘✙✚✪✮✚✰✭✯✜✮✯✪ ✢✜✓❛ ✚✜✫✙ ✧✘✙✚✮r✢ ✢✙✤✩✢✗ ✲✯✧✫❛✜✣✚✣ ✮✧✭✘✚✢✗✜✓✣ ✩✮✚✷✚✓✘✚✣ ✮✤✷✜✯ ✢✙✤✩✢ ❢✮✧★ ★✧✷✤✓✰ t✤✘✙ ✢✭✩✩✯✤✚✢ ✧❢

●❍❏❑ ▲ ❹ ◆❘❙❚❯❱ ❚❘ ❲❳❨❩❬ ❩❳ ❚❭❯❯❩❡❭❚❯❯❳❚❭ ❪❯❳❚❙❫❴

▼✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿✸ ❵ ✇ ✲✭✢✤✓✚✢✢✚✓✘✚✮✩✮✤✢✚ ✘✙✜✘ ★✜❛✚✢✩✮✧❢✤✘ ✩✮✤★✜✮✤✯✪ ✘✙✮✧✭✰✙✘✮✜✣✚✗ ✲✭✪✤✓✰ ✰✧✧✣✢✫✙✚✜✩ ✜✓✣ ✢✚✯✯✤✓✰ ✘✙✚★✜✘ ✙✤✰✙✚✮ ✩✮✤✫✚✢

Page 12: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✶✶

❣��✁✂✄ ☎r✆✁✝ ✞✆✂ ✟✆rr✠✝✁ �✡ ✞✠☛☞ ✆r♠✂ ✆✡✁ ☛r✆✁✠✡❣

♣�✂☛✂ ✞✝r✝ ♣r�☛✝✟☛✝✁ ☛☞r�✌❣☞ ✍�r☛✠✍✠✟✆☛✠�✡✄

☎☞✠✂ ✝✍✍�r☛ ☛� ✍�r☛✠✍❚ ✂✝☛☛✎✝♠✝✡☛✂ ✆✡✁ ✟✆rr❚ �✡ ♣r�✍✠☛✆✏✎✝

☛r✆✁✝ ✆✎✂� ✎✝✁ ☛� ✠✡☛✝✡✂✝ ✟�✡✍✎✠✟☛ ✞✠☛☞ ✎�✟✆✎ r✌✎✝r✂✄ ☎☞✝

✟�♠♣✆✡❚ ☛☞✝r✝✍�r✝ ✍�✌✡✁ ✠☛ ✁✠✍✍✠✟✌✎☛ ☛� ✂✝♣✆r✆☛✝ ☛r✆✁✝

✍r�♠ ♣�✎✠☛✠✟✂✄ ❢✝☛ ✌✂ ✂✝✝ ☞�✞ ☛☞✠✂ ☞✆♣♣✝✡✝✁✄

❊✑✒✓ ✔✕✖✗✑ ✘✙✚✛✑✕✜ ✢✣✤✗✕✒ ✓✥✑✖✣ ✗✕ ✦✣✕✤✑✧

☎☞✝ ✍✠r✂☛ ★✡❣✎✠✂☞ ✍✆✟☛�r❚ ✞✆✂ ✂✝☛ ✌♣ �✡ ☛☞✝ ✏✆✡✩✂ �✍

☛☞✝ r✠t✝r ❍✌❣✎✠ ✠✡ ✪✫✬✪✄ ☎☞✠✂ ✞✆✂ ☛☞✝ ✏✆✂✝ ✍r�♠ ✞☞✠✟☞

☛☞✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚✮✂ ☛r✆✁✝r✂✯ ✩✡�✞✡ ✆☛ ☛☞✆☛ ☛✠♠✝ ✆✂ ✰✍✆✟☛�r✂✱✯

�♣✝r✆☛✝✁✄ ☎☞✝ ✍✆✟☛�r❚ ☞✆✁ ✆ ✞✆r✝☞�✌✂✝ ✞☞✝r✝ ❣��✁✂

✍�r ✝✲♣�r☛ ✞✝r✝ ✂☛�r✝✁✯ ✆✡✁ ✠☛ ☞✆✁ �✍✍✠✟✝✂ ✞☞✝r✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚

�✍✍✠✟✠✆✎✂ ✂✆☛✄ ♦✂ ☛r✆✁✝ ✝✲♣✆✡✁✝✁✯ ☛☞✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚ ♣✝r✂✌✆✁✝✁

♠✝r✟☞✆✡☛✂ ✆✡✁ ☛r✆✁✝r✂ ☛� ✟�♠✝ ✆✡✁ ✂✝☛☛✎✝ ✡✝✆r ☛☞✝

✍✆✟☛�r❚✄ ✳❚ ✪✫✴✫ ✠☛ ✏✝❣✆✡ ✏✌✠✎✁✠✡❣ ✆ ✍�r☛ ✆r�✌✡✁ ☛☞✝

✂✝☛☛✎✝♠✝✡☛✄ ☎✞� ❚✝✆r✂ ✎✆☛✝r ✠☛ ✏r✠✏✝✁ s✌❣☞✆✎ �✍✍✠✟✠✆✎✂

✠✡☛� ❣✠t✠✡❣ ☛☞✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚ ✐✆♠✠✡✁✆r✠ r✠❣☞☛✂ �t✝r ☛☞r✝✝

t✠✎✎✆❣✝✂✄ ✈✡✝ �✍ ☛☞✝✂✝ ✞✆✂ ✵✆✎✠✩✆☛✆✯ ✞☞✠✟☞ ✎✆☛✝r ❣r✝✞

✠✡☛� ☛☞✝ ✟✠☛❚ �✍ ✭✆✎✟✌☛☛✆ �r ✵�✎✩✆☛✆ ✆✂ ✠☛ ✠✂ ✩✡�✞✡ ☛�✁✆❚✄

■☛ ✆✎✂� ♣✝r✂✌✆✁✝✁ ☛☞✝ s✌❣☞✆✎ ✝♠♣✝r�r ♦✌r✆✡❣✐✝✏ ☛�

✠✂✂✌✝ ✆ ✷✸✹✺✸✻ ❣r✆✡☛✠✡❣ ☛☞✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚ ☛☞✝ r✠❣☞☛ ☛� ☛r✆✁✝

✁✌☛❚ ✍r✝✝✄

☎☞✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚ ☛r✠✝✁ ✟�✡☛✠✡✌�✌✂✎❚ ☛� ♣r✝✂✂ ✍�r ♠�r✝

✟�✡✟✝✂✂✠�✡✂ ✆✡✁ ♠✆✡✠♣✌✎✆☛✝ ✝✲✠✂☛✠✡❣ ♣r✠t✠✎✝❣✝✂✄

♦✌r✆✡❣✐✝✏✮✂ ✼✽✾✿✽❀✯ ✍�r ✠✡✂☛✆✡✟✝✯ ☞✆✁ ❣r✆✡☛✝✁ �✡✎❚

☛☞✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚ ☛☞✝ r✠❣☞☛ ☛� ☛r✆✁✝ ✁✌☛❚ ✍r✝✝✄ ✳✌☛ �✍✍✠✟✠✆✎✂

�✍ ☛☞✝ ✭�♠♣✆✡❚✯ ✞☞� ✞✝r✝ ✟✆rr❚✠✡❣ �✡ ♣r✠t✆☛✝ ☛r✆✁✝ �✡

☛☞✝ ✂✠✁✝✯ ✞✝r✝ ✝✲♣✝✟☛✝✁ ☛� ♣✆❚ ✁✌☛❚✄ ☎☞✠✂ ☛☞✝❚ r✝✍✌✂✝✁

☛� ♣✆❚✯ ✟✆✌✂✠✡❣ ✆✡ ✝✡�r♠�✌✂ ✎�✂✂ �✍ r✝t✝✡✌✝ ✍�r ✳✝✡❣✆✎✄

❍�✞ ✟�✌✎✁ ☛☞✝ ❁✆✞✆✏ �✍ ✳✝✡❣✆✎✯ s✌r✂☞✠✁ ❂✌✎✠ ✵☞✆✡✯

✡�☛ ♣r�☛✝✂☛♥

❋❃❄❅ ❆ ❹ ❇❈❉●❏ ❑❈●▲▼ ❑◆❖P◗ ◗❈❈❘▼❙◆❈❯ ▼❱❖❲▼ ❖P ❳●❘◆●▼❨ ❲●❖P▲❩❘ ❑❬❭❖❏❏❖●❯ ❪❖❯❲▼❈P❨ ❫❴❵❛

❜❝❞❡ ❤❝❥❦❧ ❤❞ ❤❧❝❝q❤❞❝✉

✇✸✹✺✸✻ ① ♦ r�❚✆✎ ✝✁✠✟☛✯

✆ r�❚✆✎ �r✁✝r

Page 13: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✶✆

❍✝✞ ✟✠✡☛☞ ✌☞☛ ✟✝ ✍✡✟✟✌☞✎

❚✏✑✒✓✔✏ ✕✏✖ ✖✗✑✘✙ ✖✚✔✏✕✖✖✛✕✏ ✜✖✛✕✓✑✙ ✕✏✖ ✜✒✛✢✘✚✜✕ ✣✖✕✤✖✖✛

✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✗✛★ ✕✏✖ ✛✗✤✗✣✩ ✒✢ ✪✖✛✔✗✘ ✚✛✕✖✛✩✚✢✚✖★✫

❆✢✕✖✑ ✕✏✖ ★✖✗✕✏ ✒✢ ❆✓✑✗✛✔✬✖✣✭ ✕✏✖ ✪✖✛✔✗✘ ✛✗✤✗✣✩ ✗✩✩✖✑✕✖★

✕✏✖✚✑ ✧✒✤✖✑ ✗✛★ ✗✓✕✒✛✒✦✙✭ ✗✩ ✒✕✏✖✑ ✑✖✔✚✒✛✗✘ ✧✒✤✖✑✩ ✤✖✑✖

★✒✚✛✔ ✗✕ ✕✏✗✕ ✕✚✦✖✫ ❞✓✑✩✏✚★ ✮✓✘✚ ✯✏✗✛ ✤✗✩ ✢✒✘✘✒✤✖★ ✣✙

❆✘✚✰✗✑★✚ ✯✏✗✛ ✗✛★ ✕✏✖✛ ✱✚✑✗✲✓★★✗✓✘✗✏ ✗✩ ✕✏✖ ✳✗✤✗✣ ✒✢

✪✖✛✔✗✘✫ ❇✗✜✏ ✒✛✖ ✒✢ ✕✏✖✦ ✤✗✩ ✗ ✩✕✑✒✛✔ ✑✓✘✖✑✫ ❚✏✖✙ ✑✖✢✓✩✖★

✕✒ ✔✑✗✛✕ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✜✒✛✜✖✩✩✚✒✛✩✭ ★✖✦✗✛★✖★ ✘✗✑✔✖

✕✑✚✣✓✕✖✩ ✢✒✑ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙✴✩ ✑✚✔✏✕ ✕✒ ✕✑✗★✖✭ ★✖✛✚✖★ ✚✕ ✗✛✙

✑✚✔✏✕ ✕✒ ✦✚✛✕ ✜✒✚✛✩✭ ✗✛★ ✩✕✒✧✧✖★ ✚✕ ✢✑✒✦ ✖r✕✖✛★✚✛✔ ✚✕✩

✢✒✑✕✚✢✚✜✗✕✚✒✛✩✫ ❆✜✜✓✩✚✛✔ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✒✢ ★✖✜✖✚✕✭ ✕✏✖✙

✜✘✗✚✦✖★ ✕✏✗✕ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✤✗✩ ★✖✧✑✚✰✚✛✔ ✕✏✖ ✪✖✛✔✗✘

✔✒✰✖✑✛✦✖✛✕ ✒✢ ✏✓✔✖ ✗✦✒✓✛✕✩ ✒✢ ✑✖✰✖✛✓✖ ✗✛★

✓✛★✖✑✦✚✛✚✛✔ ✕✏✖ ✗✓✕✏✒✑✚✕✙ ✒✢ ✕✏✖ ✛✗✤✗✣✫ ✉✕ ✤✗✩ ✑✖✢✓✩✚✛✔

✕✒ ✧✗✙ ✕✗r✖✩✭ ✤✑✚✕✚✛✔ ★✚✩✑✖✩✧✖✜✕✢✓✘ ✘✖✕✕✖✑✩✭ ✗✛★ ✕✑✙✚✛✔ ✕✒

✏✓✦✚✘✚✗✕✖ ✕✏✖ ✛✗✤✗✣ ✗✛★ ✏✚✩ ✒✢✢✚✜✚✗✘✩✫

❚✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✒✛ ✚✕✩ ✧✗✑✕ ★✖✜✘✗✑✖★ ✕✏✗✕ ✕✏✖ ✓✛✲✓✩✕

★✖✦✗✛★✩ ✒✢ ✕✏✖ ✘✒✜✗✘ ✒✢✢✚✜✚✗✘✩ ✤✖✑✖ ✑✓✚✛✚✛✔ ✕✏✖ ✕✑✗★✖ ✒✢

✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙✭ ✗✛★ ✕✑✗★✖ ✜✒✓✘★ ✢✘✒✓✑✚✩✏ ✒✛✘✙ ✚✢ ✕✏✖ ★✓✕✚✖✩

✤✖✑✖ ✑✖✦✒✰✖★✫ ✉✕ ✤✗✩ ✗✘✩✒ ✜✒✛✰✚✛✜✖★ ✕✏✗✕ ✕✒ ✖r✧✗✛★

✕✑✗★✖ ✚✕ ✏✗★ ✕✒ ✖✛✘✗✑✔✖ ✚✕✩ ✩✖✕✕✘✖✦✖✛✕✩✭ ✣✓✙ ✓✧ ✰✚✘✘✗✔✖✩✭

✗✛★ ✑✖✣✓✚✘★ ✚✕✩ ✢✒✑✕✩✫

❚✏✖ ✜✒✛✢✘✚✜✕✩ ✘✖★ ✕✒ ✜✒✛✢✑✒✛✕✗✕✚✒✛✩ ✗✛★ ✢ ✚✛✗✘✘✙

✜✓✘✦✚✛✗✕✖★ ✚✛ ✕✏✖ ✢✗✦✒✓✩ ✪✗✕✕✘✖ ✒✢ ❝✘✗✩✩✖✙✫

✵✷☞ ✸✡✟✟✌☞ ✝✹ ✺✌✡✎✎☞✻

❲✏✖✛ ❆✘✚✰✗✑★✚ ✯✏✗✛ ★✚✖★ ✚✛ ✼✽✾✿✭ ✱✚✑✗✲✓★★✗✓✘✗✏ ✣✖✜✗✦✖

✕✏✖ ✛✗✤✗✣ ✒✢ ✪✖✛✔✗✘✫ ❚✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✤✗✩ ✤✒✑✑✚✖★ ✗✣✒✓✕

✏✚✩ ✧✒✤✖✑ ✗✛★ ❤✖✖✛ ✒✛ ✗ ♣❀♣♣❁❂ ✑✓✘✖✑ ✤✏✒ ✤✒✓✘★

✤✚✘✘✚✛✔✘✙ ✔✚✰✖ ✕✑✗★✖ ✜✒✛✜✖✩✩✚✒✛✩ ✗✛★ ✒✕✏✖✑ ✧✑✚✰✚✘✖✔✖✩✫

✱✒ ✚✕ ✕✑✚✖★✭ ✕✏✒✓✔✏ ✤✚✕✏✒✓✕ ✩✓✜✜✖✩✩✭ ✕✒ ✏✖✘✧ ✒✛✖ ✒✢

✱✚✑✗✲✓★★✗✓✘✗✏✴✩ ✑✚✰✗✘✩ ✣✖✜✒✦✖ ✕✏✖ ✛✗✤✗✣✫ ❆✛ ✚✛✢✓✑✚✗✕✖★

✱✚✑✗✲✓★★✗✓✘✗✏ ✗✩❤✖★ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✕✒ ✩✕✒✧ ✦✖★★✘✚✛✔ ✚✛

✕✏✖ ✧✒✘✚✕✚✜✗✘ ✗✢✢✗✚✑✩ ✒✢ ✏✚✩ ★✒✦✚✛✚✒✛✭ ✩✕✒✧ ✢✒✑✕✚✢✚✜✗✕✚✒✛✭

✗✛★ ✧✗✙ ✕✏✖ ✑✖✰✖✛✓✖✩✫ ❆✢✕✖✑ ✛✖✔✒✕✚✗✕✚✒✛✩ ✢✗✚✘✖★✭ ✕✏✖

✳✗✤✗✣ ✦✗✑✜✏✖★ ✤✚✕✏ ◆❃✭❃❃❃ ✩✒✘★✚✖✑✩ ✕✒ ✕✏✖ ❇✛✔✘✚✩✏

✢✗✜✕✒✑✙ ✗✕ ✯✗✩✩✚✦✣✗✬✗✑✭ ✜✗✧✕✓✑✖★ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙ ✒✢✢✚✜✚✗✘✩✭

✘✒✜❤✖★ ✕✏✖ ✤✗✑✖✏✒✓✩✖✭ ★✚✩✗✑✦✖★ ✗✘✘ ❇✛✔✘✚✩✏✦✖✛✭ ✗✛★

✣✘✒✜❤✗★✖★ ❇✛✔✘✚✩✏ ✩✏✚✧✩✫ ❚✏✖✛ ✏✖ ✦✗✑✜✏✖★ ✕✒ t✗✘✜✓✕✕✗

✕✒ ✖✩✕✗✣✘✚✩✏ ✜✒✛✕✑✒✘ ✒✰✖✑ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙✴✩ ✢✒✑✕ ✕✏✖✑✖✫

❄✛ ✏✖✗✑✚✛✔ ✕✏✖ ✛✖✤✩ ✒✢ ✕✏✖ ✢✗✘✘ ✒✢ t✗✘✜✓✕✕✗✭ t✒✦✧✗✛✙

✒✢✢✚✜✚✗✘✩ ✚✛ ❞✗★✑✗✩ ✩✖✛✕ ✢✒✑✜✖✩ ✓✛★✖✑ ✕✏✖ ✜✒✦✦✗✛★ ✒✢

❘✒✣✖✑✕ t✘✚✰✖✭ ✑✖✚✛✢✒✑✜✖★ ✣✙ ✛✗✰✗✘ ✢✘✖✖✕✩✫ ❝✑✒✘✒✛✔✖★

✛✖✔✒✕✚✗✕✚✒✛✩ ✤✚✕✏ ✕✏✖ ✳✗✤✗✣ ✢✒✘✘✒✤✖★✫ ♥✚✛✗✘✘✙✭ ✚✛ ✼✽✾✽✭

❘✒✣✖✑✕ t✘✚✰✖ ✘✖★ ✕✏✖ t✒✦✧✗✛✙✴✩ ✗✑✦✙ ✗✔✗✚✛✩✕

✱✚✑✗✲✓★★✗✓✘✗✏ ✗✕ ❝✘✗✩✩✖✙✫ ❄✛✖ ✒✢ ✕✏✖ ✦✗✚✛ ✑✖✗✩✒✛✩ ✢✒✑

❋❅❈❉ ❊ ● ❏❑▲▼◗❙ ❯❱❳❨▼

❩❬❭ ❪❫❴ ❵❛❫❜❡

❢❣✐ ❥❦❧ ♠♦❦q s❦q ✈✇①②②③❥

④❦⑤ ❣⑤② ♦①⑥③⑦ ✈✇①②②③❥ ❣② ①♦

①♦④✇❣⑧❣②③✐ ⑨⑩❦♦❧♦⑧❣①⑤❣❦♦

❦❶ ✈①✇①②s❣ ①♦✐ ⑤s③ ⑨✇①⑧③

✐③⑩❣❷③✐ ❣⑤② ♦①⑥③ ❶⑩❦⑥ ⑤s③

❸❹❺❹❻❼ ⑤⑩③③ ♠♦❦q♦ ❶❦⑩ ❣⑤②

❽③①❧⑤❣❶❧✇ ⑩③✐ ❶✇❦q③⑩② ⑤s①⑤❥❣③✇✐ ❾❿❺❹❺➀ ⑤s③ ⑨❦q✐③⑩❧②③✐ ❣♦ ⑤s③ ❶③②⑤❣❷①✇ ❦❶ ➁❦✇❣➂

➃❀♣♣❁❂ ➄ ➅✚✕✖✑✗✘✘✙✭ ✗ ✕✒✙

✕✏✗✕ ✙✒✓ ✜✗✛ ✦✒✰✖ ✤✚✕✏

✩✕✑✚✛✔✩✫ ❚✏✖ ✕✖✑✦ ✚✩ ✓✩✖★

★✚✩✗✧✧✑✒✰✚✛✔✘✙ ✕✒ ✑✖✢✖✑ ✕✒

✗ ✧✖✑✩✒✛ ✤✏✒ ✚✩ ✜✒✛✕✑✒✘✘✖★

✣✙ ✩✒✦✖✒✛✖ ✖✘✩✖✫

Page 14: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✶�

t✁✂ ✄✂☎✂✆t ✝☎ t✁✂ ✞✆✟✆✠ ✟✆s t✁✆t t✁✂ ☎✝✡❝✂s ☛✂✄ ✠② ▼☞✡ ✌✆☎✆✡✱ ✝✍✂ ✝☎❙☞✡✆✎✏✄✄✆✏☛✆✁✑s ❝✝✒✒✆✍✄✂✡s✱ ✍✂✓✂✡ ☎✝✏✔✁t t✁✂ ✠✆tt☛✂✕ ✖☛☞✓✂ ✁✆✄✒✆✍✆✔✂✄ t✝ s✂❝✏✡✂ ✁☞s s✏♠♠✝✡t ✠② ♠✡✝✒☞s☞✍✔ t✝ ✒✆✗✂ ✁☞✒ ✍✆✟✆✠✆☎t✂✡ ❝✡✏s✁☞✍✔ ❙☞✡✆✎✏✄✄✆✏☛✆✁✕

❚✁✂ ✘✆tt☛✂ ✝☎ ✙☛✆ss✂② ✠✂❝✆✒✂ ☎✆✒✝✏s ✠✂❝✆✏s✂ ☞t ✟✆s t✁✂ ☎☞✡st✒✆✎✝✡ ✓☞❝t✝✡② t✁✂ ✖✝✒♠✆✍② ✟✝✍ ☞✍ ✚✍✄☞✆✕

❋✛✜✢ ✣ ✥ ✤✦✧ ★✧✩✧✪✫✬❈✭✮✪✯ ✰✭✭✲✳ ✴✫✵✯■✩✷✸✫ ✹✭✮✵✧✳▲✧✫✷✧✩✦✫✬✬ ✺✯✪✧✧✯✻✼✽ ✾✿❀❁❂ ✿❃P❁✿❄❁❅✽❂✿❁❆ ✿❃ ❂✼✽❊❇❆❂ ❉●❍❅❇ ✾✿❏❄❇●❑✼❇❍ ❂✼✽❅❁ ❏✽✽❂❅●❤❆❅● ❂✼✽ ❊❇❆❂ ❉●❍❅❇◆✿❀❆✽ ✿● ❖✽❇❍✽●✼❇◗◗❘❂❁✽✽❂ ❅● ❖✿●❍✿●❯✻✼❅❆ ❅❆ ❇ ❄❅❱❂❀❁✽ ✿❃✿●✽ ✿❃ ❂✼✽❅❁ ❏✽✽❂❅●❤❆❅● ❄❁✿❤❁✽❆❆❯

❲❳❨ ❩❬❭❪❫❴❨ ❭❵ ❬❫❛❳❨❴

❜❞❡ ❢❡❣❣✐❢❥❣✐❦❧ ❦♥♦✐❢✐❥♣q ❥r ❢❞❡ ♥❡❣✉❦♣❢✐❧❡ ✈❦q❢ ✇♣①✐❦③❥♥④❦♣⑤ ⑥❡❣❡ ⑦✐❡⑥❡① ⑥✐❢❞ ①✐q❢❣⑧q❢ ❦♣① ①❥⑧♦❢ ✐♣ ✈♣⑨❧❦♣①⑩❶r❢❡❣ ❢❞❡ ❷❦❢❢❧❡ ❥r ❸❧❦qq❡⑤❹ ❺❥♦❡❣❢ ③❧✐⑦❡ ⑥❣❥❢❡ ❢❥ ❻✐❧❧✐❦♥❸✐❢❢❹ ❥♣❡ ❥r ❢❞❡ ❸❣✐♣✉✐④❦❧ ❼❡✉❣❡❢❦❣✐❡q ❥r ❼❢❦❢❡ ❢❥ ❢❞❡ ✈♣⑨❧✐q❞♥❥♣❦❣✉❞❹ ❥♣ ❽ ❾❦♣⑧❦❣⑤ ❿❽➀➁ r❣❥♥ ③❦❧✉⑧❢❢❦➂

➃➄➅ ➆➇ ➈➉➊➋➌ ➉ ➆➇➍➌➊➌➎➋➏➅➐ ➑➉➐ ➒➇➆➆➎➓➈➐ ➓➌ ➉➏ ➇➓➔➌→➅➅➇➇ ➌➣➅➌➏➆➎➍➌ ↔➇➊ ➉ ➑➌➊→➉➏➅➎➈➌ ↕➇➑➒➉➏➐ ➙ ➛ ↔➈➉➅➅➌➊➑➐➆➌➈↔ ➙ ➅➜➉➅ ➅➜➌➊➌ ➝➎➈➈ ➓➌ ➈➎➅➅➈➌ ➇➊ ➏➇ ➞➎↔↔➎→➄➈➅➐ ➎➏➇➓➅➉➎➏➎➏➋ ➅➜➌ ➉➓➆➇➈➄➅➌ ➒➇➆➆➌➆➆➎➇➏ ➇↔ ➅➜➌➆➌ ➊➎→➜➟➎➏➋➞➇➑➆➠ ➡➡➡ ➢➇➝ ➛ ➈➌➉➍➌ ➐➇➄ ➅➇ ➔➄➞➋➌➤ ➝➜➌➅➜➌➊ ➉➏➎➏→➇➑➌ ➐➌➉➊➈➐ ➇↔ ➅➝➇ ➑➎➈➈ ➎➇➏ ➆➅➌➊➈➎➏➋ ➝➎➅➜ ➅➜➌➒➇➆➆➌➆➆➎➇➏ ➇↔ ➅➜➊➌➌ ➒➊➇➍➎➏→➌➆➙ ➓➌ ➉➏ ➇➓➔➌→➅ ➞➌➆➌➊➍➎➏➋➅➜➌ ➒➄➓➈➎→ ➉➅➅➌➏➅➎➇➏ ➡➡➡

➥➦➧➨➩➫ ➭

➯➲➳➵ ➸➲➺➻➼ ➸➳ ➸➼➲➲➽➸➳➲➾

Page 15: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✶✆

❆✝✞✟✠ ✞✡✟ ☛✟✝✟☞✞ ☞✞ ✌✍☞✎✎✟✏✑ ✒✓✠☞✔✕☛☛☞✕✍☞✡ ✖☞✎☞✎✎☞✎✎✓s☞✞✟☛ ☞s☛ ✗✓✠ ✘☞✝☞✠ ✙☞☛✟ ✞✡✟ s☞✖☞✚✛ ✜✡✟❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ✖☞✎ ✎✞✓✍✍ ✕s✖✓✍✍✓s✤ ✞✢ ✞☞✦✟ ✢✧✟✠ ✞✡✟✠✟✎✣✢s✎✓✚✓✍✓✞✏ ✢✝ ☞☛✙✓s✓✎✞✠☞✞✓✢s✛ r✞✎ ✣✠✓✙✟ ✢✚✔✟★✞✓✧✟ ✖☞✎✞✡✟ ✟t✣☞s✎✓✢s ✢✝ ✞✠☞☛✟✛ r✝ ✞✡✓✎ ★✢✕✍☛ ✚✟ ☛✢s✟ ✖✓✞✡✢✕✞★✢s❝✕✟✎✞✑ ✞✡✠✢✕✤✡ ✞✡✟ ✡✟✍✣ ✢✝ ✍✢★☞✍ ✠✕✍✟✠✎ ✖✡✢ ✖✟✠✟✖✓✍✍✓s✤ ✞✢ ✤✠☞s✞ ✣✠✓✧✓✍✟✤✟✎✑ ✞✡✟s ✞✟✠✠✓✞✢✠✓✟✎ s✟✟☛ s✢✞ ✚✟✞☞✦✟s ✢✧✟✠ ☛✓✠✟★✞✍✏✛

✒✢✢s ✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ☛✓✎★✢✧✟✠✟☛ ✞✡☞✞ ✞✡✓✎ ✖☞✎ ✠☞✞✡✟✠☛✓✝✝✓★✕✍✞✛ ❞✢✠ ✟✧✟s ✞✡✟ ✣✕✣✣✟✞ s☞✖☞✚✎ ✖✟✠✟ s✢✞ ☞✍✖☞✏✎☞✎ ✡✟✍✣✝✕✍ ☞✎ ✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ✖☞s✞✟☛ ✞✡✟✙ ✞✢ ✚✟✛ ❆✝✞✟✠ ☞✍✍✑✞✡✟✏ ✡☞☛ ✞✢ ✙☞✓s✞☞✓s ☞ ✚☞✎✓★ ☞✣✣✟☞✠☞s★✟ ✢✝ ☛✓✤s✓✞✏ ☞s☛✎✢✧✟✠✟✓✤s✞✏ ✓✝ ✞✡✟✏ ✖☞s✞✟☛ ✠✟✎✣✟★✞ ✝✠✢✙ ✞✡✟✓✠ ✎✕✚✔✟★✞✎✛

❲✡☞✞ ★✢✕✍☛ ✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ☛✢✩ ❲✡✟s ✗✓✠ ✘☞✝☞✠✣✠✢✞✟✎✞✟☛✑ ✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ☛✟✣✢✎✟☛ ✡✓✙ ☞s☛ ✓s✎✞☞✍✍✟☛ ✗✓✠◗☞✎✓✙ ✓s ✡✓✎ ✣✍☞★✟✛ ❲✡✟s ✗✓✠ ◗☞✎✓✙ ★✢✙✣✍☞✓s✟☛✑ ✡✟ ✓s✞✕✠s ✖☞✎ ☛✟✝✟☞✞✟☛ ✓s ☞ ✚☞✞✞✍✟ ✝✢✕✤✡✞ ☞✞ ✪✕t☞✠ ✫✬✭✮✯✰✑☛✠✓✧✟s ✢✕✞ ✢✝ ✪✟s✤☞✍✑ ☞s☛ ✗✓✠ ✘☞✝☞✠ ✖☞✎ ✠✟✓s✎✞☞✍✍✟☛✛ ✜✡✟◆☞✖☞✚ ✡☞☛ ✞✢ ✣☞✏ ❛✎ ✱✲✲✑✲✲✲ ✟✧✟✠✏ ✙✢s✞✡ ✚✕✞ ✞✡✟❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ✖☞s✞✟☛ ✙✢✠✟ ✙✢s✟✏ ✞✢ ✝✓s☞s★✟ ✓✞✎ ✖☞✠✎✑ ☞s☛✙✟✟✞ ✞✡✟ ☛✟✙☞s☛✎ ✢✝ ✞✠☞☛✟ ☞s☛ ✓✞✎ ✢✞✡✟✠ ✟t✣✟s✎✟✎✛ r✞✖☞s✞✟☛ ✙✢✠✟ ✞✟✠✠✓✞✢✠✓✟✎ ☞s☛ ✙✢✠✟ ✠✟✧✟s✕✟✛ ✪✏ ✞✡✟ ✞✓✙✟✗✓✠ ✘☞✝☞✠ ☛✓✟☛ ✓s ✬✭✮✱ ✞✡✟ ✙✢✢☛ ✢✝ ✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ✡☞☛★✡☞s✤✟☛✛ ✳☞✧✓s✤ ✝☞✓✍✟☛ ✞✢ ✖✢✠✦ ✖✓✞✡ ✣✕✣✣✟✞ s☞✖☞✚✎✑ ❈✍✓✧✟☛✟★✍☞✠✟☛❡ ➁❲✟ ✙✕✎✞ ✓s☛✟✟☛ ✚✟★✢✙✟ s☞✖☞✚✎ ✢✕✠✎✟✍✧✟✎✛✴

❞✓s☞✍✍✏✑ ✓s ✬✭✮✱ ✞✡✟ ✗✕✤✡☞✍ ✟✙✣✟✠✢✠ ☞✣✣✢✓s✞✟☛ ✞✡✟❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ☞✎ ✞✡✟ ✵✓✖☞s ✢✝ ✞✡✟ ✣✠✢✧✓s★✟✎ ✢✝ ✪✟s✤☞✍✛ ✜✡✟✵✓✖☞s✓ ☞✍✍✢✖✟☛ ✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ✞✢ ✕✎✟ ✞✡✟ ✧☞✎✞ ✠✟✧✟s✕✟✠✟✎✢✕✠★✟✎ ✢✝ ✪✟s✤☞✍✛ ✜✡✓✎ ✎✢✍✧✟☛ ☞ ✙☞✔✢✠ ✣✠✢✚✍✟✙ ✞✡☞✞✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ✡☞☛ ✟☞✠✍✓✟✠ ✝☞★✟☛✛ ❞✠✢✙ ✞✡✟ ✟☞✠✍✏ ✟✓✤✡✞✟✟s✞✡★✟s✞✕✠✏ ✓✞✎ ✞✠☞☛✟ ✖✓✞✡ rs☛✓☞ ✡☞☛ ✟t✣☞s☛✟☛✛ ✪✕✞ ✓✞ ✡☞☛✞✢ ✚✕✏ ✙✢✎✞ ✢✝ ✞✡✟ ✤✢✢☛✎ ✓s rs☛✓☞ ✖✓✞✡ ✤✢✍☛ ☞s☛ ✎✓✍✧✟✠✓✙✣✢✠✞✟☛ ✝✠✢✙ ✪✠✓✞☞✓s✛ ✜✡✓✎ ✖☞✎ ✚✟★☞✕✎✟ ☞✞ ✞✡✓✎ ✞✓✙✟✪✠✓✞☞✓s ✡☞☛ s✢ ✤✢✢☛✎ ✞✢ ✎✟✍✍ ✓s rs☛✓☞✛ ✜✡✟ ✢✕✞✝✍✢✖ ✢✝✤✢✍☛ ✝✠✢✙ ✪✠✓✞☞✓s ✎✍✢✖✟☛ ☞✝✞✟✠ ✞✡✟ ✪☞✞✞✍✟ ✢✝ ✌✍☞✎✎✟✏✑☞s☛ ✟s✞✓✠✟✍✏ ✎✞✢✣✣✟☛ ☞✝✞✟✠ ✞✡✟ ☞✎✎✕✙✣✞✓✢s ✢✝ ✵✓✖☞s✓✛◆✢✖ ✠✟✧✟s✕✟✎ ✝✠✢✙ rs☛✓☞ ★✢✕✍☛ ✝✓s☞s★✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏✟t✣✟s✎✟✎✛ ✜✡✟✎✟ ✠✟✧✟s✕✟✎ ★✢✕✍☛ ✚✟ ✕✎✟☛ ✞✢ ✣✕✠★✡☞✎✟★✢✞✞✢s ☞s☛ ✎✓✍✦ ✞✟t✞✓✍✟✎ ✓s rs☛✓☞✑ ✙☞✓s✞☞✓s ❈✢✙✣☞s✏✞✠✢✢✣✎✑ ☞s☛ ✙✟✟✞ ✞✡✟ ★✢✎✞ ✢✝ ✚✕✓✍☛✓s✤ ✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ✝✢✠✞☞s☛ ✢✝✝✓★✟✎ ☞✞ ❈☞✍★✕✞✞☞✛

✷✸✹✺✻✼✽ ✸✾✾✿❀✿✻❁❂ ❃❄❀✸✹❄ ❅✼✻❃✸❃❂❇

❲✡☞✞ ☛✓☛ ✓✞ ✙✟☞s ✞✢ ✚✟ s☞✖☞✚✎✩ r✞ ✙✟☞s✞ ✢✝ ★✢✕✠✎✟ ✞✡☞✞✞✡✟ ❈✢✙✣☞s✏ ☞★❝✕✓✠✟☛ ✙✢✠✟ ✣✢✖✟✠ ☞s☛ ☞✕✞✡✢✠✓✞✏✛ ✪✕✞✓✞ ☞✍✎✢ ✙✟☞s✞ ✎✢✙✟✞✡✓s✤ ✟✍✎✟✛ ✐☞★✡ ★✢✙✣☞s✏ ✎✟✠✧☞s✞✚✟✤☞s ✞✢ ✡☞✧✟ ✧✓✎✓✢s✎ ✢✝ ✍✓✧✓s✤ ✍✓✦✟ s☞✖☞✚✎✛

❚❉❊❋●❍●❏

❑▲▼❘❙●❯❱❳

❨❩❬❭❪❫ ❴

❵❜ ❢❣❤❤ ❥❦❧ ♠♥♦♥♣ q✉✈❧❜✇♥① ②♥③④ ❥❦③② ♥♣q⑤❥ ❥❦❧⑥❜✇①③②❦ ❥⑦♥④❧⑦②⑧

⑨⑩❶❷ ❸⑩❶❹ ❺❻❼❽❸ ❾❿➀❶❻❷❸➂ ❸⑩❶ ❾➂➃❷❸❼❹ ❸⑩❶❹➄❶❸❻❸❻➂❷❶➅ ❸⑩❶ ❸⑩❶❷➆➂➇❶❼❷➀❶❷❸ ❻❷ ❿⑩➃➀➈➉❶ ➀❿❷❷❶❼ ❺➂❼➉❻➈❶❼❸❹ ❸➂ ➄➃❼❾⑩❿❽❶ ❿❽➄➂❸ ➂❺ ➆❼➂➃❷➅ ❸➂➈➃❻➉➅ ❿ ❺❿❾❸➂❼❹ ⑩➂➃❽❶➃➄➂❷➊ ➋⑩❻❾⑩ ➋❿❽ ❷➂❽➂➂❷❶❼ ➆❼❿❷❸❶➅ ➈➃❸❸⑩❶❹ ➈➃❻➉❸ ❿ ❽❸❼➂❷➆❺➂❼❸➊ ❽➃❼❼➂➃❷➅❶➅ ❻❸➋❻❸⑩ ❿ ➅❻❸❾⑩ ➋⑩❻❾⑩ ⑩❿❽❾➂➀➀➃❷❻❾❿❸❻➂❷ ➋❻❸⑩❸⑩❶ ❼❻➇❶❼ ❿❷➅➀➂➃❷❸❶➅❿ ➆❼❶❿❸ ❷➃➀➈❶❼ ➂❺➆➃❷❽ ➃➄➂❷ ❸⑩❶ ➋❿➉➉❽➌➍⑩❶❹ ⑩❿➇❶ ❶❷❸❻❾❶➅❽❶➇❶❼❿➉ ➀❶❼❾⑩❿❷❸❽❿❷➅ ➂❸⑩❶❼❽ ❸➂ ➆➂ ❿❷➅❸❿➎❶ ➄❼➂❸❶❾❸❻➂❷ ➃❷➅❶❼❸⑩❶➀ ❿❷➅ ❸⑩❶❹ ❾➂➉➉❶❾❸❿ ❼❶➇❶❷➃❶ ➋⑩❻❾⑩❿➀➂➃❷❸❽ ❸➂ ➏❽➐➑➑➊➑➑➑➒ ❸⑩❶❹ ❼➂➈ ❿❷➅➄➉➃❷➅❶❼ ❿❷➅ ❾❿❼❼❹➆❼❶❿❸ ❷➃➀➈❶❼ ➂❺ ❸⑩❶➎❻❷➆➓❽ ❽➃➈➔❶❾❸❽ ➂❺ ➈➂❸⑩❽❶→❶❽ ❻❷❸➂ ❽➉❿➇❶❼❹ ❻❷❸➂❸⑩❶❻❼ ➂➋❷ ❾➂➃❷❸❼❹ ➒

Page 16: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✶�

❆✁✂✄☎ ✂✆✄ ✝✞✂✂✟✄ ✠✁ ✡✟✞☛☛✄☞ ✂✆✄ ✞✌✂✍✞✟ ✎✞✏✞✑☛ ✠✁✝✄✎❇✞✟ ✏✄☎✄ ✁✠☎✌✄✒ ✂✠ ❇✓✔✄ ✟✞✎✒ ✞✎✒ ✔✞☛✂ ☛✍✕☛ ✠✁ ✕✠✎✄☞✞☛ ❛✄☎☛✠✎✞✟ ❇✓✁✂☛ ✂✠ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞ ✠✁✁✓✌✓✞✟☛✗ ✘✠✑✄☎✂ ✖✟✓✔✄✆✓✕☛✄✟✁ ✞✕✞☛☛✄✒ ✞ ✁✠☎✂✍✎✄ ✓✎ ❤✎✒✓✞✗ ✙✄ ✆✞✒ ✌✠✕✄ ✂✠▼✞✒☎✞☛ ✚✎✠✏ ✖✆✄✎✎✞✓✛ ✁☎✠✕ ✜✎❇✟✞✎✒ ✓✎ ✢✣✤✥ ✞✂ ✂✆✄✞❇✄ ✠✁ ✢✦✗ ✧✆✄✎ ✓✎ ✢✣★✣ ✆✄ ✟✄✁✂ ❤✎✒✓✞ ✆✓☛ ❤✎✒✓✞✎ ✁✠☎✂✍✎✄✏✞☛ ✏✠☎✂✆ ✇✤✩✢✪✢✩✫✗ ❤✎✂✄☎✄☛✂✓✎❇✟☞✪ ✏✆✄✎ ✆✄ ✏✞☛✞❛❛✠✓✎✂✄✒ ✬✠✔✄☎✎✠☎ ✠✁ ✝✄✎❇✞✟ ✓✎ ✢✣★✤✪ ✆✄ ✏✞☛ ✞☛✭✄✒ ✂✠☎✄✕✠✔✄ ✌✠☎☎✍❛✂✓✠✎ ✓✎ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞ ✞✒✕✓✎✓☛✂☎✞✂✓✠✎ ✑✍✂ ✆✄✏✞☛ ✆✓✕☛✄✟✁ ✌☎✠☛☛✮✄✯✞✕✓✎✄✒ ✓✎ ✢✣✣✫ ✑☞ ✂✆✄ ✝☎✓✂✓☛✆✡✞☎✟✓✞✕✄✎✂ ✏✆✓✌✆ ✏✞☛ ☛✍☛❛✓✌✓✠✍☛ ✠✁ ✆✓☛ ✔✞☛✂ ✏✄✞✟✂✆✗❆✟✂✆✠✍❇✆ ✆✄ ✏✞☛ ✞✌✰✍✓✂✂✄✒✪ ✆✄ ✌✠✕✕✓✂✂✄✒ ☛✍✓✌✓✒✄✓✎ ✢✣✣✤✗

✙✠✏✄✔✄☎✪ ✎✠✂ ✞✟✟ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞ ✠✁✁✓✌✓✞✟☛ ☛✍✌✌✄✄✒✄✒ ✓✎✕✞✭✓✎❇ ✕✠✎✄☞ ✟✓✭✄ ✖✟✓✔✄✗ ▼✞✎☞ ✒✓✄✒ ✞✎ ✄✞☎✟☞ ✒✄✞✂✆✓✎ ❤✎✒✓✞ ✒✍✄ ✂✠ ✒✓☛✄✞☛✄ ✞✎✒ ✏✞☎ ✞✎✒ ✓✂ ✏✠✍✟✒ ✎✠✂ ✑✄☎✓❇✆✂ ✂✠ ☎✄❇✞☎✒ ✞✟✟ ✠✁ ✂✆✄✕ ✞☛ ✌✠☎☎✍❛✂ ✞✎✒ ✒✓☛✆✠✎✄☛✂✗▼✞✎☞ ✠✁ ✂✆✄✕ ✌✞✕✄ ✁☎✠✕ ✆✍✕✑✟✄ ✑✞✌✭❇☎✠✍✎✒☛ ✞✎✒✂✆✄✓☎ ✍❛❛✄☎✕✠☛✂ ✒✄☛✓☎✄ ✏✞☛ ✂✠ ✄✞☎✎ ✄✎✠✍❇✆ ✓✎ ❤✎✒✓✞✪☎✄✂✍☎✎ ✂✠ ✝☎✓✂✞✓✎ ✞✎✒ ✟✄✞✒ ✞ ✌✠✕✁✠☎✂✞✑✟✄ ✟✓✁✄✗ r✆✠☛✄✏✆✠ ✕✞✎✞❇✄✒ ✂✠ ☎✄✂✍☎✎ ✏✓✂✆ ✏✄✞✟✂✆ ✟✄✒ ✁✟✞☛✆☞ ✟✓✔✄☛✞✎✒ ✁✟✞✍✎✂✄✒ ✂✆✄✓☎ ☎✓✌✆✄☛✗ r✆✄☞ ✏✄☎✄ ✌✞✟✟✄✒ ✱✎✞✑✠✑☛✲❹ ✞✎ ✞✎❇✟✓✌✓☛✄✒ ✔✄☎☛✓✠✎ ✠✁ ✂✆✄ ❤✎✒✓✞✎ ✏✠☎✒ ✎✞✏✞✑✗r✆✄☞ ✏✄☎✄ ✠✁✂✄✎ ☛✄✄✎ ✞☛ ✍❛☛✂✞☎✂☛ ✞✎✒ ☛✠✌✓✞✟ ✌✟✓✕✑✄☎☛✓✎ ✝☎✓✂✓☛✆ ☛✠✌✓✄✂☞ ✞✎✒ ✏✄☎✄ ☎✓✒✓✌✍✟✄✒ ✠☎ ✕✞✒✄ ✁✍✎ ✠✁✓✎ ❛✟✞☞☛ ✞✎✒ ✌✞☎✂✠✠✎☛✗

❈✳✴✵✷✸✹ ✺✻✼✽ ✾✿✵✷✸❀❁

❤✁ ✏✄ ✞✎✞✟☞☛✄ ✂✆✄ ❛☎✠✌✄☛☛ ✠✁ ✞✎✎✄✯✞✂✓✠✎ ✠✁ ❤✎✒✓✞✎ ☛✂✞✂✄☛✑☞ ✂✆✄ ✜✞☛✂ ❤✎✒✓✞ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞ ✁☎✠✕ ✢✣❜✣ ✂✠ ✢✦❜✣✪ ✌✄☎✂✞✓✎✭✄☞ ✞☛❛✄✌✂☛ ✄✕✄☎❇✄✗ r✆✄ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞ ☎✞☎✄✟☞ ✟✞✍✎✌✆✄✒ ✞✒✓☎✄✌✂ ✕✓✟✓✂✞☎☞ ✞✂✂✞✌✭ ✠✎ ✞✎ ✍✎✭✎✠✏✎ ✂✄☎☎✓✂✠☎☞✗ ❤✎☛✂✄✞✒✓✂ ✍☛✄✒ ✞ ✔✞☎✓✄✂☞ ✠✁ ❛✠✟✓✂✓✌✞✟✪ ✄✌✠✎✠✕✓✌ ✞✎✒ ✒✓❛✟✠✕✞✂✓✌✕✄✂✆✠✒☛ ✂✠ ✄✯✂✄✎✒ ✓✂☛ ✓✎✁✟✍✄✎✌✄ ✑✄✁✠☎✄ ✞✎✎✄✯✓✎❇ ✞✎❤✎✒✓✞✎ ✭✓✎❇✒✠✕✗

❆✁✂✄☎ ✂✆✄ ✝✞✂✂✟✄ ✠✁ ✝✍✯✞☎ ✚✢✣★✤✛✪ ✂✆✄ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞✞❛❛✠✓✎✂✄✒ ✘✄☛✓✒✄✎✂☛ ✓✎ ❤✎✒✓✞✎ ☛✂✞✂✄☛✗ r✆✄☞ ✏✄☎✄ ❛✠✟✓✂✓✌✞✟✠☎ ✌✠✕✕✄☎✌✓✞✟ ✞❇✄✎✂☛ ✞✎✒ ✂✆✄✓☎ ♦✠✑ ✏✞☛ ✂✠ ☛✄☎✔✄ ✞✎✒✁✍☎✂✆✄☎ ✂✆✄ ✓✎✂✄☎✄☛✂☛ ✠✁ ✂✆✄ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞✗ r✆☎✠✍❇✆ ✂✆✄✘✄☛✓✒✄✎✂☛✪ ✂✆✄ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞ ✠✁✁✓✌✓✞✟☛ ✑✄❇✞✎ ✓✎✂✄☎✁✄☎✓✎❇ ✓✎✂✆✄ ✓✎✂✄☎✎✞✟ ✞✁✁✞✓☎☛ ✠✁ ❤✎✒✓✞✎ ☛✂✞✂✄☛✗ r✆✄☞ ✂☎✓✄✒ ✂✠ ✒✄✌✓✒✄✏✆✠ ✏✞☛ ✂✠ ✑✄ ✂✆✄ ☛✍✌✌✄☛☛✠☎ ✂✠ ✂✆✄ ✂✆☎✠✎✄✪ ✞✎✒ ✏✆✠✏✞☛ ✂✠ ✑✄ ✞❛❛✠✓✎✂✄✒ ✓✎ ✞✒✕✓✎✓☛✂☎✞✂✓✔✄ ❛✠☛✂☛✗ ❂✠✕✄✂✓✕✄☛✂✆✄ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞ ✁✠☎✌✄✒ ✂✆✄ ☛✂✞✂✄☛ ✓✎✂✠ ✞ ✱☛✍✑☛✓✒✓✞☎☞✞✟✟✓✞✎✌✄✲✗ ❆✌✌✠☎✒✓✎❇ ✂✠ ✂✆✄ ✂✄☎✕☛ ✠✁ ✂✆✓☛ ✞✟✟✓✞✎✌✄✪ ❤✎✒✓✞✎☎✍✟✄☎☛ ✏✄☎✄ ✎✠✂ ✞✟✟✠✏✄✒ ✂✠ ✆✞✔✄ ✂✆✄✓☎ ✓✎✒✄❛✄✎✒✄✎✂ ✞☎✕✄✒✁✠☎✌✄☛✗ r✆✄☞ ✏✄☎✄ ✂✠ ✑✄ ❛☎✠✂✄✌✂✄✒ ✑☞ ✂✆✄ ✖✠✕❛✞✎☞✪ ✑✍✂

■❃❄❅❉❊❋ ●❍❄● ❏❑▲ ❄◆❋ ❄❏❑▲❊❅ ②❑❃❖❄❊❏ ❑PP❉◗❉❄❘❙❍❑ ❍❄❚ ❯❋❋❊ ❉❊ ■❊❱❉❄P❑◆ ❄ P❋❙ ❃❑❊●❍❚❢❲◆❉●❋ ❄ ❘❋●●❋◆ ❍❑❃❋ ●❑❏❑▲◆ ❃❑●❍❋◆ ●❋❘❘❉❊❅ ❍❋◆❄❯❑▲● ❏❑▲◆ ❘▲❳▲◆❉❑▲❚❘❉P❋ ❄❊❱ ◗❑❊●◆❄❚●❉❊❅ ❉●❙❉●❍ ❏❑▲◆ ❋❄◆❘❉❋◆ ❘❉P❋ ❉❊❨◆❉●❄❉❊❢

❩ ❬❭❪❫❴❫❪❵

❝❞❡ ❣✐❣ ❥❦✐❧♠

s♠♠ ♥✐♣s♠❦qt

✉✈ ①③④ ①⑤⑥⑦③⑧⑨ ③⑧ ⑩⑦❶⑧✈ ❶⑩⑥❷❶❸❸③✈✈⑤⑤ ③⑧❺⑥⑦❻③⑥❸⑤⑧✈❼❷❻③❽⑤ ❾⑤❿❻⑥⑦⑤❾ ✈①⑥✈ ①⑤ ①⑥❾④①❶➀⑧ ⑥❾❸③⑦⑥➁❻⑤ ⑦⑤④✈⑦⑥③⑧✈⑥⑩✈⑤⑦ ✈①⑤ ➂⑥✈✈❻⑤ ❶⑩ ❺❻⑥④④⑤➃➄➅①③④ ③④ ➀①⑥✈ ①⑤ ④⑥③❾➆

➇➈➉➊➋➌➍➎ ➏➐➍ ➊➋➏➑➒➏➋➈➉➋➉ ➓➐➋➔➐ ➏➐➍ →➋➔➏➈➎➣ ➒➏↔↕➒➊➊➍➣ ➐➒➌ ➙↕➒➔➍➌➛➍➜ ➝ ➞➎➍➒➏ ➙➎➋➉➔➍➓➒➊➌➍➙➍➉➌➍➉➏ ➈➉ ➛➣➙↕➍➒➊➑➎➍➟ ➒➉ ➈➙➑↕➍➉➏➔➋➏➣ ↕➒➣ ➒➏ ➛➣ ➛➍➎➔➣➟➋➏➊ ➎➋➔➐➍➊➏ ➠➒➉➡➍➎➊ ➠➋➌➒➞➒➋➉➊➏ ➍➒➔➐ ➈➏➐➍➎➢➈➎ ➛➣ ➊➛➋↕➍➊➟ ➤➓➒↕➡➍➌ ➏➐➎➈➑➞➐ →➒➑↕➏➊➓➐➋➔➐ ➓➍➎➍ ➏➐➎➈➓➉➈➙➍➉ ➏➈ ➛➍ ➒↕➈➉➍➥➙➋↕➍➌ ➈➉ ➍➋➏➐➍➎ ➐➒➉➌➓➋➏➐ ➞➈↕➌ ➒➉➌ ➦➍➓➍↕➊➜➧➎ ➇➐➒➋➎➛➒➉➥ ➒➏➏➐➋➊ ➛➈➛➍➉➏ ➤ ➊➏➒➉➌➒➊➏➈➉➋➊➐➍➌ ➒➏ ➛➣➛➈➌➍➎➒➏➋➈➉➨

➩➫➭➯➲➳ ➵

➸➺➻➼ ➽➺➾➚➪ ➽➻ ➽➪➺➺➶➽➻➺➹

Page 17: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✶✆

❙✝✞✟✠✡ ☛

❋☞✌✍ ✎ ❹ ✏✑✒✑✓ ✔✕✖✗✑✖✘✘✑✖✙✑✕♦✚ ✛✒✑✘✕✜ ✒✢✣✕ ✕✢✤ ✤♦✦✤ ✑✦✘ ✣✕✧❇★✢✣✢✤✕ ✩✧✤✢✘✧✦✣✜ ✪✑✢✦✣✧✘ ✓✫ ✬✢✙✙✫❑✧✣✣✙✧ ✭♦✢✙✜ ✮✯✯✰✱❚✲✳ ✴✵✳✷✴✸✳✹ ✴✲✷✴ ✺✻✼✼✻✽✳✾ ✴✲✳✿✷✴✴✼✳ ✻✺ ✿❀❁✷✵ ✺✻✵❂✳✾ ❃✷✽✷❄❅✲❀❆✷❀✾✾✷❀✼✷✲ ✴✻ ❈✸❉✳ ❀❊ ●❀❂✲✻✺ ✲✸✹ ✷❀✴✲✻✵✸✴❍❏ ▲✳✵✳❡ ✲✻✽✳❉✳✵❡✲✳ ❊✻✹✳✹ ✸❤ ✵✳❈✷✼ ✹❊✼✳❤✾✻❀✵❡✴✻✽✳✵✸❤❈ ✻❉✳✵ ✴✲✳ t✳✹✸✾✳❤✴❏

▼◆◗❘◆❯❱❲❳◆ ❨ ❩❬❭❪❫❴❵❪❛❜❬

❝❘❞❢❣✐❥❲❣◆❯❣ ❨❦❴❧♠❛❭❭❛♥♣❬♣❭❭

qrs ❪❜ ✉r✈ ✇❜❫ ❪q♣ ①❭❴❧❭❛s❛r❫✈ ✇❜❫❵♣❭② ❪qr❪ ❪q♣ ③❜♠✉r❬✈④r❭ ❭❴✉✉❜❭♣s ❪❜ ♠r❛❬❪r❛❬ ✇❜❫ ❪q♣ ✉❴❫✉❜❭♣ ❜✇ ❪q❛❭✉❫❜❪♣❵❪❛❜❬⑤ ❩✇ ❪q♣ ❩❬s❛r❬ ❫❴⑥♣❫❭ ✇r❛⑥♣s ❪❜ ♠r⑦♣ ❪q♣ ✉r✈♠♣❬❪⑧❪q♣❬ ✉r❫❪ ❜✇ ❪q♣❛❫ ❪♣❫❫❛❪❜❫✈ ④r❭ ❪r⑦♣❬ r④r✈ r❭ ✉♣❬r⑥❪✈⑤⑨❜❫ ♣⑩r♠✉⑥♣⑧ ④q♣❬ ❶❛❵qr❫s ❷♣⑥⑥♣❭⑥♣✈ ④r❭ ❸❜♥♣❫❬❜❫❺❸♣❬♣❫r⑥ ❻❼❽❾❿❺❼❿➀➁➂⑧ ❪q♣ ➃r④r❧ ❜✇ ➄④rsq ④r❭ ✇❜❫❵♣s❪❜ ➅❛♥♣ ❜♥♣❫ qr⑥✇ ❜✇ q❛❭ ❪♣❫❫❛❪❜❫✈ ❪❜ ❪q♣ ③❜♠✉r❬✈ ❛❬ ❼❿➀❼⑧r❭ q♣ ✇r❛⑥♣s ❪❜ ✉r✈ ✇❜❫ ❪q♣ ①❭❴❧❭❛s❛r❫✈ ✇❜❫❵♣❭②⑤ ➆✈s♣❫r❧rs④r❭ r⑥❭❜ ✇❜❫❵♣s ❪❜ ❵♣s♣ ❪♣❫❫❛❪❜❫❛♣❭ ❜❬ ❭❛♠❛⑥r❫ ➅❫❜❴❬s❭⑤

➇➈➉➊ ➋➌➍➎➏ ➐➑➐ ➊➈➎ ➒➎➓➑➐➎➔➊ ➈➉→➎➣

↔↕➙➛ ➙➛ ➜↕➝➞ ➟➝➠➡➛ ➢➙➤➤➥ ➞↕➡ ➦➝➠➧➨➛ ➡➩➧➫➧➠➙➛➞ ➝➫➭➯➧➤➙➞➙➩➝➤ ➯↕➙➤➧➛➧➯↕➡➲ ➦➲➧➠ ➳➩➧➞➤➝➫➭➥ ➜➲➧➞➡ ➝➵➧➨➞ ➞↕➡➲➡➛➙➭➡➫➞➛ ➝➯➯➧➙➫➞➡➭ ➵➸ ➞↕➡ ➺➧➠➯➝➫➸➻

➼➽ ➾➚➪➶➽ ➪ ➹➽➘➴➷➽➬➮➱ ✃❐❒ ➹➽➪➚➚❮ ➴➘ ❰➴➬Ï ❒Ð ➮❐➽➶❒Ñ➬➮➹❮➱ ✃❐➪➮➽Ò➽➹ ÓÔÕÖÔ×ØÓÙÔÚ ❒Ð ➬❒➬Û➴➬➮➽➹Ð➽➹➽➬➶➽❐➽ Ü➪❮ ➪➶➮ Ñ➬➷➽➹Ý Þ➘ ➚❒➬Ï ➪➘ ➮❐➽ ➾➹➴➬➶➽ ➪➶➮➘ ➴➬➾➽➹Ð➽➶➮ ÚÖßÚàáâÓàÔ×à➱ ➪➬➷ ➷❒➽➘ ✃❐➪➮ ➴➘ ➪Ï➹➽➽➪ã➚➽➮❒ ➮❐➽ ➹➽➘➴➷➽➬➮➘➱ ➮❐➪➮ ➴➘➱ ➮❒ ➮❐➽ ä➹➴➮➴➘❐ å❒Ò➽➹➬Ü➽➬➮➱➮❐➴➬Ï➘ Ï❒ ❒➬ æÑ➴➽➮➚❮ç ➮❐➽❮ ➪➹➽ Ü➪➬➪Ï➽➷ ✃➴➮❐❒Ñ➮➮❐➽ ➹➽➘➴➷➽➬➮ ➪➾➾➽➪➹➴➬ÏÜÑ➶❐ ➴➬ ➮❐➽ ➪➷Ü➴➬➴➘➮➹➪➮➴❒➬❒Ð ➪ÐÐ➪➴➹➘ è ãÑ➮ ✃❐➽➬ ➪➬❮➮❐➴➬Ï ❒Ð ➪ ➷➴ÐÐ➽➹➽➬➮➬➪➮Ñ➹➽ ❐➪➾➾➽➬➘➱ ➮❐➽ Ü❒Ü➽➬➮ ➮❐➽ ➾➹➴➬➶➽ ➮➪❰➽➘ ➪➶❒Ñ➹➘➽ ✃❐➴➶❐ ➮❐➽ ä➹➴➮➴➘❐ å❒Ò➽➹➬Ü➽➬➮ ➮❐➴➬❰✃➹❒➬Ï➱➮❐➽➬ ➶❒Ü➽➘ ➶➚➪➘❐➴➬Ï ➪➬➷ ➷➴➘➮Ñ➹ã➪➬➶➽Ý

éêëìí îïðð ñòóôõö

÷øùú ûúüýþÿ ❚ ÷�✁ ✂÷ø✄✁☎ ✆✝ ✞✟✠✆☎✁✡

☛q♣ ③❜♠✉r❬✈ ❫♣❭❜❫❪♣s ❪❜ s❛❫♣❵❪ ♠❛⑥❛❪r❫✈ ❵❜❬✇❫❜❬❪r❪❛❜❬④q♣❬ ❛❪ ❭r④ r ❪q❫♣r❪ ❪❜ ❛❪❭ ✉❜⑥❛❪❛❵r⑥ ❜❫ ♣❵❜❬❜♠❛❵ ❛❬❪♣❫♣❭❪❭⑤☛q❛❭ ❵r❬ ❧♣ ❛⑥⑥❴❭❪❫r❪♣s ④❛❪q ❪q♣ ❵r❭♣ ❜✇ ❪q♣ ❭❜❴❪q♣❫❬❩❬s❛r❬ ❭❪r❪♣ ❜✇ ■✈❭❜❫♣⑤

■✈❭❜❫♣ qrs ➅❫❜④❬ ❛❬ ❭❪❫♣❬➅❪q ❴❬s♣❫ ❪q♣ ⑥♣rs♣❫❭q❛✉❜✇ ✉❜④♣❫✇❴⑥ ❫❴⑥♣❫❭ ⑥❛⑦♣ ➆r❛sr❫ ➄⑥❛ ❻❫❴⑥♣s ✇❫❜♠ ❼❽♦❼ ❪❜❼❽❿✶➂ r❬s q❛❭ ✇r♠❜❴❭ ❭❜❬ ☛ ❛✉❴ ❦❴⑥❪r❬ ❻❫❴⑥♣s ✇❫❜♠ ❼❽❿✶❪❜ ❼❽❾❾➂⑤ ■✈❭❜❫♣ ❵❜❬❪❫❜⑥⑥♣s ❪q♣ ✉❫❜✇❛❪r❧⑥♣ ❪❫rs♣ ❜✇ ❪q♣■r⑥r❧r❫ ❵❜r❭❪ ④q♣❫♣ ❪q♣ ③❜♠✉r❬✈ ✉❴❫❵qr❭♣s ✉♣✉✉♣❫r❬s ❵r❫sr♠❜♠⑤ ❩❬ ❼❽❿➁ ☛❛✉❴ ❦❴⑥❪r❬ ❭❪❜✉✉♣s ❪q♣ ♣⑩✉❜❫❪❜✇ ❭r❬sr⑥④❜❜s⑧ ✉♣✉✉♣❫ r❬s ❵r❫sr♠❜♠ ❪q❫❜❴➅q ❪q♣ ✉❜❫❪❭❜✇ q❛❭ ⑦❛❬➅s❜♠⑧ r❬s s❛❭r⑥⑥❜④♣s ⑥❜❵r⑥ ♠♣❫❵qr❬❪❭ ✇❫❜♠❪❫rs❛❬➅ ④❛❪q ❪q♣ ③❜♠✉r❬✈⑤ ➆♣ r⑥❭❜ ♣❭❪r❧⑥❛❭q♣s r ❵⑥❜❭♣❋☞✌✍ ❋ ❹ ✬✢✪✖ ✔✖✙✣✑✦

Page 18: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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r✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✟✠✆✡ ☛✆☎✠ ☎✠✁ ☞r✁✞✌✠ ✆✞ ✍✞✎✆✄✏ ✄✞✎ ✑✝✎✁r✞✆✟✁✎

✠✆✟ ✄r✑❤ ☛✆☎✠ ☎✠✁✆r ✠✁✂✡✒

❚✠✁ ✓r✆☎✆✟✠ ☛✁r✁ ❡✔r✆✝✔✟✒ ❚✠✁❤ ✟✄☛ ✕✄✆✎✄r ✄✞✎ ❚✆✡✔

✄✟ ✄✑❛✆☎✆✝✔✟✏ ✄rr✝✖✄✞☎ ✄✞✎ ✎✄✞✖✁r✝✔✟ ✗ r✔✂✁r✟ ☛✠✝ ✠✄✎

☎✝ ❛✁ ✌✝✞☎r✝✂✂✁✎ ✄✞✎ ✌r✔✟✠✁✎✒ ☞✝✔r ☛✄r✟ ☛✁r✁ ❡✝✔✖✠☎

☛✆☎✠ ✇❤✟✝r✁ ✘✙✚✛✚✲✛✻✏ ✙✚✜✢✲✜✣✏ ✙✚✻✢✲✻✤ ✄✞✎ ✙✚✻✻✥✒

❖✞✂❤ ✆✞ ☎✠✁ ✂✄✟☎ ✗ ☎✠✁ ✓✄☎☎✂✁ ✝❡ ✦✁r✆✞✖✄✡✄☎✄✑ ✗ ✎✆✎ ☎✠✁

❈✝✑✡✄✞❤ ✔✂☎✆✑✄☎✁✂❤ ☛✆✞ ✄ ✧✆✌☎✝r❤✒ ❚ ✆✡✔ ✦✔✂☎✄✞ ☛✄✟

❦✆✂✂✁✎ ✎✁❡✁✞✎✆✞✖ ✠✆✟ ✌✄✡✆☎✄✂ ✦✁r✆✞✖✄✡✄☎✄✑✏ ✇❤✟✝r✁ ☛✄✟

✡✂✄✌✁✎ ✔✞✎✁r ☎✠✁ ❡✝r✑✁r r✔✂✆✞✖ ✎❤✞✄✟☎❤ ✝❡ ☎✠✁ ♠✝✎✁❤✄r✟

✄✞✎ ✄ ✟✔❛✟✆✎✆✄r❤ ✄✂✂✆✄✞✌✁ ☛✄✟ ✆✑✡✝✟✁✎ ✝✞ ☎✠✁ ✟☎✄☎✁✒

❋★✩✪ ✫ ❹ ✬✐✭✮✯✰ ✱✳✴ ✱✐✵✷✸

✹✺✼✽ ✼✽ ✾✺✿ ❀✼❁✾❂❃✿ ❄❅ ❆ ❇✼❉ ❊✿❁✺❆●✼❁❆❍ ✾❄■ ✾✺❆✾ ✹✼❀❂ ❀❄✽✽✿✽✽✿❏❑❨❄❂ ❁❆● ✽✿✿ ❆ ✾✼❉✿❃ ❊❆❂❍✼●❉ ❆ ♦❂❃❄❀✿❆● ✽❄❍❏✼✿❃❑ ▲✺✿● ✼✾✽ ✺❆●❏❍✿▼❆✽ ✾❂❃●✿❏ ✾✺✿ ✾❄■ ✾✼❉✿❃ ❃❄❆❃✿❏ ❆●❏ ✾✺✿ ✽❄❍❏✼✿❃ ✽✺❃✼✿◆✿❏❑ ✹✺✼✽ ✾❄■P✾✼❉✿❃ ✼✽ ●❄▼ ◆✿❀✾ ✼● ✾✺✿ t✼❁✾❄❃✼❆ ❆●❏ ◗❍❇✿❃✾ ❘❂✽✿❂❊ ✼● ❙❄●❏❄●❑✹✺✿ ❯❃✼✾✼✽✺ ✾❄❄◆ ✼✾ ❆▼❆■ ▼✺✿● ✹✼❀❂ ❱❂❍✾❆● ❏✼✿❏ ❏✿❅✿●❏✼●❉ ✺✼✽❁❆❀✼✾❆❍ ❱✿❃✼●❉❆❀❆✾❆❊ ❄● ❝ ❘❆■ ❲❳❩❩❑

❋★✩✪ ❬ ❹ ❭✳✸❪❫❴❵❵✐✰ ✸✷❜✷✐❞✐❪✵ ✱❢✷✰✳❪✰ ✳s ✬✐✭✮ ❣✮❵✱❴❪ ❴✰ ❢✳✰✱❴✵✷✰❥✭❴✐❪✱✷♣ ❧✴ ♥❴❪✐✷❵ q✸✉✷❥ ✈①②③

✹✺✿ ④❄❊❀❆●■ ❅❄❃❁✿✽ ▼✿❃✿❏✿❅✿❆✾✿❏ ❇■ ⑤❆✼❏❆❃ ◗❍✼ ❆●❏ ✹✼❀❂❱❂❍✾❆● ✼● ✽✿⑥✿❃❆❍ ❇❆✾✾❍✿✽❑ ❯❂✾ ✼●❲❳❩⑦⑧ ❆✾✾❆❁◆✿❏ ❇■ ✾✺✿ ❁❄❊❇✼●✿❏❅❄❃❁✿✽ ❄❅ ✾✺✿ ❘❆❃❆✾✺❆✽⑧ ✾✺✿⑨✼⑩❆❊ ❄❅ ⑤■❏✿❃❆❇❆❏ ❆●❏ ✾✺✿④❄❊❀❆●■⑧ ✹✼❀❂ ▼❆✽ ❅❄❃❁✿❏ ✾❄✽✼❉● ❆ ✾❃✿❆✾■ ▼✼✾✺ ✾✺✿ ❯❃✼✾✼✽✺❇■ ▼✺✼❁✺ ✾▼❄ ❄❅ ✺✼✽ ✽❄●✽ ▼✿❃✿✾❆◆✿● ❆▼❆■ ❆✽ ✺❄✽✾❆❉✿✽❑ ❯❃✼✾✼✽✺❀❆✼●✾✿❃✽ ❆❍▼❆■✽ ❍✼◆✿❏ ❀❆✼●✾✼●❉✽❁✿●✿✽ ✾✺❆✾ ✽✺❄▼✿❏ ✾✺✿ ✾❃✼❂❊❀✺❄❅ ❯❃✼✾✼✽✺ ❀❄▼✿❃❑

❶❷❸ ❺❸❻❸❼❽ ❾❿ ❶➀➁➂

➃➄➅➆➇ ➈➉➊ ➋➌➍➊➅ ➇➎➉➉➋➎➅➏➊➏

➐➑ ➒➊➆➊➅➏ ➈➅➏ ➍➓➊➄➉ ➔➋→➊➉➇

➆➒➋➉➄➌➄➊➏ ➍➓➉➋➎➆➓ ➌➋➒➣➒➋➉➊↔

↕➊➉➊ ➄➇ ➈ ➒➊➆➊➅➏ ➈➐➋➎➍ ➙➄➔➎

➛➎➒➍➈➅ →➓➋ ➐➊➜➈➝➊ ➍➓➊

➉➎➒➊➉ ➋➌ ➞➑➇➋➉➊ ➄➅ ➟➠➡➢↔ ➤➍

➄➇ ➇➈➄➏ ➍➓➈➍ ➋➅➜➊ ➓➊ →➊➅➍

➓➎➅➍➄➅➆ ➄➅ ➍➓➊ ➌➋➉➊➇➍ →➄➍➓ ➈

➥➉➊➅➜➓ ➌➉➄➊➅➏↔ ➙➓➊➉➊ ➓➊

➜➈➝➊ ➌➈➜➊ ➍➋ ➌➈➜➊ →➄➍➓ ➈

➍➄➆➊➉↔ ↕➄➇ ➆➎➅ ➏➄➏ ➅➋➍ →➋➉➣

➈➅➏ ➓➄➇ ➏➈➆➆➊➉ ➌➊➒➒ ➍➋ ➍➓➊

➆➉➋➎➅➏↔ ↕➊ ➐➈➍➍➒➊➏ →➄➍➓ ➍➓➊

➍➄➆➊➉ ➎➅➈➉➝➊➏ ➎➅➍➄➒ ➓➊

➝➈➅➈➆➊➏ ➍➋ ➉➊➈➜➓ ➏➋→➅

➈➅➏ ➔➄➜➣ ➎➔ ➍➓➊ ➏➈➆➆➊➉↔

➥➄➅➈➒➒➑ ➓➊ →➈➇ ➈➐➒➊ ➍➋ ➣➄➒➒

➍➓➊ ➍➄➆➊➉ ➄➅ ➍➓➊ ➐➈➍➍➒➊↔ ➦➌➍➊➉

➍➓➄➇ ➓➊ ➜➈➝➊ ➍➋ ➐➊ ➣➅➋→➅

➈➇ ➍➓➊ ➧➙➄➆➊➉ ➋➌ ➞➑➇➋➉➊➨↔ ↕➊

➓➈➏ ➍➓➊ ➄➝➈➆➊ ➋➌ ➍➓➊ ➍➄➆➊➉

➋➅ ➓➄➇ ➌➒➈➆↔

➩➫➭➯ ➲➫➳➵➸ ➲➭ ➲➸➫➫➺➲➭➫➻

Page 19: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✶✆

❲❛✝ ✞✟✠✡ ✠✡☛ ☞❛✝❛✠✡❛✌❋✍✎✏ ✑✒✓ ✔✕✑✓ ✓✖✗✒✑✓✓✘✑✒ ✙✓✘✑✚✍✛ ✑✒✓ ✜✎✏✢✕✘✛ ✕✔✣✎✣✎✚✗✒✑ ✑✎ ✙✚✍s ✕✘✤ ✓✦✓✘✑✚✕✔✔✛ ✤✓✣✑✍✎✛ ✧✕✍✕✑✒✕ ✢✎★✓✍✳✩✖✑✒ ✑✒✓✖✍ ✤✓✪✓✕✑ ✖✘ ✑✒✓ ✫✒✖✍✤ ✬✕✑✑✔✓ ✎✪ ✭✕✘✖✢✕✑ ✖✘ ✮✯✰✮✱✑✒✓ ✧✕✍✕✑✒✕✣t ✤✍✓✕✏ ✎✪ ✍✚✔✖✘✗ ✪✍✎✏ ✲✓✔✒✖ ★✕✣ ✣✒✕✑✑✓✍✓✤✳✫✒✓✛ ★✓✍✓ ✤✖✦✖✤✓✤ ✖✘✑✎ ✏✕✘✛ ✣✑✕✑✓✣ ✚✘✤✓✍ ✤✖✪✪✓✍✓✘✑✙✒✖✓✪✣ ❝✴✵✷✸✵✷✴✹ s✓✔✎✘✗✖✘✗ ✑✎ ✤✛✘✕✣✑✖✓✣ ✣✚✙✒ ✕✣ ✺✖✘✤✒✖✕✱❍✎✔✻✕✍✱ ✼✕✖✻★✕✤ ✕✘✤ ✬✒✎✘✣✔✓✳ ✫✒✓✣✓ ✙✒✖✓✪✣ ★✓✍✓ ✒✓✔✤✑✎✗✓✑✒✓✍ ✖✘ ✕ ✽✾✿❀❁❂❁❃❄✽❅ ✚✘✤✓✍ ✕ ✭✓✣✒★✕ ❝✭✍✖✘✙✖✢✕✔✧✖✘✖✣✑✓✍✹ ★✒✎ s✓✙✕✏✓ ✖✑✣ ✓✪✪✓✙✑✖✦✓ ✏✖✔✖✑✕✍✛ ✕✘✤✕✤✏✖✘✖✣✑✍✕✑✖✦✓ ✒✓✕✤ s✕✣✓✤ ✖✘ ✭✚✘✓✳ ✧✕✒✕✤❆✖ ✺✖✘✤✒✖✕✕✘✤ ❇✕✘✕ ✭✒✕✤✘✖✣ ★✓✍✓ ✑★✎ ✪✕✏✎✚✣ ✧✕✍✕✑✒✕ ✣✎✔✤✖✓✍✣✕✘✤ ✣✑✕✑✓✣✏✓✘ ✎✪ ✑✒✓ ✔✕✑✓ ✓✖✗✒✑✓✓✘✑✒ ✙✓✘✑✚✍✛✳

✫✒✓ ✧✕✍✕✑✒✕✣ ★✓✍✓ ✣✚s✤✚✓✤ ✖✘ ✕ ✣✓✍✖✓✣ ✎✪ ★✕✍✣✳ ❚✘✑✒✓ ✪✖✍✣✑ ★✕✍ ✑✒✕✑ ✓✘✤✓✤ ✖✘ ✮✯❈❉ ★✖✑✒ ✑✒✓ ✫✍✓✕✑✛ ✎✪✺✕✔s✕✖✱ ✑✒✓✍✓ ★✕✣ ✘✎ ✙✔✓✕✍ ✦✖✙✑✎✍✳ ✫✒✓ ✺✓✙✎✘✤ ❊✘✗✔✎●✧✕✍✕✑✒✕ ✩✕✍ ❝✮❈❏❑●❏▲✹ ★✕✣ ✪✎✚✗✒✑ ✎✘ ✤✖✪✪✓✍✓✘✑ ✪✍✎✘✑✣✱✍✓✣✚✔✑✖✘✗ ✖✘ ✑✒✓ ✬✍✖✑✖✣✒ ✗✕✖✘✖✘✗ r✍✖✣✣✕ ✕✘✤ ✑✒✓✑✓✍✍✖✑✎✍✖✓✣ ✘✎✍✑✒ ✎✪ ✑✒✓ ▼✕✏✚✘✕ ✍✖✦✓✍ ✖✘✙✔✚✤✖✘✗ ❊✗✍✕✕✘✤ ✲✓✔✒✖✳ ❋✖✘✕✔✔✛✱ ✑✒✓ ✫✒✖✍✤ ❊✘✗✔✎●✧✕✍✕✑✒✕ ✩✕✍ ✎✪✮❈✮✯●✮◆ ✙✍✚✣✒✓✤ ✧✕✍✕✑✒✕ ✢✎★✓✍✳ ✫✒✓ ✭✓✣✒★✕ ★✕✣✍✓✏✎✦✓✤ ✕✘✤ ✣✓✘✑ ✕★✕✛ ✑✎ ✬✖✑✒✚✍ ✘✓✕✍ ◗✕✘✢✚✍ ★✖✑✒ ✕✢✓✘✣✖✎✘✳ ✫✒✓ ✜✎✏✢✕✘✛ ✘✎★ ✒✕✤ ✙✎✏✢✔✓✑✓ ✙✎✘✑✍✎✔ ✎✦✓✍✑✒✓ ✑✓✍✍✖✑✎✍✖✓✣ ✣✎✚✑✒ ✎✪ ✑✒✓ ❘✖✘✤✒✛✕✣✳

❙✡☛ ❯❱❛✟❳ ✠❨ ❩❛✝❛❳❨❬❭✠❯❪❚✑ ✖✣ ✙✔✓✕✍ ✪✍✎✏ ✑✒✓ ✕s✎✦✓ ✑✒✕✑ ✪✍✎✏ ✑✒✓ ✓✕✍✔✛ ✘✖✘✓✑✓✓✘✑✒✙✓✘✑✚✍✛ ✑✒✓ ✜✎✏✢✕✘✛ ✢✚✍✣✚✓✤ ✕✘ ✕✗✗✍✓✣✣✖✦✓ ✢✎✔✖✙✛ ✎✪✑✓✍✍✖✑✎✍✖✕✔ ✓❫✢✕✘✣✖✎✘✳ ❴✘✤✓✍ ❵✎✍✤ ❍✕✣✑✖✘✗✣ ❝✼✎✦✓✍✘✎✍●✼✓✘✓✍✕✔ ✪✍✎✏ ✮❈✮❑ ✑✎ ✮❈❉❑✹ ✕ ✘✓★ ✢✎✔✖✙✛ ✎✪ ❜✢✕✍✕✏✎✚✘✑✙✛❞★✕✣ ✖✘✖✑✖✕✑✓✤✳ ❇✎★ ✑✒✓ ✜✎✏✢✕✘✛ ✙✔✕✖✏✓✤ ✑✒✕✑ ✖✑✣ ✕✚✑✒✎✍✖✑✛★✕✣ ✢✕✍✕✏✎✚✘✑ ✎✍ ✣✚✢✍✓✏✓✱ ✒✓✘✙✓ ✖✑✣ ✢✎★✓✍ ★✕✣ ✗✍✓✕✑✓✍✑✒✕✘ ✑✒✕✑ ✎✪ ❚✘✤✖✕✘ ✣✑✕✑✓✣✳ ❚✘ ✎✍✤✓✍ ✑✎ ✢✍✎✑✓✙✑ ✖✑✣ ✖✘✑✓✍✓✣✑✣✖✑ ★✕✣ ❆✚✣✑✖✪✖✓✤ ✖✘ ✕✘✘✓❫✖✘✗ ✎✍ ✑✒✍✓✕✑✓✘✖✘✗ ✑✎ ✕✘✘✓❫✕✘✛ ❚✘✤✖✕✘ ✻✖✘✗✤✎✏✳ ✫✒✖✣ ✦✖✓★ ✙✎✘✑✖✘✚✓✤ ✑✎ ✗✚✖✤✓ ✔✕✑✓✍✬✍✖✑✖✣✒ ✢✎✔✖✙✖✓✣ ✕✣ ★✓✔✔✳

✫✒✖✣ ✢✍✎✙✓✣✣✱ ✒✎★✓✦✓✍✱ ✤✖✤ ✘✎✑ ✗✎ ✚✘✙✒✕✔✔✓✘✗✓✤✳ ❋✎✍✓❫✕✏✢✔✓✱ ★✒✓✘ ✑✒✓ ✬✍✖✑✖✣✒ ✑✍✖✓✤ ✑✎ ✕✘✘✓❫ ✑✒✓ ✣✏✕✔✔ ✣✑✕✑✓✎✪ ◗✖✑✎✎✍ ❝✖✘ ◗✕✍✘✕✑✕✻✕ ✑✎✤✕✛✹✱ ♦✕✘✖ ✜✒✕✘✘✕✏✏✕ ✑✎✎✻✑✎ ✕✍✏✣ ✕✘✤ ✔✓✤ ✕✘ ✕✘✑✖●✬✍✖✑✖✣✒ ✍✓✣✖✣✑✕✘✙✓ ✏✎✦✓✏✓✘✑✳✺✒✓ ★✕✣ ✕✍✍✓✣✑✓✤ ✖✘ ✮❈❉❡ ✕✘✤ ✤✖✓✤ ✖✘ ✢✍✖✣✎✘ ✖✘ ✮❈❉◆✳✬✚✑ ♦✕✛✕✘✘✕✱ ✕ ✢✎✎✍ ❢❣❤✐❥❦✸✵✷ ✎✪ ✺✕✘✗✎✔✖ ✖✘ ◗✖✑✎✎✍✱✙✕✍✍✖✓✤ ✎✘ ✑✒✓ ✍✓✣✖✣✑✕✘✙✓✳ ✩✖✑✒ ✢✎✢✚✔✕✍ ✣✚✢✢✎✍✑ ✒✓✤✓✣✑✍✎✛✓✤ ✏✕✘✛ ✬✍✖✑✖✣✒ ✙✕✏✢✣ ✕✘✤ ✍✓✙✎✍✤✣✳ ❍✓ ★✕✣✙✕✚✗✒✑ ✕✘✤ ✒✕✘✗✓✤ s✛ ✑✒✓ ✬✍✖✑✖✣✒ ✖✘ ✮❈❑❏✳ ▼✎✚ ★✖✔✔✍✓✕✤ ✏✎✍✓ ✕s✎✚✑ ✣✓✦✓✍✕✔ ✙✕✣✓✣ ✎✪ ✍✓✣✖✣✑✕✘✙✓ ✔✕✑✓✍ ✖✘✑✒✓ s✎✎✻✳❧♠♥♣ q✉ ❹ ✈✇①② ③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑤

⑩✾✿❀❁❂❁❃❄✽❅ ❶ ❊✔✔✖✕✘✙✓

❷❸❺❻❼❻❺❽

❾❿➀➁➂➃➄ ➅➆➀➅ ➇➈➉ ➆➀➊➄➋➈❿➄ ➀➋➌➈➍➍ ➅➎➈ ➈➏➐➃➄➎➍➑➀➑➄➌➍ ➌➄➑➈➌➅➂➃➁➈➃ ➅➆➄ ➒➀➅➅➏➄ ➈➓➔➄➌➂➃➁➀➑➀➅➀❿ ➀➃➐ ➅➆➄➐➄➀➅➆ ➈➓ →➂➑➉ ➔➉➏➅➀➃➣↔➃➄ ➂➍ ➀ ➒➌➂➅➂➍➆ ➑➀➑➄➌➀➃➐ ➅➆➄ ➈➅➆➄➌ ➂➍ ➓➌➈❿↕➇➍➈➌➄➣ ➙➌➂➅➄ ➅➆➄➆➄➀➐➏➂➃➄ ➓➈➌ ➄➀➋➆ ➈➓➅➆➄ ➅➎➈ ➃➄➎➍➑➀➑➄➌➍➣

Page 20: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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■✁ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✂☎ ✞✟✠✡☛ ✂✄☎ ☞✝☛✂ ■✁✌✍✝❈✎✏✑✝✁✒ ✓☎✔✝✏☎ ✕✎✖✖✍☎✌ ✝✓✎✗✂ ✘✗☛☛✍✝✙■✂ ✍✏✝✚✍✁☎✌ ✂✄✝✂ ✘✗☛☛✍✝ ✏✍✚✄✂ ☎✛✑✝✁✌✝✔✖✎☛☛ ❛☛✍✝ ✝✁✌ ☎✁✂☎✖ ■✁✌✍✝ ✜✖✎✏ ✂✄☎✁✎✖✂✄♥✕☎☛✂✙ ✢✖✍✣☎✁ ✓✒ ✂✄✍☛ ✜☎✝✖✱ ✂✄☎❇✖✍✂✍☛✄ ✁✎✕ ✕✝✁✂☎✌ ✂✎ ☛☎✔✗✖☎ ✂✄☎✍✖✔✎✁✂✖✎✆ ✎✣☎✖ ✂✄☎ ✁✎✖✂✄♥✕☎☛✂✙ ❝✄☎✒ ✜✎✗✚✄✂✝ ✑✖✎✆✎✁✚☎✌ ✕✝✖ ✕✍✂✄ ❛✜✚✄✝✁✍☛✂✝✁✓☎✂✕☎☎✁ ✞✟✠✟ ✝✁✌ ✞✟❜✤ ✝✁✌ ☎☛✂✝✓✆✍☛✄☎✌✍✁✌✍✖☎✔✂ ❈✎✏✑✝✁✒ ✖✗✆☎ ✂✄☎✖☎✙ ✐✍✁✌ ✕✝☛✂✝t☎✁ ✎✣☎✖ ✍✁ ✞✟❜✠✙ ✥☎✛✂ ✍✁ ✆✍✁☎ ✕✝☛P✗✁✦✝✓✙ ❇✗✂ ✂✄☎ ✑✖☎☛☎✁✔☎ ✎✜ ✧✝✄✝✖✝✦✝✘✝✁✦✍✂ ✐✍✁✚✄ ✄☎✆✌ ✓✝✔t ✂✄☎ ❈✎✏✑✝✁✒✙❛✜✂☎✖ ✄✍☛ ✌☎✝✂✄ ✍✁ ✞✟✠❆✱ ✂✕✎ ✑✖✎✆✎✁✚☎✌✕✝✖☛ ✕☎✖☎ ✜✎✗✚✄✂ ✕✍✂✄ ✂✄☎ ✐✍t✄t✍✁✚✌✎✏✙ ❦✆✂✍✏✝✂☎✆✒✱ ✍✁ ✞✟❜❆✱ P✗✁✦✝✓✕✝☛ ✝✁✁☎✛☎✌✙

❚★✩ ✪✫✬✭✮✯✰✩ ✫✲ ✳✴✵✷✩❝✄☎ ✜✍✁✝✆ ✕✝✣☎ ✎✜ ✝✁✁☎✛✝✂✍✎✁☛ ✎✔✔✗✖✖☎✌✗✁✌☎✖ ✉✎✖✌ ✢✝✆✄✎✗☛✍☎ ✕✄✎ ✕✝☛ ✂✄☎●✎✣☎✖✁✎✖♥●☎✁☎✖✝✆ ✜✖✎✏ ✞✟❜✟ ✂✎ ✞✟♦✸✙ ✹☎✌☎✣✍☛☎✌ ✝ ✑✎✆✍✔✒ ✂✄✝✂ ✔✝✏☎ ✂✎ ✓☎ t✁✎✕✁✝☛ ✂✄☎ ✢✎✔✂✖✍✁☎ ✎✜ ✉✝✑☛☎✙ ❝✄☎ ✌✎✔✂✖✍✁☎✌☎✔✆✝✖☎✌ ✂✄✝✂ ✍✜ ✝✁ ■✁✌✍✝✁ ✖✗✆☎✖ ✌✍☎✌✕✍✂✄✎✗✂ ✝ ✏✝✆☎ ✄☎✍✖ ✄✍☛ t✍✁✚✌✎✏ ✕✎✗✆✌➁✆✝✑☛☎✺✱ ✂✄✝✂ ✍☛✱ ✓☎✔✎✏☎ ✑✝✖✂ ✎✜ ❈✎✏✑✝✁✒✂☎✖✖✍✂✎✖✒✙ ✻✁☎ t✍✁✚✌✎✏ ✝✜✂☎✖ ✝✁✎✂✄☎✖✕✝☛ ✝✁✁☎✛☎✌ ☛✍✏✑✆✒ ✓✒ ✝✑✑✆✒✍✁✚ ✂✄✍☛✌✎✔✂✖✍✁☎❞ ✐✝✂✝✖✝ ✼✞✟❜✟✽✱ ✐✝✏✓✝✆✑✗✖✼✞✟♦✡✽✱ ❦✌✝✍✑✗✖ ✼✞✟♦✤✽✱ ✥✝✚✑✗✖ ✼✞✟♦✠✽✝✁✌ ✾✄✝✁☛✍ ✼✞✟♦❜✽✙

❋✍✁✝✆✆✒✱ ✍✁ ✞✟♦✸✱ ✂✄☎ ❈✎✏✑✝✁✒ ✝✆☛✎ ✂✎✎t ✎✣☎✖ ❛✕✝✌✄✙❝✄✍☛ ✂✍✏☎ ✂✄☎ ❇✖✍✂✍☛✄ ✄✝✌ ✝✁ ✝✌✌☎✌ ✝✖✚✗✏☎✁✂ ✿ ✂✄☎✒☛✝✍✌ ✂✄☎✒ ✕☎✖☎ ➁✎✓✆✍✚☎✌ ✓✒ ✌✗✂✒✺ ✂✎ ✂✝t☎ ✎✣☎✖ ❛✕✝✌✄ ✍✁✎✖✌☎✖ ✂✎ ✜✖☎☎ ✂✄☎ ✑☎✎✑✆☎ ✜✖✎✏ ✂✄☎ ➁✏✍☛✚✎✣☎✖✁✏☎✁✂✺ ✎✜✂✄☎ ✥✝✕✝✓❀ ☞✁✖✝✚☎✌ ✓✒ ✂✄☎ ✄✗✏✍✆✍✝✂✍✁✚ ✕✝✒ ✍✁ ✕✄✍✔✄✂✄☎ ✥✝✕✝✓ ✕✝☛ ✌☎✑✎☛☎✌✱ ✂✄☎ ✑☎✎✑✆☎ ✎✜ ❛✕✝✌✄ ✦✎✍✁☎✌✂✄☎ ✚✖☎✝✂ ✖☎✣✎✆✂ ✂✄✝✂ ✓✖✎t☎ ✎✗✂ ✍✁ ✞✟♦❁✙

❂❃❄❅ ❉❉ ❊ ❍❏❑❏▲❏▼❏ ◆❏❖▼◗❘ ❙◗❖❯❑❑❤❱❲◗❖❯ ❳❤❨▲❘

❩❬❭❪❫❪❭❴❵❡❢❣❥❧♠ ♣q❢♣ rs✈ ❢✇♠ ❢ ❧❢①❢②③④ ❧♠⑤q♠① ❢❧⑥ q❢⑦♠②♠♠❧ ②✇s✈❣q♣ ✈⑤ ♣q❥❧⑧❥❧❣ ♣q❢♣ rs✈ ①❥⑨⑨ s❧♠ ⑥❢r ②♠⑧❥❧❣⑩ ❶s① rs✈ ❷❥❧⑥ ♣q❢♣ ♣q❥④ ①❥⑨⑨ ❧s♣ ②♠ ❢⑨⑨s①♠⑥ ②r♣q♠ ❸✇❥♣❥④q ②♠❹❢✈④♠ s❷ ♣q♠ ❧♠① ❺s❹♣✇❥❧♠ s❷ ❻❢⑤④♠⑩❼q❢♣ ①❥⑨⑨ ②♠ rs✈✇ ❷♠♠⑨❥❧❣④❽ ❼q❢♣ ①❥⑨⑨ rs✈ ⑤⑨❢❧ ♣s ⑥s④s ♣q❢♣ rs✈ ❹❢❧ ❥❧q♠✇❥♣ ♣q♠ ❹✇s①❧❽

❿➀➂➃ ➄➀➅➆➇ ➄➂ ➄➇➀➀➈➄➂➀➉

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✷✆

❋✝✞✟ ✠✠ ✡☛ ☞☛ ✌ ❹ ✍✎✏✑✒✓✔✕✒ ✕✖ ✗✘✔✙✔✓✚

✙t✘✘✔✙✕✘✔✑✛ ✏✕✜t✘ ✔✒ ✢✒✣✔✑

▲✤✤✦ ✧★ ★✩✪✫✪ ✬✧✭✫ ✧✮✤✯✰ ✱✲★✩ ✧ ✭✳✪✫✪✯★✴

❞✧✵ ✭✤✮✲★✲✶✧✮ ✬✧✭ ✤✸ ✹✯❞✲✧✺ ✹✯ ✪✧✶✩ ✤✸ ★✩✪✫✪

✬✧✭✫♠ ★✳✵ ✧✯❞ ✲❞✪✯★✲✸✵ ★✩✪ ❞✲✸✸✪✳✪✯★ ✭✧✳★✫ ✤✸

✹✯❞✲✧ ★✩✧★ ✱✪✳✪ ✯✤★ ✻✯❞✪✳ ✼✳✲★✲✫✩ ✳✻✮✪✺

❋✝✞✟ ✠✠ ✡ ❋✝✞✟ ✠✠ ☞

❋✝✞✟ ✠✠ ✌

Page 22: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✷�

❙✁✂✂✄☎✆ ✝✞ ✟ ✠✁✡ ☛☞✌✄☎✄✍✂✎✟✂✄✏☎

❲❛✑✑❡✒ ✓❛✔✕✖✒✗✔ ✘✙✚✛❡✑✒✚✑✲✙❡✒❡✑❛✜ ✢✑✚♦ ✣✤✤✥ ✕✚ ✣✤✦✧★✇❛✔ ✚✒❡ ✚✢ ✕✩❡ ♦❛✒✪ ✖♦✫✚✑✕❛✒✕ ✢✖✗✬✑❡✔ ✇✩✚ ✫✜❛✪❡✭ ❛✔✖✗✒✖✢✖s❛✒✕ ✑✚✜❡ ✖✒ ✕✩❡ ❡✮✫❛✒✔✖✚✒ ✚✢ ✯✚♦✫❛✒✪ ✫✚✇❡✑✳ ✰✪✩✖✔ ✕✖♦❡ ✕✩❡ ✯✚♦✫❛✒✪ ✩❛✭ ❛s❤✬✖✑❡✭ ✫✚✇❡✑ ✒✚✕ ✚✒✜✪✖✒ ✰❡✒✗❛✜✐ ✱✬✕ ❛✜✔✚ ✖✒ ✰✚♦✱❛✪ ❛✒✭ ✴❛✭✑❛✔✳ ✰✑✖✕✖✔✩✕❡✑✑✖✕✚✑✖❡✔ ✇❡✑❡ ✱✑✚❛✭✜✪ ✭✖✛✖✭❡✭ ✖✒✕✚ ❛✭♦✖✒✖✔✕✑❛✕✖✛❡✬✒✖✕✔ s❛✜✜❡✭ ✉✑❡✔✖✭❡✒s✖❡✔✳ ✵✩❡✑❡ ✇❡✑❡ ✕✩✑❡❡ ✉✑❡✔✖✭❡✒s✖❡✔✶✰❡✒✗❛✜✐ ✴❛✭✑❛✔ ❛✒✭ ✰✚♦✱❛✪✳ ❇❛s✩ ✇❛✔ ✑✬✜❡✭ ✱✪ ❛✙✚✛❡✑✒✚✑✳ ✵✩❡ ✔✬✫✑❡♦❡ ✩❡❛✭ ✚✢ ✕✩❡ ❛✭♦✖✒✖✔✕✑❛✕✖✚✒✇❛✔ ✕✩❡ ✙✚✛❡✑✒✚✑✲✙❡✒❡✑❛✜✳ ❲❛✑✑❡✒ ✓❛✔✕✖✒✗✔✐ ✕✩❡ ✢✖✑✔✕✙✚✛❡✑✒✚✑✲✙❡✒❡✑❛✜✐ ✖✒✕✑✚✭✬s❡✭ ✔❡✛❡✑❛✜ ❛✭♦✖✒✖✔✕✑❛✕✖✛❡✑❡✢✚✑♦✔✐ ✒✚✕❛✱✜✪ ✖✒ ✕✩❡ ✔✫✩❡✑❡ ✚✢ r✬✔✕✖s❡✳

❋✑✚♦ ✣✤✤✸ ❛ ✒❡✇ ✔✪✔✕❡♦ ✚✢ r✬✔✕✖s❡ ✇❛✔ ❡✔✕❛✱✜✖✔✩❡✭✳❇❛s✩ ✭✖✔✕✑✖s✕ ✇❛✔ ✕✚ ✩❛✛❡ ✕✇✚ s✚✬✑✕✔ ❊ ❛ s✑✖♦✖✒❛✜ s✚✬✑✕✘ ❢✹✺✻✼✹✽✾ ✹✼✹✿✹❀ ★ ❛✒✭ ❛ s✖✛✖✜ s✚✬✑✕ ✘✼✾❞✹❁✾ ✹✼✹✿✹❀ ★✳✴❛✬✜✛✖✔ ❛✒✭ ✓✖✒✭✬ ✫❛✒✭✖✕✔ ✖✒✕❡✑✫✑❡✕❡✭ ▼✒✭✖❛✒ ✜❛✇✔ ✢✚✑✕✩❡ ❇✬✑✚✫❡❛✒ ✭✖✔✕✑✖s✕ s✚✜✜❡s✕✚✑✔ ✇✩✚ ✫✑❡✔✖✭❡✭ ✚✛❡✑ s✖✛✖✜s✚✬✑✕✔✳ ✵✩❡ s✑✖♦✖✒❛✜ s✚✬✑✕✔ ✇❡✑❡ ✔✕✖✜✜ ✬✒✭❡✑ ❛ q❂❃❄ ❛✒✭❛ ♠❅❆❈❄ ✱✬✕ ✬✒✭❡✑ ✕✩❡ ✔✬✫❡✑✛✖✔✖✚✒ ✚✢ ✕✩❡ s✚✜✜❡s✕✚✑✔✳

◗❂❃❄ ❊ ❉ r✬✭✗❡

●❅❆❈❄ ❊ ❉ r✬✑✖✔✕ ✚✢ ✕✩❡✴✬✔✜✖♦ s✚♦♦✬✒✖✕✪✑❡✔✫✚✒✔✖✱✜❡ ✢✚✑❡✮✫✚✬✒✭✖✒✗ ✕✩❡ ✜❛✇✕✩❛✕ ✕✩❡ ❍✹■✾ ✇✚✬✜✭❛✭♦✖✒✖✔✕❡✑

❏❑▲◆❖P❘❑◆❚❯ ❊ ❉ ✕✑✖❛✜✱✪ ✕✩❡ ✓✚✬✔❡ ✚✢ ❜✚✑✭✔✖✒ ❇✒✗✜❛✒✭ ✢✚✑ s✩❛✑✗❡✔✚✢ ♦✖✔s✚✒✭✬s✕ ✱✑✚✬✗✩✕❛✗❛✖✒✔✕ ❛ ✫❡✑✔✚✒ ✖✒ ✕✩❡✓✚✬✔❡ ✚✢ ✯✚♦♦✚✒✔

❱❳❨❩ ❬❭ ❹ ❪❫❴ ❵❝❣❥❦ ❧♥ ♣❥❝❝❴t ✈❥①❵❣t②①③ ④❥❣t❵❴⑤ ⑥⑦ ⑧⑨⑩⑨ ❶❧❦❦❥❝⑤③ ❷❸❺❻❼❽❾❿ ❼➀➁➁❾❿ ➂➀➃➄➅❿➆➃ ➇❾❿➄ ➈➀➉➊ ➄➋ ➌❿➆➍➀❿➎ ➅❿ ➏➐➑➒➓ ➌➎➔→❿➎ ➣→➁➊❾ ➀➉➉→➃❾➎ ❽➅➔➋↔ ➈❾➅❿➆ ↕❾➁➃➋❿➀➍➍➙ ➁❾➃↕➋❿➃➅➈➍❾ ↔➋➁ ➄❽❾ ➔➅➃➆➋➛❾➁❿➔❾❿➄ ➋↔ ➣❾❿➆➀➍➜ ➝❽➅➃ ➍❾➎ ➄➋ ➀❿➞➟➠➡➢➤➥➟➡➦➧ ↕➁➋➉❾❾➎➅❿➆ ➅❿ ➄❽❾ ➣➁➅➄➅➃❽ ➨➀➁➍➅➀➔❾❿➄ ➄❽➀➄ ➍➀➃➄❾➎ ➃❾➛❾❿ ➙❾➀➁➃➜

➩➫➭➯ ➲➫➳➵➸ ➲➭ ➲➸➫➫➺➲➭➫➻

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✷✷

❆ ✆✝✞✟✠ ✡✠✟☛☞✌✆ ✍✝✎ ✏✑✝✏ ✏✑✌ ✒✠✝✑✆✝✓ ✡✝✓✔✕✏✎❣✝✖✌ ✔✕✗✗✌✠✌✓✏ ✕✓✏✌✠✡✠✌✏✝✏✕✟✓✎ ✟✗ ☞✟✘✝☞ ☞✝✍✎ ☛✝✎✌✔ ✟✓✔✕✗✗✌✠✌✓✏ ✎✘✑✟✟☞✎ ✟✗ ✏✑✌ ❞✙✚✛♠✚✜✙✚✜✢✛✚✳ ✣✟ ☛✠✕✓❣ ✝☛✟♦✏♦✓✕✗✟✠✆✕✏✉✤ ✕✓ ✦✧✧★ ✌☞✌✖✌✓ ✡✝✓✔✕✏✎ ✍✌✠✌ ✝✎✩✌✔ ✏✟ ✘✟✆✡✕☞✌✝ ✔✕❣✌✎✏ ✟✗ ❛✕✓✔♦ ☞✝✍✎✳ ✪✳✒✳ ❛✝☞✑✌✔ ✏✠✝✓✎☞✝✏✌✔ ✏✑✕✎✔✕❣✌✎✏ ✕✓✏✟ ✫✓❣☞✕✎✑✳ ✒✉ ✦✧✧✬ ✝ ✘✟✔✌ ✟✗ ✭♦✎☞✕✆ ☞✝✍✎ ✍✝✎✝☞✎✟ ✘✟✆✡✕☞✌✔ ✗✟✠ ✏✑✌ ☛✌✓✌✗✕✏ ✟✗ ✫♦✠✟✡✌✝✓ ✞♦✔❣✌✎✳ ✮✓✔✌✠✏✑✌ t✌❣♦☞✝✏✕✓❣ ❆✘✏ ✟✗ ✦✧✧✯✤ ✝ ✓✌✍ ✰♦✡✠✌✆✌ ✱✟♦✠✏ ✍✝✎✌✎✏✝☛☞✕✎✑✌✔✤ ✍✑✕☞✌ ✝ ✘✟♦✠✏ ✟✗ ✝✡✡✌✝☞ ❡ ✏✑✌ ✰✝✔✝✠ ✪✕✲✝✆✝✏❆✔✝☞✝✏ ❡ ✍✝✎ ✝☞✎✟ ✎✌✏ ♦✡ ✝✏ ✱✝☞✘♦✏✏✝✳

✣✑✌ ✡✠✕✓✘✕✡✝☞ ✗✕❣♦✠✌ ✕✓ ✝✓ ❚✓✔✕✝✓ ✔✕✎✏✠✕✘✏ ✍✝✎ ✏✑✌✱✟☞☞✌✘✏✟✠✳ ❆✎ ✏✑✌ ✏✕✏☞✌ ✎♦❣❣✌✎✏✎✤ ✑✕✎ ✆✝✕✓ ✞✟☛ ✍✝✎ ✏✟✘✟☞☞✌✘✏ ✠✌✖✌✓♦✌ ✝✓✔ ✏✝❝✌✎ ✝✓✔ ✆✝✕✓✏✝✕✓ ☞✝✍ ✝✓✔ ✟✠✔✌✠✕✓ ✑✕✎ ✔✕✎✏✠✕✘✏ ✍✕✏✑ ✏✑✌ ✑✌☞✡ ✟✗ ✞♦✔❣✌✎✤ ✡✟☞✕✘✌ ✟✗✗✕✘✌✠✎✝✓✔ ✴✵✶✸✹✵✺✳ ❛✕✎ ✟✗✗✕✘✌ ❡ ✏✑✌ ✱✟☞☞✌✘✏✟✠✝✏✌ ❡ ☛✌✘✝✆✌ ✏✑✌✓✌✍ ✘✌✓✏✠✌ ✟✗ ✡✟✍✌✠ ✝✓✔ ✡✝✏✠✟✓✝❣✌ ✏✑✝✏ ✎✏✌✝✔✕☞✉✠✌✡☞✝✘✌✔ ✡✠✌✖✕✟♦✎ ✑✟☞✔✌✠✎ ✟✗ ✝♦✏✑✟✠✕✏✉✳

✻✼✽ ✾✿❀❁❂❃❄ ❂❅❀❄

✱✟☞✟✓✕✝☞ ✠♦☞✌ ✕✓ ❚✓✔✕✝ ☛✠✟♦❣✑✏ ✕✓ ✎✟✆✌ ✓✌✍ ✕✔✌✝✎ ✟✗✝✔✆✕✓✕✎✏✠✝✏✕✟✓ ✝✓✔ ✠✌✗✟✠✆ ☛♦✏ ✕✏✎ ✡✟✍✌✠ ✠✌✎✏✌✔ ✟✓ ✕✏✎✆✕☞✕✏✝✠✉ ✎✏✠✌✓❣✏✑✳ ✣✑✌ ✭♦❣✑✝☞ ✝✠✆✉ ✍✝✎ ✆✝✕✓☞✉✘✟✆✡✟✎✌✔ ✟✗ ✘✝✖✝☞✠✉ ❇✜✚s✚✛✜❈ ✏✠✝✕✓✌✔ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠✎ ✟✓✑✟✠✎✌☛✝✘✩❉ ✝✓✔ ✕✓✗✝✓✏✠✉✤ ✏✑✝✏ ✕✎✤ ♣✵❊✴✵❋ ❇✗✟✟✏❉ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠✎✳✣✑✌✉ ✍✌✠✌ ❣✕✖✌✓ ✏✠✝✕✓✕✓❣ ✕✓ ✝✠✘✑✌✠✉ ❇●❍❍✶❏✵❑✴✵▲❊ ❉ ✝✓✔✏✑✌ ♦✎✌ ✟✗ ✏✑✌ ✎✍✟✠✔✳ ✣✑✌ ✘✝✖✝☞✠✉ ✔✟✆✕✓✝✏✌✔ ✏✑✌ ✝✠✆✉✝✓✔ ✏✑✌ ✭♦❣✑✝☞ ✎✏✝✏✌ ✔✕✔ ✓✟✏ ✗✌✌☞ ✏✑✌ ✓✌✌✔ ✏✟ ✑✝✖✌ ✝ ☞✝✠❣✌✡✠✟✗✌✎✎✕✟✓✝☞☞✉ ✏✠✝✕✓✌✔ ✕✓✗✝✓✏✠✉✳ ✣✑✌ ✠♦✠✝☞ ✝✠✌✝✎ ✑✝✔ ✝☞✝✠❣✌ ✓♦✆☛✌✠ ✟✗ ✝✠✆✌✔ ✡✌✝✎✝✓✏✎ ✝✓✔ ✏✑✌ ☞✟✘✝☞ ✲✝✆✕✓✔✝✠✎✟✗✏✌✓ ✎♦✡✡☞✕✌✔ ✏✑✌ ✭♦❣✑✝☞✎ ✍✕✏✑ ♣✵❊✴✵❋ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠✎✳

❆ ✘✑✝✓❣✌ ✟✘✘♦✠✠✌✔ ✕✓ ✏✑✌ ✌✕❣✑✏✌✌✓✏✑ ✘✌✓✏♦✠✉ ✍✑✌✓✭♦❣✑✝☞ ✎♦✘✘✌✎✎✟✠ ✎✏✝✏✌✎ ☞✕✩✌ ❆✍✝✔✑ ✝✓✔ ✒✌✓✝✠✝✎ ✎✏✝✠✏✌✔✠✌✘✠♦✕✏✕✓❣ ✡✌✝✎✝✓✏✎ ✕✓✏✟ ✏✑✌✕✠ ✝✠✆✕✌✎ ✝✓✔ ✏✠✝✕✓✕✓❣ ✏✑✌✆✝✎ ✡✠✟✗✌✎✎✕✟✓✝☞ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠✎✳ ✣✑✌ ✫✝✎✏ ❚✓✔✕✝ ✱✟✆✡✝✓✉ ✝✔✟✡✏✌✔✏✑✌ ✎✝✆✌ ✆✌✏✑✟✔ ✍✑✌✓ ✕✏ ☛✌❣✝✓ ✠✌✘✠♦✕✏✆✌✓✏ ✗✟✠ ✕✏✎ ✟✍✓✝✠✆✉✤ ✍✑✕✘✑ ✘✝✆✌ ✏✟ ☛✌ ✩✓✟✍✓ ✝✎ ✏✑✌ ✎✌✡✟✉ ✝✠✆✉ ❇✗✠✟✆✏✑✌ ❚✓✔✕✝✓ ✍✟✠✔ ✺❊♣✵▼❊✤ ✆✌✝✓✕✓❣ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠❉✳

❆✎ ✍✝✠✗✝✠✌ ✏✌✘✑✓✟☞✟❣✉ ✘✑✝✓❣✌✔ ✗✠✟✆ ✏✑✌ ✦✬◆◗✎✤ ✏✑✌✘✝✖✝☞✠✉ ✠✌❘♦✕✠✌✆✌✓✏✎ ✟✗ ✏✑✌ ✱✟✆✡✝✓✉❙✎ ✝✠✆✉ ✔✌✘☞✕✓✌✔✳✣✑✕✎ ✕✎ ☛✌✘✝♦✎✌ ✏✑✌ ✒✠✕✏✕✎✑ ✌✆✡✕✠✌ ✍✝✎ ✗✕❣✑✏✕✓❣ ✕✓✒♦✠✆✝✤ ❆✗❣✑✝✓✕✎✏✝✓ ✝✓✔ ✫❣✉✡✏ ✍✑✌✠✌ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠✎ ✍✌✠✌✝✠✆✌✔ ✍✕✏✑ ❯❱❲❳❨❩❲ ✝✓✔ ❯❬❩❭❪❫❴❭❳❲✳ ✣✑✌ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠✎ ✟✗✏✑✌ ✱✟✆✡✝✓✉❙✎ ✝✠✆✉ ✑✝✔ ✏✟ ✩✌✌✡ ✡✝✘✌ ✍✕✏✑ ✘✑✝✓❣✕✓❣✆✕☞✕✏✝✠✉ ✠✌❘♦✕✠✌✆✌✓✏✎ ✝✓✔ ✕✏✎ ✕✓✗✝✓✏✠✉ ✠✌❣✕✆✌✓✏✎ ✓✟✍☛✌✘✝✆✌ ✆✟✠✌ ✕✆✡✟✠✏✝✓✏✳

❚✓ ✏✑✌ ✌✝✠☞✉ ✓✕✓✌✏✌✌✓✏✑ ✘✌✓✏♦✠✉ ✏✑✌ ✒✠✕✏✕✎✑ ☛✌❣✝✓✏✟ ✔✌✖✌☞✟✡ ✝ ♦✓✕✗✟✠✆ ✆✕☞✕✏✝✠✉ ✘♦☞✏♦✠✌✳ ✰✟☞✔✕✌✠✎ ✍✌✠✌

❵❜❢❜ ❤✐ ❥ ❦❥✐✐❥❧❜ ♥❢qr✈✇r①②✇ ③①❢④❜⑤✐ ❜⑥q⑦①❜②⑧q❦❜②❤②❧ ✐❦❜❜⑨⑩ ✇①❢❤②❧⑧⑩❜ ❤r❦❜❥⑨⑩r❜②⑧ q♥❶❥❢❢❜② ❵❥✐⑧❤②❧✐❷

❸ ❹❺❻❼❽❾❿ ❿❹❺ ❹➀ ➁❿❼➀❽❺❼ ➂➃ ➁❿❼ ❻❼➂❻➄❼ ➂➃❸➀➅❹❽➆ ➇❿➂➈❼ ➉❹➊❿➁➈ ❿❼❿❽➈ ➁➉➂➅➅❼➀ ➋➀➅❼➉❿❹➈ ➃➂➂➁ ❽➀➅ ➇❿➂➈❼❾➂➋➀➁➉➌ ❿❼ ❿❽➈ ➁➋➉➀❼➅❹➀➁➂ ❽ ➅❼➈❼➉➁➍ ➎❽➈➁➄➌ ❹➀➁❿❼ ➀❽❺❼ ➂➃ ❿➋❺❽➀➀❽➁➋➉❼ ❹➁➈❼➄➃➆ ❹➀ ➁❿❼➀❽❺❼ ➂➃ ➏➂➁❿ ➁❿❼➈❼➐❼➈➆ ❹➀ ➁❿❼ ➀❽❺❼ ➂➃❼➑❼➉➌ ❽➊❼➆ ❹➀ ➁❿❼➀❽❺❼ ➂➃ ❼➑❼➉➌ ➉❽➀➒➆ ❸❹❺❻❼❽❾❿ ➁❿❼ ❾➂❺❺➂➀❼➀❼❺➌ ❽➀➅ ➂❻❻➉❼➈➈➂➉➂➃ ❽➄➄➍

➓➔→➣↔↕ ➙

➛➜ ➝➞➟➠➡➢➤ ➥➤➠

➢➦➞➞➦➧ ➠➧➠➞➨ ➡➧➩

➦➟➟➫➠➭➭➦➫ ➦➯ ➡➲➲➳➵

➸✙✚✛♠✚✜✙✚✜✢✛✚✜ ❡✰✝✓✎✩✠✕✏ ✏✌❝✏✎✡✠✌✎✘✠✕☛✕✓❣ ✎✟✘✕✝☞ ✠♦☞✌✎✝✓✔ ✘✟✔✌✎ ✟✗ ☛✌✑✝✖✕✟♦✠✤✘✟✆✡✟✎✌✔ ✗✠✟✆ ➺✳ ★◗◗ ➻➼➽✟✓✍✝✠✔✎

➾✚s✚✛ ❡ ✭✌✓ ✟✓ ✑✟✠✎✌✎

➚❱❲❳❨❩ ❡ ❆ ✑✌✝✖✉ ❣♦✓♦✎✌✔ ☛✉ ✕✓✗✝✓✏✠✉ ✎✟☞✔✕✌✠✎

➚❬❩❭❪❫❴❭❳ ❡ ❆✓ ✌✝✠☞✉✏✉✡✌ ✟✗ ❣♦✓ ✕✓ ✍✑✕✘✑ ✏✑✌✡✟✍✔✌✠ ✍✝✎ ✕❣✓✕✏✌✔ ☛✉ ✝✆✝✏✘✑

Page 24: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✷�

✐✁✂✄☎✆✝✐✁✞✟✠ ✝✡☛☞☎✂✌☎✍ ✌✎ ✏✡✄✎✑☎✆✁✒✝✌✠✟☎ ✌✄✆✐✁✐✁✞✓ ✍✄✐✟✟✆✁✍ ✍✐✝✂✐✑✟✐✁☎ ✌❛✆✌ ✄☎✞✡✟✆✌☎✍ ✌❛☎✐✄ ✟✐✔☎ ✔✆✄ ✕✎✄☎ ✌❛✆✁☛☎✔✎✄☎❜ ✖✔✌☎✁ ✌❛✐✝ ✂✄☎✆✌☎✍ ✑✄✎☛✟☎✕✝ ✝✐✁✂☎ ✂✆✝✌☎ ✆✁✍✂✎✕✕✡✁✐✌✠ ✔☎☎✟✐✁✞✝ ❝☎✄☎ ✐✞✁✎✄☎✍ ✐✁ ☛✡✐✟✍✐✁✞ ✆ ✔✎✄✂☎ ✎✔✑✄✎✔☎✝✝✐✎✁✆✟ ✝✎✟✍✐☎✄✝❜ ♣✎✡✟✍ ✐✁✍✐✗✐✍✡✆✟✝ ✝✎ ☎✆✝✐✟✠✞✐✗☎ ✡✑ ✌❛☎✐✄ ✂✆✝✌☎ ✆✁✍ ✄☎✟✐✞✐✎✡✝ ✔☎☎✟✐✁✞✝❣ ♣✎✡✟✍ ✌❛☎✠✝☎☎ ✌❛☎✕✝☎✟✗☎✝ ✎✁✟✠ ✆✝ ✝✎✟✍✐☎✄✝ ✆✁✍ ✁✎✌ ✆✝ ✕☎✕☛☎✄✝✎✔ ✂✎✕✕✡✁✐✌✐☎✝❣

❲❛✆✌ ✍✐✍ ✌❛☎ ✝☎✑✎✠✝ ✔☎☎✟❣ ✘✎❝ ✍✐✍ ✌❛☎✠ ✄☎✆✂✌ ✌✎ ✌❛☎✂❛✆✁✞☎✝ ✐✁ ✌❛☎✐✄ ✟✐✗☎✝ ✆✁✍ ✌❛☎✐✄ ✐✍☎✁✌✐✌✠ ✙ ✌❛✆✌ ✐✝✓ ✌❛☎✐✄✝☎✁✝☎ ✎✔ ❝❛✎ ✌❛☎✠ ❝☎✄☎❣ s❛☎ ✚☎✗✎✟✌ ✎✔ ✛✜✢✣ ✞✐✗☎✝ ✡✝ ✆✞✟✐✕✑✝☎ ✐✁✌✎ ✌❛☎ ❝✎✄✟✍ ✎✔ ✌❛☎ ✝☎✑✎✠✝❜ ✤✎✡ ❝✐✟✟ ✄☎✆✍ ✆☛✎✡✌✌❛✐✝ ✄☎✗✎✟✌ ✐✁ ♣❛✆✑✌☎✄ ✢❜

❈✥✦✧★✩✪✫✥✦

s❛✡✝ ✌❛☎ ✏✆✝✌ ❚✁✍✐✆ ♣✎✕✑✆✁✠ ❝✆✝ ✌✄✆✁✝✔✎✄✕☎✍ ✔✄✎✕ ✆✌✄✆✍✐✁✞ ✂✎✕✑✆✁✠ ✌✎ ✆ ✌☎✄✄✐✌✎✄✐✆✟ ✂✎✟✎✁✐✆✟ ✑✎❝☎✄❜ s❛☎✆✄✄✐✗✆✟ ✎✔ ✁☎❝ ✝✌☎✆✕ ✌☎✂❛✁✎✟✎✞✠ ✐✁ ✌❛☎ ☎✆✄✟✠ ✁✐✁☎✌☎☎✁✌❛✂☎✁✌✡✄✠ ✆✟✝✎ ✆✐✍☎✍ ✌❛✐✝ ✑✄✎✂☎✝✝❜ s✐✟✟ ✌❛☎✁ ✐✌ ❝✎✡✟✍ ✌✆✬☎✆✁✠❝❛☎✄☎ ☛☎✌❝☎☎✁ ✝✐✭ ✆✁✍ ☎✐✞❛✌ ✕✎✁✌❛✝ ✌✎ ✌✄✆✗☎✟ ✌✎❚✁✍✐✆ ☛✠ ✝☎✆❜ ■✌☎✆✕✝❛✐✑✝ ✄☎✍✡✂☎✍ ✌❛☎ ☞✎✡✄✁☎✠ ✌✐✕☎ ✌✎✌❛✄☎☎ ❝☎☎✬✝ ☎✁✆☛✟✐✁✞ ✕✎✄☎ t✄✐✌✐✝❛☎✄✝ ✆✁✍ ✌❛☎✐✄ ✔✆✕✐✟✐☎✝✌✎ ✂✎✕☎ ✌✎ ✆ ✔✆✄✒✎✔✔ ✂✎✡✁✌✄✠ ✟✐✬☎ ❚✁✍✐✆❜

t✠ ✛✜✢✣ ✌❛☎ ♣✎✕✑✆✁✠ ✂✆✕☎ ✌✎ ☎✭☎✄✂✐✝☎ ✍✐✄☎✂✌ ✄✡✟☎✎✗☎✄ ✆☛✎✡✌ ♦✮ ✑☎✄ ✂☎✁✌ ✎✔ ✌❛☎ ✌☎✄✄✐✌✎✄✠ ✆✁✍ ✣✜ ✑☎✄ ✂☎✁✌✎✔ ✌❛☎ ✑✎✑✡✟✆✌✐✎✁ ✎✔ ✌❛☎ ❚✁✍✐✆✁ ✝✡☛✂✎✁✌✐✁☎✁✌❜ ♣✎✕☛✐✁☎✍❝✐✌❛ ✐✌✝ ✐✁✍✐✄☎✂✌ ✐✁✔✟✡☎✁✂☎ ✎✁ ✌❛☎ ✄☎✕✆✐✁✐✁✞ ✌☎✄✄✐✌✎✄✠✆✁✍ ✑✎✑✡✟✆✌✐✎✁ ✎✔ ✌❛☎ ✂✎✡✁✌✄✠✓ ✌❛☎ ✏✆✝✌ ❚✁✍✐✆ ♣✎✕✑✆✁✠❛✆✍ ✗✐✄✌✡✆✟✟✠ ✌❛☎ ❝❛✎✟☎ ✎✔ ❚✁✍✐✆ ✡✁✍☎✄ ✐✌✝ ✂✎✁✌✄✎✟❜

❋✯✰✱ ✲✳ ✴ ✵ ✶✸✹✸✺ ✻✼ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❃✿❄❅✾ ❆✾❇❉❃❊✾ ✻✼ ❄❅✾ ●✻❍❏❁✿❑▲❏❁❃✿❄✾▼ ◆❑ ❁✿ ❖✿P✿✻◗✿ ❘✿▼❃❁✿❁❇❄❃❆❄▲ ❙❯❱❳❨❩❬❭✺ ❬❪❭ ❫✸❬❬❴❭✶ ✹❵❬❪ ❬❪❭❞✸✺✸❬❪✸✶ ✸❡❢ ❬❪❭ ❞❤✶❥✺❭ ✺❦❴❭✺✶❧❬❪❭ ♠❥♥q✸❡❤ ✺❭✸❴❵✶❭❢ ❬❪❭❵♥q❥✺❬✸❡r❭ ❥❩ ✶❬✺❭❡✉❬❪❭❡❵❡✉ ❵❬✶r✸✈✸❴✺❤ ❩❥✺r❭✇

①②③④ ⑤②⑥⑦⑧ ⑤③ ⑤⑧②②⑨⑤③②⑩

Page 25: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✷✆

▲✝✞✟✠ ✡✝☛☞✌✌

✶✳ ▼✍✎✏✑ ✎✑✒ ✓✔✕✕✔✖✗✘✙✚

❉✗✖✍✘✗ ❚✗✐✛ ✜✛✕✎✍✘➁❚✗✙✒✢ ✔✓ ▼✣✤✔✢✒✦ ✢✗✙✑✎ ✎✔ ✏✔✕✕✒✏✎ ✕✍✘r ✢✒✧✒✘✛✒❢★✩✪✫★✬✭ ★✫★✮★✯ ❙✰✱✲✴❘✍✘✗ ✵✑✍✘✘✍✸✸✍ ✏✢✗✸✗✘✍✕ ✏✔✛✢✎s✭✱★✹✭ ✕✒r ✍✘ ✍✘✎✗❧✺✢✗✎✗✤✑

✸✔✧✒✸✒✘✎ ✗✘ ♠✗✎✔✔✢

✻✳ ❋✗✕✕ ✗✘ ✎✑✒ ✼✕✍✘✽✤✚

✾✍✿ ❚✑✒ ✺✢✗✎✗✤✑ ✏✔✘❀✛✒✤✎ ✔✓ ✺✒✘✙✍✕ ✼✒✙✍✘ ✖✗✎✑ ✎✑✒✺✍✎✎✕✒ ✔✓ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✳

✾✼✿ ❍✍✗r✍✢ ❁✕✗ ✍✘r ❚✗✐✛ ✜✛✕✎✍✘ ✖✒✢✒ ✎✑✒ ✢✛✕✒✢✤ ✔✓❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✳

▲✝✞✟✠ ❂❃☞❄❂❅✝

❨♦❆ ❇❈❡ ❊●❏●❑◆ ●❑◗❑◆❊❇❑❯ ●❑ ❱❲❡ ❊❇❱❡❡●◆❲❱❡❡❑❱❲ ♦❈ ❡❇❈❊❳❑●❑❡❱❡❡❑❱❲ ♥❡❑❱❆❈❳❩❬♦❭ ❭♦❆❊❯ ❳♦❆ ❲❇❏❡❈❡❇♥❱❡❯ ❱♦ ❱❲❡ ❪❱♦❈●❡❪♦❫ ❵❈●❱●❪❲ ♥♦❑❛❆❡❪❱❪❜❝❡❞❡❞❣❡❈ ❱❲❇❱ ❳♦❆❭♦❆❊❯ ❲❇❏❡ ❈❡❇❯❇❣♦❆❱ ❱❲❡ ●❞❞❡❑❪❡❫♦❈❱❆❑❡❪ ❱❲❇❱ ❞❇❑❳♦❫ ❱❲❡ ♦❫❫●♥●❇❊❪ ❭❡❈❡❞❇❤●❑◆❩

❥❦♣❥qt❥✉❥

♣✈✇①② ③④✇⑤② ⑥⑦ ♣⑧⑨⑩❶ ❷❸④⑥❹✇❺❻❼ ❽❾❿➀❻ ❿➂➃➄➅➆➇ ➈❻➅➉➈ ➂❼➃➀❻❼➄ ➈➊❾❿❻❼➂➆➋➌➂➅➀➃ ➅➆ ❿❻❼ ➈❼➍❼➆❿❼❼➆❿❻ ➀❼➆❿❾➂➎➏ ➐➊➊➆ ➃➈➑➃➍❼ ❿➂➃➄❼ ➒❼➇➃➆➏ ➓❼➊➉➑❼ ➔❼➂❼ ➀➃➉❿❾➂❼➄→➀❻➃➅➆❼➄→ ➃➆➄ ➈➊➑➄ ➅➆ ➈➑➃➍❼ ➣➃➂↔❼❿➈➏ ↕❻❼➆➈➑➃➍❼➂➎ ❼➆➄❼➄ ➅➆ ➙➛➜➝ ❿❻❼➂❼ ➔❼➂❼ ➜➞→➟➟➝➉➂➅➍➃❿❼➑➎ ➊➔➆❼➄ ➈➑➃➍❼➈ ➃❿ ❿❻❼ ➠➃➉❼ ➡➑➊➀➃❿❼➄ ➃❿ ❿❻❼ ➈➊❾❿❻❼➂➆ ➣➊➈❿ ❿➅➉ ➊➌ ➋➌➂➅➀➃➏➋ ➍➅➈➅❿➊➂ ❿➊ ❿❻❼ ➠➃➉❼ ➅➆ ➙➛➢➝ ❻➃➈ ➑❼➌❿

➃ ➣➊➍➅➆➇ ➃➀➀➊❾➆❿ ➊➌ ➔❻➃❿ ❻❼ ➈➃➔ ➃❿ ➃➈➑➃➍❼ ➃❾➀❿➅➊➆➤

➥➃➍➅➆➇ ➑❼➃➂➆❼➄ ❿❻➃❿ ❿❻❼➂❼ ➔➃➈ ❿➊ ➒❼➈➃➑❼ ➊➌ ➀➃❿❿➑❼→ ➌➃➂➣➦➈❿➊➀↔→ ❼❿➀ ➒➎ ➃❾➀❿➅➊➆→ ➧ ➔❼ ❻➃➑❿❼➄ ➊❾➂ ➔➃➇➊➆ ➌➊➂ ❿❻❼ ➉❾➂➉➊➈❼ ➊➌➉➂➊➀❾➂➅➆➇ ➌➂❼➈❻ ➊➨❼➆➏ ➋➣➊➆➇ ❿❻❼ ➈❿➊➀↔ ➧ ➔➃➈ ➃ ➌❼➣➃➑❼ ➈➑➃➍❼ ➃➆➄ ❻❼➂ ❿❻➂❼❼ ➀❻➅➑➄➂❼➆➏❺❻❼ ➌➃➂➣❼➂➈ ❼➨➃➣➅➆❼➄ ❿❻❼➣→ ➃➈ ➅➌ ❿❻❼➎ ❻➃➄ ➒❼❼➆ ➈➊ ➣➃➆➎ ❻❼➃➄ ➊➌ ➀➃❿❿➑❼➏ ❺❻❼➎ ➔❼➂❼➈➊➑➄ ➈❼➉➃➂➃❿❼➑➎→ ➃➆➄ ❿➊ ➄➅➌➌❼➂❼➆❿ ➉❾➂➀❻➃➈❼➂➈➏ ❺❻❼ ❿❼➃➂➈→ ❿❻❼ ➃➆➨➅❼❿➎→ ❿❻❼ ➃➆➇❾➅➈❻ ➊➌ ❿❻❼➣➊❿❻❼➂→ ➔❻➅➑❼ ➈❻❼➧ ➀➃➈❿ ❻❼➃➂❿➦➂❼➆➄➅➆➇ ➑➊➊↔ ❾➉➊➆ ❻❼➂ ➀❻➅➑➄➂❼➆→ ➃➆➄ ❿❻❼ ➈➅➣➉➑➅➀➅❿➎ ➃➆➄❿➊❾➀❻➅➆➇ ➈➊➂➂➊➔ ➊➌ ❿❻❼ ➉➊➊➂ ➎➊❾➆➇ ➊➆❼➈ ➔❻➅➑❼ ❿❻❼➎ ➀➑❾➆➇ ❿➊ ❿❻❼➅➂ ➄➅➈❿➂➃➀❿❼➄ ➉➃➂❼➆❿ ➧➀➊➆❿➂➃➈❿❼➄ ➔➅❿❻ ❿❻❼ ➣➃➂↔❼➄ ➅➆➈❼➆➈➅❿➅➍➅❿➎ ➃➆➄ ➩➊➀❾➑➃➂ ➀➊❾➆❿❼➆➃➆➀❼➈ ➊➌ ❿❻❼ ➈➉❼➀❿➃❿➊➂➈

➫➭➯➲➳➵ ➸➺ ➻➸➼➳➽ ➾➯➚➵➯➺ ➳➲➪ ➶➽➪➹ ➘➴➷ ➬➴➮➱✃❐ ❒➴➮❒ ❮➱✃❰ Ï❐Ð ➮ Ñ➱❐❒ÒÓÔ ÒÕ Ö×➮Ø➷ÓÔ ➮❒ ❒➴➷ ➬➮Ù➷Ú ÛÜÜÝÞ

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✷�

✭❝✮ ❉✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ✞✠✡✂✟✠✟☛☞✟✌ ☞✄✟ ❉☎❝☞✍✞☛✟ ☎✎ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✏

✭✌✮ ▼✁✍✁☞✄✁ ✑✞☛✒✌☎✠✝ ✓✟✍✟ ✂☎❝✁☞✟✌ ✠✁✞☛✂✔ ✞☛ ☞✄✟❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ✡✁✍☞ ☎✎ ❛☛✌✞✁✏

✸✏ ❙☞✁☞✟ ✓✄✟☞✄✟✍ ☞✍✆✟ ☎✍ ✎✁✂✝✟✕

✭✁✮ ❚✄✟ ▼✆✒✄✁✂ ✟✠✡✞✍✟ ✖✟❝✁✠✟ ✝☞✍☎☛✒✟✍ ✞☛ ☞✄✟✟✞✒✄☞✟✟☛☞✄ ❝✟☛☞✆✍✔✏

✭✖✮ ❚✄✟ ✗☛✒✂✞✝✄ ✗✁✝☞ ❛☛✌✞✁ ✘☎✠✡✁☛✔ ✓✁✝ ☞✄✟ ☎☛✂✔✗✆✍☎✡✟✁☛ ❝☎✠✡✁☛✔ ☞✄✁☞ ☞✍✁✌✟✌ ✓✞☞✄ ❛☛✌✞✁✏

✭❝✮ ▼✁✄✁✍✁✙✁ ✚✁☛✙✞☞ ❙✞☛✒✄ ✓✁✝ ☞✄✟ ✍✆✂✟✍ ☎✎ ✛✆☛✙✁✖✏

✭✌✮ ❚✄✟ ✜✍✞☞✞✝✄ ✌✞✌ ☛☎☞ ✞☛☞✍☎✌✆❝✟ ✁✌✠✞☛✞✝☞✍✁☞✞✢✟❝✄✁☛✒✟✝ ✞☛ ☞✄✟ ☞✟✍✍✞☞☎✍✞✟✝ ☞✄✟✔ ❝☎☛✣✆✟✍✟✌✏

▲✤✥✦✧ ★✩✧✪✫✧✧

✹✏ ❲✄✁☞ ✁☞☞✍✁❝☞✟✌ ✗✆✍☎✡✟✁☛ ☞✍✁✌✞☛✒ ❝☎✠✡✁☛✞✟✝ ☞☎ ❛☛✌✞✁✬

✺✏ ❲✄✁☞ ✓✟✍✟ ☞✄✟ ✁✍✟✁✝ ☎✎ ❝☎☛✎✂✞❝☞ ✖✟☞✓✟✟☛ ☞✄✟✜✟☛✒✁✂ ☛✁✓✁✖✝ ✁☛✌ ☞✄✟ ✗✁✝☞ ❛☛✌✞✁ ✘☎✠✡✁☛✔✬

✻✏ ❍☎✓ ✌✞✌ ☞✄✟ ✁✝✝✆✠✡☞✞☎☛ ☎✎ ❉✞✓✁☛✞ ✖✟☛✟✎✞☞ ☞✄✟ ✗✁✝☞❛☛✌✞✁ ✘☎✠✡✁☛✔✬

✼✏ ✗❊✡✂✁✞☛ ☞✄✟ ✝✔✝☞✟✠ ☎✎ ✯✝✆✖✝✞✌✞✁✍✔ ✁✂✂✞✁☛❝✟✰✏

✽✏ ❛☛ ✓✄✁☞ ✓✁✔ ✓✁✝ ☞✄✟ ✁✌✠✞☛✞✝☞✍✁☞✞☎☛ ☎✎ ☞✄✟ ✘☎✠✡✁☛✔✌✞✎✎✟✍✟☛☞ ✎✍☎✠ ☞✄✁☞ ☎✎ ❛☛✌✞✁☛ ✍✆✂✟✍✝✬

✾✏ ❉✟✝❝✍✞✖✟ ☞✄✟ ❝✄✁☛✒✟✝ ☞✄✁☞ ☎❝❝✆✍✍✟✌ ✞☛ ☞✄✟ ❝☎✠✡☎✝✞☞✞☎☛☎✎ ☞✄✟ ✘☎✠✡✁☛✔♦✝ ✁✍✠✔✏

▲✤✥✦✧ ★✱

✶✵✏ ❆✎☞✟✍ ☞✄✟ ✜✍✞☞✞✝✄ ❝☎☛✣✆✟✝☞ ☎✎ ✜✟☛✒✁✂✲ ✘✁✂❝✆☞☞✁ ✒✍✟✓ ✎✍☎✠✁ ✝✠✁✂✂ ✢✞✂✂✁✒✟ ☞☎ ✁ ✖✞✒ ❝✞☞✔✏ s✞☛✌ ☎✆☞ ✁✖☎✆☞ ☞✄✟ ❝✆✂☞✆✍✟✲✁✍❝✄✞☞✟❝☞✆✍✟ ✁☛✌ ☞✄✟ ✂✞✎✟ ☎✎ ✗✆✍☎✡✟✁☛✝ ✁☛✌ ❛☛✌✞✁☛✝ ☎✎ ☞✄✟❝✞☞✔ ✌✆✍✞☛✒ ☞✄✟ ❝☎✂☎☛✞✁✂ ✡✟✍✞☎✌✏

✶✶✏ ✘☎✂✂✟❝☞ ✡✞❝☞✆✍✟✝✲ ✝☞☎✍✞✟✝✲ ✡☎✟✠✝ ✁☛✌ ✞☛✎☎✍✠✁☞✞☎☛ ✁✖☎✆☞✁☛✔ ☎✎ ☞✄✟ ✎☎✂✂☎✓✞☛✒ ✳ ☞✄✟ ✚✁☛✞ ☎✎ ✴✄✁☛✝✞✲ ▼✁✄✁✌✙✞ ❙✞☛✌✄✞✁✲❍✁✞✌✁✍ ❆✂✞✲ ▼✁✄✁✍✁✙✁ ✚✁☛✙✞☞ ❙✞☛✒✄✲ ✿☎✍✌ ❉✁✂✄☎✆✝✞✟ ☎✍✁☛✔ ☎☞✄✟✍ ❝☎☛☞✟✠✡☎✍✁✍✔ ✍✆✂✟✍ ☎✎ ✔☎✆✍ ✍✟✒✞☎☛✏

❋❀❁❂ ❃❀❄❅❇ ❃❁ ❃❇❀❀❈❃❁❀●

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❋�✁✂ ✄ ✥ ☎✆✝✞✟✠ ✡☛☞✌✞❛✍✍✞✎✠☞✏✑ ✠✒✞ ✓☞✔❛✏☞✆♦ ✕✞✏✑❛☛✖ ✕☞✒❛✟ ❛✏✗❖✟☞✘✘❛ ♦✟✆✙ ✠✒✞✚✛✑✒❛☛✟✛☛✞✟ ☞✏ r✜✢✣❚✤✦ ✧★✩✪✫✬✭ ✮✦✯★✩✦✰ ✱✤✦ ✲✳✴✫✬✵✶ ✷✸ ✹✺✻✺✼✽ ✷✾✿❀❁ ✽❂❃ ❄✺✻❂❅❆ ❃❇❈❃❉❊❉ ❅❈❈❊●✶✽❃❍ ✽❂❃ ■❅✼✽ ❏✶❍●❅❑❊❇❈❅✶▲ ❅✼ ✽❂❃ ▼●◆❅✶ ❊P ◗❃✶✻❅❆❘ ❙❂❃ ❅❯✽✺❅❆ ❃❱❃✶✽ ❇❊✼✽ ❈❉❊❲❅❲❆▲✽❊❊t ❈❆❅❯❃ ●✶ ❳❊❲❃❉✽ ❑❆●❱❃❨✼ ✽❃✶✽❁ ◆●✽❂ ❅ P❃◆ ■✶✻❆●✼❂❇❃✶ ❅✶❍❏✶❍●❅✶✼ ❅✼ ◆●✽✶❃✼✼❃✼❘ ◗✺✽ ●✶ ✽❂❃ ❈❅●✶✽●✶✻ ❅❲❊❱❃❁ ✽❂❃ ❃❱❃✶✽ ●✼✼❂❊◆✶ ❅✼ ❅ ❇❅s❃✼✽●❯ ❊❯❯❅✼●❊✶❁ ✽❅t●✶✻ ❈❆❅❯❃ ●✶ ❅ ✻❉❅✶❍ ✼❃✽✽●✶✻❘❙❂❃ ❈❅●✶✽❃❉ ◆❅✼ ❯❊❇❇●✼✼●❊✶❃❍ ❲▲ ❑❆●❱❃ ✽❊ ❉❃❯❊❉❍ ✽❂❃ ❇❃❇❊❉❅❲❆❃❃❱❃✶✽✼ ●✶ ❑❆●❱❃❨✼ ❆●P❃❘ ❙❂❃ ✻❉❅✶✽ ❊P ▼●◆❅✶● ❯❆❃❅❉❆▲ ◆❅✼ ❊✶❃ ✼✺❯❂❃❱❃✶✽ ●✶ ◗❉●✽●✼❂ ●❇❅✻●✶❅✽●❊✶❘

✹✼ ▼●◆❅✶❁ ✽❂❃ ❑❊❇❈❅✶▲ ❲❃❯❅❇❃ ✽❂❃ ❯❂●❃P P●✶❅✶❯●❅❆❅❍❇●✶●✼✽❉❅✽❊❉ ❊P ✽❂❃ ✽❃❉❉●✽❊❉▲ ✺✶❍❃❉ ●✽✼ ❯❊✶✽❉❊❆❘ ❩❊◆ ●✽ ❂❅❍ ✽❊✽❂●✶t ❊P ❅❍❇●✶●✼✽❃❉●✶✻ ✽❂❃ ❆❅✶❍ ❅✶❍ ❊❉✻❅✶●✼●✶✻ ●✽✼ ❉❃❱❃✶✺❃❉❃✼❊✺❉❯❃✼❘ ❙❂●✼ ❂❅❍ ✽❊ ❲❃ ❍❊✶❃ ●✶ ❅ ◆❅▲ ✽❂❅✽ ❯❊✺❆❍ ▲●❃❆❍ ❃✶❊✺✻❂❉❃❱❃✶✺❃ ✽❊ ❇❃❃✽ ✽❂❃ ✻❉❊◆●✶✻ ❃❬❈❃✶✼❃✼ ❊P ✽❂❃ ❯❊❇❈❅✶▲❘ ✹ ✽❉❅❍●✶✻❯❊❇❈❅✶▲ ❂❅❍ ❅❆✼❊ ✽❊ ❃✶✼✺❉❃ ✽❂❅✽ ●✽ ❯❊✺❆❍ ❲✺▲ ✽❂❃ ❈❉❊❍✺❯✽✼ ●✽✶❃❃❍❃❍ ❅✶❍ ✼❃❆❆ ◆❂❅✽ ●✽ ◆❅✶✽❃❍❘

❭❪❫❴❵❜ ❝❞❡ ❢❣❪❵❝❤✐❥❴❦❡❧

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✷�

❖✁✂✄ ☎✆✂ ✝✂✞✄✟ ☎✆✂ ✠✡☛☞✞✌✝ ✞✍✟✡ ✍✂✞✄✌☎ ☎✆✞☎ ✎☎ ✆✞✏ ☎✡

☛✡✁✂ ♠✎☎✆ ✟✡☛✂ ✑✞✒☎✎✡✌✓ ✔✂✎✌✕ ✞✌ ✞✍✎✂✌ ☞✡♠✂✄✱ ✎☎ ✌✂✂✏✂✏

☎✡ ☞✞✑✎t✝ ☎✆✡✟✂ ♠✆✡ ✎✌ ☎✆✂ ☞✞✟☎ ✆✞✏ ✄✒✍✂✏ ☎✆✂ ✑✡✒✌☎✄✝✟✎✏✂✱

✞✌✏ ✂✌❛✡✝✂✏ ✞✒☎✆✡✄✎☎✝ ✞✌✏ ☞✄✂✟☎✎✕✂✓ ✖✆✡✟✂ ♠✆✡ ✆✞✏ ✆✂✍✏

✍✡✑✞✍ ☞✡♠✂✄ ✆✞✏ ☎✡ ❧✂ ✑✡✌☎✄✡✍✍✂✏ ❧✒☎ ☎✆✂✝ ✑✡✒✍✏ ✌✡☎ ❧✂

✂✌☎✎✄✂✍✝ ✂✍✎☛✎✌✞☎✂✏✓

❍✡♠ ♠✞✟ ☎✆✎✟ ☎✡ ❧✂ ✏✡✌✂✗ ✘✌ ☎✆✎✟ ✑✆✞☞☎✂✄ ♠✂ ♠✎✍✍ ✟✂✂

✆✡♠ ☎✆✂ ✠✡☛☞✞✌✝ ✑✞☛✂ ☎✡ ✑✡✍✡✌✎✟✂ ☎✆✂ ✑✡✒✌☎✄✝✟✎✏✂✱ ✡✄✕✞✌✎✟✂

✄✂✁✂✌✒✂ ✄✂✟✡✒✄✑✂✟✱ ✄✂✏✂t✎✌✂ ☎✆✂ ✄✎✕✆☎✟ ✡t ☞✂✡☞✍✂✱ ✞✌✏ ☞✄✡✏✒✑✂

☎✆✂ ✑✄✡☞✟ ✎☎ ♠✞✌☎✂✏✓

❘✙✚✙✛✜✙ ✢✣✤ ✥✦✙ ✧✣★✩✪✛✫

✖✆✂ ✠✡☛☞✞✌✝ ✆✞✏ ❧✂✑✡☛✂ ☎✆✂ ❚✎♠✞✌✱ ❧✒☎ ✎☎ ✟☎✎✍✍ ✟✞♠ ✎☎✟✂✍t

☞✄✎☛✞✄✎✍✝ ✞✟ ✞ ☎✄✞✏✂✄✓ ✘☎ ♠✞✌☎✂✏ ✞ ✍✞✄✕✂ ✄✂✁✂✌✒✂ ✎✌✑✡☛✂ ❧✒☎

♠✞✟ ✒✌♠✎✍✍✎✌✕ ☎✡ ✟✂☎ ✒☞ ✞✌✝ ✄✂✕✒✍✞✄ ✟✝✟☎✂☛ ✡t ✞✟✟✂✟✟☛✂✌☎

✞✌✏ ✑✡✍✍✂✑☎✎✡✌✓ ✖✆✂ ✂tt✡✄☎ ♠✞✟ ☎✡ ✎✌✑✄✂✞✟✂ ☎✆✂ ✄✂✁✂✌✒✂ ✞✟ ☛✒✑✆

✞✟ ✎☎ ✑✡✒✍✏ ✞✌✏ ❧✒✝ t✎✌✂ ✑✡☎☎✡✌ ✞✌✏ ✟✎✍✬ ✑✍✡☎✆ ✞✟ ✑✆✂✞☞✍✝ ✞✟

☞✡✟✟✎❧✍✂✓ ❲✎☎✆✎✌ t✎✁✂ ✝✂✞✄✟ ☎✆✂ ✁✞✍✒✂ ✡t ✕✡✡✏✟ ❧✡✒✕✆☎ ❧✝ ☎✆✂

✠✡☛☞✞✌✝ ✎✌ ✔✂✌✕✞✍ ✏✡✒❧✍✂✏✓ ✔✂t✡✄✂ ❈✭✮✯✱ ☎✆✂ ✠✡☛☞✞✌✝ ✆✞✏

☞✒✄✑✆✞✟✂✏ ✕✡✡✏✟ ✎✌ ✘✌✏✎✞ ❧✝ ✎☛☞✡✄☎✎✌✕ ✕✡✍✏ ✞✌✏ ✟✎✍✁✂✄ t✄✡☛

✔✄✎☎✞✎✌✓ ❇✡♠ ☎✆✂ ✄✂✁✂✌✒✂ ✑✡✍✍✂✑☎✂✏ ✎✌ ✔✂✌✕✞✍ ✑✡✒✍✏ t✎✌✞✌✑✂

☎✆✂ ☞✒✄✑✆✞✟✂ ✡t ✕✡✡✏✟ t✡✄ ✂✰☞✡✄☎✓

❙✡✡✌ ✎☎ ♠✞✟ ✑✍✂✞✄ ☎✆✞☎ ☎✆✂ ✔✂✌✕✞✍ ✂✑✡✌✡☛✝ ♠✞✟ t✞✑✎✌✕

✞ ✏✂✂☞ ✑✄✎✟✎✟✓ ✲✄☎✎✟✞✌✟ ♠✂✄✂ ✏✂✟✂✄☎✎✌✕ ✁✎✍✍✞✕✂✟ ✟✎✌✑✂ ☎✆✂✝

♠✂✄✂ ❧✂✎✌✕ t✡✄✑✂✏ ☎✡ ✟✂✍✍ ☎✆✂✎✄ ✕✡✡✏✟ ☎✡ ☎✆✂ ✠✡☛☞✞✌✝ ✞☎ ✍✡♠

☞✄✎✑✂✟✓ ♣✂✞✟✞✌☎✟ ♠✂✄✂ ✒✌✞❧✍✂ ☎✡ ☞✞✝ ☎✆✂ ✏✒✂✟ ☎✆✞☎ ♠✂✄✂ ❧✂✎✌✕

✏✂☛✞✌✏✂✏ t✄✡☛ ☎✆✂☛✓ ✲✄☎✎✟✞✌✞✍ ☞✄✡✏✒✑☎✎✡✌ ♠✞✟ ✎✌ ✏✂✑✍✎✌✂✱

✞✌✏ ✞✕✄✎✑✒✍☎✒✄✞✍ ✑✒✍☎✎✁✞☎✎✡✌ ✟✆✡♠✂✏ ✟✎✕✌✟ ✡t ✑✡✍✍✞☞✟✂✓ ✖✆✂✌

✎✌ ❈✐✐✳ ✞ ☎✂✄✄✎❧✍✂ t✞☛✎✌✂ ✬✎✍✍✂✏ ☎✂✌ ☛✎✍✍✎✡✌ ☞✂✡☞✍✂ ✎✌ ✔✂✌✕✞✍✓

✲❧✡✒☎ ✡✌✂❆☎✆✎✄✏ ✡t ☎✆✂ ☞✡☞✒✍✞☎✎✡✌ ♠✞✟ ♠✎☞✂✏ ✡✒☎✓

✴✵✶✸✹✺ ✻✼✽ ✾✿✵✹✻✴❀❁✸❂✽

❋❃❄❅ ❉ ❊ ● ■❏❏❑▲▼ ◆P◗❑❏❯❱❳ ❨❩◗❬❭❱❪P❫P❪ ❱❳ ❴❏❳❵P▲

❜❝❞❡❞❢❣❡ ❞❢❤ ❞❥❣❦❡❞❢❡♥❥♦q ❥r❥❞s ❞❥❝❞❡ ❥❝✉rs❞❥s✈✇❞q❝ ❣♦ ❣①❝❡❝ ②❝❝③s✈q❞❥③❝❣❡ ④❭PP❯❬⑤ ❣♦ ❡❝ss❣①❝❦❥ ✉♦♦❤❡ ❞❢❤ ⑥r✈ ②①❞❣❣①❝✈ ❢❝❝❤❝❤⑦ ⑧①❝❡❝q❞❥③❝❣❡②❝❥❝ ⑥❞❤s✈ ❞♥♥❝✇❣❝❤ ❤r❥❦❢✉❣❦q❝❡ ♦♥ ❝✇♦❢♦q❦✇ ✇❥❦❡❦❡⑦

Page 29: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✷✆

❚✝✞ ✟✞✞✠ ✡☛ ☞✌✍✎☛✏✞ ✑✒✎☞✓✔✕✡✔✎✞✖✗ ✘✙✚ ✚✛✜✢✜✣✤ ✦✧★ ✩✢ ✪✫✩✢★✬ ✛✜✫✭✮ ✘✙✚ ✯✜✣✰✧✢✤ ✱✚✛✚✪✘✧✩✢ ✜✗ ✩✘★ ✪✚❝✚✢✫✚ ✩✢✛✜✣✚✲ ✳✜★✘ ✯✜✣✰✧✢✤ ✜✗✗✩✛✩✧✭★✱✚❜✧✢ ✘✜ ✗✚✚✭ ✘✙✧✘ ✩✢❝✚★✘✣✚✢✘ ✩✢ ✭✧✢✮ ✙✧✮ ✘✜ ✱✚✚✢✛✜✫✪✧❜✚✮ ✧✢✮ ✧❜✪✩✛✫✭✘✫✪✚ ✙✧✮ ✘✜ ✱✚ ✩✣✰✪✜❝✚✮❡

❍✜✦ ✦✧★ ✘✙✩★ ✘✜ ✱✚ ✮✜✢✚✲ ✴✗✘✚✪ ✘✦✜ ✮✚✛✧✮✚★ ✜✗ ✮✚✱✧✘✚✜✢ ✘✙✚ ♦✫✚★✘✩✜✢✬ ✘✙✚ ✯✜✣✰✧✢✤ ✗✩✢✧✭✭✤ ✩✢✘✪✜✮✫✛✚✮ ✘✙✚✵✚✪✣✧✢✚✢✘ ✶✚✘✘✭✚✣✚✢✘ ✩✢ ✸✹✺✻❡ ✼✤ ✘✙✚ ✘✚✪✣★ ✜✗ ✘✙✚★✚✘✘✭✚✣✚✢✘✬ ✘✙✚ ✪✧s✧★ ✧✢✮ t✽✾✿❀❁✽❂❃ ✦✚✪✚ ✪✚✛✜❜✢✩★✚✮✧★ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪★❡ ❄✙✚✤ ✦✚✪✚ ✧★❅✚✮ ✘✜ ✛✜✭✭✚✛✘ ✪✚✢✘ ✗✪✜✣✘✙✚ ✰✚✧★✧✢✘★ ✧✢✮ ✰✧✤ ✪✚❝✚✢✫✚ ✘✜ ✘✙✚ ✯✜✣✰✧✢✤❡ ❄✙✚✧✣✜✫✢✘ ✘✜ ✱✚ ✰✧✩✮ ✦✧★ ✗✩❆✚✮ ✰✚✪✣✧✢✚✢✘✭✤✬ ✘✙✧✘ ✩★✬ ✩✘✦✧★ ✢✜✘ ✘✜ ✱✚ ✩✢✛✪✚✧★✚✮ ✚❝✚✪ ✩✢ ✗✫✘✫✪✚❡ ✖✘ ✦✧★ ✗✚✭✘ ✘✙✧✘✘✙✩★ ✦✜✫✭✮ ✚✢★✫✪✚ ✧ ✪✚❜✫✭✧✪ ✗✭✜✦ ✜✗ ✪✚❝✚✢✫✚ ✩✢✘✜ ✘✙✚✯✜✣✰✧✢✤❈★ ✛✜✗✗✚✪★ ✧✢✮ ✧✘ ✘✙✚ ★✧✣✚ ✘✩✣✚ ✚✢✛✜✫✪✧❜✚✘✙✚ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪★ ✘✜ ✩✢❝✚★✘ ✩✢ ✩✣✰✪✜❝✩✢❜ ✘✙✚ ✭✧✢✮❡ ✶✩✢✛✚✘✙✚ ✪✚❝✚✢✫✚ ✮✚✣✧✢✮ ✜✗ ✘✙✚ ★✘✧✘✚ ✦✜✫✭✮ ✢✜✘ ✱✚✩✢✛✪✚✧★✚✮✬ ✘✙✚ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪ ✦✜✫✭✮ ✱✚✢✚✗✩✘ ✗✪✜✣ ✩✢✛✪✚✧★✚✮✰✪✜✮✫✛✘✩✜✢ ✗✪✜✣ ✘✙✚ ✭✧✢✮❡

❚✝✞ ✍✎☛❇✕✞✌❄✙✚ ✵✚✪✣✧✢✚✢✘ ✶✚✘✘✭✚✣✚✢✘✬ ✙✜✦✚❝✚✪✬ ✛✪✚✧✘✚✮ ✰✪✜✱✭✚✣★❡✯✜✣✰✧✢✤ ✜✗✗✩✛✩✧✭★ ★✜✜✢ ✮✩★✛✜❝✚✪✚✮ ✘✙✧✘ ✘✙✚ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪★✦✚✪✚ ✩✢ ✗✧✛✘ ✢✜✘ ✩✢❝✚★✘✩✢❜ ✩✢ ✘✙✚ ✩✣✰✪✜❝✚✣✚✢✘ ✜✗ ✭✧✢✮❡❄✙✚ ✪✚❝✚✢✫✚ ✘✙✧✘ ✙✧✮ ✱✚✚✢ ✗✩❆✚✮ ✦✧★ ★✜ ✙✩❜✙ ✘✙✧✘ ✘✙✚❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪★ ✗✜✫✢✮ ✩✘ ✮✩✗✗✩✛✫✭✘ ✘✜ ✰✧✤❡ ✴✢✤✜✢✚ ✦✙✜ ✗✧✩✭✚✮ ✘✜✰✧✤ ✘✙✚ ✪✚❝✚✢✫✚ ✭✜★✘ ✙✩★ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪✩❡ ♣✫✣✚✪✜✫★ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪✩★✦✚✪✚ ★✜✭✮ ✜✗✗ ✧✘ ✧✫✛✘✩✜✢★ ✜✪❜✧✢✩★✚✮ ✱✤ ✘✙✚ ✯✜✣✰✧✢✤❡

✼✤ ✘✙✚ ✗✩✪★✘ ✮✚✛✧✮✚ ✜✗ ✘✙✚ ✢✩✢✚✘✚✚✢✘✙ ✛✚✢✘✫✪✤ ✘✙✚★✩✘✫✧✘✩✜✢ ✛✙✧✢❜✚✮❡ ❄✙✚ ✰✪✩✛✚★ ✩✢ ✘✙✚ ✣✧✪❅✚✘ ✪✜★✚ ✧✢✮✛✫✭✘✩❝✧✘✩✜✢ ★✭✜✦✭✤ ✚❆✰✧✢✮✚✮❡ ❄✙✩★ ✣✚✧✢✘ ✧✢ ✩✢✛✪✚✧★✚ ✩✢✘✙✚ ✩✢✛✜✣✚ ✜✗ ✘✙✚ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪★ ✱✫✘ ✢✜ ❜✧✩✢ ✗✜✪ ✘✙✚✯✜✣✰✧✢✤ ★✩✢✛✚ ✩✘ ✛✜✫✭✮ ✢✜✘ ✩✢✛✪✚✧★✚ ✧ ✪✚❝✚✢✫✚ ✮✚✣✧✢✮✘✙✧✘ ✙✧✮ ✱✚✚✢ ✗✩❆✚✮ ✰✚✪✣✧✢✚✢✘✭✤

❊❝✚✢ ✘✙✚✢ ✘✙✚ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪★ ✮✩✮ ✢✜✘ ✙✧❝✚ ✧✢ ✩✢✘✚✪✚★✘ ✩✢✩✣✰✪✜❝✩✢❜ ✘✙✚ ✭✧✢✮❡ ✶✜✣✚ ✙✧✮ ✭✜★✘ ✘✙✚✩✪ ✭✧✢✮★ ✩✢ ✘✙✚✚✧✪✭✩✚✪ ✤✚✧✪★ ✜✗ ✘✙✚ ★✚✘✘✭✚✣✚✢✘❉ ✜✘✙✚✪★ ✢✜✦ ★✧✦ ✘✙✚✰✜★★✩✱✩✭✩✘✤ ✜✗ ✚✧✪✢✩✢❜ ✦✩✘✙✜✫✘ ✘✙✚ ✘✪✜✫✱✭✚ ✧✢✮ ✪✩★❅ ✜✗✩✢❝✚★✘✣✚✢✘❡ ✴★ ✭✜✢❜ ✧★ ✘✙✚ ❛✧✣✩✢✮✧✪★ ✛✜✫✭✮ ❜✩❝✚ ✜✫✘ ✘✙✚✭✧✢✮ ✘✜ ✘✚✢✧✢✘★ ✧✢✮ ❜✚✘ ✪✚✢✘✬ ✘✙✚✤ ✦✚✪✚ ✢✜✘ ✩✢✘✚✪✚★✘✚✮ ✩✢✩✣✰✪✜❝✩✢❜ ✘✙✚ ✭✧✢✮❡

❋●❏❑ ▲ ▼ ◆◗❘❙❯❱❲ ◆❳❙❨❩❘❯❯❬❲❭❪❫♥❴❵❞❞❢❣ ❴❵❣ ❤✐❥ ❦❪❧❥❫♥❪❫♠❦❥♥❥❫❵❞ ❪q r♥✉❢❵ ❴✐❥♥ ❤✐❥✈❥❫✇❵♥❥♥❤ ①❥❤❤❞❥✇❥♥❤ ❴❵❣❢♥❤❫❪✉②③❥✉④

⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩⑥⑥❶ ⑥❷

❸⑧❷❹❺⑦ ⑩❻⑥❼❽

❾❿ ➀➁❿➂ ➃➄➅➅➁➆➇➈ ➉➊➋➇❿➆➁➅➌ ➈➉➀➇ ➉➊ ➍➎➇➏➉➐➇➑➊➒➅ ➓➔→➣↔ ↕➄↕ ❿➉➍➙➒➅➍ ➄➃➁➍➇➌ ➛➒➍ ➄❿➈➍➇➁↕➆➁➃➇ ➉➒➍ ➍➎➇➄➑ ➅➁❿↕➈ ➍➉➉➍➎➇➑➈ ➜➍➎➇➒❿↕➇➑➝➍➇❿➁❿➍➈➞➌➍➁➟➄❿➆ ➊➑➉➀ ➍➎➇➀ ➃➇➑➂➎➄➆➎ ➑➇❿➍➈➠ ❾❿ ➡➢➤➥➌ ➦➠ ➧➠➨➉➅➇➛➑➉➉➟ ↕➇➈➙➑➄➛➇↕ ➍➎➇➙➉❿↕➄➍➄➉❿➈ ➉➊ ➍➎➇➈➇ ➒❿↕➇➑➝➍➇❿➁❿➍➈ ➄❿ ➋➇❿➆➁➅➩

➫➭➯ ➲➳➵➯➸➺➻➯➳➼➳➻➽➾➵➯➚➸➯➽➽➯➵ ➪➶ ➼➳➯➹➘➯➽➽➴➷➯ ➸➯➳➻ ➴➳ ➬➴➳➵➾➼➳➵ ➪➶ ➲➽➲➸➴➮➲➽ ➸➯➻➲➸➳➽➱➮➸ ➻➭➯ ➘➼➻➻✃➯➾ ➽➯➯➵➾ ➼➳➵➽➲➪➽➴➽➻➯➳➘➯➾ ➼➵➷➼➳➘➯➵➻➮ ➻➭➯❐➾ ➘➼➳ ➳➯➷➯➸➯➹➻➸ ➴➘➼➻➯ ➻➭➯❐➽➯✃➷➯➽➱➸➮❐ ➵➯➪➻❒ ❮➳ ➽➮ ➼➪❰➯➘➻➼ ➽➻➼➻➯➾ ➻➭➯➶ ➘➼➳➳➮➻✃➼➪➮➲➸ ➴➳ ➽➚➴➸➴➻➾ Ï➭➴✃➯➻➭➯➶ ➯➼➸➳ ➼ ➽➘➼➳➻➶➽➲➪➽➴➽➻➯➳➘➯ Ï➴➻➭➮➲➻➭➮➚➯ ➮➱ ➪➯➻➻➯➸➴➳Ð ➻➭➯➴➸➽➴➻➲➼➻➴➮➳❒

ÑÒÓÔÕÔÓÖ×ØÙÚ ÛÜ ÚÜÝ ÞÙßàá âÜãäåæÜÜá ßç èÜàèäæàäÛ éßÞÙ ÞÙäèÜàÛßÞßÜàç Üê ÞÙä ÝàÛäæëæÚÜÞç ßà ìäàíîãï ðäîÛ ÞÙäñæäèäÛßàí ñîíäç îàÛ çÝííäçÞ ñÜççßåãä æäîçÜàçò

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Page 30: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✷�

❖✁ ✂✄☎ ✆✂✄☎✝ ✄✞✁✟✠ ✡✁ ✂✄☎ ☛✡☞☞✞✌☎✍✠ ✂✄☎ ✎✏☞✂✡☛✞✂✆✝

❢✆✏✁✟ ✂✄☎ ✍✑✍✂☎✒ ☎✓✂✝☎✒☎☞✑ ✆✔✔✝☎✍✍✡☛☎✕ ✖✄☎ ✝☎✁✂ ✄☎ ✔✞✡✟

✂✆ ✂✄☎ t✞✒✡✁✟✞✝ ✗✞✍ ✄✡✌✄ ✞✁✟ ✄✡✍ ✝✡✌✄✂ ✆✁ ✂✄☎ ☞✞✁✟ ✗✞✍

✡✁✍☎✎✏✝☎✕ ✖✆ ✔✞✑ ✂✄☎ ✝☎✁✂ ✄☎ ✄✞✟ ✂✆ ✆❢✂☎✁ ✂✞✐☎ ✞ ☞✆✞✁

❢✝✆✒ ✂✄☎ ✒✆✁☎✑☞☎✁✟☎✝✠ ✞✁✟ ✗✄☎✁ ✄☎ ❢✞✡☞☎✟ ✂✆ ✔✞✑ ✂✄☎

✝☎✁✂ ✄☎ ✗✞✍ ☎☛✡✎✂☎✟ ❢✝✆✒ ✂✄☎ ☞✞✁✟ ✄☎ ✄✞✟ ✎✏☞✂✡☛✞✂☎✟

❢✆✝ ✌☎✁☎✝✞✂✡✆✁✍✕

❆ ✘✙✚ ✛✜✛✢✙✣ ✤✛ ✥✙✦✤✛✙✥

❇✑ ✂✄☎ ☎✞✝☞✑ ✁✡✁☎✂☎☎✁✂✄ ✎☎✁✂✏✝✑ ✒✞✁✑ ✆❢ ✂✄☎ ✧✆✒✔✞✁✑

✆❢❢✡✎✡✞☞✍ ✗☎✝☎ ✎✆✁☛✡✁✎☎✟ ✂✄✞✂ ✂✄☎ ✍✑✍✂☎✒ ✆❢ ✝☎☛☎✁✏☎

✄✞✟ ✂✆ ❤☎ ✎✄✞✁✌☎✟ ✞✌✞✡✁✕ ★✆✗ ✎✆✏☞✟ ✝☎☛☎✁✏☎✍ ❤☎ ❢✡✓☎✟

✔☎✝✒✞✁☎✁✂☞✑ ✞✂ ✞ ✂✡✒☎ ✗✄☎✁ ✂✄☎ ✧✆✒✔✞✁✑ ✁☎☎✟☎✟

✒✆✝☎ ✒✆✁☎✑ ✂✆ ✒☎☎✂ ✡✂✍ ☎✓✔☎✁✍☎✍ ✆❢ ✞✟✒✡✁✡✍✂✝✞✂✡✆✁

✞✁✟ ✂✝✞✟☎❛

■✁ ✂✄☎ ✩✆✝✂✄ ✪☎✍✂☎✝✁ ♥✝✆☛✡✁✎☎✍ ✆❢ ✂✄☎ ❇☎✁✌✞☞

♥✝☎✍✡✟☎✁✎✑ P✒✆✍✂ ✆❢ ✂✄✡✍ ✞✝☎✞ ✡✍ ✁✆✗ ✡✁ ✫✂✂✞✝ ♥✝✞✟☎✍✄✬✠

✞✁ ✭✁✌☞✡✍✄✒✞✁ ✎✞☞☞☎✟ ★✆☞✂ ✮✞✎✐☎✁t✡☎ ✟☎☛✡✍☎✟ ✂✄☎ ✁☎✗

✍✑✍✂☎✒ ✗✄✡✎✄ ✎✞✒☎ ✡✁✂✆ ☎❢❢☎✎✂ ✡✁ s✯✰✰✕ ★☎ ❢☎☞✂ ✂✄✞✂

✂✄☎ ☛✡☞☞✞✌☎ ✗✞✍ ✞✁ ✡✒✔✆✝✂✞✁✂ ✍✆✎✡✞☞ ✡✁✍✂✡✂✏✂✡✆✁ ✡✁ ✁✆✝✂✄

■✁✟✡✞✁ ✍✆✎✡☎✂✑ ✞✁✟ ✁☎☎✟☎✟ ✂✆ ❤☎ ✔✝☎✍☎✝☛☎✟✕ ✫✁✟☎✝

✄✡✍ ✟✡✝☎✎✂✡✆✁✍✠ ✎✆☞☞☎✎✂✆✝✍ ✗☎✁✂ ❢✝✆✒ ☛✡☞☞✞✌☎ ✂✆ ☛✡☞☞✞✌☎✠

✡✁✍✔☎✎✂✡✁✌ ✂✄☎ ☞✞✁✟✠ ✒☎✞✍✏✝✡✁✌ ✂✄☎ ❢✡☎☞✟✍✠ ✞✁✟ ✝☎✎✆✝✟✡✁✌

✂✄☎ ✎✏✍✂✆✒✍ ✞✁✟ ✝✡✌✄✂✍ ✆❢ ✟✡❢❢☎✝☎✁✂ ✌✝✆✏✔✍✕ ✖✄☎

☎✍✂✡✒✞✂☎✟ ✝☎☛☎✁✏☎ ✆❢ ☎✞✎✄ ✔☞✆✂ ✗✡✂✄✡✁ ✞ ☛✡ ☞☞✞✌☎

✗✞✍ ✞✟✟☎✟ ✏✔ ✂✆ ✎✞☞✎✏☞✞✂☎ ✂✄☎ ✝☎☛☎✁✏☎ ✂✄✞✂ ☎✞✎✄

☛✡☞☞✞✌☎ P♠✱✲✱✳✬ ✄✞✟ ✂✆ ✔✞✑✕ ✖✄✡✍ ✟☎✒✞✁✟ ✗✞✍ ✂✆ ❤☎

✝☎☛✡✍☎✟ ✔☎✝✡✆✟✡✎✞☞☞✑✠ ✁✆✂ ✔☎✝✒✞✁☎✁✂☞✑ ❢✡✓☎✟✕ ✖✄☎ ✎✄✞✝✌☎

✆❢ ✎✆☞☞☎✎✂✡✁✌ ✂✄☎ ✝☎☛☎✁✏☎ ✞✁✟ ✔✞✑✡✁✌ ✡✂ ✂✆ ✂✄☎ ✧✆✒✔✞✁✑

✗✞✍ ✌✡☛☎✁ ✂✆ ✂✄☎ ☛✡☞☞✞✌☎ ✄☎✞✟✒✞✁✠ ✝✞✂✄☎✝ ✂✄✞✁ ✂✄☎

t✞✒✡✁✟✞✝✕ ✖✄✡✍ ✍✑✍✂☎✒ ✎✞✒☎ ✂✆ ❤☎ ✐✁✆✗✁ ✞✍ ✂✄☎

✴✵✶✵✸✹✵✺✻ ✍☎✂✂☞☎✒☎✁✂✕

❚✼✙ ✽✾✘✿❀ ✛✜✛✢✙✣

■✁ ✂✄☎ ❇✝✡✂✡✍✄ ✂☎✝✝✡✂✆✝✡☎✍ ✡✁ ✂✄☎ ✍✆✏✂✄ ✂✄☎✝☎ ✗✞✍ ✞ ✍✡✒✡☞✞✝

✒✆☛☎ ✞✗✞✑ ❢✝✆✒ ✂✄☎ ✡✟☎✞ ✆❢ ♥☎✝✒✞✁☎✁✂ ❁☎✂✂☞☎✒☎✁✂✕ ✖✄☎

✁☎✗ ✍✑✍✂☎✒ ✂✄✞✂ ✗✞✍ ✟☎☛✡✍☎✟ ✎✞✒☎ ✂✆ ❤☎ ✐✁✆✗✁ ✞✍ ✂✄☎

✺r❂❃✹✵✺ P✆✝ ✺r❂❃✹✵✺✻ ✬✕ ■✂ ✗✞✍ ✂✝✡☎✟ ✆✁ ✞ ✍✒✞☞☞ ✍✎✞☞☎ ❤✑

✧✞✔✂✞✡✁ ❈☞☎✓✞✁✟☎✝ ❄☎✞✟ ✡✁ ✍✆✒☎ ✆❢ ✂✄☎ ✞✝☎✞✍ ✂✄✞✂ ✗☎✝☎

✂✞✐☎✁ ✆☛☎✝ ❤✑ ✂✄☎ ✧✆✒✔✞✁✑ ✞❢✂☎✝ ✂✄☎ ✗✞✝✍ ✗✡✂✄ ✖✡✔✏

❁✏☞✂✞✁✕ ❁✏❤✍☎❙✏☎✁✂☞✑ ✟☎☛☎☞✆✔☎✟ ❤✑ ✖✄✆✒✞✍ ✮✏✁✝✆✠ ✂✄✡✍

✍✑✍✂☎✒ ✗✞✍ ✌✝✞✟✏✞☞☞✑ ☎✓✂☎✁✟☎✟ ✞☞☞ ✆☛☎✝ ✍✆✏✂✄ ■✁✟✡✞✕

❄☎✞✟ ✞✁✟ ✮✏✁✝✆ ❢☎☞✂ ✂✄✞✂ ✡✁ ✂✄☎ ✍✆✏✂✄ ✂✄☎✝☎ ✗☎✝☎ ✁✆

✂✝✞✟✡✂✡✆✁✞☞ t✞✒✡✁✟✞✝✍✕ ✖✄☎ ✍☎✂✂☞☎✒☎✁✂✠ ✂✄☎✑ ✞✝✌✏☎✟✠ ✄✞✟

✂✆ ❤☎ ✒✞✟☎ ✟✡✝☎✎✂☞✑ ✗✡✂✄ ✂✄☎ ✎✏☞✂✡☛✞✂✆✝✍ P✺r❂❃❅✬ ✗✄✆ ✄✞✟

✂✡☞☞☎✟ ✂✄☎ ☞✞✁✟ ❢✆✝ ✌☎✁☎✝✞✂✡✆✁✍✕ ✖✄☎✡✝ ❢✡☎☞✟✍ ✄✞✟ ✂✆ ❤☎

✎✞✝☎❢✏☞☞✑ ✞✁✟ ✍☎✔✞✝✞✂☎☞✑ ✍✏✝☛☎✑☎✟ ❤☎❢✆✝☎ ✂✄☎ ✝☎☛☎✁✏☎

✞✍✍☎✍✍✒☎✁✂ ✗✞✍ ✒✞✟☎✕ ✮✏✁✝✆ ✂✄✆✏✌✄✂ ✂✄✞✂ ✂✄☎ ❇✝✡✂✡✍✄

❘❉❊❋●❍ ❏❑▲ ▼◆❉●❏❘◗❯❋❱▲

❲✱✲✱✳ ❳ ■✁ ❇✝✡✂✡✍✄

✝☎☛☎✁✏☎ ✝☎✎✆✝✟✍ ✴✵✶✵✸

✡✍ ✞ ✝☎☛☎✁✏☎ ☎✍✂✞✂☎

✗✄✡✎✄ ✒✞✑ ❤☎ ✞ ☛✡☞☞✞✌☎

✆✝ ✞ ✌✝✆✏✔ ✆❢ ☛✡☞☞✞✌☎✍✕

❨❩❬❭ ❪ ❫ ❴❵❜❝❞❡ ❣❥❦❧❜♦ ♣❜q✉❧❦❜❧❜✈ ❣❞✇❧❞❡ ①②③②④ ⑤⑥⑦⑧

Page 31: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✸✆

s✝✞✟✠✡ ☛☞✌ ☛s ✍☛✌✎✏✑☛✠ ✒☛✌✝✎✏ ✒✓✔✟✏✎s ✍✏✞✌✎☞✌✓✑✔ ✌✝✎ r✕✖✗✘✟✑✡✎✏ ✌✝✎✓✏ ☞✝☛✏✔✎✉

❆✙✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✣✤ ✚✦✙✙❲✓✌✝✓✑ ☛ ✒✎✧ ★✎☛✏s ☛✒✌✎✏ ✌✝✎ ✑✎✧ s★s✌✎✩s ✧✎✏✎ ✓✩✍✞s✎✡✓✌ ✧☛s ☞✠✎☛✏ ✌✝☛✌ ☛✠✠ ✧☛s ✑✞✌ ✧✎✠✠ ✧✓✌✝ ✌✝✎✩✉ ✐✏✓✪✎✑ ✫★✌✝✎ ✡✎s✓✏✎ ✌✞ ✓✑☞✏✎☛s✎ ✌✝✎ ✓✑☞✞✩✎ ✒✏✞✩ ✠☛✑✡t ✏✎✪✎✑✟✎✞✒✒✓☞✓☛✠s ✒✓♦✎✡ ✌✞✞ ✝✓✔✝ ☛ ✏✎✪✎✑✟✎ ✡✎✩☛✑✡✉ ✬✎☛s☛✑✌s ✧✎✏✎✟✑☛✫✠✎ ✌✞ ✍☛★t r✕✖✗✘ ✒✠✎✡ ✌✝✎ ☞✞✟✑✌✏★s✓✡✎t ☛✑✡ ✪✓✠✠☛✔✎s✫✎☞☛✩✎ ✡✎s✎✏✌✎✡ ✓✑ ✩☛✑★ ✏✎✔✓✞✑s✉ ❜✍✌✓✩✓s✌✓☞ ✞✒✒✓☞✓☛✠s✝☛✡ ✓✩☛✔✓✑✎✡ ✌✝☛✌ ✌✝✎ ✑✎✧ s★s✌✎✩s ✧✞✟✠✡ ✌✏☛✑s✒✞✏✩✌✝✎ ✍✎☛s☛✑✌s ✓✑✌✞ ✏✓☞✝ ✎✑✌✎✏✍✏✓s✓✑✔ ✒☛✏✩✎✏s✉ ✭✟✌ ✌✝✓s✡✓✡ ✑✞✌ ✝☛✍✍✎✑✉

❈✮✯✰✱ ✲✯✮ ✳✴✮✯✰✵

❚✝✎ ✭✏✓✌✓s✝ ☛✠s✞ ✏✎☛✠✓s✎✡ ✌✝☛✌ ✌✝✎ ☞✞✟✑✌✏★s✓✡✎ ☞✞✟✠✡✑✞✌ ✞✑✠★ ★✓✎✠✡ ✏✎✪✎✑✟✎t ✓✌ ☞✞✟✠✡ ☛✠s✞ ✔✏✞✧ ✌✝✎ ☞✏✞✍s✌✝☛✌ ✶✟✏✞✍✎ ✏✎✷✟✓✏✎✡✉ ✭★ ✌✝✎ ✠☛✌✎ ✎✓✔✝✌✎✎✑✌✝ ☞✎✑✌✟✏★✌✝✎ ✹✞✩✍☛✑★ ✧☛s ✌✏★✓✑✔ ✓✌s ✫✎s✌ ✌✞ ✎♦✍☛✑✡ ✌✝✎☞✟✠✌✓✪☛✌✓✞✑ ✞✒ ✞✍✓✟✩ ☛✑✡ ✓✑✡✓✔✞✉ ❝✑ ✌✝✎ ☞✎✑✌✟✏★ ☛✑✡ ☛✝☛✠✒ ✌✝☛✌ ✒✞✠✠✞✧✎✡t ✌✝✎ ✭✏✓✌✓s✝ ✍✎✏s✟☛✡✎✡ ✞✏ ✒✞✏☞✎✡☞✟✠✌✓✪☛✌✞✏s ✓✑ ✪☛✏✓✞✟s ✍☛✏✌s ✞✒ ❝✑✡✓☛ ✌✞ ✍✏✞✡✟☞✎ ✞✌✝✎✏☞✏✞✍s✺ ✻✟✌✎ ✓✑ ✭✎✑✔☛✠t ✌✎☛ ✓✑ ✼ss☛✩t s✟✔☛✏☞☛✑✎ ✓✑ ✌✝✎❯✑✓✌✎✡ ✬✏✞✪✓✑☞✎s ✽✑✞✧ ❯✌✌☛✏ ✬✏☛✡✎s✝✾t ✧✝✎☛✌ ✓✑ ✬✟✑✻☛✫t☞✞✌✌✞✑ ✓✑ ✿☛✝☛✏☛s✝✌✏☛ ☛✑✡ ✬✟✑✻☛✫t ✏✓☞✎ ✓✑ ✿☛✡✏☛s✉

❍✞✧ ✧☛s ✌✝✓s ✡✞✑✎❀ ❚✝✎ ✭✏✓✌✓s✝ ✟s✎✡ ☛ ✪☛✏✓✎✌★ ✞✒✩✎✌✝✞✡s ✌✞ ✎♦✍☛✑✡ ✌✝✎ ☞✟✠✌✓✪☛✌✓✞✑ ✞✒ ☞✏✞✍s ✌✝☛✌ ✌✝✎★✑✎✎✡✎✡✉ ♥✎✌ ✟s ✌☛❁✎ ☛ ☞✠✞s✎✏ ✠✞✞❁ ☛✌ ✌✝✎ s✌✞✏★ ✞✒ ✞✑✎ s✟☞✝☞✏✞✍t ✞✑✎ s✟☞✝ ✩✎✌✝✞✡ ✞✒ ✍✏✞✡✟☞✌✓✞✑✉

❉✣✦✜ ❂✣✙✣❃❄ ❅✛❇✦ ✛❅❤✜✤✣❄❊❋●✓✔s✉ ❏ ☛✑✡ ❑ ☛✏✎ ✌✧✞✓✩☛✔✎s ✞✒ ☞✞✌✌✞✑ ✍✏✓✑✌s✉❚✝✎ ✓✩☛✔✎ ✞✑ ✌✝✎✠✎✒✌ ✽●✓✔✉ ❏✾ s✝✞✧s ☛❦▲▼▲◆❦▲r◗ ✍✏✓✑✌ ☞✏✎☛✌✎✡✫★ ✧✎☛✪✎✏s ✞✒ ✼✑✡✝✏☛✬✏☛✡✎s✝ ✓✑ ❝✑✡✓☛✉ ❜✑✌✝✎ ✏✓✔✝✌ ✓s ☛ ✒✠✞✏☛✠☞✞✌✌✞✑ ✍✏✓✑✌ ✡✎s✓✔✑✎✡☛✑✡ ✍✏✞✡✟☞✎✡ ✫★❲✓✠✠✓☛✩ ✿✞✏✏✓st ☛✒☛✩✞✟s ✍✞✎✌ ☛✑✡ ☛✏✌✓s✌✞✒ ✑✓✑✎✌✎✎✑✌✝❘☞✎✑✌✟✏★✭✏✓✌☛✓✑✉ ❚✝✎✏✎ ✓s ✞✑✎✌✝✓✑✔ ☞✞✩✩✞✑ ✓✑ ✌✝✎

❙❱❳❨ ❩ ❬ ❭ ❪❫❴❫❵❪❫❛❞ ❡❢❣❥❧♠❧♣q❥❧❣q❧✈✇ ①q❥❧②❢③ ④❥⑤❣⑥

❙❱❳❨ ⑦ ❬ ❭ ⑧⑨❢❢❣⑩ ①⑨❧❧⑨❥ ❡❢❣❥❧♠ ❶⑥❧q✇❥❣❥q❧qq❥❧✈✇①q❥❧②❢③ ❷❥❸❶⑥❥⑤

❹❺❻❼❽❼❻❾❿➀➁➂➃➄➅➆ ➇➈➂➇ ➉➊➋ ➂➌➆ ➂➍➊➁➎➂➅➉ ➌➆➎➌➆➏➆➅➇➂➇➄➐➆➏➆➅➑➄➅➃ ➂ ➌➆➎➊➌➇ ➒➂➓➔➇➊ →➅➃➣➂➅➑ ➂➒➊➋➇ ➇➈➆➓➊➅➑➄➇➄➊➅➏ ➄➅ ➌➋➌➂➣ ➂➌➆➂➏➋➅➑➆➌ ➍➊➁➎➂➅➉ ➌➋➣➆↔↕➈➂➇ ➙➊➋➣➑ ➉➊➋ ➙➌➄➇➆➛

Page 32: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✸�❘✁✂✄☎✆ ❚✝✞ ❈✟✁☎❚❘✠✡✄☛✞

t☞✌ ✍✎✏✑t✒✓ ✔✌t✕ ✖✒✗ ✘ ✎✏✙✕ ✔✚✖✗ ✙✌✚✌✖✎ ✛ ✙✌✜✜✌✑✚✢ ✙✘✚✚✗✣

✏✑✣✏✐✌✤ ✥✌ ✢✌✖ ✦✑✌☞ ✕✌☞ t✕✏✒ ✙✌✚✌✖✎ ☞✘✒ ✍✎✌✣✖✙✗✣✧

★✕✗ ✔✚✖✗ t✕✘t ✢✌✖ ✒✗✗ ✏✑ t✕✗✒✗ ✍✎✏✑t✒ ☞✘✒ ✍✎✌✣✖✙✗✣

❢✎✌✜ ✘ ✍✚✘✑t ✙✘✚✚✗✣ ✏✑✣✏✐✌✤ ✩t ✏✒ ✚✏✦✗✚✢ t✕✘t t✕✗ ✔✚✖✗ ✣✢✗

✖✒✗✣ ✏✑ t✕✗ ✉✌✎✎✏✒ ✍✎✏✑t✒ ✏✑ ✑✏✑✗t✗✗✑t✕✪✙✗✑t✖✎✢ ✫✎✏t✘✏✑

☞✘✒ ✜✘✑✖❢✘✙t✖✎✗✣ ❢✎✌✜ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✍✚✘✑t✒ ✙✖✚t✏✇✘t✗✣ ✏✑ ✩✑✣✏✘✤

❋✌✎ ✩✑✣✏✘ ☞✘✒ t✕✗ ✔✏✐✐✗✒t ✒✖✍✍✚✏✗✎ ✌❢ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✏✑ t✕✗ ☞✌✎✚✣

✘t t✕✘t t✏✜✗✤

❲✬✭ ✮✬✯ ✰✯✱✲✳✰ ✴✵✶ ✷✳✰✹✲✳ ✹✳✰✹✺✵✻

★✕✗ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✍✚✘✑t ✐✎✌☞✒ ✍✎✏✜✘✎✏✚✢ ✏✑ t✕✗ t✎✌✍✏✙✒✤ ✫✢ t✕✗

t✕✏✎t✗✗✑t✕ ✙✗✑t✖✎✢ ✩✑✣✏✘✑ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ☞✘✒ ✔✗✏✑✐ ✖✒✗✣ ✔✢ ✙✚✌t✕

✜✘✑✖❢✘✙t✖✎✗✎✒ ✏✑ ✩t✘✚✢♠ ❋✎✘✑✙✗ ✘✑✣ ✫✎✏t✘✏✑ t✌ ✣✢✗ ✙✚✌t✕✤

❍✌☞✗✇✗✎♠ ✌✑✚✢ ✒✜✘✚✚ ✘✜✌✖✑t✒ ✌❢ ✩✑✣✏✘✑ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✎✗✘✙✕✗✣

t✕✗ ✼✖✎✌✍✗✘✑ ✜✘✎✦✗t ✘✑✣ ✏t✒ ✍✎✏✙✗ ☞✘✒ ✇✗✎✢ ✕✏✐✕✤

✼✖✎✌✍✗✘✑ ✙✚✌t✕ ✜✘✑✖❢✘✙t✖✎✗✎✒ t✕✗✎✗❢✌✎✗ ✕✘✣ t✌ ✣✗✍✗✑✣

✌✑ ✘✑✌t✕✗✎ ✍✚✘✑t ✙✘✚✚✗✣ ☞✌✘✣ t✌ ✜✘✦✗ ✇✏✌✚✗t ✘✑✣ ✔✚✖✗

✣✢✗✒✤ ✫✗✏✑✐ ✘ ✍✚✘✑t ✌❢ t✕✗ t✗✜✍✗✎✘t✗ ❞✌✑✗✒♠ ☞✌✘✣ ☞✘✒

✜✌✎✗ ✗✘✒✏✚✢ ✘✇✘✏✚✘✔✚✗ ✏✑ ✼✖✎✌✍✗✤ ✩t ☞✘✒ ✐✎✌☞✑ ✏✑ ✑✌✎t✕✗✎✑

✩t✘✚✢♠ ✒✌✖t✕✗✎✑ ❋✎✘✑✙✗ ✘✑✣ ✏✑ ✍✘✎t✒ ✌❢ ■✗✎✜✘✑✢ ✘✑✣

✫✎✏t✘✏✑✤ ❇✌✎✎✏✗✣ ✔✢ t✕✗ ✙✌✜✍✗t✏t✏✌✑ ❢✎✌✜ ✏✑✣✏✐✌♠ ☞✌✘✣

✍✎✌✣✖✙✗✎✒ ✏✑ ✼✖✎✌✍✗ ✍✎✗✒✒✖✎✏✒✗✣ t✕✗✏✎ ✐✌✇✗✎✑✜✗✑t✒ t✌

✔✘✑ t✕✗ ✏✜✍✌✎t ✌❢ ✏✑✣✏✐✌✤

✽✚✌t✕ ✣✢✗✎✒♠ ✕✌☞✗✇✗✎♠ ✍✎✗❢✗✎✎✗✣ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✘✒ ✘ ✣✢✗✤ ✩✑✣✏✐✌

✍✎✌✣✖✙✗✣ ✘ ✎✏✙✕ ✔✚✖✗ ✙✌✚✌✖✎♠ ☞✕✗✎✗✘✒ t✕✗ ✣✢✗ ❢✎✌✜ ☞✌✘✣

☞✘✒ ✍✘✚✗ ✘✑✣ ✣✖✚✚✤ ✫✢ t✕✗ ✒✗✇✗✑t✗✗✑t✕ ✙✗✑t✖✎✢♠ ✼✖✎✌✍✗✘✑

✙✚✌t✕ ✍✎✌✣✖✙✗✎✒ ✍✗✎✒✖✘✣✗✣ t✕✗✏✎ ✐✌✇✗✎✑✜✗✑t✒ t✌ ✎✗✚✘❝

t✕✗ ✔✘✑ ✌✑ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✏✜✍✌✎t✤ ★✕✗ ❋✎✗✑✙✕ ✔✗✐✘✑ ✙✖✚t✏✇✘t✏✑✐

✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✏✑ ✾t ✥✌✜✏✑✐✖✗ ✏✑ t✕✗ ✽✘✎✏✔✔✗✘✑ ✏✒✚✘✑✣✒♠ t✕✗

P✌✎t✖✐✖✗✒✗ ✏✑ ✫✎✘❞✏✚♠ t✕✗ ✼✑✐✚✏✒✕ ✏✑ ✿✘✜✘✏✙✘♠ ✘✑✣ t✕✗

✾✍✘✑✏✒✕ ✏✑ ❙✗✑✗❞✖✗✚✘✤ ✩✑✣✏✐✌ ♣❀❁❂❃❁❃❄❅❂❆ ✘✚✒✌ ✙✘✜✗ ✖✍

✏✑ ✜✘✑✢ ✍✘✎t✒ ✌❢ ❉✌✎t✕ ❊✜✗✎✏✙✘✤

✫✢ t✕✗ ✗✑✣ ✌❢ t✕✗ ✗✏✐✕t✗✗✑t✕ ✙✗✑t✖✎✢♠ t✕✗ ✣✗✜✘✑✣ ❢✌✎

✩✑✣✏✘✑ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✐✎✗☞ ❢✖✎t✕✗✎✤ ✫✎✏t✘✏✑ ✔✗✐✘✑ t✌ ✏✑✣✖✒t✎✏✘✚✏✒✗♠

✘✑✣ ✏t✒ ✙✌tt✌✑ ✍✎✌✣✖✙t✏✌✑ ✗❝✍✘✑✣✗✣ ✣✎✘✜✘t✏✙✘✚✚✢♠ ✙✎✗✘t✏✑✐

✘✑ ✗✑✌✎✜✌✖✒ ✑✗☞ ✣✗✜✘✑✣ ❢✌✎ ✙✚✌t✕ ✣✢✗✒✤ ❇✕✏✚✗ t✕✗

✣✗✜✘✑✣ ❢✌✎ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✏✑✙✎✗✘✒✗✣♠ ✏t✒ ✗❝✏✒t✏✑✐ ✒✖✍✍✚✏✗✒ ❢✎✌✜

t✕✗ ❇✗✒t ✩✑✣✏✗✒ ✘✑✣ ❊✜✗✎✏✙✘ ✙✌✚✚✘✍✒✗✣ ❢✌✎ ✘ ✇✘✎✏✗t✢ ✌❢

✎✗✘✒✌✑✒✤ ✫✗t☞✗✗✑ r●❏❑ ✘✑✣ r●❏▲ t✕✗ ✍✎✌✣✖✙t✏✌✑ ✌❢

✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✏✑ t✕✗ ☞✌✎✚✣ ❢✗✚✚ ✔✢ ✕✘✚❢✤ ✽✚✌t✕ ✣✢✗✎✒ ✏✑ ✫✎✏t✘✏✑

✑✌☞ ✣✗✒✍✗✎✘t✗✚✢ ✚✌✌✦✗✣ ❢✌✎ ✑✗☞ ✒✌✖✎✙✗✒ ✌❢ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✒✖✍✍✚✢✤

❋✎✌✜ ☞✕✗✎✗ ✙✌✖✚✣ t✕✏✒ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✔✗ ✍✎✌✙✖✎✗✣✧

▼✶✹✮✲✹✳ ✮◆✶✳❖ ✮✵ ✷✳✰✹✲

❋✘✙✗✣ ☞✏t✕ t✕✗ ✎✏✒✏✑✐ ✣✗✜✘✑✣ ❢✌✎ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✏✑ ✼✖✎✌✍✗♠ t✕✗

✽✌✜✍✘✑✢ ✏✑ ✩✑✣✏✘ ✚✌✌✦✗✣ ❢✌✎ ☞✘✢✒ t✌ ✗❝✍✘✑✣ t✕✗ ✘✎✗✘

✖✑✣✗✎ ✏✑✣✏✐✌ ✙✖✚t✏✇✘t✏✌✑✤

◗❀❁❂❃❁❃❄❅❂ ✛ ❊

✚✘✎✐✗ ❢✘✎✜ ✌✍✗✎✘t✗✣

✔✢ ✘ ✍✚✘✑t✗✎

✗✜✍✚✌✢✏✑✐ ✇✘✎✏✌✖✒

❢✌✎✜✒ ✌❢ ❢✌✎✙✗✣

✚✘✔✌✖✎✤ P✚✘✑t✘t✏✌✑✒

✘✎✗ ✘✒✒✌✙✏✘t✗✣ ☞✏t✕

t✕✗ ✍✎✌✣✖✙t✏✌✑ ✌❢

✙✌❢❢✗✗♠ ✒✖✐✘✎✙✘✑✗♠

t✌✔✘✙✙✌♠ t✗✘ ✘✑✣

✙✌tt✌✑✤

Page 33: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✸✆

❋✝✞✟ ✠✡☛ ☞✌✍✠ ✎☛✏✌✎☛✍

✞♦ ✠✡☛ ☛✑✒✡✠☛☛✓✠✡ ✏☛✓✠✔✝✕

✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✏✔☞✠✑✐✌✠✑✞✓ ✑✓

❇☛✓✒✌☞ ☛✖✗✌✓✎☛✎ ✝✌✗✑✎☞✕

✌✓✎ ❇☛✓✒✌☞ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✏✌✟☛

✠✞ ✎✞✟✑✓✌✠☛ ✠✡☛ t✞✝☞✎

✟✌✝♠☛✠✘ ✙✓ ✚✛✜✜ ✞✓☞✕ ✌✢✞✔✠

✣✤ ✗☛✝ ✏☛✓✠ ✞♦ ✠✡☛ ✑✓✎✑✒✞

✑✟✗✞✝✠☛✎ ✑✓✠✞ ❇✝✑✠✌✑✓ t✌✍

♦✝✞✟ ✙✓✎✑✌✘ ❇✕ ✚✜✚✤❢ ✠✡☛

✗✝✞✗✞✝✠✑✞✓ ✡✌✎ ✒✞✓☛ ✔✗ ✠✞

✾✦ ✗☛✝ ✏☛✓✠✘

❆✍ ✠✡☛ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✠✝✌✎☛

✒✝☛t❢ ✏✞✟✟☛✝✏✑✌☞ ✌✒☛✓✠✍

✌✓✎ ✞♦♦✑✏✑✌☞✍ ✞♦ ✠✡☛

❈✞✟✗✌✓✕ ✢☛✒✌✓ ✑✓✐☛✍✠✑✓✒

✑✓ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✗✝✞✎✔✏✠✑✞✓✘ ✧✐☛✝

✠✡☛ ✕☛✌✝✍ ✟✌✓✕ ❈✞✟✗✌✓✕

✞♦♦✑✏✑✌☞✍ ☞☛♦✠ ✠✡☛✑✝ ★✞✢✍ ✠✞

☞✞✞♠ ✌♦✠☛✝ ✠✡☛✑✝ ✑✓✎✑✒✞

✢✔✍✑✓☛✍✍✘ ❆✠✠✝✌✏✠☛✎ ✢✕ ✠✡☛ ✗✝✞✍✗☛✏✠ ✞♦ ✡✑✒✡ ✗✝✞♦✑✠✍❢

✓✔✟☛✝✞✔✍ ♥✏✞✠✍✟☛✓ ✌✓✎ ✩✓✒☞✑✍✡✟☛✓ ✏✌✟☛ ✠✞ ✙✓✎✑✌ ✌✓✎

✢☛✏✌✟☛ ✗☞✌✓✠☛✝✍✘ ❜✡✞✍☛ t✡✞ ✡✌✎ ✓✞ ✟✞✓☛✕ ✠✞ ✗✝✞✎✔✏☛

✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✏✞✔☞✎ ✒☛✠ ☞✞✌✓✍ ♦✝✞✟ ✠✡☛ ❈✞✟✗✌✓✕ ✌✓✎ ✠✡☛ ✢✌✓♠✍

✠✡✌✠ t☛✝☛ ✏✞✟✑✓✒ ✔✗ ✌✠ ✠✡☛ ✠✑✟☛✘

❍✪✫ ✫✬✭ ✮✯✰✮✱✪ ✲✳✴✵✮✶✬✵✷✰✹

❜✡☛✝☛ t☛✝☛ ✠t✞ ✟✌✑✓ ✍✕✍✠☛✟✍ ✞♦ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✏✔☞✠✑✐✌✠✑✞✓ ❚ ✺✻✼

✌✓✎ r✽✿❀✻✘ ❁✑✠✡✑✓ ✠✡☛ ✍✕✍✠☛✟ ✞♦ ✺✻✼ ✏✔☞✠✑✐✌✠✑✞✓❢ ✠✡☛

✗☞✌✓✠☛✝ ✗✝✞✎✔✏☛✎ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✑✓ ☞✌✓✎✍ ✠✡✌✠ ✡☛ ✎✑✝☛✏✠☞✕

✏✞✓✠✝✞☞☞☛✎✘ ❝☛ ☛✑✠✡☛✝ ✢✞✔✒✡✠ ✠✡☛ ☞✌✓✎ ✞✝ ✝☛✓✠☛✎ ✑✠ ♦✝✞✟

✞✠✡☛✝ ❂✌✟✑✓✎✌✝✍ ✌✓✎ ✗✝✞✎✔✏☛✎ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✢✕ ✎✑✝☛✏✠☞✕

☛✟✗☞✞✕✑✓✒ ✡✑✝☛✎ ☞✌✢✞✔✝☛✝✍✘

❃❄✷ ❅❉✪❊✴✷● ✫✮✵❄ ❏❑▲ ✲✳✴✵✮✶✬✵✮✪✯

❜✡☛ ✗☞✌✓✠☛✝✍ ♦✞✔✓✎ ✑✠ ✎✑♦♦✑✏✔☞✠ ✠✞ ☛✖✗✌✓✎ ✠✡☛ ✌✝☛✌ ✔✓✎☛✝

✺✻✼ ✏✔☞✠✑✐✌✠✑✞✓✘ ✙✓✎✑✒✞ ✏✞✔☞✎ ✢☛ ✏✔☞✠✑✐✌✠☛✎ ✞✓☞✕ ✞✓ ♦☛✝✠✑☞☛

☞✌✓✎✍❢ ✌✓✎ ✠✡☛✍☛ t☛✝☛ ✌☞☞ ✌☞✝☛✌✎✕ ✎☛✓✍☛☞✕ ✗✞✗✔☞✌✠☛✎✘

✧✓☞✕ ✍✟✌☞☞ ✗☞✞✠✍ ✍✏✌✠✠☛✝☛✎ ✞✐☛✝ ✠✡☛ ☞✌✓✎✍✏✌✗☛ ✏✞✔☞✎ ✢☛

✌✏❛✔✑✝☛✎✘ ▼☞✌✓✠☛✝✍ ✓☛☛✎☛✎ ☞✌✝✒☛ ✌✝☛✌✍ ✑✓ ✏✞✟✗✌✏✠ ✢☞✞✏♠✍

✠✞ ✏✔☞✠✑✐✌✠☛ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ✑✓ ✗☞✌✓✠✌✠✑✞✓✍✘ ❁✡☛✝☛ ✏✞✔☞✎ ✠✡☛✕ ✒☛✠

✍✔✏✡ ☞✌✓✎ ♦✝✞✟s ❜✡☛✕ ✌✠✠☛✟✗✠☛✎ ✠✞ ☞☛✌✍☛ ✑✓ ✠✡☛ ☞✌✓✎

✌✝✞✔✓✎ ✠✡☛ ✑✓✎✑✒✞ ♦✌✏✠✞✝✕❢ ✌✓✎ ☛✐✑✏✠ ✠✡☛ ✗☛✌✍✌✓✠✍ ♦✝✞✟

✠✡☛ ✌✝☛✌✘ ❇✔✠ ✠✡✑✍ ✌☞t✌✕✍ ☞☛✎ ✠✞ ✏✞✓♦☞✑✏✠✍ ✌✓✎ ✠☛✓✍✑✞✓✘

◆✞✝ t✌✍ ☞✌✢✞✔✝ ☛✌✍✕ ✠✞ ✟✞✢✑☞✑✍☛✘ ❆ ☞✌✝✒☛ ✗☞✌✓✠✌✠✑✞✓

✝☛❛✔✑✝☛✎ ✌ ✐✌✍✠ ✓✔✟✢☛✝ ✞♦ ✡✌✓✎✍ ✠✞ ✞✗☛✝✌✠☛✘ ❆✓✎ ☞✌✢✞✔✝

t✌✍ ✓☛☛✎☛✎ ✗✝☛✏✑✍☛☞✕ ✌✠ ✌ ✠✑✟☛ t✡☛✓ ✗☛✌✍✌✓✠✍ t☛✝☛

✔✍✔✌☞☞✕ ✢✔✍✕ t✑✠✡ ✠✡☛✑✝ ✝✑✏☛ ✏✔☞✠✑✐✌✠✑✞✓✘

◗❘❙❯ ❱ ❲ ❳❨❩ ❬❭❪❫❩ ❴❩❫❵❭❞ ❡❣❬❞ ❤❵❥❡❣❦❧❩♣ q❧❦❧✉❞ ✈✇①✈♣②❪❡❣❞❡❣❦ ③④ ⑤❪❣❧❪⑥④ ❬⑦❧❨❵⑧❵❭✉⑨❡

⑩❶ ❷❸❹ ❹❺❻❸❷❹❹❶❷❸ ❼❹❶❷❽❾❿➀➁❾❹❶❼❸ ➂➃➄❶❷❹❾➅ ➂❾➆➇❽❼❹➇ ❺❶➇❺❻➆➄❶➇ ➅❽❻➄❾ ❺❶ ❷❸❹ ➁❾❹❶❼❸ ❼➆➃➆❶❿➆➈ ➉❷ ➊➆➋❺❶❻❽❹ ❺❶ ❷❸❹ ➌➄❾❺➍➍❹➄❶❺➅➃➄❶➇➅➎ ➏❸❹ ➐➈❾❺❼➄❶ ➑➒➓➔→➑ ➣❸➆➣➆❾↔❹➇ ➆❶ ❷❸❹ ➂➃➄❶❷➄❷❺➆❶➅ ❾➆➅❹❺❶ ❾❹➍❹➃➃❺➆❶ ❺❶ ↕➙➛↕➀ ➍❽❾❶❺❶❻ ❷❸❹➂➃➄❶❷➄❷❺➆❶➅ ➄❶➇ ↔❺➃➃❺❶❻ ❷❸❹❺❾ ❾❺❼❸➂➃➄❶❷❹❾➅➎ ⑩❶ ↕➙➛➜ ➁❾➄❶❼❹ ➄➍➆➃❺➅❸❹➇➅➃➄➝❹❾❿ ❺❶ ❷❸❹ ➁❾❹❶❼❸ ❼➆➃➆❶❺❹➅➎➏❸❹➅❹ ❹➝❹❶❷➅ ➃❹➇ ❷➆ ❷❸❹ ❼➆➃➃➄➂➅❹➆➈ ❷❸❹ ❺❶➇❺❻➆ ➂➃➄❶❷➄❷❺➆❶➅ ➆❶ ❷❸❹➌➄❾❺➍➍❹➄❶ ❺➅➃➄❶➇➅➎

➞➟➠➡➢ ❚ ❆ ✗☛✝✍✞✓ t✡✞ ✑✍

✞t✓☛✎ ✢✕ ✍✞✟☛✞✓☛ ☛☞✍☛ ❚

✠✡☛ ✍☞✌✐☛ ✞t✓☛✝✘ ❆ ✍☞✌✐☛

✡✌✍ ✓✞ ♦✝☛☛✎✞✟ ✌✓✎ ✑✍

✏✞✟✗☛☞☞☛✎ ✠✞ t✞✝♠ ♦✞✝

✠✡☛ ✟✌✍✠☛✝✘

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✸✸

◆�✁ ✥✂✄☎✆✝✞☎✆✟✠ ✟✠ ✞ ✄✞✡☛☞ ✌✥✞✄☞ ✞✄✌✟ ✡☞✍✂✆✡☞✎ ✏✞✠✑

♣✄✟✂☛✒✌ ✞✠✎ ✓✂✄✄✟✥✔✌✕ ✖✠☞ ❜✗✘✙✚ ✟✛ ✆✠✎✆☛✟ ✥✂✄☎✆✝✞☎✆✟✠

✡☞✍✂✆✡☞✎ ☎r✟ ♣✄✟✂☛✒✌✕ ✜✒✆✌ ✏☞✞✠☎ ☎✒✞☎ ✞ ♣✄✞✠☎☞✡ r✆☎✒

✶✢✣✣✣ ✤�✦✧★✩ r✟✂✄✎ ✠☞☞✎ ✪✢✣✣✣ ♣✄✟✂☛✒✌✕ ✫✠✝☞✌☎✆✠☛ ✟✠

♣✂✡✥✒✞✌☞ ✞✠✎ ✏✞✆✠☎☞✠✞✠✥☞ ✟✛ ♣✄✟✂☛✒✌ r✞✌ ✞ ✓✆☛

♣✡✟✓✄☞✏✕ ✬✟✡ ✥✟✂✄✎ ✌✂♣♣✄✆☞✌ ✓☞ ☞✞✌✆✄✑ ☛✟☎ ✛✡✟✏ ☎✒☞

♣☞✞✌✞✠☎✌ ✌✆✠✥☞ ☎✒☞✆✡ ♣✄✟✂☛✒✌ ✞✠✎ ✓✂✄✄✟✥✔✌ r☞✡☞ ✓✂✌✑

✟✠ ☎✒☞✆✡ ✡✆✥☞ ✛✆☞✄✎✌✢ ✞☛✞✆✠ ☞♦✞✥☎✄✑ ✞☎ ☎✒☞ ☎✆✏☞ ☎✒✞☎ ☎✒☞

✆✠✎✆☛✟ ♣✄✞✠☎☞✡✌ ✠☞☞✎☞✎ ☎✒☞✏✕

✜✆✄✄ ☎✒☞ ✄✞☎☞ ✠✆✠☞☎☞☞✠☎✒ ✥☞✠☎✂✡✑✢ ♣✄✞✠☎☞✡✌ r☞✡☞ ☎✒☞✡☞✛✟✡☞

✡☞✄✂✥☎✞✠☎ ☎✟ ☞♦♣✞✠✎ ☎✒☞ ✞✡☞✞ ✂✠✎☞✡ ♥�✁ ✥✂✄☎✆✝✞☎✆✟✠✕ ▲☞✌✌

☎✒✞✠ ✪t ♣☞✡ ✥☞✠☎ ✟✛ ☎✒☞ ✄✞✠✎ ♣✡✟✎✂✥✆✠☛ ✆✠✎✆☛✟ r✞✌ ✂✠✎☞✡

☎✒✆✌ ✌✑✌☎☞✏✕ ✜✒☞ ✡☞✌☎ r✞✌ ✂✠✎☞✡ ✞✠ ✞✄☎☞✡✠✞☎✆✝☞ ✏✟✎☞ ✟✛

✥✂✄☎✆✝✞☎✆✟✠ ❝ ☎✒☞ ✭✮✯✰� ✌✑✌☎☞✏✕

■✱✲✳✴✵ ✵✱ ✷✹✺ ✻✼✱✲ ✵✽ ✾✿❀❁❂

❯✠✎☞✡ ☎✒☞ ✭✮✯✰� ✌✑✌☎☞✏✢ ☎✒☞ ♣✄✞✠☎☞✡✌

✛✟✡✥☞✎ ☎✒☞ ✭✮✯✰✩ ☎✟ ✌✆☛✠ ✞ ✥✟✠☎✡✞✥☎✢

✞✠ ✞☛✡☞☞✏☞✠☎ ❛✩★✰✰★❃✕ ❄☎ ☎✆✏☞✌

☎✒☞✑ ♣✡☞✌✌✂✡✆✌☞✎ ☎✒☞ ✝✆✄✄✞☛☞

✒☞✞✎✏☞✠ ☎✟ ✌✆☛✠ ☎✒☞ ✥✟✠☎✡✞✥☎

✟✠ ✓☞✒✞✄✛ ✟✛ ☎✒☞ ✭✮✯✰✩✕ ✜✒✟✌☞

r✒✟ ✌✆☛✠☞✎ ☎✒☞ ✥✟✠☎✡✞✥☎ ☛✟☎

✥✞✌✒ ✞✎✝✞✠✥☞✌ ✛✡✟✏ ☎✒☞

♣✄✞✠☎☞✡✌ ✞☎ ✄✟r ✡✞☎☞✌ ✟✛ ✆✠☎☞✡☞✌☎

☎✟ ♣✡✟✎✂✥☞ ✆✠✎✆☛✟✕ ❅✂☎ ☎✒☞ ✄✟✞✠

✥✟✏✏✆☎☎☞✎ ☎✒☞ ✭✮✯✰ ☎✟ ✥✂✄☎✆✝✞☎✆✠☛

✆✠✎✆☛✟ ✟✠ ✞☎ ✄☞✞✌☎ ✪t ♣☞✡ ✥☞✠☎ ✟✛

☎✒☞ ✞✡☞✞ ✂✠✎☞✡ ✒✆✌ ✒✟✄✎✆✠☛✕ ✜✒☞

♣✄✞✠☎☞✡ ♣✡✟✝✆✎☞✎ ☎✒☞ ✌☞☞✎ ✞✠✎ ☎✒☞

✎✡✆✄✄✢ r✒✆✄☞ ☎✒☞ ✥✂✄☎✆✝✞☎✟✡✌ ♣✡☞♣✞✡☞✎

☎✒☞ ✌✟✆✄✢ ✌✟r☞✎ ☎✒☞ ✌☞☞✎ ✞✠✎ ✄✟✟✔☞✎ ✞✛☎☞✡ ☎✒☞ ✥✡✟♣✕ ❋❆❇❈ ❉ ❹ ❲❊●❍❏●❑ ▼❖●P❏❑◗❘❙❚❘❙✐❘❚❊ ❘❙ ❏❖●❱❳❨❙❘❙❏◗❏❏❙◗▼❨❩❏❙◗❬●❳❭❏❙❚❖❱❪ ❫●❊❴ ❵❊❱❏❑❞❊●◗▼❳ ❡●❖❙◗❢❣❤❥❦❧ ♠qs✉ q✈ ✇✉✈①❦❧② ③④⑤⑥

⑦✈ ⑦✈⑧q❦ ⑨⑩✉ q✈⑧q①❶ ❷❧❦✈⑨ ❸❦❺❻❤⑨ ❼❶❺⑨❧❽ ❾❽ ❼✉✈❿

➀✗✘✙✚ ❝ ❄ ✂✠✆☎ ✟✛

✏☞✞✌✂✡☞✏☞✠☎ ✟✛ ✄✞✠✎✕

❅☞✛✟✡☞ ❅✡✆☎✆✌✒ ✡✂✄☞✢ ☎✒☞

✌✆➁☞ ✟✛ ☎✒✆✌ ✞✡☞✞ ✝✞✡✆☞✎✕

✫✠ ❅☞✠☛✞✄ ☎✒☞ ❅✡✆☎✆✌✒

✌☎✞✠✎✞✡✎✆✌☞✎ ✆☎ ☎✟ ✞✓✟✂☎

✟✠☞➂☎✒✆✡✎ ✟✛ ✞✠ ✞✥✡☞✕

➃➄➅➆➇➈ ➉➊➋ ➌➍➄➇➉➃➎➏➆➐➋

❋❆❇❈ ➑ ➒ ➓▼❏ ➔❙✐❘❚❊ →❱❖❙◗ ➣❏❘❙❚➣●❊❬❚▼◗ ↔●❊❴ ◗▼❏ ↔❘❏❱✐❑ ◗❊ ◗▼❏↔❖❩◗❊●❳

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✸✆

❋✝✞✟ ✠✡ ❹ ☛☞✌ ✍✎✏✍✑✒

✍✐ ✓✌✔✏✕ ✖✒✓ ✐✔✗✌

❍✘✙✘ ✚✛✜ ✢✣✤ ✦✘✘ ✧★✘ ✩✣✦✧ ✦✧✣✪✘ ✛✫ ✧★✘ ✬✙✛✭✜✢✧✮✛✤ ✯

✇✛✙✰✘✙✦ ✦✧✣✱✬✮✤✪ ✣✤✭ ✢✜✧✧✮✤✪ ✧★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✬✜✩✬ ✧★✣✧★✣✦ ❤✘✘✤ ✬✙✘✦✦✘✭ ✣✤✭ ✱✛✜✩✭✘✭✲ ✳✤ ✧★✘ ❤✣✢✰✪✙✛✜✤✭ ✚✛✜✢✣✤ ✦✘✘ ✣ ✇✛✙✰✘✙ ✢✣✙✙✚✮✤✪ ✣✇✣✚ ✧★✘ ❤✩✛✢✰✦ ✫✛✙ ✭✙✚✮✤✪✲

❋✝✞✟ ✠✴ ❹ ☛☞✌ ❚✔❛✵✶✌✔❛✌✓

✷★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✇✛✙✰✘✙★✘✙✘ ✮✦ ✦✧✣✤✭✮✤✪ ✇✮✧★

✧★✘ ✬✣✭✭✩✘ ✧★✣✧ ✇✣✦✜✦✘✭ ✧✛ ✦✧✮✙ ✧★✘✦✛✩✜✧✮✛✤ ✮✤ ✧★✘ s✣✧✲✷★✘✦✘ ✇✛✙✰✘✙✦ ★✣✭ ✧✛✙✘✱✣✮✤ ✮✤ ✇✣✮✦✧r✭✘✘✬✇✣✧✘✙ ✫✛✙ ✛s✘✙ ✘✮✪★✧

★✛✜✙✦ ✧✛ ❤✘✣✧ ✧★✘✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✦✛✩✜✧✮✛✤✲

❋✝✞✟ ✠✠ ❹ ✹✒♦✌✎ ✺✐✺✔✗✗✕❝✔✓✓✍✌✏ ❛☞✌ ✍✎✏✍✑✒ ✻✗✔✎❛ ❛✒❛☞✌ t✔❛✐✼

❱✽✾ ✿ ❀ ❁❂❃♠❂❄❅❆❄❇

❈❃ ❉❅❈❃❊❇❂ ●❂❉❉❂❏

❋✝✞✟ ✠❑ ❹ ▲✎ ✍✎✏✍✑✒ ✖✔❝❛✒✓✕ ✗✒❝✔❛✌✏ ✎✌✔✓ ✍✎✏✍✑✒ ✖✍✌✗✏✐▼ ✻✔✍✎❛✍✎✑ ◆✕✹✍✗✗✍✔♦ ❲✍♦✻✐✒✎▼ ◗❘❙❯

✷★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ s✮✩✩✣✪✘✦ ✇✘✙✘ ✜✦✜✣✩✩✚ ✣✙✛✜✤✭ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✫✣✢✧✛✙✮✘✦ ✛✇✤✘✭❤✚ ✬✩✣✤✧✘✙✦✲ ❜✫✧✘✙ ★✣✙s✘✦✧❳ ✧★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✬✩✣✤✧ ✇✣✦ ✧✣✰✘✤ ✧✛ ✧★✘✈❨❩❬ ✮✤ ✧★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✫✣✢✧✛✙✚✲ ✷★✙✘✘ ✛✙ ✫✛✜✙ s✣✧✦ ✇✘✙✘ ✤✘✘✭✘✭ ✧✛✱✣✤✜✫✣✢✧✜✙✘ ✧★✘ ✭✚✘✲ ❭✣✢★ s✣✧ ★✣✭ ✣ ✦✘✬✣✙✣✧✘ ✫✜✤✢✧✮✛✤✲ ✷★✘✩✘✣s✘✦ ✦✧✙✮✬✬✘✭ ✛✫✫ ✧★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✬✩✣✤✧ ✇✘✙✘ ✫✮✙✦✧ ✦✛✣✰✘✭ ✮✤ ✇✣✙✱✇✣✧✘✙ ✮✤ ✣ s✣✧ ❪✰✤✛✇✤ ✣✦ ✧★✘ ✫✘✙✱✘✤✧✮✤✪ ✛✙ ✦✧✘✘✬✘✙ s✣✧❫ ✫✛✙ ✦✘s✘✙✣✩★✛✜✙✦✲ ❴★✘✤ ✧★✘ ✬✩✣✤✧✦ ✫✘✙✱✘✤✧✘✭❳ ✧★✘ ✩✮❵✜✮✭ ❤✘✪✣✤ ✧✛ ❤✛✮✩ ✣✤✭❤✜❤❤✩✘✲ ❞✛✇ ✧★✘ ✙✛✧✧✘✤ ✩✘✣s✘✦ ✇✘✙✘ ✧✣✰✘✤ ✛✜✧ ✣✤✭ ✧★✘ ✩✮❵✜✮✭✭✙✣✮✤✘✭ ✮✤✧✛ ✣✤✛✧★✘✙ s✣✧ ✧★✣✧ ✇✣✦ ✬✩✣✢✘✭ ❡✜✦✧ ❤✘✩✛✇ ✧★✘ ✫✮✙✦✧ s✣✧✲

✳✤ ✧★✘ ✦✘✢✛✤✭ s✣✧ ❪✰✤✛✇✤ ✣✦ ✧★✘ ❤✘✣✧✘✙ s✣✧❫ ✧★✘ ✦✛✩✜✧✮✛✤ ✇✣✦✢✛✤✧✮✤✜✛✜✦✩✚ ✦✧✮✙✙✘✭ ✣✤✭ ❤✘✣✧✘✤ ✇✮✧★ ✬✣✭✭✩✘✦✲ ❴★✘✤ ✧★✘ ✩✮❵✜✮✭✪✙✣✭✜✣✩✩✚ ✧✜✙✤✘✭ ✪✙✘✘✤ ✣✤✭ ✧★✘✤ ❤✩✜✘❳ ✩✮✱✘ ✇✣✧✘✙ ✇✣✦ ✣✭✭✘✭ ✧✛✧★✘ s✣✧✲ ❢✙✣✭✜✣✩✩✚ ✧★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✦✘✬✣✙✣✧✘✭ ✛✜✧ ✮✤ ✫✩✣✰✘✦❳ ✣ ✱✜✭✭✚✦✘✭✮✱✘✤✧ ✦✘✧✧✩✘✭ ✣✧ ✧★✘ ❤✛✧✧✛✱ ✛✫ ✧★✘ s✣✧ ✣✤✭ ✣ ✢✩✘✣✙ ✩✮❵✜✮✭ ✙✛✦✘✧✛ ✧★✘ ✦✜✙✫✣✢✘✲ ✷★✘ ✩✮❵✜✮✭ ✇✣✦ ✭✙✣✮✤✘✭ ✛✫✫ ✣✤✭ ✧★✘ ✦✘✭✮✱✘✤✧ ✯

✧★✘ ✮✤✭✮✪✛ ✬✜✩✬ ✯ ✧✙✣✤✦✫✘✙✙✘✭✧✛ ✣✤✛✧★✘✙ s✣✧ ❪✰✤✛✇✤ ✣✦

✧★✘ ✦✘✧✧✩✮✤✪ s✣✧❫❳ ✣✤✭✧★✘✤ ✬✙✘✦✦✘✭ ✣✤✭✭✙✮✘✭ ✫✛✙ ✦✣✩✘✲

❣❥❦❧❥♥♣q♥✉①②♣

③❥②♣❥❦①②♣

④⑤⑥ ⑥⑦⑧ ⑨⑩❶⑨❷⑤ ❸❺⑤❶❻❼❽❶❾

Page 36: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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❲✁✂✄ ☎✁✂ ✆✝✞✟ ✠✡☛ ☞✂✌✍✎✂✝✂☞ ☎✞ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝ ✡✏☎✂✝ ☎✁✂✁✡✝✎✂☛☎❤ ✡ ✄✂✠ ✌✞✡✄ ✠✡☛ ✑✍✎✂✄ ☎✞ ☎✁✂ r✒✓✔❤ ✡✄☞ ☎✁✂ ✆✱✆✌✂☛☎✡✝☎✂☞ ✡✌✌ ✞✎✂✝ ✡✑✡✍✄s ✕✂✡☛✡✄☎☛ ✠✁✞ ✠✂✝✂ ✍✄✍☎✍✡✌✌✱☎✂t✟☎✂☞ ✖✱ ☎✁✂ ✌✞✡✄☛ ☛✞✞✄ ✝✂✡✌✍☛✂☞ ✁✞✠ ✁✡✝☛✁ ☎✁✂ ☛✱☛☎✂t✠✡☛s ✇✁✂ ✟✝✍✆✂ ☎✁✂✱ ✑✞☎ ✏✞✝ ☎✁✂ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ☎✁✂✱ ✟✝✞☞✗✆✂☞✠✡☛ ✎✂✝✱ ✌✞✠ ✡✄☞ ☎✁✂ ✆✱✆✌✂ ✞✏ ✌✞✡✄☛ ✄✂✎✂✝ ✂✄☞✂☞s

✇✁✂✝✂ ✠✂✝✂ ✞☎✁✂✝ ✟✝✞✖✌✂t☛ ☎✞✞s ✇✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛ ✗☛✗✡✌✌✱✍✄☛✍☛☎✂☞ ☎✁✡☎ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✖✂ ✆✗✌☎✍✎✡☎✂☞ ✞✄ ☎✁✂ ✖✂☛☎ ☛✞✍✌☛ ✍✄✠✁✍✆✁ ✟✂✡☛✡✄☎☛ ✟✝✂✏✂✝✝✂☞ ☎✞ ✆✗✌☎✍✎✡☎✂ ✝✍✆✂s ✘✄☞✍✑✞❤t✞✝✂✞✎✂✝❤ ✁✡☞ ☞✂✂✟ ✝✞✞☎☛ ✡✄☞ ✍☎ ✂♦✁✡✗☛☎✂☞ ☎✁✂ ☛✞✍✌✝✡✟✍☞✌✱s ✙✏☎✂✝ ✡✄ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✁✡✝✎✂☛☎ ☎✁✂ ✌✡✄☞ ✆✞✗✌☞ ✄✞☎ ✖✂☛✞✠✄ ✠✍☎✁ ✝✍✆✂s

❚✚✛ ✜✢✣✤✛ ✥✛✦✛✣✣✧★✩✪ ✫✩✬ ✭✮✯✛✰

✘✄ ■✡✝✆✁ ✲✳✴✵ ☎✁✞✗☛✡✄☞☛ ✞✏ r✒✓✔✶ ✍✄ ✷✂✄✑✡✌ ✝✂✏✗☛✂☞ ☎✞✑✝✞✠ ✍✄☞✍✑✞s ✙☛ ☎✁✂ ✝✂✖✂✌✌✍✞✄ ☛✟✝✂✡☞❤ r✒✓✔✶ ✝✂✏✗☛✂☞ ☎✞✟✡✱ ✝✂✄☎☛ ☎✞ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛❤ ✡✄☞ ✡☎☎✡✆♣✂☞ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✏✡✆☎✞✝✍✂☛✡✝t✂☞ ✠✍☎✁ ☛✠✞✝☞☛ ✡✄☞ ☛✟✂✡✝☛❤ ✖✞✠☛ ✡✄☞ ✡✝✝✞✠☛s❲✞t✂✄ ☎✗✝✄✂☞ ✗✟ ☎✞ ✏✍✑✁☎ ✠✍☎✁ ✟✞☎☛❤ ✟✡✄☛ ✡✄☞ ♣✍☎✆✁✂✄✍t✟✌✂t✂✄☎☛s ✇✁✞☛✂ ✠✁✞ ✠✞✝♣✂☞ ✏✞✝ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛ ✠✂✝✂☛✞✆✍✡✌✌✱ ✖✞✱✆✞☎☎✂☞❤ ✡✄☞ ☎✁✂ ❣✓✹✺✶✔✻✺✶ ✼ ✡✑✂✄☎☛ ✞✏✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛ ✼ ✠✁✞ ✆✡t✂ ☎✞ ✆✞✌✌✂✆☎ ✝✂✄☎ ✠✂✝✂ ✖✂✡☎✂✄ ✗✟s❘✒✓✔✶ ☛✠✞✝✂ ☎✁✂✱ ✠✞✗✌☞ ✄✞ ✌✞✄✑✂✝ ☎✡♣✂ ✡☞✎✡✄✆✂☛ ☎✞ ☛✞✠✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✄✞✝ ✖✂ ✖✗✌✌✍✂☞ ✖✱ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛✐ ❧✺✔✻✽✒✺❧✶ ✼ ☎✁✂✌✡☎✁✍✾✠✍✂✌☞✍✄✑ ☛☎✝✞✄✑t✂✄ t✡✍✄☎✡✍✄✂☞ ✖✱ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛s

❲✁✱ ☞✍☞ ☎✁✂ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✟✂✡☛✡✄☎☛ ☞✂✆✍☞✂ ☎✁✡☎ ☎✁✂✱ ✠✞✗✌☞✄✞ ✌✞✄✑✂✝ ✝✂t✡✍✄ ☛✍✌✂✄☎♥ ❲✁✡☎ ✑✡✎✂ ☎✁✂t ☎✁✂ ✟✞✠✂✝☎✞ ✝✂✖✂✌♥ ✿✌✂✡✝✌✱❤ ☎✁✂ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ☛✱☛☎✂t ✠✡☛ ✍✄☎✂✄☛✂✌✱✞✟✟✝✂☛☛✍✎✂s ✷✗☎ ☎✁✞☛✂ ✠✁✞ ✡✝✂ ✞✟✟✝✂☛☛✂☞ ☞✞ ✄✞☎ ✡✌✠✡✱☛✝✍☛✂ ✗✟ ✍✄ ✝✂✖✂✌✌✍✞✄s ✇✁✂✱ ☞✞ ☛✞ ✞✄✌✱ ✡☎ ☎✍t✂☛s

✘✄ ✲✳✴✵❤ ☎✁✂ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ r✒✓✔✶ ✏✂✌☎ ☎✁✡☎ ☎✁✂✱ ✁✡☞ ☎✁✂☛✗✟✟✞✝☎ ✞✏ ☎✁✂ ✌✞✆✡✌ ❀✡t✍✄☞✡✝☛ ✡✄☞ ✎✍✌✌✡✑✂ ✁✂✡☞t✂✄ ✍✄☎✁✂✍✝ ✝✂✖✂✌✌✍✞✄ ✡✑✡✍✄☛☎ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛s ✘✄ t✡✄✱ ✎✍✌✌✡✑✂☛❤✁✂✡☞t✂✄ ✠✁✞ ✁✡☞ ✖✂✂✄ ✏✞✝✆✂☞ ☎✞ ☛✍✑✄ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✆✞✄☎✝✡✆☎☛❤t✞✖✍✌✍☛✂☞ ☎✁✂ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✟✂✡☛✡✄☎☛ ✡✄☞ ✏✞✗✑✁☎ ✟✍☎✆✁✂☞✖✡☎☎✌✂☛ ✠✍☎✁ ☎✁✂ ❧✺✔✻✽✒✺❧✶s ✘✄ ✞☎✁✂✝ ✟✌✡✆✂☛ ✂✎✂✄ ☎✁✂❀✡t✍✄☞✡✝☛ ✠✂✄☎ ✡✝✞✗✄☞ ✎✍✌✌✡✑✂☛ ✗✝✑✍✄✑ ☎✁✂ r✒✓✔✶ ☎✞✝✂☛✍☛☎ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛s ✇✁✂☛✂ ❀✡t✍✄☞✡✝☛ ✠✂✝✂ ✗✄✁✡✟✟✱ ✠✍☎✁☎✁✂ ✍✄✆✝✂✡☛✍✄✑ ✟✞✠✂✝ ✞✏ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛ ✡✄☞ ✡✄✑✝✱ ✡☎ ✖✂✍✄✑✏✞✝✆✂☞ ✖✱ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛ ☎✞ ✑✍✎✂ ☎✁✂t ✌✡✄☞ ✞✄ ✌✞✄✑ ✌✂✡☛✂☛s

✇✁✂ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ✟✂✡☛✡✄☎☛ ✡✌☛✞ ✍t✡✑✍✄✂☞ ☎✁✡☎ ☎✁✂ ✷✝✍☎✍☛✁✑✞✎✂✝✄t✂✄☎ ✠✞✗✌☞ ☛✗✟✟✞✝☎ ☎✁✂t ✍✄ ☎✁✂✍✝ ☛☎✝✗✑✑✌✂✡✑✡✍✄☛☎ ☎✁✂ ✟✌✡✄☎✂✝☛s ✙✏☎✂✝ ☎✁✂ ❛✂✎✞✌☎ ✞✏ ✲✳✴❁ ☎✁✂✷✝✍☎✍☛✁ ✑✞✎✂✝✄t✂✄☎ ✠✡☛ ✟✡✝☎✍✆✗✌✡✝✌✱ ✠✞✝✝✍✂☞ ✡✖✞✗☎ ☎✁✂✟✞☛☛✍✖✍✌✍☎✱ ✞✏ ✡✄✞☎✁✂✝ ✟✞✟✗✌✡✝ ✝✂✖✂✌✌✍✞✄s ❲✁✂✄ ☎✁✂ ✄✂✠☛☛✟✝✂✡☞ ✞✏ ✡ ☛✍tt✂✝✍✄✑ ✝✂✎✞✌☎ ✍✄ ☎✁✂ ✍✄☞✍✑✞ ☞✍☛☎✝✍✆☎☛❤

❂ ❃❄❅❆ ❇❈❄❉ ❊❅

❋❅●❋❆❄❍❏❈❄●❑▲❋❅❆

✈❋▼▼❊❆◆

❖P ◗❙◗❯P❱❳ ❙❨ ❳❱❩❬❭❭❪❯❫❯❙❫❪❯ ❙❨❱❯P ❳❴P❭ ❳❙P❭❳❱❙ ❴P❳❫❴❩❯ ❯❵❜❝ ❙❱❝❯❩❵P❞ ❱❙ ❡❬❴❪❞ ❵ ❳❯P❳❯ ❙❨❜❙❪❪❯❜❱❴❢❯ ❬P❴❱❥❦ ♠❬❜❝❳❙P❭❳ ❭❴❢❯ ❬❳ ❵ ❭❪❴◗❫❳❯❙❨ ❱❝❯❴❩ ❨❯❯❪❴P❭❳❦ q❬❩❴P❭❱❝❯ ❴P❞❴❭❙ ❩❯❡❯❪❪ ❴❙P◗❵P❥ ❳❬❜❝ ❳❙P❭❳ ❜❙❬❪❞❡❯ ❝❯❵❩❞ ❴P ❱❝❯ ❢❴❪❪❵❭❯❳❙❨ ❪❙✉❯❩ ①❯P❭❵❪❦ ②❯❩❯ ❴❳❙P❯ ❳❬❜❝ ❳❙P❭③

④⑤⑥ ⑦⑧⑨⑩ ⑦❶❷⑤❸❹❺❸⑥⑦❻⑥❻ ❼❽ ❷⑤⑥❾⑦❶⑨❷⑥❿ ⑧➀ ➁⑧⑦⑦❶⑤❶❷❸ ➂⑨⑧❺ ⑦❸⑥ ❸⑨ ❶ ➃⑦➄❹❷⑥❿

④⑤⑥ ❼❶❼➄❹ ⑧➀ ➅⑧⑦➆❶❷❶⑤❶➇⑥ ❹❶❸⑦⑥❻ ❻⑧❺⑨ ➂❷⑧ ❹⑥⑥ ❷⑤⑥ ⑩❿⑥❶❷ ➀❸⑩⑤❷

④⑤❸❹ ❷❸➈⑥ ❷⑤⑥ ➉➊➋➌➊➍➎❶❿⑥ ❶⑦⑦ ❿⑥❶❻❽➏ ➂ ❷⑤⑥❽❺❸⑦⑦ ⑨⑧ ⑦⑧⑨⑩⑥❿ ❼⑥❼⑥❶❷⑥⑨ ❸⑨ ❹❸⑦⑥⑨➃⑥

④⑤⑥❽ ❺❸⑦⑦ ⑨⑧ ⑦⑧⑨⑩⑥❿⑩❸➇⑥ ➄❾ ❷⑤⑥❸❿ ⑦❸➀⑥ ➂❺❸❷⑤⑧➄❷ ➀❸⑩⑤❷❸⑨⑩ ❷⑤⑥➐➊➍➑➋➌➊➐➎➒

➓➔→➣↔↕ ➙

➛➜➝➞➟➠ ➡➢➤ ➥➦➜➟➡➛➧➨➞➩➤

Page 37: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✸✆

t✝✞ ✟✠✞✡t✞☛☞☛t ✌✍✎✞✏☛✍✏ t✍✡✏✞✑ t✝✞ ✏✞✒✠✍☛ ✠☛ t✝✞ ✓✠☛t✞✏✍♦ ✔✕✖✗✘ ✙✝✞ r✚✛✜✢ ✣☞✓ t✝✞ t✍✡✏ ☞✣ ☞ ✣✠✒☛ ✍♦ ✒✍✎✞✏☛✤✞☛t✣s✤✦☞t✝s ♦✍✏ t✝✞✠✏ ✦✧✠✒✝t✘ ★✝✞☛ ✠☛ ✩☞✏☞✣☞t✪ t✝✞✤☞✒✠✣t✏☞t✞ ♠✣✝✧✞s ✫✑✞☛ ✠✣✣✡✞✑ ☞ ☛✍t✠✬✞ ✣t☞t✠☛✒ t✝☞tr✚✛✜✢ ✓✍✡✧✑ ☛✍t ✭✞ ✬✍✤✦✞✧✧✞✑ t✍ ☞✬✬✞✦t ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ✬✍☛t✏☞✬t✣✪✓✍✏✑ ✓✞☛t ☞✏✍✡☛✑ t✝☞t ✇✡✞✞☛ ✮✠✬t✍✏✠☞ ✝☞✑ ✑✞✬✧☞✏✞✑t✝☞t ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ☛✞✞✑ ☛✍t ✭✞ ✣✍✓☛✘ ✫✑✞☛ ✓☞✣ t✏s✠☛✒ t✍ ✦✧☞✬☞t✞t✝✞ ✦✞☞✣☞☛t✣ ☞☛✑ ✬✍☛t✏✍✧ ☞☛ ✞✯✦✧✍✣✠✎✞ ✣✠t✡☞t✠✍☛✪ ✭✡t✝✠✣ ☞✬t✠✍☛ ✓☞✣ ✏✞☞✑ ☞✣ ✣✡✦✦✍✏t ♦✍✏ t✝✞ ✏✞✭✞✧✧✠✍☛✘

♠✣ t✝✞ ✏✞✭✞✧✧✠✍☛ ✣✦✏✞☞✑✪ ✠☛t✞✧✧✞✬t✡☞✧✣ ♦✏✍✤ ❆☞✧✬✡tt☞✏✡✣✝✞✑ t✍ t✝✞ ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ✑✠✣t✏✠✬t✣✘ ✙✝✞s ✓✏✍t✞ ✍♦ t✝✞ ✤✠✣✞✏s✍♦ t✝✞ r✚✛✜✢✪ t✝✞ ts✏☞☛☛s ✍♦ t✝✞ ✦✧☞☛t✞✏✣✪ ☞☛✑ t✝✞ ✝✍✏✏✍✏✣✍♦ t✝✞ ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ✣s✣t✞✤✘

★✍✏✏✠✞✑ ✭s t✝✞ ✏✞✭✞✧✧✠✍☛✪ t✝✞ ✒✍✎✞✏☛✤✞☛t ✭✏✍✡✒✝t✠☛ t✝✞ ✤✠✧✠t☞✏s t✍ ✦✏✍t✞✬t t✝✞ ✦✧☞☛t✞✏✣ ♦✏✍✤ ☞✣✣☞✡✧t✪☞☛✑ ✣✞t ✡✦ t✝✞ ❛☛✑✠✒✍ ❆✍✤✤✠✣✣✠✍☛ t✍ ✞☛✰✡✠✏✞ ✠☛t✍ t✝✞✣s✣t✞✤ ✍♦ ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ✦✏✍✑✡✬t✠✍☛✘ ✙✝✞ ❆✍✤✤✠✣✣✠✍☛ ✝✞✧✑ t✝✞✦✧☞☛t✞✏✣ ✒✡✠✧ts✪ ☞☛✑ ✬✏✠t✠✬✠✣✞✑ t✝✞✤ ♦✍✏ t✝✞ ✬✍✞✏✬✠✎✞✤✞t✝✍✑✣ t✝✞s ✡✣✞✑ ✓✠t✝ ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ✬✡✧t✠✎☞t✍✏✣✘ ❛t ✑✞✬✧☞✏✞✑t✝☞t ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ✦✏✍✑✡✬t✠✍☛ ✓☞✣ ☛✍t ✦✏✍♦✠t☞✭✧✞ ♦✍✏ r✚✛✜✢✘ ✙✝✞❆✍✤✤✠✣✣✠✍☛ ☞✣❈✞✑ t✝✞ r✚✛✜✢ t✍ ♦✡✧♦✠ ✧ t✝✞✠✏ ✞✯✠✣t✠☛✒✬✍☛t✏☞✬t✣ ✭✡t ☞✧✣✍ t✍✧✑ t✝✞✤ t✝☞t t✝✞s ✬✍✡✧✑ ✏✞♦✡✣✞ t✍✦✏✍✑✡✬✞ ✠☛✑✠✒✍ ✠☛ ♦✡t✡✏✞✘

✱✲ ✳✴✵✶✷ ✹✺✻✼✽✹ ✾✽✿ ✻✼✺❀ ❁✴✳ ❂❀✷❂✿✴❃

❍❄❅❇❉ ❊❋●●❄❏ ❄❑ ❉❑❅❉▲▼ ◆❋●◗❉❘❄◗▼❙ ▼❚ ❯❱❄❑❅❲▼❙❳❏ ❨❱❄❑❄❍❄❙❅❉❏ ❩❄❬ ❉❑◗❳❙❘❉❳❩❳❅ ❭❪ ◗❱❳ ❫❳❫❭❳❙❬ ▼❚ ◗❱❳ ❴❑❅❉▲▼❯▼❫❫❉❬❬❉▼❑ ▼❑ ❨❋❳❬❅❄❪❏ ❵ ❜❋❑❳ ❝❞❡❢❣ ❨❱❉❬ ❉❬ ❩❱❄◗ ❱❳❬❄❉❅ ❉❑ ❄❑❬❩❳❙ ◗▼ ❬▼❫❳ ▼❚ ◗❱❳ ❤❋❳❬◗❉▼❑❬✐

❥❦ ❧❦ ❧♥♣q✉ ✈①②②③ ④②♥⑤⑥⑦♥✉♣ q⑧ ♣⑨♥ ⑩✉⑦⑥❶q❷q❸❸⑥⑤⑤⑥q✉❹ ❺❻❼ ❽❾❿ ➀❾➁ ➁➂➃➃➂➀➄ ➅❾ ➆❾➁ ➂➀➇➂➄❾➈➉➀➇ ➂➊ ➀❾➅ ❾➀ ➁➋➉➅ ➊❻❼➆➋ ➅❼❻➌➆ ➁❾❿➃➇ ❽❾❿ ➍❼ ➁➂➃➃➂➀➄➅❾ ➇❾ ➂➅➎

➏①⑦➐⑥ ➑➒➓➓①❹ ➔ ➉➌ ➀❾➅ ➁➂➃➃➂➀➄ ➅❾ ➆❾➁→ ➉➀➇ ➔ ➇❾➀➣➅↔➀❾➁ ➅➋➉➅ ➉➀❽ ➊❻❼➆➋ ➅❼❻➌➆ ➁❾❿➃➇ ➆➉➅➂➆➊❽ ➌❼↕

➑② ❧①➓♥❹ ➙❾❿➃➇ ❽❾❿ ➀❾➅ ➍❼ ➁➂➃➃➂➀➄ ➅❾ ➆❾➁ ➉➅ ➉❻❿➛❼❼ ➉ ➍❿➀➇➃❼➎

➏①⑦➐⑥ ➑➒➓➓①❹ ➜❾ ➔ ➁❾❿➃➇ ➀❾➅➈ ❻➉➅➋❼❻ ➅➋➉➀ ➆❾➁➂➀➇➂➄❾ ➔ ➁➂➃➃ ➄❾ ➅❾ ➉➀❾➅➋❼❻ ➝❾❿➀➅❻❽➈ ➔ ➁❾❿➃➇ ❻➉➅➋❼❻➍❼➄ ➅➋➉➀ ➆❾➁ ➂➀➇➂➄❾↕

➞➟➠➡➢➤ ➥➤➦➦➡➧➧➡➤➟ ➨➩➫➤➭➯➲ ➳➤➵➸ ➞➞➲ ➺➡➟➻➯➩➧ ➤➼ ➽➾➡➠➩➟➚➩➲ ➫➸ ➪➶

➹➘➴➷➬➮ ➱

✃❐❒❮❰❮❒ÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ× ØÙÚ ÓÛ× ÓÜÕÝÖ×ÞÞ ÔÕßÕÖÔ ×ßÕà×Öá×â×ãÙÛ× Ýä× ÑÖàÕÔÙåÙÒÒÕÞÞÕÙÖæ çæèæ è×ÝÙÖéÓÛÛ ÓÞêÞ ØÙÚ ëìÖ ÜäÓÝáÙÖàÕÝÕÙÖ ÜÕíí îïðñò ÔÛÙÜÕÖàÕÔÙóô çäÓÝ ÜÕíí ØÙÚÛÓÖÞÜ×Û â×ó

Page 38: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✸�

❊✁✂❊✄☎❊✆❊

■✝✞✟✠✡ ☛☞✌✟✝✠ ✟✝ ✍✎✏ ✄✏❡✍ ■✝✞✟✏❡✑✒ ✓✔✕ ✕✖✗✘✙ ✕✚✛✔✓✕✕✒✓✔ ✜✕✒✓✢✗✙✱ ✖ ✥✗✕✒✜✔ ✣✚✤✤✚✦✒✖✗✙✱ ✧✕✖✒ ★✖✩✓✚✤✓✕ ✪✖✫✖✓✱✓✗✖t✕✘✘✕✬ ✓✦ ✓✔✕ ✭✖✗✚✫✫✕✖✒ ✚✤✘✖✒✬✤✱ ✖✒✬ ✮✗✦✓✕ ✕✯✓✕✒✤✚t✕✘✙ ✖✫✦✢✓ ✓✔✕ ✗✕✛✚✦✒✰P✢✫✘✚✤✔✕✬ ✚✒ ✦✒✕ ✦✲ ✔✚✤✫✦✦❜✤✱ ✓✔✚✤ ✚✣✖✛✕ ✤✔✦✮✤✖✘✘ ✓✔✕ ✤✓✖✛✕✤ ✦✲ ✚✒✬✚✛✦✩✗✦✬✢✜✓✚✦✒ ✚✒ ✓✔✕ ✥✗✕✒✜✔✤✘✖t✕ ✩✘✖✒✓✖✓✚✦✒✤ ✦✲✓✔✕ ✗✕✛✚✦✒✰❨✦✢ ✜✖✒ ✤✕✕ ✓✔✕ ✤✘✖t✕✮✦✗❜✕✗✤ ✩✢✓✓✚✒✛ ✓✔✕✚✒✬✚✛✦ ✩✘✖✒✓ ✚✒✓✦ ✓✔✕✤✕✓✓✘✕✗ t✖✓ ✦✒ ✓✔✕ ✘✕✲✓✰❆✒✦✓✔✕✗ ✮✦✗❜✕✗ ✚✤✜✔✢✗✒✚✒✛ ✓✔✕ ✘✚❝✢✚✬ ✮✚✓✔✖ ✣✕✜✔✖✒✚✜✖✘ ✜✔✢✗✒✕✗✚✒ ✖ t✖✓ ✐✤✕✜✦✒✬ ✲✗✦✣✗✚✛✔✓r✰ ✳✮✦ ✮✦✗❜✕✗✤ ✖✗✕✜✖✗✗✙✚✒✛ ✓✔✕ ✚✒✬✚✛✦ ✩✢✘✩✔✢✒✛ ✢✩ ✚✒ ✫✖✛✤ ✓✦ ✫✕ ✬✗✚✕✬✰ ✑✒ ✓✔✕ ✲✦✗✕✛✗✦✢✒✬ ✓✮✦ ✦✓✔✕✗✤ ✖✗✕ ✣✚✯✚✒✛ ✓✔✕ ✚✒✬✚✛✦✩✢✘✩ ✓✦ ✫✕ ✩✢✓ ✚✒✓✦ ✣✦✢✘✬✤✰ ✳✔✕ ✩✘✖✒✓✕✗ ✚✤ ✖✓ ✓✔✕ ✜✕✒✓✗✕ ✦✲ ✓✔✕ ✩✚✜✓✢✗✕ ✤✓✖✒✬✚✒✛ ✦✒✓✔✕ ✔✚✛✔ ✛✗✦✢✒✬ ✤✢✩✕✗t✚✤✚✒✛ ✓✔✕ ✤✘✖t✕ ✮✦✗❜✕✗✤✰

❘✴✵✶✷✹ ❚✺✻ ❈✼✴✷❚❘✽✾✶✿✻

▲❀❁❂❃ ❄❀❅❇❉❉

❋● ▼❍❏❑◆ ❏◆❖ ◗❙❯❯❙❱❲❳❩❬

❭❪❫❴ ✈❲❯❯❍❩❖

♠❵❛❵❞ ♣❖❍❢❍❳❏

♥❣❤ ❑❥❯❏❲✈❍❏❲❙❳ ❙❳ ❭❪❫❴❦❧ ❯❍❳♦❢

❭❪❫❴❣ ❑❥❯❏❲✈❍❏❲❙❳ ❙❳ ♣❯❍❳❏❖qs❢ ❙❱❳ ❯❍❳♦

✉✇①②③ ①④② ③②⑤⑥⑦①⑧ ⑨⑩❶⑨❷⑥ ❸③⑥❶❹❺①⑨⑥⑩ ❺⑥⑦⑦❻❸❼②❶ ⑨⑩ ❽②⑩❷❻⑦❾ ❽❹①①④② ❸⑦❻⑩①②③❼ ⑩⑥❿ ❼④⑨✇①②❶ ①④②⑨③ ⑥❸②③❻①⑨⑥⑩ ①⑥ ❽⑨④❻③❾ ➀⑨①④ ①④②❶⑨❼❺⑥⑤②③➁ ⑥✇ ❼➁⑩①④②①⑨❺ ❶➁②❼ ⑨⑩ ①④② ⑦❻①② ⑩⑨⑩②①②②⑩①④ ❺②⑩①❹③➁ ①④②⑨③➂❹❼⑨⑩②❼❼ ❿❻❼ ❼②⑤②③②⑦➁ ❻✇✇②❺①②❶⑧ ➂❹① ➁②① ①④②➁ ➃❻⑩❻❷②❶ ①⑥ ②➄❸❻⑩❶❸③⑥❶❹❺①⑨⑥⑩❾ ➀④②⑩ ➅❻④❻①➃❻ ➆❻⑩❶④⑨ ③②①❹③⑩②❶ ✇③⑥➃ ➇⑥❹①④✉✇③⑨❺❻⑧ ❻ ❸②❻❼❻⑩① ✇③⑥➃ ❽⑨④❻③ ❸②③❼❹❻❶②❶ ④⑨➃ ⑤⑨❼⑨① ➈④❻➃❸❻③❻⑩❻⑩❶ ❼②② ①④② ❸⑦⑨❷④① ⑥✇ ①④② ⑨⑩❶⑨❷⑥ ❺❹⑦①⑨⑤❻①⑥③❼ ①④②③②❾ ➅❻④❻①➃❻➆❻⑩❶④⑨➉❼ ⑤⑨❼⑨① ⑨⑩ ➊➋➊➌ ➃❻③➍②❶ ①④② ➂②❷⑨⑩⑩⑨⑩❷ ⑥✇ ①④② ➈④❻➃❸❻③❻⑩➃⑥⑤②➃②⑩① ❻❷❻⑨⑩❼① ①④② ⑨⑩❶⑨❷⑥ ❸⑦❻⑩①②③❼❾

➎➏➐➑ ➒➓ ➔ →➣↔↕➙➛ ↕➙➜↕➛➝ ↕➙ ➣ ➞➣➟↕➠➠➡➣➙ ➢➤➣➥➡ ➦➤➣➙➧➣➧↕➝➙

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✸✆

✷✳ ❋✝✞✞ ✝✟ ✠✡☛ ☞✞✌✟✍✎✏

✭✌✮ ●✑✒✓☛✑✎ ✒✔ ✓✒✌✕ ✝✟ ✖✗✑✒✘☛ ✎✌✓ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✌✎ ✌ ❛✑✒✘ ✓✡✝❛✡ ✓✒✗✞✕ ✘✑✒✙✝✕☛ ❛✒✚✘☛✠✝✠✝✒✟ ✠✒✠✡☛✝✑ ☛✌✑✟✝✟t✎✳

✭☞✮ ❚✡☛ ✕☛✚✌✟✕ ✔✒✑ ✝✟✕✝t✒ ✝✟❛✑☛✌✎☛✕ ✝✟ ✞✌✠☛✛☛✝t✡✠☛☛✟✠✡✛❛☛✟✠✗✑❡ ✜✑✝✠✌✝✟ ☞☛❛✌✗✎☛ ✒✔ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✳

✭❛✮ ❚✡☛ ✝✟✠☛✑✟✌✠✝✒✟✌✞ ✕☛✚✌✟✕ ✔✒✑ ✝✟✕✝t✒ ✓✌✎✌✔✔☛❛✠☛✕ ☞❡ ✠✡☛ ✕✝✎❛✒✙☛✑❡ ✒✔ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✳

✭✕✮ ❚✡☛ ✢✡✌✚✘✌✑✌✟ ✚✒✙☛✚☛✟✠ ✓✌✎ ✌t✌✝✟✎✠❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✳

▲✣✤✦✧ ★✩✧✪✫✧✧

✬✳ ❉☛✎❛✑✝☞☛ ✠✡☛ ✚✌✝✟ ✔☛✌✠✗✑☛✎ ✒✔ ✠✡☛ ✯☛✑✚✌✟☛✟✠❙☛✠✠✞☛✚☛✟✠✳

✹✳ ❍✒✓ ✓✌✎ ✠✡☛ ♠✰✱✰✲✴✰✵✶ ✎❡✎✠☛✚ ✕✝✔✔☛✑☛✟✠ ✔✑✒✚ ✠✡☛✯☛✑✚✌✟☛✟✠ ❙☛✠✠✞☛✚☛✟✠✺

✻✳ ●✝✙☛ ✠✓✒ ✘✑✒☞✞☛✚✎ ✓✡✝❛✡ ✌✑✒✎☛ ✓✝✠✡ ✠✡☛ ✟☛✓✼✗✟✑✒✎❡✎✠☛✚ ✒✔ ✔✝s✝✟t ✑☛✙☛✟✗☛✳

✽✳ ❲✡❡ ✓☛✑☛ ✵r✾✿❀ ✑☛✞✗❛✠✌✟✠ ✠✒ t✑✒✓ ✝✟✕✝t✒✺

❁✳ ❲✡✌✠ ✓☛✑☛ ✠✡☛ ❛✝✑❛✗✚✎✠✌✟❛☛✎ ✓✡✝❛✡ ✞☛✕ ✠✒ ✠✡☛☛✙☛✟✠✗✌✞ ❛✒✞✞✌✘✎☛ ✒✔ ✝✟✕✝t✒ ✘✑✒✕✗❛✠✝✒✟ ✝✟ ✜☛✟t✌✞✺

▲✣✤✦✧ ★❂

❃✳ ❋✝✟✕ ✒✗✠ ✚✒✑☛ ✌☞✒✗✠ ✠✡☛ ✢✡✌✚✘✌✑✌✟ ✚✒✙☛✚☛✟✠✌✟✕ ✼✌✡✌✠✚✌ ●✌✟✕✡✝❄✎ ✑✒✞☛ ✝✟ ✝✠✳

❅✳ ❆✒✒✍ ✝✟✠✒ ✠✡☛ ✡✝✎✠✒✑❡ ✒✔ ☛✝✠✡☛✑ ✠☛✌ ✒✑ ❛✒✔✔☛☛✘✞✌✟✠✌✠✝✒✟✎ ✝✟ ♣✟✕✝✌✳ ❙☛☛ ✡✒✓ ✠✡☛ ✞✝✔☛ ✒✔ ✓✒✑✍☛✑✎ ✝✟✠✡☛✎☛ ✘✞✌✟✠✌✠✝✒✟✎ ✓✌✎ ✎✝✚✝✞✌✑ ✠✒ ✒✑ ✕✝✔✔☛✑☛✟✠ ✔✑✒✚✠✡✌✠ ✒✔ ✓✒✑✍☛✑✎ ✝✟ ✝✟✕✝t✒ ✘✞✌✟✠✌✠✝✒✟✎✳

▲✣✤✦✧ ✩❇❈❊✩❏✣

❑▼◆◗❘❯❱ ◆❝❳❯❨❱❩❬◆❭❘❳❯ ❪❱❭❫❱❱❯◆ ❵❜◆❯❭❱❩ ◆❯❞ ◆❵❱◆❬◆❯❭ ❫❢❳ ❘❬ ❪❱❘❯◗❣❳❩❝❱❞ ❭❳ ◗❩❳❫ ❘❯❞❘◗❳❤✐❢◆❭ ❩❱◆❬❳❯❬ ❫❳❥❜❞❭❢❱ ❵❜◆❯❭❱❩ ◗❘❨❱ ❭❳❵❱❩❬❥◆❞❱ ❭❢❱ ❵❱◆❬◆❯❭❦✐❢◆❭ ❵❩❳❪❜❱▼❬ ❫❳❥❜❞❭❢❱ ❵❱◆❬◆❯❭ ❵❳❘❯❭❳❥❭❦ ♦❯◆❝❭ ❭❢❱❘❩❝❳❯❨❱❩❬◆❭❘❳❯❤

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❚�✁✂✄☎✆✝ ❉✞✟✠✡ ✄✥☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✁✆✁✏✥ ✏✑

✄ ❛✏☎☛✍✥ ✒✓✍✹

■✔ ✕✖✗✘✙ ✚ ✛✚✔ ✔✚✛✜✢ ✣✤✦✧✚ ★✚✧ ✧✜✜✔ ✦✩✚✛✤✔✪ ✫✬✜ ✭✩✦✜✧✫✧✚✔✢ ✮✤✯✯✚✪✜✧ ✩✭ ✰✬✩✫✫✚✔✚✪✱✲✦ ✤✔ ✣✤✬✚✦✳ ✴✜✩✱✯✜ ✧✚✤✢ ✬✜ ✬✚✢✛✤✦✚♠✲✯✩✲✧ ✱✩★✜✦✧ ✵ ✬✜ ♠✩✲✯✢ ♠✲✦✜ ✚✯✯ ✢✤✧✜✚✧✜✧ ✚✔✢ ✛✲✯✫✤✱✯✶✪✦✚✤✔✳ ✣✤✦✧✚ ✬✤✛✧✜✯✭ ✢✜♠✯✚✦✜✢ ✫✬✚✫ ❣✩✢ ✬✚✢ ✚✱✱✩✤✔✫✜✢ ✬✤✛✫✩ ✧✚✮✜ ✬✤✧ ✱✜✩✱✯✜ ✭✦✩✛ ✫✦✩✲t✯✜✙ ✭✦✜✜ ✫✬✜✛ ✭✦✩✛ ✫✬✜ ✧✯✚✮✜✦✶✩✭ ❞✷✸✺✻ ✼✩✲✫✧✤✢✜✦✧✽✳ ✾✩✩✔ ✫✬✩✲✧✚✔✢✧ t✜✪✚✔ ✭✩✯✯✩★✤✔✪ ✣✤✦✧✚✙t✜✯✤✜✮✤✔✪ ✫✬✚✫ ✬✜ ★✚✧ ❜✿❀❁❂❀❃ ✼❣✩✢✽ ✚✔✢ ✬✚✢ ♠✩✛✜ ✫✩ ✧✩✯✮✜✚✯✯ ✫✬✜✤✦ ✱✦✩t✯✜✛✧✳✣✤✦✧✚ ★✚✧ t✩✦✔ ✤✔ ✚ ✭✚✛✤✯✶ ✩✭ ❇✲✔✢✚✧ ✵ ✚ ✫✦✤t✚✯ ✪✦✩✲✱ ✫✬✚✫

✯✤✮✜✢ ✤✔ ✰✬✩✫✫✚✔✚✪✱✲✦✳ ✣✲✫ ✬✤✧ ✭✩✯✯✩★✜✦✧ ✤✔♠✯✲✢✜✢ ✩✫✬✜✦✫✦✤t✚✯✧ ✩✭ ✫✬✜ ✦✜✪✤✩✔ ✵ ✾✚✔✫✬✚✯✧ ✚✔✢ ❄✦✚✩✔✧✳ ❅✯✯ ✩✭ ✫✬✜✛ ✤✔✢✤✭✭✜✦✜✔✫ ★✚✶✧ ★✜✦✜ ✲✔✬✚✱✱✶ ★✤✫✬ ✫✬✜ ♠✬✚✔✪✜✧ ✫✬✜✶★✜✦✜ ✜✇✱✜✦✤✜✔♠✤✔✪ ✚✔✢ ✫✬✜ ✱✦✩t✯✜✛✧ ✫✬✜✶ ★✜✦✜ ✭✚♠✤✔✪ ✲✔✢✜✦✣✦✤✫✤✧✬ ✦✲✯✜✳ ❆✬✜✤✦ ✭✚✛✤✯✤✚✦ ★✚✶✧ ✩✭ ✯✤✭✜✧✜✜✛✜✢ ✫✩ t✜ ✢✤✧✚✱✱✜✚✦✤✔✪✙ ✫✬✜✤✦ ✯✤✮✜✯✤✬✩✩✢✧★✜✦✜ ✲✔✢✜✦ ✫✬✦✜✚✫✙ ✚✔✢ ✫✬✜✤✦ ✦✜✯✤✪✤✩✔ ✚✱✱✜✚✦✜✢✫✩ t✜ ✤✔ ✢✚✔✪✜✦✳❲✬✚✫ ✱✦✩t✯✜✛✧ ✢✤✢ ✣✤✦✧✚ ✧✜✫ ✩✲✫ ✫✩

✦✜✧✩✯✮✜r ❲✬✩ ★✜✦✜ ✫✬✜ ✩✲✫✧✤✢✜✦✧ t✜✤✔✪✦✜✭✜✦✦✜✢ ✫✩ ✚✧ ❞✷✸✺✻✙ ✚✔✢ ✬✩★ ✢✤✢ ✫✬✜✶ ✜✔✧✯✚✮✜✫✬✜ ✱✜✩✱✯✜ ✩✭ ✫✬✜ ✦✜✪✤✩✔r ❲✬✚✫ ★✚✧ ✬✚✱✱✜✔✤✔✪✫✩ ✫✬✜ ✫✦✤t✚✯ ✱✜✩✱✯✜ ✲✔✢✜✦ ✫✬✜ ✣✦✤✫✤✧✬r ❈✩★✢✤✢ ✫✬✜✤✦ ✯✤✮✜✧ ♠✬✚✔✪✜r ❆✬✜✧✜ ✚✦✜ ✧✩✛✜ ✩✭ ✫✬✜q✲✜✧✫✤✩✔✧ ✶✩✲ ★✤✯✯ ✦✜✚✢ ✚t✩✲✫ ✤✔ ✫✬✤✧ ♠✬✚✱✫✜✦✳❨✩✲ ✬✚✮✜ ✦✜✚✢ ✚t✩✲✫ ✫✦✤t✚✯ ✧✩♠✤✜✫✤✜✧ ✯✚✧✫

✶✜✚✦✳ ❇✩✧✫ ✫✦✤t✜✧ ✬✚✢ ♠✲✧✫✩✛✧ ✚✔✢ ✦✤✫✲✚✯✧✫✬✚✫ ★✜✦✜ ✮✜✦✶ ✢✤✭✭✜✦✜✔✫ ✭✦✩✛ ✫✬✩✧✜ ✯✚✤✢✢✩★✔ t✶ ✣✦✚✬✛✚✔✧✳ ❆✬✜✧✜ ✧✩♠✤✜✫✤✜✧ ✚✯✧✩✢✤✢ ✔✩✫ ✬✚✮✜ ✫✬✜ ✧✬✚✦✱ ✧✩♠✤✚✯ ✢✤✮✤✧✤✩✔✧ ✫✬✚✫★✜✦✜ ♠✬✚✦✚♠✫✜✦✤✧✫✤♠ ✩✭ ♠✚✧✫✜ ✧✩♠✤✜✫✤✜✧✳ ❅✯✯✫✬✩✧✜ ★✬✩ t✜✯✩✔✪✜✢ ✫✩ ✫✬✜ ✧✚✛✜ ✫✦✤t✜ ✫✬✩✲✪✬✫✩✭ ✫✬✜✛✧✜✯✮✜✧ ✚✧ ✧✬✚✦✤✔✪ ♠✩✛✛✩✔ ✫✤✜✧✩✭ ♦✤✔✧✬✤✱✳ ❈✩★✜✮✜✦✙ ✫✬✤✧ ✢✤✢ ✔✩✫ ✛✜✚✔✫✬✚✫ ✫✬✜✦✜ ★✜✦✜ ✔✩ ✧✩♠✤✚✯ ✚✔✢ ✜♠✩✔✩✛✤♠✢✤✭✭✜✦✜✔♠✜✧ ★✤✫✬✤✔ ✫✦✤t✜✧✳

❋❊●❍ ❏ ❑ ▲▼◆❖P ▼◗ ❘❙❖❯▼P❱❳❩❬ ❭❬P❪❙❬ ❘❳❩❫❖ ❩P❴❳❩❵❵❬ ❝❬❪❖ ❘❙❳▼❡❱❙❘❙❖ ❳❩❢❖❳ ▼P ❘❙❖ ❝❬❤ ❘▼❘❙❖ ◆❬❳✐❖❘

Page 41: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✹✆

❍✝✞ ✟✠✡ ☛☞✠✌✍✎ ✏☞✝✑✒✓ ✔✠✕✖✗

❇✘ ✙✚✛ ✜✢✜✛✙✛✛✜✙✚ ✣✛✜✙✤✦✘✧ ✙✦✢★✩✪ ✫✛✬✫✪✛ ✢✜ ✭✢✮✮✛✦✛✜✙✫✩✦✙♣ ✬✮ ✯✜✭✢✩ ✰✛✦✛ ✢✜✱✬✪✱✛✭ ✢✜ ✩ ✱✩✦✢✛✙✘ ✬✮ ✩✣✙✢✱✢✙✢✛♣✲

❙✳✴✵ ✶✵✷✵ ❥✸✺✻ ✼✽✾✿❀❁❂✿✳✷❃

❄✬❅✛ ✬✮ ✙✚✛❅ ✫✦✩✣✙✢♣✛✭ ❆❈❉❊ ✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✢✬✜✧ ✙✚✩✙ ✢♣✧ ♣✚✢✮✙✢✜❋✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✢✬✜✲ ❝✚✢♣ ✰✩♣ ✭✬✜✛ ✬✜ ♣❅✩✪✪ ✫✩✙✣✚✛♣ ✬✮ ✪✩✜✭✧❅✬♣✙✪✘ ✢✜ ✮✬✦✛♣✙♣✲ ❝✚✛ ✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✬✦♣ ✣✤✙ ✙✚✛ ✙✦✛✛✙✬✫♣ ✙✬✩✪✪✬✰ ♣✤✜✪✢❋✚✙ ✙✬ ✦✛✩✣✚ ✙✚✛ ❋✦✬✤✜✭✧ ✩✜✭ ★✤✦✜✙ ✙✚✛✱✛❋✛✙✩✙✢✬✜ ✬✜ ✙✚✛ ✪✩✜✭ ✙✬ ✣✪✛✩✦ ✢✙ ✮✬✦ ✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✢✬✜✲ ❝✚✛✘♣✫✦✛✩✭ ✙✚✛ ✩♣✚ ✮✦✬❅ ✙✚✛ ✮✢✦✢✜❋✧ ✰✚✢✣✚ ✣✬✜✙✩✢✜✛✭ ✫✬✙✩♣✚✧✙✬ ✮✛✦✙✢✪✢♣✛ ✙✚✛ ♣✬✢✪✲ ❝✚✛✘ ✤♣✛✭ ✙✚✛ ✩t✛ ✙✬ ✣✤✙ ✙✦✛✛♣ ✩✜✭✙✚✛ ✚✬✛ ✙✬ ♣✣✦✩✙✣✚ ✙✚✛ ♣✬✢✪ ✢✜ ✬✦✭✛✦ ✙✬ ✫✦✛✫✩✦✛ ✢✙ ✮✬✦✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✢✬✜✲ ❝✚✛✘ ★✦✬✩✭✣✩♣✙ ✙✚✛ ♣✛✛✭♣✧ ✙✚✩✙ ✢♣✧ ♣✣✩✙✙✛✦✛✭✙✚✛ ♣✛✛✭♣ ✬✜ ✙✚✛ ✮✢✛✪✭ ✢✜♣✙✛✩✭ ✬✮ ✫✪✬✤❋✚✢✜❋ ✙✚✛ ✪✩✜✭✩✜✭ ♣✬✰✢✜❋ ✙✚✛ ♣✛✛✭♣✲ ❛✜✣✛ ✙✚✛ ✣✦✬✫ ✰✩♣ ✦✛✩✭✘ ✩✜✭✚✩✦✱✛♣✙✛✭✧ ✙✚✛✘ ❅✬✱✛✭ ✙✬ ✩✜✬✙✚✛✦ ✮✢✛✪✭✲ ❤ ✮✢✛✪✭ ✙✚✩✙ ✚✩✭★✛✛✜ ✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✛✭ ✬✜✣✛ ✰✩♣ ✪✛✮✙ ❢●❏❏❑▲ ✮✬✦ ♣✛✱✛✦✩✪ ✘✛✩✦♣✧

❄✚✢✮✙✢✜❋ ✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✬✦♣ ✰✛✦✛ ✮✬✤✜✭ ✢✜ ✙✚✛ ✚✢✪✪✘ ✩✜✭✮✬✦✛♣✙✛✭ ✙✦✩✣✙♣ ✬✮ ✜✬✦✙✚▼✛✩♣✙ ✩✜✭ ✣✛✜✙✦✩✪ ✯✜✭✢✩✲ ❝✚✛ ✪✢✱✛♣✬✮ ✙✚✛♣✛ ✙✦✢★✩✪ ✫✛✬✫✪✛ ✭✛✫✛✜✭✛✭ ✬✜ ✮✦✛✛ ❅✬✱✛❅✛✜✙ ✰✢✙✚✢✜✮✬✦✛♣✙♣ ✩✜✭ ✬✜ ★✛✢✜❋ ✩★✪✛ ✙✬ ✤♣✛ ✙✚✛ ✪✩✜✭ ✩✜✭ ✮✬✦✛♣✙♣✮✬✦ ❋✦✬✰✢✜❋ ✙✚✛✢✦ ✣✦✬✫♣✲ ❝✚✩✙ ✢♣ ✙✚✛ ✬✜✪✘ ✰✩✘ ✙✚✛✘ ✣✬✤✪✭✫✦✩✣✙✢♣✛ ♣✚✢✮✙✢✜❋ ✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✢✬✜✲

❙✳✴✵ ✶✵✷✵ ◆✽◗✿✵✷❃ ❂◗❘ ❚❂✿◆✵✷✵✷❃

✯✜ ❅✩✜✘ ✦✛❋✢✬✜♣ ✙✦✢★✩✪ ❋✦✬✤✫♣ ✪✢✱✛✭ ★✘ ✚✤✜✙✢✜❋ ✩✜✢❅✩✪♣✩✜✭ ❋✩✙✚✛✦✢✜❋ ✮✬✦✛♣✙ ✫✦✬✭✤✣✛✲ ❝✚✛✘ ♣✩✰ ✮✬✦✛♣✙♣ ✩♣✛♣♣✛✜✙✢✩✪ ✮✬✦ ♣✤✦✱✢✱✩✪✲ ❝✚✛ ❡✚✬✜✭♣ ✰✛✦✛ ♣✤✣✚ ✩✣✬❅❅✤✜✢✙✘ ✪✢✱✢✜❋ ✢✜ ✙✚✛ ✮✬✦✛♣✙♣ ✬✮ ❛✦✢♣♣✩✲ ❝✚✛✘ ✦✛❋✤✪✩✦✪✘✰✛✜✙ ✬✤✙ ✬✜ ✣✬✪✪✛✣✙✢✱✛ ✚✤✜✙♣ ✩✜✭ ✙✚✛✜ ✭✢✱✢✭✛✭ ✙✚✛❅✛✩✙ ✩❅✬✜❋♣✙ ✙✚✛❅♣✛✪✱✛♣✲ ❝✚✛✘ ✩✙✛ ✮✦✤✢✙♣ ✩✜✭ ✦✬✬✙♣

✣✬✪✪✛✣✙✛✭ ✮✦✬❅ ✙✚✛ ✮✬✦✛♣✙✩✜✭ ✣✬✬❯✛✭ ✮✬✬✭ ✰✢✙✚ ✙✚✛✬✢✪ ✙✚✛✘ ✛t✙✦✩✣✙✛✭ ✮✦✬❅✙✚✛ ♣✛✛✭♣ ✬✮ ✙✚✛ s❱❲ ✩✜✭♠❱❳❨❱✲ ❝✚✛✘ ✤♣✛✭ ❅✩✜✘✮✬✦✛♣✙ ♣✚✦✤★♣ ✩✜✭ ✚✛✦★♣✮✬✦ ❅✛✭✢✣✢✜✩✪ ✫✤✦✫✬♣✛♣✧✩✜✭ ♣✬✪✭ ✮✬✦✛♣✙ ✫✦✬✭✤✣✛ ✢✜✙✚✛ ✪✬✣✩✪ ❅✩✦❯✛✙♣✲ ❝✚✛✪✬✣✩✪ ✰✛✩✱✛✦♣ ✩✜✭ ✪✛✩✙✚✛✦✰✬✦❯✛✦♣ ✙✤✦✜✛✭ ✙✬ ✙✚✛❡✚✬✜✭♣ ✰✚✛✜ ✙✚✛✘ ✜✛✛✭✛✭♣✤✫✫✪✢✛♣ ✬✮ ❦❉❩❉❊ ✩✜✭❬❭❪❭❩❈ ✮✪✬✰✛✦♣ ✙✬ ✣✬✪✬✤✦✙✚✛✢✦ ✣✪✬✙✚✛♣ ✩✜✭ ✪✛✩✙✚✛✦✲

❫●❏❏❑▲ ❹ ❤ ✮✢✛✪✭ ✪✛✮✙✤✜✣✤✪✙✢✱✩✙✛✭ ✮✬✦ ✩ ✰✚✢✪✛♣✬ ✙✚✩✙ ✙✚✛ ♣✬✢✪ ✦✛✣✬✱✛✦♣✮✛✦✙✢✪✢✙✘

❴❱❲ ❹ ❤ ✙✦✛✛

❵❱❳❨❱ ❹ ❤ ✮✪✬✰✛✦ ✙✚✩✙✢♣ ✛✩✙✛✜ ✬✦ ✤♣✛✭ ✙✬ ❅✩❯✛✩✪✣✬✚✬✪

❜❞❣✐ ❧ ♥ ♦qr✉✈✇① ②①r③④① ⑤q⑥⑦r✇r ⑧✈✇⑨⑨① ⑩①❶⑦ ④q⑥⑦ ❷❸❺❻❸❺❼❽❾⑦①❿⑦⑨ ➀✈q⑥ ⑩④⑦ ➀q✈⑦⑨⑩ ⑩q ⑥①❶⑦➁❾①⑩⑦⑨

Page 42: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✹�

❋✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✁✝ ✞✟✞ ✠✆✝✡✝ ☛✂✁✝✡✠

♣✝✂♣☞✝ ✌✝✠ ✠✆✝✟✁ ✡✍♣♣☞✟✝✡ ✂☛ ✁✟✎✝

❛✏✞ ✂✠✆✝✁ ✌✁❛✟✏✡✑ ✒✠ ✠✟✄✝✡ ✠✆✝✓

✝❡✎✆❛✏✌✝✞ ✌✂✂✞✡ ✔ ✌✝✠✠✟✏✌ ☎✆❛✠

✠✆✝✓ ✏✝✝✞✝✞ ✟✏ ✁✝✠✍✁✏ ☛✂✁ ✠✆✝✟✁

✈❛☞✍❛✕☞✝ ☛✂✁✝✡✠ ♣✁✂✞✍✎✝✖ ✒✠ ✂✠✆✝✁

✠✟✄✝✡ ✠✆✝✓ ✕✂✍✌✆✠ ✌✂✂✞✡ ☎✟✠✆ ✠✆✝

✡✄❛☞☞ ❛✄✂✍✏✠ ✂☛ ✝❛✁✏✟✏✌✡ ✠✆✝✓

✆❛✞✖ ❤✂✄✝ ✂☛ ✠✆✝✄ ✞✟✞ ✂✞✞ ✗✂✕✡

✟✏ ✠✆✝ ✈✟☞☞❛✌✝✡✐ ✎❛✁✁✓✟✏✌ ☞✂❛✞✡ ✂✁

✕✍✟☞✞✟✏✌ ✁✂❛✞✡✐ ☎✆✟☞✝ ✂✠✆✝✁✡

☞❛✕✂✍✁✝✞ ✟✏ ✠✆✝ ☛✟✝☞✞✡ ✂☛ ♣✝❛✡❛✏✠✡

❛✏✞ ☛❛✁✄✝✁✡✖ ✘✆✝✏ ✡✍♣♣☞✟✝✡ ✂☛

☛✂✁✝✡✠ ♣✁✂✞✍✎✝ ✡✆✁❛✏❢✐ ✠✁✟✕❛☞

♣✝✂♣☞✝ ✆❛✞ ✠✂ ✟✏✎✁✝❛✡✟✏✌☞✓

☎❛✏✞✝✁ ❛✁✂✍✏✞ ✟✏ ✡✝❛✁✎✆ ✂☛ ☎✂✁❢

❛✡ ☞❛✕✂✍✁✝✁✡✖ ✙✍✠ ✄❛✏✓ ✂☛

✠✆✝✄ ✔ ☞✟❢✝ ✠✆✝ ✙❛✟✌❛✡ ✂☛ ✎✝✏✠✁❛☞

■✏✞✟❛ ✔ ☎✝✁✝ ✁✝☞✍✎✠❛✏✠ ✠✂ ✞✂

☎✂✁❢ ☛✂✁ ✂✠✆✝✁✡✖ ✇✆✝ ✙❛✟✌❛✡ ✡❛☎

✠✆✝✄✡✝☞✈✝✡ ❛✡ ♣✝✂♣☞✝ ✂☛ ✠✆✝

☛✂✁✝✡✠✐ ☎✆✂ ✎✂✍☞✞ ✂✏☞✓ ☞✟✈✝ ✂✏ ✠✆✝

♣✁✂✞✍✎✝ ✂☛ ✠✆✝ ☛✂✁✝✡✠✖ ■✠ ☎❛✡

✕✝☞✂☎ ✠✆✝ ✞✟✌✏✟✠✓ ✂☛ ❛ ✙❛✟✌❛ ✠✂

✕✝✎✂✄✝ ❛ ☞❛✕✂✍✁✝✁✖

✇✁✟✕❛☞ ✌✁✂✍♣✡ ✂☛✠✝✏ ✏✝✝✞✝✞ ✠✂

✕✍✓ ❛✏✞ ✡✝☞☞ ✟✏ ✂✁✞✝✁ ✠✂ ✕✝ ❛✕☞✝

✠✂ ✌✝✠ ✠✆✝ ✌✂✂✞✡ ✠✆❛✠ ☎✝✁✝ ✏✂✠ ♣✁✂✞✍✎✝✞ ☎✟✠✆✟✏ ✠✆✝

☞✂✎❛☞✟✠✓✖ ✇✆✟✡ ☞✝✞ ✠✂ ✠✆✝✟✁ ✞✝♣✝✏✞✝✏✎✝ ✂✏ ✠✁❛✞✝✁✡ ❛✏✞

✄✂✏✝✓☞✝✏✞✝✁✡✖ ✇✁❛✞✝✁✡ ✎❛✄✝ ❛✁✂✍✏✞ ☎✟✠✆ ✠✆✟✏✌✡ ☛✂✁

✡❛☞✝✐ ❛✏✞ ✡✂☞✞ ✠✆✝ ✌✂✂✞✡ ❛✠ ✆✟✌✆ ♣✁✟✎✝✡✖ s✂✏✝✓☞✝✏✞✝✁✡

✌❛✈✝ ☞✂❛✏✡ ☎✟✠✆ ☎✆✟✎✆ ✠✆✝ ✠✁✟✕❛☞✡ ✄✝✠ ✠✆✝✟✁ ✎❛✡✆ ✏✝✝✞✡✐

❛✞✞✟✏✌ ✠✂ ☎✆❛✠ ✠✆✝✓ ✝❛✁✏✝✞✖ ✙✍✠ ✠✆✝ ✟✏✠✝✁✝✡✠ ✎✆❛✁✌✝✞

✂✏ ✠✆✝ ☞✂❛✏✡ ☎❛✡ ✍✡✍❛☞☞✓ ✈✝✁✓ ✆✟✌✆✖ ❤✂ ☛✂✁ ✠✆✝ ✠✁✟✕❛☞✡✐

✄❛✁❢✝✠ ❛✏✞ ✎✂✄✄✝✁✎✝ ✂☛✠✝✏ ✄✝❛✏✠ ✞✝✕✠ ❛✏✞ ♣✂✈✝✁✠✓✖

✇✆✝✓ ✠✆✝✁✝☛✂✁✝ ✎❛✄✝ ✠✂ ✡✝✝ ✠✆✝ ✄✂✏✝✓☞✝✏✞✝✁ ❛✏✞ ✠✁❛✞✝✁

❛✡ ✝✈✟☞ ✂✍✠✡✟✞✝✁✡ ❛✏✞ ✠✆✝ ✎❛✍✡✝ ✂☛ ✠✆✝✟✁ ✄✟✡✝✁✓✖

❙✚✛✜ ✢✜✣✤✜✤ ✥✦✧✛✥★✩

s❛✏✓ ✠✁✟✕❛☞ ✌✁✂✍♣✡ ☞✟✈✝✞ ✕✓ ✆✝✁✞✟✏✌ ❛✏✞ ✁✝❛✁✟✏✌ ❛✏✟✄❛☞✡✖

✇✆✝✓ ☎✝✁✝ ♣❛✡✠✂✁❛☞✟✡✠✡ ☎✆✂ ✄✂✈✝✞ ☎✟✠✆ ✠✆✝✟✁ ✆✝✁✞✡ ✂☛

✎❛✠✠☞✝ ✂✁ ✡✆✝✝♣ ❛✎✎✂✁✞✟✏✌ ✠✂ ✠✆✝ ✡✝❛✡✂✏✡✖ ✘✆✝✏ ✠✆✝ ✌✁❛✡✡

✟✏ ✂✏✝ ♣☞❛✎✝ ☎❛✡ ✝❡✆❛✍✡✠✝✞✐ ✠✆✝✓ ✄✂✈✝✞ ✠✂ ❛✏✂✠✆✝✁ ❛✁✝❛✖

✇✆✝ ❚❛✏ ✪✍✗✗❛✁✡ ✂☛ ✠✆✝ ✫✍✏✗❛✕ ✆✟☞☞✡ ❛✏✞ ✠✆✝ ✬❛✕❛✞✟✡ ✂☛

✒✏✞✆✁❛ ✫✁❛✞✝✡✆ ☎✝✁✝ ✎❛✠✠☞✝ ✆✝✁✞✝✁✡✐ ✠✆✝ ✪❛✞✞✟✡ ✂☛ ❆✍☞✍

☎✝✁✝ ✡✆✝♣✆✝✁✞✡✐ ❛✏✞ ✠✆✝ ✙❛❢❛✁☎❛☞✡ ✂☛ ❆❛✡✆✄✟✁ ✁✝❛✁✝✞

✌✂❛✠✡✖ ❣✂✍ ☎✟☞☞ ✁✝❛✞ ✄✂✁✝ ❛✕✂✍✠ ✠✆✝✄ ✟✏ ✓✂✍✁ ✆✟✡✠✂✁✓

✕✂✂❢ ✏✝❡✠ ✓✝❛✁✖

✭✮✯✰ ✱ ✲ ✳✴✵✶✷✸✴✺ ✴✻ ✼✴✽✾ ✷✿✸❀✶❁❂✿✴❃❄✼ ✸✺ ❅✺❇✸✶

❈❉❊●❍❏❑▲ ▼◆❖P◗ ❍❘❯ ❈❱❲ ❳❊❑❊❨❘ ❨❩ ❍ ❬❨❏❯❲❘ ❍❬❲

Page 43: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✹✆

❆ ✝✞✟✠ ✝✡ ☛☞✌✝✍ ✎ ✝✞✟✠ ✝✡ ✏✡✑✍ ✎ ✝✞✟✠ ✝✡ ✟✡✒✠ ✝✡ ✎ ✌✠✑ ✓✞✠✔✕

❍✖✗✘ ✙✚✛ ✘✗✘✜ ✢✚✣✤✦✘✧ ✣★✖✣ ✩✘✚✩✪✘ ✪✤✗✤✢✫ ✤✢ ✧✤✬✬✘✜✘✢✣ ✣✙✩✘✭ ✚✬ ✭✚✦✤✘✣✤✘✭ ✧✚ ✢✚✣✭★✖✜✘ ✣★✘ ✭✖s✘ ✢✚✣✤✚✢ ✚✬ ✮✚✜✯ ✖✢✧ ✣✤s✘✰ ✱★✘ ✪✤✗✘✭ ✚✬ ✣★✘ ✭★✤✬✣✤✢✫ ✦✛✪✣✤✗✖✣✚✜✭ ✖✢✧★✛✢✣✘✜✭ ✤✢ ✧✤✬✬✘✜✘✢✣ ✜✘✫✤✚✢✭ ✮✘✜✘ ✜✘✫✛✪✖✣✘✧ ❤✙ ✖ ✦✖✪✘✢✧✖✜ ✖✢✧ ✧✤✗✤✭✤✚✢ ✚✬ ✣✖✭✯✭✬✚✜ s✘✢ ✖✢✧ ✮✚s✘✢❢

❱✘✜✜✤✘✜ ✲✪✮✤✢✳ ✖ ✴✜✤✣✤✭★ ✖✢✣★✜✚✩✚✪✚✫✤✭✣ ✮★✚ ✪✤✗✘✧ ✖s✚✢✫ ✣★✘ ✴✖✤✫✖✭ ✖✢✧❑★✚✢✧✭ ✚✬ ✦✘✢✣✜✖✪ ✵✢✧✤✖ ✬✚✜ s✖✢✙ ✙✘✖✜✭ ✤✢ ✣★✘ ✶✷✸✺✭ ✖✢✧ ✶✷✻✺✭✳ ✫✤✗✘✭ ✛✭ ✖ ✩✤✦✣✛✜✘✚✬ ✮★✖✣ ✣★✤✭ ✦✖✪✘✢✧✖✜ ✖✢✧ ✧✤✗✤✭✤✚✢ ✚✬ ✣✖✭✯✭ ✮✖✭ ✪✤✯✘❢ ❍✘ ✮✜✤✣✘✭♦

✼✽ ❈✾✿❀❁ ❂❃❄❅✽ ❂❅✽❇ ❇❃ ❉❊❅❋●❏✽▲▼ ❇❃ ◆◆◆ ❉◗❇ ▼❇❋❊❘▼ ❇❙❋❇ ❂❅●❅ ❋❊●❅❋❚❯ ●❅❋❲❅❚❳❄❅✽ ❉◗❇ ❊❋●▲❅ ❇●❅❅▼ ❋✽❚ ▲❃ ♠❃● ❇❙❅❏● ●❏❇◗❋❊ ❙◗✽❇◆ ❨❙❅ ❙◗✽❇ ❩❅▲❋✽ ❋❇ ♠◗❊❊ ❄❃❃✽♠●❃❄ ❇❙❅ ❅❋▼❇◆ ❨●❋❲▼ ❃♠ ❩❋❄❩❃❃ ❂❅●❅ ◗▼❅❚ ♠❃● ❙◗✽❇❏✽▲◆ ❨❙❅ ❂❃❄❅✽ ▲❋❇❙❅●❅❚♠●◗❏❇▼ ❊❏❘❅ ▼❋▲❃❬ ❇❋❄❋●❏✽❚ ❋✽❚❄◗▼❙●❃❃❄◆ ❭❋❏▲❋ ❂❃❄❅✽ ❉❋✽ ❃✽❊❯ ▲❋❇❙❅● ●❃❃❇▼❃● ❦✿❪❫✿ ❋✽❚ ❴✿✾❵✿ ▼❅❅❚▼◆ ❛♠ ❋❊❊ ❇❙❅ ✿❫❀❜✿❝❀❝ ❏✽ ✐❅✽❇●❋❊ ✼✽❚❏❋❬ ❇❙❅ ❭❋❏▲❋▼❂❅●❅ ❘✽❃❂✽ ❋▼ ❇❙❅ ❩❅▼❇ ❙◗✽❇❅●▼ ✇ ✼✽ ❞✿❀❝✿❦✾ ❇❙❅ ♠❏●❏✽▲ ❃♠ ❇❙❅ ♠❃●❅▼❇ ❇❃❃❘❲❊❋❉❅❬ ❇❙❅ ❂❃❄❅✽ ▲❋❇❙❅●❅❚ ◗✽❩◗●✽❇ ❂❃❃❚ ❇❃ ❩◗●✽◆ ♣❅✽ ❉❃✽❇❏✽◗❅❚ ❇❃ ❙◗✽❇❬❩◗❇ ✽❅❋●❅● ❇❙❅❏● ❡❏❊❊❋▲❅▼◆ ✼✽ ❣❥❁✾ ▼❃❂❏✽▲ ❇❃❃❘ ❲❊❋❉❅ ❋✽❚ ❙◗✽❇❏✽▲ ▼❇❏❊❊ ❂❅✽❇ ❃✽◆❧●❃❄ ♥❝✿❫✾ ❇❃ ❞✾✿❫q❪ ❇❙❅ ❄❅✽ ❂❃●❘❅❚ ❏✽ ❇❙❅ ♠❏❅❊❚▼◆ ✼✽ r❵✿t ❇❙❅ ♠❏●▼❇ ♠●◗❏❇▼ ❃♠❩❅❋✽▼ ❂❅●❅ ●❏❲❅✽❅❚ ❋✽❚ ❏✽ r✿t❁❀❦ ❦❵❁❦❀ ❩❅❉❋❄❅ ●❏❲❅◆ ✼✽ ♥✉✾✿❪ ❅❡❅●❯ ❉●❃❲ ❂❋▼

●❅❋❚❯ ❋✽❚ ❏✽ ✈❵❝ ❂❏✽✽❃❂❏✽▲ ❇❃❃❘ ❲❊❋❉❅◆✈❵❝ ❂❋▼ ❋❊▼❃ ❇❙❅ ❇❏❄❅ ♠❃● ❚❋✽❉❅▼ ❋✽❚❄❋●●❏❋▲❅▼◆ ✼✽ ①✿✉✾ ▼❙❏♠❇▼ ❂❅●❅ ❄❋❚❅ ❇❃✽❅❂ ②③④⑤⑥⑦ ❋✽❚ ❙◗✽❇❏✽▲⑧▲❋❇❙❅●❏✽▲ ❂❋▼❇❙❅ ❄❋❏✽ ▼◗❩▼❏▼❇❅✽❉❅ ❋❉❇❏❡❏❇❯◆

❨❙❅ ❉❯❉❊❅ ❚❅▼❉●❏❩❅❚ ❋❩❃❡❅ ❇❃❃❘ ❲❊❋❉❅❏✽ ❇❙❅ ♠❏●▼❇ ❯❅❋●◆ ✼✽ ❇❙❅ ▼❅❉❃✽❚ ❯❅❋● ❇❙❅●❅❂❋▼❄❃●❅ ❇❏❄❅ ♠❃● ❙◗✽❇❏✽▲ ❋▼ ❃✽❊❯ ❋ ♠❅❂❉●❃❲▼ ❙❋❚ ❇❃ ❩❅ ▼❃❂✽ ❋✽❚❙❋●❡❅▼❇❅❚◆❭◗❇▼❏✽❉❅ ❇❙❅●❅ ❂❋▼ ❅✽❃◗▲❙ ♠❃❃❚ ❇❙❅ ❄❅✽❊❏❡❅❚ ❏✽ ❇❙❅ ⑨❥⑩✿t❝◆ ✼❇ ❂❋▼ ❃✽❊❯ ❏✽ ❇❙❅❇❙❏●❚ ❯❅❋● ❇❙❋❇ ❇❙❅ ❚❏❅❇ ❙❋❚ ❇❃ ❩❅▼◗❲❲❊❅❄❅✽❇❅❚ ❂❏❇❙ ❇❙❅ ♠❃●❅▼❇ ❲●❃❚◗❉❇▼◆

❶❷❸❹❺❻❷ ❼❽❾❿ ➀❻❽❽➁❻❽ ➂➃➄➁➅➆ ➇➈➉➊➈ ➋➌➍➎➍➏ ❸➅❷➂➃➄➁➅➐➑ ➒➅❹➒➓➃➁➑➔❻❷ →➣❾❺❻➑ ❾➅ ❺➔❻ ↔➔❾➅❷➑➐ ➋➀❻❽❽➁❻❽

➂➃➄➁➅ ↕❸❹❻❽➑➆ ➣❻➔❽➒ ➙❻❿❾❽➁❸➃ ➙➒➑❻➒❿ ❸➅❷ ➛➁➓❽❸❽➜➏

➝➞➟➠➡➢ ➤

➥➦➧➨ ➩ ➫ ➭ ➯➲➳➵➸➲➺ ➻➼➽➺ ➾➲➽➽➚➼➳➻ ➪➼➽➶➹➘➘➴➷➬➼➸➲➽➷ ➮➱✃❐❒❮❰ÏÐÑÒÓ ÔÕ Ö❰×❮ ×❮Ò❰Ñ ØÕ×❮ÒÑÙ ×Õ ×❮ÒÚÕÑÒÙ× ×Õ ÔÛ×❮ÒÑ ÚÕÑÒÙ× ÜÑÕÐÝÞÒß

à áâãäåäãæçèèé êëìíîïððñ ëò òóí òëôéô òóëòõëö÷ë øíù ëùú ûèøíù úöúü ýè ñèïôíí ëùñ þëòòíìùÿ sóëò ûíìí òóíúöîîíìíùêíô öù òóí òñþíô èî ûèìéòóëò òóíñ ûíìí ítþíêòíú òè þíìîèìøÿ

Page 44: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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❙✁✂✄ ☎✁✁✆ ☎✁ ✝✄☎☎✞✄✟ ✠✡✞☎☛☞✌☎☛✁✍

❊✎✏✑ ✒✏✓✔✕✏ ✖✗✏ ✑✘✑✏✖✏✏✑✖✗ ✙✏✑✖✚✕✛✜ ✢✣✑✛ ✓✕✔✢ ✤✘✖✗✘✑✖✗✏ ✖✕✘✒✣t ✥✕✔✚✦✧ ✗✣★ ✒✏✥✚✑ ✧✏✖✖t✘✑✥ ★✔✤✑✜ ✣✑★✙✚t✖✘✎✣✖✘✑✥ ✖✗✏✘✕ ✓✘✏t★✧ ✘✑ ✔✑✏ ✦t✣✙✏ ✛✏✣✕ ✣✓✖✏✕ ✛✏✣✕✜✘✑✧✖✏✣★ ✔✓ ✢✔✎✘✑✥ ✓✕✔✢ ✦t✣✙✏ ✖✔ ✦t✣✙✏❢ ✩✗✏✛ ✒✏✥✣✑ ✖✔✚✧✏ ✖✗✏ ✦t✔✚✥✗✜ ✣✑★ ✥✕✣★✚✣tt✛ ✥✔✖ ✕✘✥✗✖✧ ✔✎✏✕ ✖✗✏ t✣✑★✖✗✏✛ t✘✎✏★ ✔✑❢ ✪✑ ✢✣✑✛ ✙✣✧✏✧✜ t✘✫✏ ✖✗✏ ✬✚✑★✣✧ ✔✓❈✗✔✖✖✣✑✣✥✦✚✕✜ ✖✗✏ t✣✑★ ✒✏t✔✑✥✏★ ✖✔ ✖✗✏ ✙t✣✑ ✣✧ ✣ ✤✗✔t✏❢❆tt ✢✏✢✒✏✕✧ ✔✓ ✖✗✏ ✙t✣✑ ✤✏✕✏ ✕✏✥✣✕★✏★ ✣✧ ★✏✧✙✏✑★✣✑✖✧✔✓ ✖✗✏ ✔✕✘✥✘✑✣t ✧✏✖✖t✏✕✧✜ ✤✗✔ ✗✣★ ✓✘✕✧✖ ✙t✏✣✕✏★ ✖✗✏ t✣✑★❢✩✗✏✕✏✓✔✕✏✜ ✣tt ✔✓ ✖✗✏✢ ✗✣★ ✕✘✥✗✖✧ ✔✑ ✖✗✏ t✣✑★❢ ❡✏✕✛ ✔✓✖✏✑✧✔✢✏ ✦✏✔✦t✏ ✤✘✖✗✘✑ ✖✗✏ ✙t✣✑ ✣✙s✚✘✕✏★ ✢✔✕✏ ✦✔✤✏✕✖✗✣✑ ✔✖✗✏✕✧✜ ✧✔✢✏ ✒✏✙✣✢✏ ✙✗✘✏✓✧ ✣✑★ ✔✖✗✏✕✧ ✓✔tt✔✤✏✕✧❢P✔✤✏✕✓✚t ✢✏✑ ✔✓✖✏✑ ✕✏✑✖✏★ ✔✚✖ ✖✗✏✘✕ t✣✑★ ✘✑✧✖✏✣★ ✔✓✙✚t✖✘✎✣✖✘✑✥ ✘✖ ✖✗✏✢✧✏t✎✏✧❢

❇✕✘✖✘✧✗ ✔✓✓✘✙✘✣t✧ ✧✣✤ ✧✏✖✖t✏★ ✖✕✘✒✣t ✥✕✔✚✦✧ t✘✫✏ ✖✗✏●✔✑★✧ ✣✑★ ✭✣✑✖✗✣t✧ ✣✧ ✢✔✕✏ ✙✘✎✘t✘✧✏★ ✖✗✣✑ ✗✚✑✖✏✕✲✥✣✖✗✏✕✏✕✧ ✔✕ ✧✗✘✓✖✘✑✥ ✙✚t✖✘✎✣✖✔✕✧❢ ✩✗✔✧✏ ✤✗✔ t✘✎✏★ ✘✑✖✗✏ ✓✔✕✏✧✖✧ ✤✏✕✏ ✙✔✑✧✘★✏✕✏★ ✖✔ ✒✏ ✤✘t★ ✣✑★ ✧✣✎✣✥✏✮ ✖✗✏✛✑✏✏★✏★ ✖✔ ✒✏ ✧✏✖✖t✏★ ✣✑★ ✙✘✎✘t✘✧✏★❢

❍✯✰ ✱✳✴ ✵✯✶✯✷✳✸✶ ✺✻✶✼ ✽✾✾✼✿❀ ❁❂✳❃✸✶

▲✳❄✼❅❉

✩✗✏ t✘✎✏✧ ✔✓ ✖✕✘✒✣t ✥✕✔✚✦✧ ✙✗✣✑✥✏★ ★✚✕✘✑✥ ❇✕✘✖✘✧✗ ✕✚t✏❢❋✏✖ ✚✧ ✧✏✏ ✤✗✣✖ ✖✗✏✧✏ ✙✗✣✑✥✏✧ ✤✏✕✏❢

❲■✌☎ ■✌❏❏✄✍✄✟ ☎✁ ☎❑☛▼✌✞ ✠■☛✄◆✝❖

❇✏✓✔✕✏ ✖✗✏ ✣✕✕✘✎✣t ✔✓ ✖✗✏ ❇✕✘✖✘✧✗✜ ✘✑ ✢✣✑✛ ✣✕✏✣✧ ✖✗✏✖✕✘✒✣t ✙✗✘✏✓✧ ✤✏✕✏ ✘✢✦✔✕✖✣✑✖ ✦✏✔✦t✏❢ ✩✗✏✛ ✏✑◗✔✛✏★ ✣✙✏✕✖✣✘✑ ✣✢✔✚✑✖ ✔✓ ✏✙✔✑✔✢✘✙ ✦✔✤✏✕ ✣✑★ ✗✣★ ✖✗✏ ✕✘✥✗✖ ✖✔✣★✢✘✑✘✧✖✏✕ ✣✑★ ✙✔✑✖✕✔t ✖✗✏✘✕ ✖✏✕✕✘✖✔✕✘✏✧❢ ✪✑ ✧✔✢✏ ✦t✣✙✏✧✖✗✏✛ ✗✣★ ✖✗✏✘✕ ✔✤✑ ✦✔t✘✙✏ ✣✑★ ★✏✙✘★✏★ ✔✑ ✖✗✏ t✔✙✣t ✕✚t✏✧✔✓ t✣✑★ ✣✑★ ✓✔✕✏✧✖ ✢✣✑✣✥✏✢✏✑✖❢ ♦✑★✏✕ ❇✕✘✖✘✧✗ ✕✚t✏✜✖✗✏ ✓✚✑✙✖✘✔✑✧ ✣✑★ ✦✔✤✏✕✧ ✔✓ ✖✗✏ ✖✕✘✒✣t ✙✗✘✏✓✧ ✙✗✣✑✥✏★✙✔✑✧✘★✏✕✣✒t✛❢ ✩✗✏✛ ✤✏✕✏ ✣tt✔✤✏★ ✖✔ ✫✏✏✦ ✖✗✏✘✕ t✣✑★ ✖✘✖t✏✧✔✎✏✕ ✣ ✙t✚✧✖✏✕ ✔✓ ✎✘tt✣✥✏✧ ✣✑★ ✕✏✑✖ ✔✚✖ t✣✑★✧✜ ✒✚✖ ✖✗✏✛t✔✧✖ ✢✚✙✗ ✔✓ ✖✗✏✘✕ ✣★✢✘✑✘✧✖✕✣✖✘✎✏ ✦✔✤✏✕ ✣✑★ ✤✏✕✏ ✓✔✕✙✏★✖✔ ✓✔tt✔✤ t✣✤✧ ✢✣★✏ ✒✛ ❇✕✘✖✘✧✗ ✔✓✓✘✙✘✣t✧ ✘✑ ✪✑★✘✣❢ ✩✗✏✛✣t✧✔ ✗✣★ ✖✔ ✦✣✛ ✖✕✘✒✚✖✏ ✖✔ ✖✗✏ ❇✕✘✖✘✧✗✜ ✣✑★ ★✘✧✙✘✦t✘✑✏✖✗✏ ✖✕✘✒✣t ✥✕✔✚✦✧ ✔✑ ✒✏✗✣t✓ ✔✓ ✖✗✏ ❇✕✘✖✘✧✗❢ ✩✗✏✛ t✔✧✖ ✖✗✏✣✚✖✗✔✕✘✖✛ ✖✗✏✛ ✗✣★ ✏✣✕t✘✏✕ ✏✑◗✔✛✏★ ✣✢✔✑✥✧✖ ✖✗✏✘✕ ✦✏✔✦t✏✜✣✑★ ✤✏✕✏ ✚✑✣✒t✏ ✖✔ ✓✚t✓✘t ✖✗✏✘✕ ✖✕✣★✘✖✘✔✑✣t ✓✚✑✙✖✘✔✑✧❢

❲■✌☎ ■✌❏❏✄✍✄✟ ☎✁ ☎■✄ ✝■☛◆☎☛✍❘ ✠✡✞☎☛☞✌☎✁❑✝❖

✩✗✏ ❇✕✘✖✘✧✗ ✤✏✕✏ ✚✑✙✔✢✓✔✕✖✣✒t✏ ✤✘✖✗ ✥✕✔✚✦✧ ✤✗✔ ✢✔✎✏★✣✒✔✚✖ ✣✑★ ★✘★ ✑✔✖ ✗✣✎✏ ✣ ✓✘❛✏★ ✗✔✢✏❢ ✩✗✏✛ ✤✣✑✖✏★ ✖✕✘✒✣t

❚❯❱❳❨ ❹ ❆ ✖✏✕✢ ✚✧✏★✘✑ ✬✣★✗✛✣ P✕✣★✏✧✗ ✓✔✕✧✗✘✓✖✘✑✥ ✙✚t✖✘✎✣✖✘✔✑

❩❬❭❪❫❴❵❜ ❝❞❣❤✐ ❫❥❦ ❩❧♠ ♥❭❵❭♣❥ ♣q ❫ r♣❴❦♠❥ ❫r♠

✉✈✇① ② ③ ④ ⑤⑥⑦ ⑧⑥⑨⑩❶ ❷❶❸❺⑦ ❷⑨❸⑤❻ ❸❺❼ ❽❸⑤⑤❼⑦❶ ⑥❾ ❻⑧❶ ❿❸⑩⑧❸ ❻➀❸❷❼⑤⑩ ⑥❾ ❻⑧❶❿⑥➀❻⑧❶❼⑩❻➁➂➃➄ ➄➅➆➇➈➄ ➉➇➊➊➋➌➄ ➃➄➊➍➎ ➏➃➄➅ ➊➐➌➃➑➆➎ ➋➈➄ ➒➑➇➊➆➓

Page 45: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✹✹

❣✆✝✞✟✠ ✡✝ ✠☛✡✡☞☛ ✌✝✍✎ ✏✎✌ ✑☛✒✝✓☛ ✟☛✏✠✏✎✡ ✒✞☞✡✔✕✏✡✝✆✠✖

❙☛✡✡☞☛✌ ✟☛✏✠✏✎✡✠ ✍☛✆☛ ☛✏✠✔☛✆ ✡✝ ✒✝✎✡✆✝☞ ✏✎✌ ✏✌✓✔✎✔✠✡☛✆

✡t✏✎ ✟☛✝✟☞☛ ✍t✝ ✍☛✆☛ ✏☞✍✏✗✠ ✝✎ ✡t☛ ✓✝✕☛✖ ✘t☛ ✙✆✔✡✔✠t

✏☞✠✝ ✍✏✎✡☛✌ ✏ ✆☛❣✞☞✏✆ ✆☛✕☛✎✞☛ ✠✝✞✆✒☛ ❛✝✆ ✡t☛ ✠✡✏✡☛✖ ❙✝

✡t☛✗ ✔✎✡✆✝✌✞✒☛✌ ☞✏✎✌ ✠☛✡✡☞☛✓☛✎✡✠ s ✡t✏✡ ✔✠✚ ✡t☛✗

✓☛✏✠✞✆☛✌ ✡t☛ ☞✏✎✌✚ ✌☛❛✔✎☛✌ ✡t☛ ✆✔❣t✡✠ ✝❛ ☛✏✒t ✔✎✌✔✕✔✌✞✏☞

✡✝ ✡t✏✡ ☞✏✎✌✚ ✏✎✌ ❛✔✛☛✌ ✡t☛ ✆☛✕☛✎✞☛ ✌☛✓✏✎✌ ❛✝✆ ✡t☛ ✠✡✏✡☛✖

❙✝✓☛ ✟☛✏✠✏✎✡✠ ✍☛✆☛ ✌☛✒☞✏✆☛✌ ☞✏✎✌✝✍✎☛✆✠✚ ✝✡t☛✆✠

✡☛✎✏✎✡✠✖ ✜✠ ✗✝✞ t✏✕☛ ✠☛☛✎ ✢✣t✏✟✡☛✆ ✤✦✚ ✡t☛ ✡☛✎✏✎✡✠

✍☛✆☛ ✡✝ ✟✏✗ ✆☛✎✡ ✡✝ ✡t☛ ☞✏✎✌✝✍✎☛✆ ✍t✝ ✔✎ ✡✞✆✎ ✟✏✔✌

✆☛✕☛✎✞☛ ✡✝ ✡t☛ ✠✡✏✡☛✖

✘t☛ ✙✆✔✡✔✠t ☛❛❛✝✆✡ ✡✝ ✠☛✡✡☞☛ ❥✧★✩ ✒✞☞✡✔✕✏✡✝✆✠ ✍✏✠ ✎✝✡

✕☛✆✗ ✠✞✒✒☛✠✠❛✞☞✖ ❙☛✡✡☞☛✌ ✟☞✝✞❣t ✒✞☞✡✔✕✏✡✔✝✎ ✔✠ ✎✝✡ ☛✏✠✗

✔✎ ✏✆☛✏✠ ✍t☛✆☛ ✍✏✡☛✆ ✔✠ ✠✒✏✆✒☛ ✏✎✌ ✡t☛ ✠✝✔☞ ✔✠ ✌✆✗✖ ✐✎

❛✏✒✡✚ ❥✧★✩ ✒✞☞✡✔✕✏✡✝✆✠ ✍t✝ ✡✝✝✪ ✡✝ ✟☞✝✞❣t ✒✞☞✡✔✕✏✡✔✝✎

✝❛✡☛✎ ✠✞❛❛☛✆☛✌✚ ✠✔✎✒☛ ✡t☛✔✆ ❛✔☛☞✌✠ ✌✔✌ ✎✝✡ ✟✆✝✌✞✒☛ ❣✝✝✌

✗✔☛☞✌✠✖ ❙✝ ✡t☛ ❥✧★✩ ✒✞☞✡✔✕✏✡✝✆✠ ✔✎ ✎✝✆✡t✫☛✏✠✡ ✐✎✌✔✏

✔✎✠✔✠✡☛✌ ✝✎ ✒✝✎✡✔✎✞✔✎❣ ✍✔✡t ✡t☛✔✆ ✡✆✏✌✔✡✔✝✎✏☞ ✟✆✏✒✡✔✒☛✖

❋✏✒✔✎❣ ✍✔✌☛✠✟✆☛✏✌ ✟✆✝✡☛✠✡✠✚ ✡t☛ ✙✆✔✡✔✠t t✏✌ ✡✝

✞☞✡✔✓✏✡☛☞✗ ✏☞☞✝✍ ✡t☛✓ ✡t☛ ✆✔❣t✡ ✡✝ ✒✏✆✆✗ ✝✎ ✠t✔❛✡✔✎❣

✒✞☞✡✔✕✏✡✔✝✎ ✔✎ ✠✝✓☛ ✟✏✆✡✠ ✝❛ ✡t☛ ❛✝✆☛✠✡✖

✬✭✮✯ ✰ ✱ ✲✳✴✵ ✶✷✸✺✻ ✼✽✵✾✴✿❀✾✴✻❁ ✴✻

❀ ❂✷❃✺❄✾ ✴✻ ❅✽❆❀❃❀✾

❇❈❉❊●❉❍❏ ❑▲▼●❉◆◗●❉❘❍ ❑❘❍●❉❍▲❚❯

❉❍ ❱◗❍❲ ❊❘❳❚❯● ◗❳❚◗❯ ❘❊ ❨▲❩◗❳◗●❬

❭❘▲ ❑◗❍ ❯❚❚ ●❈◗● ●❳❚❚❯ ❈◗◆❚ ❡❚❚❍

❑▲● ◗❍❝ ▼◗❍❝ ❑▼❚◗❳❚❝ ●❘ ❑❳❚◗●❚

♣◗●❑❈❚❯ ❊❘❳ ❑▲▼●❉◆◗●❉❘❍❬

✬✭✮✯ ❪ ✱ ❫❃✴r❀✵ ✶✷❃❴✺❃❄ ✴✻ ❀ ❃✴✼✺ ❂✴✺✵❵ ✴✻ ❜✻❵✳❃❀ ❞❃❀❵✺❄✳

❢❘●❚ ●❈❚ ❝❉❊❊❚❳❚❍❑❚ ❡❚●❤❚❚❍ ❳❉❑❚ ❑▲▼●❉◆◗●❉❘❍ ❉❍ ●❈❚ ❊▼◗● ♣▼◗❉❍❯ ◗❍❝ ❉❍

●❈❚ ❊❘❳❚❯●❯❬

Page 46: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✹�

❋✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞✟☎ ✞✠✡ ✆☛✄☞✂ ☞✌✍✞✎✆

❚✏✑ ✒✓✔✑ ✕✔ ✖✗✓✘✙✒ ✚✗✕✛✜✢✣ ✙✢ ✤✕✛ ✏✙✥✑ ✢✑✑✦✣ ✧✙✢ ★✓✗✑✩✖✒✤✩✕✦✦✑✩✖✑★ ✖✕ ✖✏✑ ✔✕✗✑✢✖❝ ✪✕ ✩✏✙✦✚✑✢ ✓✦ ✔✕✗✑✢✖ ✒✙✧✢ ✏✙★✙ ✩✕✦✢✓★✑✗✙✘✒✑ ✑✔✔✑✩✖ ✕✦ ✖✗✓✘✙✒ ✒✓✥✑✢❝ ❚✏✑ ❛✗✓✖✓✢✏ ✑✫✖✑✦★✑★✖✏✑✓✗ ✩✕✦✖✗✕✒ ✕✥✑✗ ✙✒✒ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✢ ✙✦★ ★✑✩✒✙✗✑★ ✖✏✙✖ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✢✧✑✗✑ ✢✖✙✖✑ ✜✗✕✜✑✗✖✤❝ ✪✕✇✑ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✢ ✧✑✗✑ ✩✒✙✢✢✓✔✓✑★ ✙✢❘✑✢✑✗✥✑★ ✬✕✗✑✢✖✢ ✔✕✗ ✖✏✑✤ ✜✗✕★✛✩✑★ ✖✓✇✘✑✗ ✧✏✓✩✏ ✖✏✑❛✗✓✖✓✢✏ ✧✙✦✖✑★❝ ❇✦ ✖✏✑✢✑ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✢ ✜✑✕✜✒✑ ✧✑✗✑ ✦✕✖ ✙✒✒✕✧✑★✖✕ ✇✕✥✑ ✔✗✑✑✒✤✣ ✜✗✙✩✖✓✢✑ ❥✭✮✯ ✩✛✒✖✓✥✙✖✓✕✦✣ ✩✕✒✒✑✩✖ ✔✗✛✓✖✢✣✕✗ ✏✛✦✖ ✙✦✓✇✙✒✢❝ ♦✕✧ ✧✑✗✑ ❥✭✮✯ ✩✛✒✖✓✥✙✖✕✗✢ ✖✕ ✢✛✗✥✓✥✑✓✦ ✢✛✩✏ ✙ ✢✓✖✛✙✖✓✕✦✐ ✰✙✦✤ ✧✑✗✑ ✖✏✑✗✑✔✕✗✑ ✔✕✗✩✑★ ✖✕ ✇✕✥✑✖✕ ✕✖✏✑✗ ✙✗✑✙✢ ✓✦ ✢✑✙✗✩✏ ✕✔ ✧✕✗t ✙✦★ ✒✓✥✑✒✓✏✕✕★❝

❛✛✖ ✕✦✩✑ ✖✏✑ ❛✗✓✖✓✢✏ ✢✖✕✜✜✑★ ✖✏✑ ✖✗✓✘✙✒ ✜✑✕✜✒✑ ✔✗✕✇✒✓✥✓✦✚ ✓✦✢✓★✑ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✢✣ ✖✏✑✤ ✔✙✩✑★ ✙ ✜✗✕✘✒✑✇❝ ✬✗✕✇ ✧✏✑✗✑✧✕✛✒★ ✖✏✑ ✬✕✗✑✢✖ ✱✑✜✙✗✖✇✑✦✖ ✚✑✖ ✓✖✢ ✒✙✘✕✛✗ ✖✕ ✩✛✖ ✖✗✑✑✢✔✕✗ ✗✙✓✒✧✙✤ ✢✒✑✑✜✑✗✢ ✙✦★ ✖✕ ✖✗✙✦✢✜✕✗✖ ✒✕✚✢✐

❈✕✒✕✦✓✙✒ ✕✔✔✓✩✓✙✒✢ ✩✙✇✑ ✛✜ ✧✓✖✏ ✙ ✢✕✒✛✖✓✕✦❝ ❚✏✑✤★✑✩✓★✑★ ✖✏✙✖ ✖✏✑✤ ✧✕✛✒★ ✚✓✥✑ ❥✭✮✯ ✩✛✒✖✓✥✙✖✕✗✢ ✢✇✙✒✒✜✙✖✩✏✑✢ ✕✔ ✒✙✦★ ✓✦ ✖✏✑ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✢ ✙✦★ ✙✒✒✕✧ ✖✏✑✇ ✖✕ ✩✛✒✖✓✥✙✖✑✖✏✑✢✑ ✕✦ ✖✏✑ ✩✕✦★✓✖✓✕✦ ✖✏✙✖ ✖✏✕✢✑ ✧✏✕ ✒✓✥✑★ ✓✦ ✖✏✑✥✓✒✒✙✚✑✢ ✧✕✛✒★ ✏✙✥✑ ✖✕ ✜✗✕✥✓★✑ ✒✙✘✕✛✗ ✖✕ ✖✏✑ ✬✕✗✑✢✖✱✑✜✙✗✖✇✑✦✖ ✙✦★ ✒✕✕t ✙✔✖✑✗ ✖✏✑ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✢❝ ✪✕ ✓✦ ✇✙✦✤✗✑✚✓✕✦✢ ✖✏✑ ✬✕✗✑✢✖ ✱✑✜✙✗✖✇✑✦✖ ✑✢✖✙✘✒✓✢✏✑★ ✔✕✗✑✢✖✥✓✒✒✙✚✑✢ ✖✕ ✑✦✢✛✗✑ ✙ ✗✑✚✛✒✙✗ ✢✛✜✜✒✤ ✕✔ ✩✏✑✙✜ ✒✙✘✕✛✗❝

➁✲✳ ✴✵✶✷ ✸✺✳✻ ✼✽ ✴✵✾ ✿✳❀✸✶✷✵ ✵✼❁ ✵✺❂✻ ✶✴ ✶✷ ✴✼ ✸✶❃✾❄

■❅ ❆❉❊●❍❏❑▲ ▼❊◆◆❖❊◆ P◗❙❖❅ ❯❖▲❖❆❊❱ ❆❉❊ ◗❲❅❱ ❳❨ ❆❉❊ ❩❲❖❬❲▲ ❭ ❲ ❆◆❖❪❲◗ ❬◆❳❫❴ ❖❅❵❊❅❆◆❲◗ ■❅❱❖❲❜ ❞❊ ❙❲❅❆❊❱ ❆❳ ❡❅❳❙ ❲❪❳❫❆ ❆❉❊❢ ❭ ❆❉❊❖◆ ❵❫▲❆❳❢▲ ❲❅❱ ❴◆❲❵❆❖❵❊▲❣❆❉❊❖◆ ❲◆❆ ❲❅❱ ❨❳◗❡◗❳◆❊❜ ❞❊ ◆❊❵❳◆❱❊❱ ❢❲❅❤ ▲❳❅❬▲ ❆❉❲❆ ◗❲❢❊❅❆❊❱ ❆❉❊ ❉❲◆❱❆❖❢❊ ❆❉❊ ❩❲❖❬❲▲ ❙❊◆❊ ❉❲❯❖❅❬ ❫❅❱❊◆ ❩◆❖❆❖▲❉ ◆❫◗❊❜

❦❧ ♠♥♣q rs❧✉ ✈① ♠♥② ③❧④r♣q♥ ♥✈⑤ ♥s⑥✉ ♣♠ ♣q ♠✈ r♣⑦②⑧✈⑤ ♥s⑥✉ ♣♠ ♣q ♠✈ r♣⑦②❦❧ ♠♥② ⑦♣rrs④② q♣♠q ♠♥② rs❧✉r✈⑥✉❦❧ ♠♥② ④s♠② q♣♠q ♠♥② ⑨✈♠⑤s⑥❦❧ ♠♥② ④s⑥✉②❧ q♣♠q ♠♥② ⑩s♠⑤s⑥♣❦❧ ♠♥② ①♣②r✉ q♣♠q ♠♥② ④✈⑦②⑥❧❶②❧♠

❦❧ ♠♥♣q rs❧✉ ✈① ♠♥② ③❧④r♣q♥ ♥✈⑤ ♥s⑥✉ ♣♠ ♣q ♠✈ r♣⑦②❷✈ ❸s❹ ❺s♠♠r② ♠s❻ ⑤② ♥s⑦② ♠✈ q②rr ❺✈⑤❷✈ ❸s❹ ①✈⑥②q♠ ♠s❻ ⑤② ♥s⑦② ♠✈ q②rr ❼❽①①sr✈❷✈ ❸s❹ rs❧✉ ♠s❻ ⑤② ♥s⑦② ♠✈ q②rr ❼❽rr✈❺❾⑧✈⑤ s⑥② ⑤② ♠✈ ④②♠ ✈❽⑥ ①✈✈✉❿❦❧ ♠♥♣q rs❧✉ ✈① ♠♥② ③❧④r♣q♥

➀➂➃➄➅➆ ➇➈ ➉➅➊➊➇➅➊ ➋➌➍➇➈ ➎➈➆ ➏➐➎➑➊➎➃ ➒➇➓➎➌➅➔ →➣↔↕➙ ➣➛ ➜➝➞ ➟➠➡➢➠➤➔ ➥➦ ➧➨➩➦

➫➭➯➲➳➵ ➸

➺➻➼➽➾➚➪➶ ➹➘➴➷➬ ➾➮➱ ➺✃❐ ❒➼➪➼❮➮ ❮❰ ➾ Ï❮➚➱❐➮ ➾Ï❐

ÐÑÒÒÓÒÔ Õ ❚✏✑ ✏✕✗✓Ö✕✦✖✙✒✜✒✙✦t✢ ✕✔ ✧✕✕★ ✕✦ ✧✏✓✩✏✗✙✓✒✧✙✤ ✒✓✦✑✢ ✙✗✑ ✒✙✓★

Page 47: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✹✆

❋✝✞✟ ✠ ❹ ✡☛☞✌✍✌ ✎☛✏✑✒ ✎✑✌✓✔✒✕

▼✖✗✘ ✙✚✛✜✖✢ ✣✚✤✦✧★ ✚✩✖✪✙✩✫ ✖✣✖✛✗★✙ ✙✬✩

✪✤✢✤✗✛✖✢ ❝✤✚✩★✙ ✢✖✭★✮ ✯✬✩✘ ✫✛★✤✜✩✘✩✫ ✙✬✩

✗✩✭ ✚✦✢✩★♥ ✪✤✗✙✛✗✦✩✫ ✭✛✙✬ ✧✚✖✪✙✛✪✩★ ✙✬✖✙

✭✩✚✩ ✫✩✪✢✖✚✩✫ ✛✢✢✩✣✖✢♥ ✖✗✫ ✖✙ ✙✛✇✩★ ✚✤★✩

✛✗ ✤✧✩✗ ✚✩✜✩✢✢✛✤✗✮ ✐✦✪✬ ✭✖★ ✙✬✩ ✚✩✰✤✢✙ ✤❝

✐✤✗✣✚✖✇ ✐✖✗✣✇✖ ✛✗ ❙✱✲✳ ✛✗ ✴★★✖✇♥ ✖✗✫

✙✬✩ ❝✤✚✩★✙ ★✖✙✘✖✣✚✖✬✖ ✤❝ ✙✬✩ ❙✱t✲★ ✛✗ ✙✬✩

❈✩✗✙✚✖✢ ✵✚✤✰✛✗✪✩★✮

❚✶✷ ✸✺✻✼✽✷✾ ✿❀❁✶ ❁✺❂❃✷

❉✦✚✛✗✣ ✙✬✩ ✗✛✗✩✙✩✩✗✙✬ ✪✩✗✙✦✚✘♥ ✙✚✛✜✖✢

✣✚✤✦✧★ ❝✤✦✗✫ ✙✬✖✙ ✙✚✖✫✩✚★ ✖✗✫ ✇✤✗✩✘❣

✢✩✗✫✩✚★ ✭✩✚✩ ✪✤✇✛✗✣ ✛✗✙✤ ✙✬✩ ❝✤✚✩★✙★

✇✤✚✩ ✤❝✙✩✗♥ ✭✖✗✙✛✗✣ ✙✤ ✜✦✘ ❝✤✚✩★✙

✧✚✤✫✦✪✩♥ ✤❝❝✩✚✛✗✣ ✪✖★✬ ✢✤✖✗★♥ ✖✗✫ ✖★♣✛✗✣

✙✬✩✇ ✙✤ ✭✤✚♣ ❝✤✚ ✭✖✣✩★✮ ❄✙ ✙✤✤♣ ✙✚✛✜✖✢

✣✚✤✦✧★ ★✤✇✩ ✙✛✇✩ ✙✤ ✦✗✫✩✚★✙✖✗✫ ✙✬✩

✪✤✗★✩❅✦✩✗✪✩★ ✤❝ ✭✬✖✙ ✭✖★ ✬✖✧✧✩✗✛✗✣✮

▲✩✙ ✦★ ✪✤✗★✛✫✩✚ ✙✬✩ ✪✖★✩ ✤❝ ✙✬✩ ★✛✢♣

✣✚✤✭✩✚★✮ ❄✗ ✙✬✩ ✩✛✣✬✙✩✩✗✙✬ ✪✩✗✙✦✚✘♥ ❄✗✫✛✖✗

★✛✢♣ ✭✖★ ✛✗ ✫✩✇✖✗✫ ✛✗ s✦✚✤✧✩✖✗ ✇✖✚♣✩✙★✮

✯✬✩ ❝✛✗✩ ❅✦✖✢✛✙✘ ✤❝ ❄✗✫✛✖✗ ★✛✢♣ ✭✖★ ✬✛✣✬✢✘

✰✖✢✦✩✫ ✖✗✫ ✩✈✧✤✚✙★ ❝✚✤✇ ❄✗✫✛✖ ✛✗✪✚✩✖★✩✫

✚✖✧✛✫✢✘✮ ✴★ ✙✬✩ ✇✖✚♣✩✙ ✩✈✧✖✗✫✩✫♥ s✖★✙ ❄✗✫✛✖ ❈✤✇✧✖✗✘

✤❝❝✛✪✛✖✢★ ✙✚✛✩✫ ✙✤ ✩✗✪✤✦✚✖✣✩ ★✛✢♣ ✧✚✤✫✦✪✙✛✤✗ ✙✤ ✇✩✩✙ ✙✬✩

✣✚✤✭✛✗✣ ✫✩✇✖✗✫✮

❍✖❆✖✚✛✜✖✣✬♥ ✛✗ ✧✚✩★✩✗✙❣✫✖✘ ❇✬✖✚♣✬✖✗✫♥ ✭✖★ ✖✗ ✖✚✩✖

✭✬✩✚✩ ✙✬✩ ✐✖✗✙✬✖✢★ ✚✩✖✚✩✫ ✪✤✪✤✤✗★✮ ✯✬✩

✙✚✖✫✩✚★ ✫✩✖✢✛✗✣ ✛✗ ★✛✢♣ ★✩✗✙ ✛✗ ✙✬✩✛✚

✖✣✩✗✙★ ✭✬✤ ✣✖✰✩ ✢✤✖✗★ ✙✤ ✙✬✩ ✙✚✛✜✖✢

✧✩✤✧✢✩ ✖✗✫ ✪✤✢✢✩✪✙✩✫ ✙✬✩ ✪✤✪✤✤✗★✮

✯✬✩ ✣✚✤✭✩✚★ ✭✩✚✩ ✧✖✛✫ ❊★ t ✙✤ ❊★ ●

❝✤✚ ✖ ✙✬✤✦★✖✗✫ ✪✤✪✤✤✗★✮ ✯✬✩★✩

✭✩✚✩ ✙✬✩✗ ✩✈✧✤✚✙✩✫ ✙✤

❏✦✚✫✭✖✗ ✤✚ ❑✖✘✖ ✭✬✩✚✩

✙✬✩✘ ✭✩✚✩ ★✤✢✫ ✖✙ ❝✛✰✩

✙✛✇✩★ ✙✬✩ ✧✚✛✪✩✮ ✯✬✩

✇✛✫✫✢✩✇✩✗ ♠ ★✤ ✪✖✢✢✩✫

✜✩✪✖✦★✩ ✙✬✩✘ ✖✚✚✖✗✣✩✫

✫✩✖✢★ ✜✩✙✭✩✩✗ ✙✬✩

✩✈✧✤✚✙✩✚★ ✖✗✫ ★✛✢♣

✣✚✤✭✩✚★ ♠ ✇✖✫✩ ✬✦✣✩

✧✚✤❝✛✙★✮ ✯✬✩ ★✛✢♣ ✣✚✤✭✩✚★

✩✖✚✗✩✫ ✰✩✚✘ ✢✛ ✙✙✢✩✮

❯✗✫✩✚★✙✖✗✫✖✜✢✘♥ ✇✖✗✘

✙✚✛✜✖✢ ✣✚✤✦✧★ ★✖✭ ✙✬✩

✇✖✚♣✩✙ ✖✗✫ ✙✬✩ ✙✚✖✫✩✚★

✖★ ✙✬✩✛✚ ✇✖✛✗ ✩✗✩✇✛✩★✮

❋✝✞✟ ◆ ❹ ◗ ❘✌❱✌✒✕✎☛✏✌✒ ✎✑✌✓✔✒✕ ✌ ✏✌❲

❳❨❩ ❬❨❭❪❫❴ ❵❨❭❪❛❜❞❡❬❨❩❢ ❬❤❛ ❫❨❜ ❡❨❫❥❞❫❪❵❜❨ ❜❦❪ ❦❨❭❪❧ ♦❦❪q

❡❤❩❩❞❪❵ ❜❦❪❞❩ r❤r❞❪❛❬❞❜❦ ❜❦❪❭ ❜❨ ❜❦❪❥❞❪✉❵❛ ❤❫❵ ❜❦❪

❥❤❡❜❨❩❞❪❛❧

Page 48: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✹�

❚✁✂ ✄✂☎✆✝✁ ✞✟✆ ✠✟✆✡☛☞✌ ✍✎✏✑☞✒ ✓✔ ✒☞✌ ✒✕✏✖✗✎✘ ✙☞✓ ☞✗✚ ✒✓ ✑✓ ✔✗✕ ✗✙✗✛ ✔✕✓✜ ✒☞✌✏✕☞✓✜✌✘ ✏❤ ✘✌✗✕✢☞ ✓✔ ✙✓✕✣ ✙✗✘ ✌✤✌❤ ✙✓✕✘✌✥ ✦✕✓✜ ✒☞✌ ✎✗✒✌❤✏❤✌✒✌✌❤✒☞ ✢✌❤✒♥✕✛✧ ✒✌✗ ✍✎✗❤✒✗✒✏✓❤✘ ✘✒✗✕✒✌✚ ✢✓✜✏❤✑ ♥✍ ✗❤✚✜✏❤✏❤✑ ✖✌✢✗✜✌ ✗❤ ✏✜✍✓✕✒✗❤✒ ✏❤✚♥✘✒✕✛✥ ☛✕✏✖✗✎✘ ✙✌✕✌ ✕✌✢✕♥✏✒✌✚✏❤ ✎✗✕✑✌ ❤♥✜✖✌✕✘ ✒✓ ✙✓✕✣ ✒☞✌ ✒✌✗ ✍✎✗❤✒✗✒✏✓❤✘ ✓✔ ✐✘✘✗✜ ✗❤✚✒☞✌ ✢✓✗✎ ✜✏❤✌✘ ✓✔ t☞✗✕✣☞✗❤✚✥ ☛☞✌✛ ✙✌✕✌ ✕✌✢✕♥✏✒✌✚ ✒☞✕✓♥✑☞✢✓❤✒✕✗✢✒✓✕✘ ✙☞✓ ✍✗✏✚ ✒☞✌✜ ✜✏✘✌✕✗✖✎✛ ✎✓✙ ✙✗✑✌✘✧ ✗❤✚✍✕✌✤✌❤✒✌✚ ✒☞✌✜ ✔✕✓✜ ✕✌✒♥✕❤✏❤✑ ☞✓✜✌✥

❆ ★✩✪✫✬✭ ✮✪✪✯

☛☞✕✓♥✑☞ ✒☞✌ ❤✏❤✌✒✌✌❤✒☞ ✗❤✚ ✒✙✌❤✒✏✌✒☞ ✢✌❤✒♥✕✏✌✘✧ ✒✕✏✖✗✎ ✑✕✓♥✍✘✏❤ ✚✏✔✔✌✕✌❤✒ ✍✗✕✒✘ ✓✔ ✒☞✌ ✢✓♥❤✒✕✛ ✕✌✖✌✎✎✌✚ ✗✑✗✏❤✘✒ ✒☞✌ ✢☞✗❤✑✌✘✏❤ ✎✗✙✘✧ ✒☞✌ ✕✌✘✒✕✏✢✒✏✓❤✘ ✓❤ ✒☞✌✏✕ ✍✕✗✢✒✏✢✌✘✧ ✒☞✌ ❤✌✙ ✒✗✰✌✘✒☞✌✛ ☞✗✚ ✒✓ ✍✗✛✧ ✗❤✚ ✒☞✌ ✌✰✍✎✓✏✒✗✒✏✓❤ ✖✛ ✒✕✗✚✌✕✘ ✗❤✚✜✓❤✌✛✎✌❤✚✌✕✘✥ ☛☞✌ ♠✓✎✘ ✕✌✖✌✎✎✌✚ ✏❤ ✱✲✳✱✴✳✵✧ ✶✗❤✒☞✗✎✘ ✕✓✘✌✏❤ ✕✌✤✓✎✒ ✏❤ ✱✲✷✷✧ ✒☞✌ ✸✗✘✒✗✕ ✺✌✖✌✎✎✏✓❤ ✏❤ ✢✌❤✒✕✗✎ ✻❤✚✏✗ ✖✕✓✣✌✓♥✒ ✏❤ ✱♦✱✼ ✗❤✚ ✒☞✌ ✽✗✕✎✏ ✺✌✤✓✎✒ ✏❤ ❛✗☞✗✕✗✘☞✒✕✗ ✏❤ ✱♦✾✼✥☛☞✌ ✜✓✤✌✜✌❤✒ ✒☞✗✒ ✸✏✕✘✗ ✎✌✚ ✙✗✘ ✓❤✌ ✘♥✢☞ ✜✓✤✌✜✌❤✒✥

❋✿❀❁ ❂❃ ❄ ❅❇❈❉ ❊●❍■❏❑ ❇▲▼●◆❈❏❖ P◗❘❙❯❱ ❲❳❨ ❩❬❭❪❫ ❴❵❜❝❲ ❞❪ ❡❨❢❣❨❱❲ ❜❥ ❲❳❨ ❦❧❱❨❢❫ ❧❱ ❲❳❨♣❳❴❢❧❴ ❴❱q r❴❱❧s❴❱✉ ❣❜❴✈❦❧❱❨❫ ❜❥ ✇❧❳❴❢ ①❨❢❨❲❢❧❵❴✈❫② ③❜❢④ q❨❨❡ q❜①❱ ❧❱❲❳❨ q❴❢④ ❴❱q ❫❝❥❥❜❣❴❲❧❱s❦❧❱❨❫ ①❴❫ ❱❜❲ ❜❱✈⑤ ❵❴❣④⑥❵❢❨❴④❧❱s ❴❱q q❴❱s❨❢❜❝❫⑦ ❧❲①❴❫ ❜❥❲❨❱ ✈❧❲❨❢❴✈✈⑤ ④❧✈✈❧❱s②❯❱ ❲❳❨ ❩❬❭❪❫ ❜⑧❨❢ ❭⑦❪❪❪①❜❢④❨❢❫ q❧❨q ❨⑧❨❢⑤ ⑤❨❴❢ ❧❱❲❳❨ ❣❜❴✈ ❦❧❱❨❫ ❧❱ ❯❱q❧❴②

⑨⑩❶❷❸❷❶❹❺❻❼❽ ❾❿➀ ➁➂➃➀➂➃➄➀➂➃ ➅❾❼❽❻➀❻❾❼➆ ❾➇➁❾➄➈ ❻❼ ➀➂➃ ➉❻❼➃➆➂➊➋➃ ➅➂➊❼➌➃❽❼❾➁➍ ➎➂➃➅➈ ➂❾➁➉➊❼➏ ➐➃❾➐➑➃ ❽❻➃ ❻❼➉❻❼➃➆ ➃➋➃➄➏ ➏➃➊➄➒➊❼❽ ➁➂➊➀ ➊➄➃ ➀➂➃➄➃➊➆❾❼➆ ➇❾➄ ➀➂➃❻➄❽➃➊➀➂➍

➔→➣↔↕➙➛➜ ➝➞➟➠➡ ↕➢➤ ➔➥➦ ➧➣➛➣➨➢ ➨➩ ↕ ➫➨➙➤➦➢ ↕➫➦

Page 49: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✹✆

❇✝✞✟✠ ✡☛☞✌✠

✍✎✏✑✒ ✓✒✑ ✔✕✏✖ ✎✖ ✗✘✙ ✚✎✛✜✢✣✤✦✑✧ ★✘✙ ✑✕✖ ✕✩ ✒ ✪✕✕✏✩✒✗✘✙✏✱ ✘✙ ✫✏✙✓ ❡✪ ✒✏✕❡✖✛ ✗✘✙ ✩✕✏✙✑✗✑ ✕✩ ✍✕✘✕✖✛✒✱✫✏✒❣✎✖✫ ✑✘✙✙✪✱ ✪✬✒✭✎✖✫ ✗✘✙ ✩✬❡✗✙✱ ✒✖✛ ✛✒✖✮✎✖✫ ✎✖ ✗✘✙✬✕✮✒✬ ❛✯✰❛✲❛✧ ✳✕✏✮✙✛ ✔✭ ✪✕✴✙✏✗✭✱ ✘✎✑ ✩✒✗✘✙✏ ✘✒✛ ✗✕ ✚✕✴✙✩✏✕✚ ✪✬✒✮✙ ✗✕ ✪✬✒✮✙ ✬✕✕❢✎✖✫ ✩✕✏ ✓✕✏❢✧ ✵✑ ✒✖ ✒✛✕✬✙✑✮✙✖✗✱✍✎✏✑✒ ✘✙✒✏✛ ✗✒✬✙✑ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✶❡✖✛✒ ❡✪✏✎✑✎✖✫✑ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✪✒✑✗✒✖✛ ✑✒✓ ✗✘✙ s✷✲✸❛✲s ✺✬✙✒✛✙✏✑❧ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✮✕✚✚❡✖✎✗✭ ❡✏✫✎✖✫✗✘✙ ✪✙✕✪✬✙ ✗✕ ✏✙✴✕✬✗✧ ★✘✙✭ ✗✒✬❢✙✛ ✕✩ ✒ ✫✕✬✛✙✖ ✒✫✙ ✓✘✙✖ ✗✘✙✶❡✖✛✒✑ ✘✒✛ ✔✙✙✖ ✩✏✙✙ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✕✪✪✏✙✑✑✎✕✖ ✕✩ ✸✷✯❞s✱ ✒✖✛✑✒✎✛ ✗✘✙✏✙ ✓✕❡✬✛ ✔✙ ✒ ✗✎✚✙ ✓✘✙✖ ✗✘✙ ✒✖✮✙✑✗✏✒✬ ✏✎✫✘✗ ✕✩✗✘✙ ✮✕✚✚❡✖✎✗✭ ✓✕❡✬✛ ✔✙ ✏✙✑✗✕✏✙✛✧ ★✘✙✭ ✑✒✓ ✗✘✙✚✑✙✬✴✙✑✒✑ ✗✘✙ ✛✙✑✮✙✖✛✒✖✗✑ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✕✏✎✫✎✖✒✬ ✑✙✗✗✬✙✏✑ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✏✙✫✎✕✖✱✩✎✫✘✗✎✖✫ ✩✕✏ ✗✘✙✎✏ ✬✒✖✛ ✺♠❞✻✯ ✯✷ ✻❛✲❛✷ ❧✱ ✏✙✚✎✖✛✎✖✫ ✪✙✕✪✬✙✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✖✙✙✛ ✗✕ ✓✎✖ ✔✒✮❢ ✗✘✙✎✏ ❢✎✖✫✛✕✚✧

✍✎✏✑✒ ✓✙✖✗ ✗✕ ✗✘✙ ✬✕✮✒✬ ✚✎✑✑✎✕✖✒✏✭ ✑✮✘✕✕✬✱ ✒✖✛✬✎✑✗✙✖✙✛ ✗✕ ✗✘✙ ✑✙✏✚✕✖✑ ✕✩ ✚✎✑✑✎✕✖✒✏✎✙✑✧ ★✘✙✏✙ ✗✕✕ ✘✙✘✙✒✏✛ ✎✗ ✑✒✎✛ ✗✘✒✗ ✎✗ ✓✒✑ ✪✕✑✑✎✔✬✙ ✩✕✏ ✗✘✙ ✶❡✖✛✒✑ ✗✕✒✗✗✒✎✖ ✗✘✙ ✼✎✖✫✛✕✚ ✕✩ ✽✙✒✴✙✖✱ ✒✖✛ ✏✙✫✒✎✖ ✗✘✙✎✏ ✬✕✑✗✏✎✫✘✗✑✧ ★✘✎✑ ✓✕❡✬✛ ✔✙ ✪✕✑✑✎✔✬✙ ✎✩ ✗✘✙✭ ✔✙✮✒✚✙ ✫✕✕✛❈✘✏✎✑✗✎✒✖✑ ✒✖✛ ✫✒✴✙ ❡✪ ✗✘✙✎✏ ✾✔✒✛ ✪✏✒✮✗✎✮✙✑✿✧ ❀✒✗✙✏ ✍✎✏✑✒✒✬✑✕ ✑✪✙✖✗ ✑✕✚✙ ✗✎✚✙ ✎✖ ✗✘✙ ✮✕✚✪✒✖✭ ✕✩ ✒ ✪✏✕✚✎✖✙✖✗❱❁❂❃❄❅❁❆ ✪✏✙✒✮✘✙✏✧ ✽✙ ✓✕✏✙ ✗✘✙ ✑✒✮✏✙✛ ✗✘✏✙✒✛✱ ✒✖✛✔✙✫✒✖ ✗✕ ✴✒✬❡✙ ✗✘✙ ✎✚✪✕✏✗✒✖✮✙ ✕✩ ✪❡✏✎✗✭ ✒✖✛ ✪✎✙✗✭✧

✍✎✏✑✒ ✓✒✑ ✛✙✙✪✬✭ ✎✖✩✬❡✙✖✮✙✛ ✔✭ ✚✒✖✭ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✎✛✙✒✑ ✘✙✮✒✚✙ ✎✖ ✗✕❡✮✘ ✓✎✗✘ ✎✖ ✘✎✑ ✫✏✕✓✎✖✫✜❡✪ ✭✙✒✏✑✧ ✽✎✑✚✕✴✙✚✙✖✗ ✓✒✑ ✒✎✚✙✛ ✒✗ ✏✙✩✕✏✚✎✖✫ ✗✏✎✔✒✬ ✑✕✮✎✙✗✭✧ ✽✙❡✏✫✙✛ ✗✘✙ ✶❡✖✛✒✑ ✗✕ ✫✎✴✙ ❡✪ ✛✏✎✖❢✎✖✫ ✬✎r❡✕✏✱ ✮✬✙✒✖ ✗✘✙✎✏✴✎✬✬✒✫✙✱ ✒✖✛ ✑✗✕✪ ✔✙✬✎✙✴✎✖✫ ✎✖ ✓✎✗✮✘✮✏✒✩✗ ✒✖✛ ✑✕✏✮✙✏✭✧ ✍❡✗✓✙ ✚❡✑✗ ✏✙✚✙✚✔✙✏ ✗✘✒✗ ✍✎✏✑✒ ✒✬✑✕ ✗❡✏✖✙✛ ✒✫✒✎✖✑✗✚✎✑✑✎✕✖✒✏✎✙✑ ✒✖✛ ✽✎✖✛❡ ✬✒✖✛✬✕✏✛✑✧ ✽✙ ✑✒✓ ✗✘✙✚ ✒✑✕❡✗✑✎✛✙ ✩✕✏✮✙✑ ✗✘✒✗ ✓✙✏✙ ✏❡✎✖✎✖✫ ✗✘✙ ✶❡✖✛✒ ✓✒✭ ✕✩ ✬✎✩✙✧

❉✖ ✢✣❊❋ ✍✎✏✑✒ ❡✏✫✙✛ ✘✎✑ ✩✕✬✬✕✓✙✏✑ ✗✕ ✏✙✮✕✴✙✏ ✗✘✙✎✏✫✬✕✏✎✕❡✑ ✪✒✑✗✧ ✽✙ ✗✒✬❢✙✛ ✕✩ ✒ ✫✕✬✛✙✖ ✒✫✙ ✎✖ ✗✘✙ ✪✒✑✗ ● ✒s❛❍❏❞❑ ✺✗✘✙ ✒✫✙ ✕✩ ✗✏❡✗✘❧ ● ✓✘✙✖ ✶❡✖✛✒✑ ✬✎✴✙✛ ✒ ✫✕✕✛✬✎✩✙✱ ✮✕✖✑✗✏❡✮✗✙✛ ✙✚✔✒✖❢✚✙✖✗✑✱ ✗✒✪✪✙✛ ✖✒✗❡✏✒✬ ✑✪✏✎✖✫✑✱✪✬✒✖✗✙✛ ✗✏✙✙✑ ✒✖✛ ✕✏✮✘✒✏✛✑✱ ✪✏✒✮✗✎✑✙✛ ✮❡✬✗✎✴✒✗✎✕✖ ✗✕✙✒✏✖ ✗✘✙✎✏ ✬✎✴✎✖✫✧ ★✘✙✭ ✛✎✛ ✖✕✗ ❢✎✬✬ ✗✘✙✎✏ ✔✏✙✗✘✏✙✖ ✒✖✛✏✙✬✒✗✎✴✙✑✧ ★✘✙✭ ✬✎✴✙✛ ✘✕✖✙✑✗✬✭✧ ✍✎✏✑✒ ✒✬✑✕ ✓✒✖✗✙✛ ✪✙✕✪✬✙✗✕ ✕✖✮✙ ✒✫✒✎✖ ✓✕✏❢ ✕✖ ✗✘✙✎✏ ✬✒✖✛✱ ✑✙✗✗✬✙ ✛✕✓✖ ✒✖✛✮❡✬✗✎✴✒✗✙ ✗✘✙✎✏ ✩✎✙✬✛✑✧

❲✘✒✗ ✓✕✏✏✎✙✛ ✍✏✎✗✎✑✘ ✕✩✩✎✮✎✒✬✑ ✚✕✑✗ ✓✒✑ ✗✘✙ ✪✕✬✎✗✎✮✒✬✒✎✚ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✍✎✏✑✒ ✚✕✴✙✚✙✖✗✱ ✩✕✏ ✎✗ ✓✒✖✗✙✛ ✗✕ ✛✏✎✴✙ ✕❡✗✚✎✑✑✎✕✖✒✏✎✙✑✱ ✚✕✖✙✭✬✙✖✛✙✏✑✱ ✽✎✖✛❡ ✬✒✖✛✬✕✏✛✑✱ ✒✖✛ ✗✘✙✫✕✴✙✏✖✚✙✖✗ ✒✖✛ ✑✙✗ ❡✪ ✒ ✶❡✖✛✒ ▲✒▼ ✓✎✗✘ ✍✎✏✑✒ ✒✗✎✗✑ ✘✙✒✛✧ ★✘✙ ✚✕✴✙✚✙✖✗ ✎✛✙✖✗✎✩✎✙✛ ✒✬✬ ✗✘✙✑✙ ✩✕✏✮✙✑ ✒✑✗✘✙ ✮✒❡✑✙ ✕✩ ✗✘✙ ✚✎✑✙✏✭ ✗✘✙ ✶❡✖✛✒✑ ✓✙✏✙ ✑❡✩✩✙✏✎✖✫✧

❱❁❂❃❄❅❁❆ ● ❲✕✏✑✘✎✪✪✙✏✑✕✩ ♦✎✑✘✖❡

➃◆◗❘❘❙ ❚❯❳❨❩◗❬❭ ❪❯❘❫

❫❴ ❭❵❘❜◗❙❬❯❭❝

❤✐❥ ❦♥♣q❦ t✐❥ ✉✈♣✇①❦❦①♣q ②❥③♥①♣❥✇ t✐❥④⑤③④❦❥⑤⑥⑦

⑧⑨⑩❶❷ ❸❹❺❻❼ ❽❾❿❻❺❼❸❺➀❻❼➁ ➂➄➅ ➄➂❼➆❻❺⑨⑩➇➂❸❼

➈⑨➂➂❺ ❾❼➉➆➊⑨❻❶ ➄❼➂➋➋➁ ❶❿➂❸⑨❺❻❼❶

➌⑩➁ ⑩❹❺ ❹➉➀❿❾ ❾❿❻❻➋➉❶❶⑩❼➁ ➄❼➂➋ ❾❿❻➍⑩➋➉❹❺⑩❼❶➎

⑧❹❹➂➁❶ ⑩❹❺ ➉❼❼➉❾⑩❾❻❶➋❻➎ ❺⑩➁ ⑩❹❺ ❹➉➀❿❾ ➏➀❼➂⑩❹

⑧⑨⑩❶❷ ➐❿➉❶ ➉ ❶ ➋➁➆➂❹❺➉❾➉➂❹

➏ ❺➂ ❹➂❾ ❿⑩➑❻ ⑩ ❿➂➋❻➎➒❿❻❼❻ ❶❿⑩⑨⑨ ➏ ➀❻❾❿⑩➓➓➉❹❻❶❶

⑧⑨⑩❶❷➔→➣→ ➣↔↕➙➛➜ ➝➞➟➠➡ ➢➤➥➦➡ ➡➥➦

➧➞➠ ➢➨➩➫➭➫➥➯➜ ➲→➳➵→

➸➺➻➼➽➾ ➚

Page 50: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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❊✁✂❊✄☎❊✆❊

❚✝✞ ✟✠✡☛ ☞✌✟✍✎✍✞✏ ✌✑ ✒✝✞ ✓✔✍✒✍✏✝ ✕✞✔✞ ☛✞✏✒✔✌✖✍✡✗✒✝✞✍✔ ✒✔✠☛✍✒✍✌✡✠✟ ✟✠✡☛ ✏✖✏✒✞t✘ ✙✍✡☛✚ ✟✠✡☛✟✌✔☛✏ ✠✡☛t✌✡✞✖✟✞✡☛✞✔✏ ✕✞✔✞ ✒✠♠✍✡✗ ✌✛✞✔ ✒✝✞✍✔ ✟✠✡☛✘ ✠✡☛t✍✏✏✍✌✡✠✔✍✞✏ ✕✞✔✞ ✎✔✍✒✍✎✍✏✍✡✗ ✒✝✞✍✔ ✒✔✠☛✍✒✍✌✡✠✟ ✎✚✟✒✚✔✞✜

❆✏ ✒✝✞ t✌✛✞t✞✡✒ ✏☞✔✞✠☛ ✒✝✞ ✓✔✍✒✍✏✝ ✌✑✑✍✎✍✠✟✏ ☛✞✎✍☛✞☛✒✌ ✠✎✒✜ ❚✝✞✖ ✠✔✔✞✏✒✞☛ ✓✍✔✏✠ ✍✡ ✢✣✤✥✘ ✎✌✡✛✍✎✒✞☛ ✝✍t ✌✡✎✝✠✔✗✞✏ ✌✑ ✔✍✌✒✍✡✗ ✠✡☛ ❝✠✍✟✞☛ ✝✍t ✑✌✔ ✒✕✌ ✖✞✠✔✏✜

❲✝✞✡ ✓✍✔✏✠ ✕✠✏ ✔✞✟✞✠✏✞☛ ✍✡ ✢✣✤✦ ✝✞ ✧✞✗✠✡ ✒✌✚✔✍✡✗✒✝✞ ✛✍✟✟✠✗✞✏ ✒✌ ✗✠✒✝✞✔ ✏✚☞☞✌✔✒✜ ✙✞ ✚✏✞☛ ✒✔✠☛✍✒✍✌✡✠✟✏✖t✧✌✟✏ ✠✡☛ ✟✠✡✗✚✠✗✞ ✒✌ ✔✌✚✏✞ ☞✞✌☞✟✞✘ ✚✔✗✍✡✗ ✒✝✞t ✒✌☛✞✏✒✔✌✖ ❞★✠✛✠✡✠✩ ✪✫✬✭✮✯ ✠✡☛ ✒✝✞ ❛✚✔✌☞✞✠✡✏✰ ✠✡☛✞✏✒✠✧✟✍✏✝ ✠ ♠✍✡✗☛✌t ✚✡☛✞✔ ✝✍✏ ✟✞✠☛✞✔✏✝✍☞✜ ✓✍✔✏✠❡✏✑✌✟✟✌✕✞✔✏ ✧✞✗✠✡ ✒✠✔✗✞✒✍✡✗ ✒✝✞ ✏✖t✧✌✟✏ ✌✑ ✫✬✭✮ ✠✡☛❛✚✔✌☞✞✠✡ ☞✌✕✞✔✜ ❚✝✞✖ ✠✒✒✠✎♠✞☛ ☞✌✟✍✎✞ ✏✒✠✒✍✌✡✏ ✠✡☛✎✝✚✔✎✝✞✏✘ ✠✡☛ ✔✠✍☛✞☛ ✒✝✞ ☞✔✌☞✞✔✒✖ ✌✑ t✌✡✞✖✟✞✡☛✞✔✏ ✠✡☛③✠t✍✡☛✠✔✏✜ ❚✝✞✖ ✔✠✍✏✞☛ ✒✝✞ ✕✝✍✒✞ ✑✟✠✗ ✠✏ ✠ ✏✖t✧✌✟ ✌✑✓✍✔✏✠ ★✠❝✜

■✡ ✢✤✱✱ ✓✍✔✏✠ ☛✍✞☛ ✌✑ ✎✝✌✟✞✔✠ ✠✡☛ ✒✝✞ t✌✛✞t✞✡✒✑✠☛✞☛ ✌✚✒✜ ✙✌✕✞✛✞✔✘ ✒✝✞ t✌✛✞t✞✡✒ ✕✠✏ ✏✍✗✡✍✑✍✎✠✡✒✍✡ ✠✒ ✟✞✠✏✒ ✒✕✌ ✕✠✖✏✜ ✲✍✔✏✒ ✳ ✍✒ ✑✌✔✎✞☛ ✒✝✞ ✎✌✟✌✡✍✠✟✗✌✛✞✔✡t✞✡✒ ✒✌ ✍✡✒✔✌☛✚✎✞ ✟✠✕✏ ✏✌ ✒✝✠✒ ✒✝✞ ✟✠✡☛ ✌✑ ✒✝✞✒✔✍✧✠✟✏ ✎✌✚✟☛ ✡✌✒ ✧✞ ✞✠✏✍✟✖ ✒✠♠✞✡ ✌✛✞✔ ✧✖ ✫✬✭✮✯✜❙✞✎✌✡☛ ✳ ✍✒ ✏✝✌✕✞☛ ✌✡✎✞ ✠✗✠✍✡ ✒✝✠✒ ✒✝✞ ✒✔✍✧✠✟ ☞✞✌☞✟✞✝✠☛ ✒✝✞ ✎✠☞✠✎✍✒✖ ✒✌ ☞✔✌✒✞✏✒ ✠✗✠✍✡✏✒ ✍✡❝✚✏✒✍✎✞ ✠✡☛✞✴☞✔✞✏✏ ✒✝✞✍✔ ✠✡✗✞✔ ✠✗✠✍✡✏✒ ✎✌✟✌✡✍✠✟ ✔✚✟✞✜ ❚✝✞✖ ☛✍☛ ✒✝✍✏✍✡ ✒✝✞✍✔ ✌✕✡ ✏☞✞✎✍✑✍✎ ✕✠✖✘ ✍✡✛✞✡✒✍✡✗ ✒✝✞✍✔ ✌✕✡ ✔✍✒✚✠✟✏✠✡☛ ✏✖t✧✌✟✏ ✌✑ ✏✒✔✚✗✗✟✞✜

▲✵✶✷✸ ✺✵✻✼✽✽

✾✿ ❋❀❁❁ ❀❂ ❃❄❅ ❇❁❈❂❉●❍

❏❈❑ ▼❄❅ ◆❖❀❃❀●❄ P❅●◗❖❀❇❅P ❃❄❅ ❃❖❀❇❈❁ ❘❅❯❘❁❅ ❈●❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✿

❏❇❑ ▼❄❅ ❱❅❃❄❯P ❯❳ ●❯❨❀❂❩ ●❅❅P● ❀❂ ❥❬❭❪ ◗❫❁❃❀❵❈❃❀❯❂❀● ❉❂❯❨❂ ❈● ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴✿

❏◗ ❑ ▼❄❅ ❃❖❀❇❈❁ ◗❄❀❅❳● ❩❯❃ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❃❀❃❁❅● ❀❂ ◗❅❂❃❖❈❁❜❂P❀❈ ❫❂P❅❖ ❃❄❅ ◆❖❀❃❀●❄ ❁❈❂P ●❅❃❃❁❅❱❅❂❃●✿

❏P❑ ▼❖❀❇❈❁● ❨❅❂❃ ❃❯ ❨❯❖❉ ❀❂ ❃❄❅ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❯❳ ❢●●❈❱❈❂P ❃❄❅ ❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴❴ ❀❂ ◆❀❄❈❖✿

✄❣❤ ✐❦ ❧♥♦♥♥✐ ♣qr❣s

✉✈✇①✇ ②①✇ ④②⑤⑥ ①✇②⑦⑧⑤⑦ ⑨✈⑥⑩①❶❷②❸ ②⑤❹ ⑧⑩✈✇① ⑦⑧❺❶②❸ ❻①⑧❼❽⑦⑧❾⑩✇⑤ ❹⑧ ⑤⑧⑩ ⑨❶⑦✈ ⑩⑧ ❽①⑧❹❼❺✇❾⑧① ⑩✈✇ ④②①❿✇⑩➀ ✉✈❶⑦ ⑩①❶❷②❸ ⑦⑧⑤❻❾①⑧④ ➁②❽❼② ➂✇⑨➃❼❶⑤✇② ❻❶➄✇⑦❼⑦ ② ❻❸❶④❽⑦✇ ⑧❾ ✈⑧⑨ ⑩✈✇ ⑩①❶❷②❸⑦⑩✈✇①✇ ➄❶✇⑨✇❹ ⑩✈✇ ④②①❿✇⑩➀➅➆ ➇➈➉ ➊➈➇➋➌➍➇ ➎➏➇➈➐➑➇➒➈➊➐➓➔➉ ➐➔➈➇➋→➍➐ ➣➓➏↔➐ ↕➆➆➙ ➓➒➒ ➔➈➑➏➛➏➜ ➑➐ ➝➑➞➆➇ ➟➆ ➙➈➑➏➠➓ ➣➋➉ ➇➋➓➎➡➜ ➍ ➣➓➔↕ ➟➉ ➝➎➐➇➢➔➓➟ ➊➓➊➓➏➎➐ ➐➔➆➆➇➢➓➔ ➐➋➆➇➆ ➝➓➞➆➔➏➟➆➏➐ ➟➎➐➐➇→➤➈➇➋ ➊➔➓➙➙➑➏➝ ➑➇ ➈➡➡ ➞➆➔➉ ➣➆➡➡➍➒ ➉➓➎↔➞➆ ➝➓➐ ➇➓➟➆➐➋➑➏➝ ➐➓ ➇➆➡➡➥➎➐ ➐➆➡➡ ➟➆ ➇➑➔ ➣➋➉➌➍➒ ➐➋➆➔➆↔➇ ➏➓➐➋➑➏➝ ➐➓ ➦➎➉→➠➋➓➎➡➜ ➍ ➦➓➐➋➆➔➧➨➩➫➭➯➲➩ ➳➵➸➺ ➫ ➻➸➼➽ ➾➚➸➯➲➩ ➪➼➶➸➹➼➘ ➶➴➫➵➷➲ ➫➼➩ ➬➫➻➮➲➴➴➘ ➲➩➻➘ ➱✃❐❒❮❰Ï❰ÐÑ ❰Ò ÓÔÕÖ×ÖØ❐Ï❮❐ ÙÚÛ×❮ÔÜØÔÛ❐➘ÝÞßàáâã

äåæçèéêë ìíîïð èñò äóô õæêæöñ ö÷ è øöéòôñ èøô

Page 51: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✺✆

✷✳ ❙✝✞✝✟ ✠✡✟✝✡✟☛ ✝☛☞✟ ✌☛ ✍✞✎✏✟✑

✭✞✒ ❏✓✔✕ ✖☞✎✝✗✘✞✝✌☛✏ ✙✎✌☞✚✡ ✝✡✟ ✎✞✛✜ ✞✛✜ ✏✌✠✏✟✟✜✏✳

✭❜✒ ❈✌✖✌✌✛✏ ✠✟☛✟ ❜✌☞✚✡✝ ✍☛✌✢ ✝✡✟ ❙✞✛✝✡✞✎✏ ✞✛✜✏✌✎✜ ❜s ✝✡✟ ✝☛✞✜✟☛✏ ✞✝ ✍✗✘✟ ✝✗✢✟✏ ✝✡✟ ✙☞☛✖✡✞✏✟✙☛✗✖✟✳

✭✖✒ ❇✗☛✏✞ ☞☛✚✟✜ ✡✗✏ ✍✌✎✎✌✠✟☛✏ ✝✌ ✙☞☛✗✍s ✝✡✟✢✏✟✎✘✟✏✣✚✗✘✟ ☞✙ ✜☛✗✛❣✗✛✚ ✎✗✤☞✌☛ ✞✛✜ ✏✝✌✙ ❜✟✎✗✟✘✗✛✚ ✗✛✠✗✝✖✡✖☛✞✍✝ ✞✛✜ ✏✌☛✖✟☛s✳

✭✜✒ ❚✡✟ ❇☛✗✝✗✏✡ ✠✞✛✝✟✜ ✝✌ ✙☛✟✏✟☛✘✟ ✝✡✟ ✝☛✗❜✞✎ ✠✞s✌✍ ✎✗✍✟✳

▲✦✧★✩ ✪✫✩✬✮✩✩

✸✳ ❲✡✞✝ ✙☛✌❜✎✟✢✏ ✜✗✜ ✏✡✗✍✝✗✛✚ ✖☞✎✝✗✘✞✝✌☛✏ ✍✞✖✟☞✛✜✟☛ ❇☛✗✝✗✏✡ ☛☞✎✟✉

✹✳ ❍✌✠ ✜✗✜ ✝✡✟ ✙✌✠✟☛✏ ✌✍ ✝☛✗❜✞✎ ✖✡✗✟✍✏ ✖✡✞✛✚✟ ☞✛✜✟☛✖✌✎✌✛✗✞✎ ☛☞✎✟✉

✯✳ ❲✡✞✝ ✞✖✖✌☞✛✝✏ ✍✌☛ ✝✡✟ ✞✛✚✟☛ ✌✍ ✝✡✟ ✝☛✗❜✞✎✏ ✞✚✞✗✛✏✝✝✡✟ ❞✰✱✔✲✉

✻✳ ❲✡✞✝ ✠✞✏ ❇✗☛✏✞✴✏ ✘✗✏✗✌✛ ✌✍ ✞ ✚✌✎✜✟✛ ✞✚✟✉ ❲✡s ✜✌s✌☞ ✝✡✗✛❣ ✏☞✖✡ ✞ ✘✗✏✗✌✛ ✞✙✙✟✞✎✟✜ ✝✌ ✝✡✟ ✙✟✌✙✎✟ ✌✍✝✡✟ ☛✟✚✗✌✛✉

▲✦✧★✩ ✪✵

✼✳ ❋✗✛✜ ✌☞✝ ✍☛✌✢ s✌☞☛ ✙✞☛✟✛✝✏✣ ✍☛✗✟✛✜✏ ✌☛ ✝✟✞✖✡✟☛✏✣✝✡✟ ✛✞✢✟✏ ✌✍ ✏✌✢✟ ✡✟☛✌✟✏ ✌✍ ✌✝✡✟☛ ✝☛✗❜✞✎ ☛✟✘✌✎✝✏ ✗✛✝✡✟ ✝✠✟✛✝✗✟✝✡ ✖✟✛✝☞☛s✳ ❲☛✗✝✟ ✝✡✟✗☛ ✏✝✌☛s ✗✛ s✌☞☛✌✠✛✠✌☛✜✏✳

✽✳ ❈✡✌✌✏✟ ✞✛s ✝☛✗❜✞✎ ✚☛✌☞✙ ✎✗✘✗✛✚ ✗✛ ✶✛✜✗✞ ✝✌✜✞s✳ ❋✗✛✜✌☞✝ ✞❜✌☞✝ ✝✡✟✗☛ ✖☞✏✝✌✢✏ ✞✛✜ ✠✞s ✌✍ ✎✗✍✟✣ ✞✛✜ ✡✌✠✝✡✟✗☛ ✎✗✘✟✏ ✡✞✘✟ ✖✡✞✛✚✟✜ ✗✛ ✝✡✟ ✎✞✏✝ ✯t s✟✞☛✏✳

▲✦✧★✩ ✫✾✿❀✫❁✦

❂❃❄❅❆❉❊ ●❑▼ ❄◆❊ ❄❥◗❘❯ ❱▼❳❨❆❩❄❨❑◆ ❳❆❩❆❉❅❆❉ ❄ ✐❑◆❊❬❨ ❩❆❳❳❄❅❊❆❉ ❨❭❊ ❉❆❉❊❨❊❊❉❨❭❱❊❉❨▼◆●❝ ❪❑▼ ❭❄❩❊❫▼❬❨ ❴❊❊❉ ❨❑❳❵ ❨❭❄❨❨❭❊ ❳❄❉❵ ●❑▼ ❛❊◆❊❴❑◆❉ ❑❉ ❉❑ ❳❑❉❅❊◆❴❊❳❑❉❅❬ ❨❑ ●❑▼❝ ❂❉ ❄❃❊❊❨❆❉❅ ❛❆❨❭ ♠◆❆❨❆❬❭❑✐✐❆❱❆❄❳❬ ●❑▼ ❨◆● ❨❑❊❡❢❳❄❆❉ ❨❭❊ ❤❆❉❵❬ ❑✐❢◆❑❴❳❊❃❬ ●❑▼ ✐❄❱❊❝❦❭❄❨ ❛❑▼❳❵ ●❑▼ ❬❄●❧

Page 52: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❲�✁✂ ✄✁☎✆✝✁ ✞✁✟✁✝

✶✠✡☛ ☞✌✍ ✎✏✑✒✓✺

P✔✕✖✗✖✘✙ ✚✛✜ ✢✣✘ P✘✔✤✕✘■✥ ✦✧★ ✩✪★✫✬✭✮✯ ✰✧✱✩✦★✪✯ ✲✭✮ ✳✭✭✴★✵ ✱✦ ✦✧★ ✩✭✳✬✰✬★✯ ✭✷✦✧★ t✱✯✦ ■✥✵✬✱ ✸✭✹✩✱✥✲ ✱✥✵ ✦✧★ ★✷✷★✰✦ ✦✧★✲ ✧✱✵ ✭✥✵✬✷✷★✪★✥✦ ✩★✭✩✳★❞ ✻✬✥✼✯✽ ✾✮★★✥✯✽ ✩★✱✯✱✥✦✯✽ ✳✱✥✵✳✭✪✵✯✽✦✪✬✿✱✳✯✽ ✯✭✳✵✬★✪✯ ❀★✪★ ✱✳✳ ✱✷✷★✰✦★✵ ✬✥ ✵✬✷✷★✪★✥✦ ❀✱✲✯❞ ❡✭✮✧✱✫★ ✱✳✯✭ ✯★★✥ ✧✭❀ ✩★✭✩✳★ ✪★✯✬✯✦ ✩✭✳✬✰✬★✯ ✱✥✵ ✱✰✦✬✭✥✯✦✧✱✦ ✧✱✪✹ ✦✧★✬✪ ✬✥✦★✪★✯✦✯ ✭✪ ✼✭ ✱✼✱✬✥✯✦ ✦✧★✬✪ ✯★✥✦✬✹★✥✦✯❞◆❁❂❁❃❄ ❅❆❄❇ ❈❉❇❊❋ ●❆❂❇❋❙✬✥✰★ ✦✧★ ✹✬✵❍★✬✼✧✦★★✥✦✧ ✰★✥✦✮✪✲✽ ✥✱❀✱✿✯ ✱✥✵ ✪✱❏✱✯✧✱✵ ✯★★✥ ✦✧★✬✪ ✩✭❀★✪ ★✪✭✵★❞ ❤✧★✲ ✧✱✵ ✼✪✱✵✮✱✳✳✲ ✳✭✯✦✦✧★✬✪ ✱✮✦✧✭✪✬✦✲ ✱✥✵ ✧✭✥✭✮✪❞ ❑★✯✬✵★✥✦✯ ✧✱✵ ✿★★✥✯✦✱✦✬✭✥★✵ ✬✥ ✹✱✥✲ ✰✭✮✪✦✯✽ ✦✧★ ✷✪★★✵✭✹ ✭✷ ✦✧★ ✪✮✳★✪✯✪★✵✮✰★✵✽ ✦✧★✬✪ ✱✪✹★✵ ✷✭✪✰★✯ ✵✬✯✿✱✥✵★✵✽ ✱✥✵ ✦✧★✬✪✪★✫★✥✮★✯ ✱✥✵ ✦★✪✪✬✦✭✪✬★✯ ✦✱✴★✥ ✱❀✱✲ ✿✲ ✯✦✱✼★✯❞

▼✱✥✲ ✪✮✳✬✥✼ ✷✱✹✬✳✬★✯ ✦✪✬★✵ ✦✭ ✥★✼✭✦✬✱✦★ ❀✬✦✧ ✦✧★✸✭✹✩✱✥✲ ✦✭ ✩✪✭✦★✰✦ ✦✧★✬✪ ✬✥✦★✪★✯✦✯❞ ▲✭✪ ★❖✱✹✩✳★✽ ❑✱✥✬◗✱✴✯✧✹✬✿✱✬ ✭✷ ❘✧✱✥✯✬ ❀✱✥✦★✵ ✦✧★ ✸✭✹✩✱✥✲ ✦✭ ✪★✰✭✼✥✬✯★✧★✪ ✱✵✭✩✦★✵ ✯✭✥ ✱✯ ✦✧★ ✧★✬✪ ✦✭ ✦✧★ ✴✬✥✼✵✭✹ ✱✷✦★✪ ✦✧★✵★✱✦✧ ✭✷ ✧★✪ ✧✮✯✿✱✥✵❞ ❚✱✥✱ ❙✱✧★✿✽ ✦✧★ ✱✵✭✩✦★✵ ✯✭✥ ✭✷

❯❱❳❨ ❩ ❹ ❬❭❪❫❴❵ ❛❜❝ ❪❭❛❵❛❜❢❵❣❛❢✐❭❥ ❦❫❥❧❭❵ ❦❫❥ ❢✐❭ ❥❭♠❫♥❢ ❢✐❛❢❵❪❥❭❛❝ ❛❧❥❫❵❵ ❢✐❭ ❪♥❛s❜❵ ❫❦ ❜❫❥❢✐♦❜❝s❛ s❜ ♣qr✉

Page 53: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✺✆

✝✞✟✠✡☛ ☞☛✌✍ ✎☛✏ ✑✑✒ ✓✔✞☛✕✞✕ ✖✠☛✖ ✠✞ ✗✞ ✘✍✙✞✚ ✠✍✟ ✛☛✖✠✞✜✢✟✓✞✚✟✍✏✚ ✡✠✞✚ ✖✠✞ ✔☛✖✖✞✜ ✕✍✞✕♣ ✣✏✡✞✙✞✜✒ ✖✠✞ ✱✏✤✓☛✚✦✒❝✏✚✛✍✕✞✚✖ ✏✛ ✍✖✟ ✟✧✓✞✜✍✏✜✍✖✦ ☛✚✕ ✤✍✔✍✖☛✜✦ ✓✏✡✞✜✟✒ ✖✧✜✚✞✕✕✏✡✚ ✖✠✞✟✞ ✓✔✞☛✟♣

❆✡☛✕✠ ✡☛✟ ✏✚✞ ✏✛ ✖✠✞ ✔☛✟✖ ✖✞✜✜✍✖✏✜✍✞✟ ✖✏ ✗✞ ☛✚✚✞★✞✕♣✑✚ ✩✪✫✩✒ ☛ ✟✧✗✟✍✕✍☛✜✦ ☛✔✔✍☛✚❝✞ ✡☛✟ ✍✤✓✏✟✞✕ ✏✚ ❆✡☛✕✠✒☛✚✕ ✍✚ ✩✪❛✬ ✍✖ ✡☛✟ ✖☛✭✞✚ ✏✙✞✜♣ ✳✏✙✞✜✚✏✜✲✳✞✚✞✜☛✔❉☛✔✠✏✧✟✍✞ ✕✞❝✔☛✜✞✕ ✖✠☛✖ ✖✠✞ ✖✞✜✜✍✖✏✜✦ ✡☛✟ ✗✞✍✚✘✤✍✟✘✏✙✞✜✚✞✕ ☛✚✕ ☞✜✍✖✍✟✠ ✜✧✔✞ ✡☛✟ ✚✞✞✕✞✕ ✖✏ ✞✚✟✧✜✞✓✜✏✓✞✜ ☛✕✤✍✚✍✟✖✜☛✖✍✏✚♣

❚✠✞ ✱✏✤✓☛✚✦ ✞✙✞✚ ✗✞✘☛✚ ✖✏ ✓✔☛✚ ✠✏✡ ✖✏ ✗✜✍✚✘ ✖✠✞▼✧✘✠☛✔ ✕✦✚☛✟✖✦ ✖✏ ☛✚ ✞✚✕♣ ❚✠✞ ✚☛✤✞ ✏✛ ✖✠✞ ▼✧✘✠☛✔✭✍✚✘ ✡☛✟ ✜✞✤✏✙✞✕ ✛✜✏✤ ✖✠✞ ❝✏✍✚✟ ✤✍✚✖✞✕ ✗✦ ✖✠✞✱✏✤✓☛✚✦♣ ✑✚ ✩✪❈✮✒ ✳✏✙✞✜✚✏✜✲✳✞✚✞✜☛✔ ❉☛✔✠✏✧✟✍✞☛✚✚✏✧✚❝✞✕ ✖✠☛✖ ☛✛✖✞✜ ✖✠✞ ✕✞☛✖✠ ✏✛ ☞☛✠☛✕✧✜ ✯✠☛✠ ✰☛✛☛✜✒✖✠✞ ✛☛✤✍✔✦ ✏✛ ✖✠✞ ✭✍✚✘ ✡✏✧✔✕ ✗✞ ✟✠✍✛✖✞✕ ✏✧✖ ✏✛ ✖✠✞ ✎✞✕❋✏✜✖ ☛✚✕ ✘✍✙✞✚ ☛✚✏✖✠✞✜ ✓✔☛❝✞ ✍✚ ❉✞✔✠✍ ✖✏ ✜✞✟✍✕✞ ✍✚♣ ✑✚✩✪❛✬✒ ✳✏✙✞✜✚✏✜✲✳✞✚✞✜☛✔ ✱☛✚✚✍✚✘ ✕✞❝✍✕✞✕ ✖✠☛✖ ☞☛✠☛✕✧✜✯✠☛✠ ✰☛✛☛✜ ✡✏✧✔✕ ✗✞ ✖✠✞ ✔☛✟✖ ▼✧✘✠☛✔ ✭✍✚✘ ☛✚✕ ☛✛✖✞✜✠✍✟ ✕✞☛✖✠ ✚✏✚✞ ✏✛ ✠✍✟ ✕✞✟❝✞✚✕☛✚✖✟ ✡✏✧✔✕ ✗✞ ✜✞❝✏✘✚✍✟✞✕☛✟ ✭✍✚✘✟ ✴ ✖✠✞✦ ✡✏✧✔✕ ✌✧✟✖ ✗✞ ❝☛✔✔✞✕ ✓✜✍✚❝✞✟♣

✵✶✷ ✸✷✹✻✹✼✽✻ ✹✼✾ ✽✶✷ ✻✷✸✿❀✻✑✚ ✖✠✞ ❝✏✧✚✖✜✦✟✍✕✞ ✓✞☛✟☛✚✖✟ ☛✚✕ ❁☛✤✍✚✕☛✜✟ ✜✞✟✞✚✖✞✕✖✠✞ ✠✍✘✠ ✖☛★✞✟ ☛✚✕ ✖✠✞ ✜✍✘✍✕ ✤✞✖✠✏✕✟ ✏✛ ✜✞✙✞✚✧✞❝✏✔✔✞❝✖✍✏✚♣ ▼☛✚✦ ✛☛✍✔✞✕ ✖✏ ✓☛✦ ✗☛❝✭ ✖✠✞✍✜ ✔✏☛✚✟ ✖✏ ✖✠✞✤✏✚✞✦✔✞✚✕✞✜✟ ☛✚✕ ✘✜☛✕✧☛✔✔✦ ✔✏✟✖ ✖✠✞ ✔☛✚✕✟ ✖✠✞✦ ✠☛✕✖✍✔✔✞✕ ✛✏✜ ✘✞✚✞✜☛✖✍✏✚✟♣

❚✠✞ ✑✚✕✍☛✚ ✟✞✓✏✦✟ ✍✚ ✖✠✞ ✞✤✓✔✏✦ ✏✛ ✖✠✞ ✱✏✤✓☛✚✦☛✔✟✏ ✠☛✕ ✜✞☛✟✏✚✟ ✛✏✜ ✕✍✟❝✏✚✖✞✚✖♣ ❚✠✞✦ ✡✞✜✞ ✧✚✠☛✓✓✦☛✗✏✧✖ ✖✠✞✍✜ ✓☛✦✒ ☛✔✔✏✡☛✚❝✞✟ ☛✚✕ ❝✏✚✕✍✖✍✏✚✟ ✏✛ ✟✞✜✙✍❝✞♣✯✏✤✞ ✏✛ ✖✠✞ ✚✞✡ ✜✧✔✞✟✒ ✤✏✜✞✏✙✞✜✒ ✙✍✏✔☛✖✞✕ ✖✠✞✍✜ ✜✞✔✍✘✍✏✧✟✟✞✚✟✍✗✍✔✍✖✍✞✟ ☛✚✕ ✗✞✔✍✞✛✟♣ ❉✍✕ ✦✏✧ ✭✚✏✡ ✖✠☛✖ ✍✚ ✖✠✏✟✞✕☛✦✟ ✤☛✚✦ ✓✞✏✓✔✞ ✍✚ ✖✠✞ ❝✏✧✚✖✜✦ ✗✞✔✍✞✙✞✕ ✖✠☛✖ ✍✛ ✖✠✞✦❝✜✏✟✟✞✕ ✖✠✞ ✟✞☛ ✖✠✞✦ ✡✏✧✔✕ ✔✏✟✞ ✖✠✞✍✜ ✜✞✔✍✘✍✏✚ ☛✚✕ ❝☛✟✖✞❂✯✏ ✡✠✞✚ ✍✚ ✩✪❙❈ ✖✠✞ ✟✞✓✏✦✟ ✡✞✜✞ ✖✏✔✕ ✖✏ ✘✏ ✖✏ ☞✧✜✤☛ ✗✦✖✠✞ ✟✞☛ ✜✏✧✖✞ ✖✏ ✛✍✘✠✖ ✛✏✜ ✖✠✞ ✱✏✤✓☛✚✦✒ ✖✠✞✦ ✜✞✛✧✟✞✕ ✖✏✛✏✔✔✏✡ ✖✠✞ ✏✜✕✞✜✒ ✖✠✏✧✘✠ ✖✠✞✦ ☛✘✜✞✞✕ ✖✏ ✘✏ ✗✦ ✖✠✞ ✔☛✚✕✜✏✧✖✞♣ ❚✠✞✦ ✡✞✜✞ ✟✞✙✞✜✞✔✦ ✓✧✚✍✟✠✞✕✒ ☛✚✕ ✟✍✚❝✞ ✖✠✞ ✍✟✟✧✞✕✍✕ ✚✏✖ ✕✍✞ ✕✏✡✚✒ ✍✚ ✩✪❛✬ ✖✠✞ ✱✏✤✓☛✚✦ ✓☛✟✟✞✕ ☛ ✚✞✡✔☛✡ ✡✠✍❝✠ ✟✖☛✖✞✕ ✖✠☛✖ ✞✙✞✜✦ ✚✞✡ ✓✞✜✟✏✚ ✡✠✏ ✖✏✏✭ ✧✓✞✤✓✔✏✦✤✞✚✖ ✍✚ ✖✠✞ ✱✏✤✓☛✚✦✢✟ ☛✜✤✦ ✠☛✕ ✖✏ ☛✘✜✞✞ ✖✏✟✞✜✙✞ ✏✙✞✜✟✞☛✟ ✍✛ ✜✞s✧✍✜✞✕♣

✯✞✓✏✦✟ ☛✔✟✏ ✜✞☛❝✖✞✕ ✖✏ ✡✠☛✖ ✡☛✟ ✠☛✓✓✞✚✍✚✘ ✍✚ ✖✠✞❝✏✧✚✖✜✦✟✍✕✞♣ ▼☛✚✦ ✏✛ ✖✠✞✤ ✡✞✜✞ ✓✞☛✟☛✚✖✟ ☛✚✕ ✠☛✕✛☛✤✍✔✍✞✟ ✔✍✙✍✚✘ ✍✚ ✖✠✞ ✙✍✔✔☛✘✞✟♣ ✯✏ ✖✠✞ ☛✚✘✞✜ ✏✛ ✖✠✞✓✞☛✟☛✚✖✟ s✧✍❝✭✔✦ ✟✓✜✞☛✕ ☛✤✏✚✘ ✖✠✞ ✟✞✓✏✦✟♣

❃❄❅❇❊❇❅●❍❏❑▲◆◗❘ ❯❱❲ ❑❳❘ ❑ ❨❘❩❱❯◆◗ ✐❬❘ ❭❱❏❩❑◗❯ ❑❳❏❯❪❑❫❴◆❨◆◗▲ ❯❱❲❳ ◗❘❩❬❘❵◗❱✐ ✐❱ ✐❑♥❘ ❘❏❩❜❱❯❏❘◗✐◆◗ ✐❬❘ ❑❳❏❯❞ ❡❬❑✐ ❳❘❑❨❱◗❨❵❱❲❜❫ ❯❱❲ ▲◆❴❘✇

Page 54: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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❘✁✂✄☎✆✂✁✂ ✝☎ ✞✁✟☎✞✠✂

❚✡☛ ☞✌✍✎✍✏✡ ✑☛✒✍☛✓☛✔ ✎✡✕✎ ✖✗✔✍✕✗ ✏✘✙✍☛✎✚ ✡✕✔ ✎✘✑☛ ✌☛❜✘✌✛☛✔✜ ✢✕✣✏ ✣☛✌☛ ✤✕✏✏☛✔ ✎✘ ✏✎✘✤ ✎✡☛✤✌✕✙✎✍✙☛ ✘❜ ✏✕✎✍ ✕✗✔ ✎✘ ☛✗✙✘♣✌✕✥☛ ✎✡☛ ✌☛✛✕✌✌✍✕✥☛✘❜ ✣✍✔✘✣✏✜ ♦✗✥✒✍✏✡✦✒✕✗✥♣✕✥☛ ☛✔♣✙✕✎✍✘✗ ✣✕✏✕✙✎✍✓☛✒✚ ✤✌✘✛✘✎☛✔✜ ❛❜✎☛✌ ✧★✩✪✫ ✎✡☛ ✬✘✛✤✕✗✚✕✒✒✘✣☛✔ ✬✡✌✍✏✎✍✕✗ ✛✍✏✏✍✘✗✕✌✍☛✏ ✎✘ ❜♣✗✙✎✍✘✗❜✌☛☛✒✚ ✍✗ ✍✎✏ ✔✘✛✕✍✗ ✕✗✔ ☛✓☛✗ ✘✣✗ ✒✕✗✔ ✕✗✔✤✌✘✤☛✌✎✚✜ ✖✗ ✧★✭✪✫ ✕ ✗☛✣ ✒✕✣ ✣✕✏ ✤✕✏✏☛✔ ✎✘✛✕♠☛ ✙✘✗✓☛✌✏✍✘✗ ✎✘ ✬✡✌✍✏✎✍✕✗✍✎✚ ☛✕✏✍☛✌✜ ❚✡✍✏✒✕✣ ✕✒✒✘✣☛✔ ✕✗ ✖✗✔✍✕✗ ✣✡✘ ✡✕✔ ✙✘✗✓☛✌✎☛✔ ✎✘✬✡✌✍✏✎✍✕✗✍ ✎✚ ✎✘ ✍✗✡☛✌✍ ✎ ✎✡☛ ✤✌✘✤☛✌✎✚ ✘❜ ✡✍✏✕✗✙☛✏✎✘✌✏✜ ✮✕✗✚ ✖✗✔✍✕✗✏ ✑☛✥✕✗ ✎✘ ❜☛☛✒ ✎✡✕✎ ✎✡☛☞✌✍✎✍✏✡ ✣☛✌☛ ✔☛✏✎✌✘✚✍✗✥ ✎✡☛✍✌ ✌☛✒✍✥✍✘✗✫ ✎✡☛✍✌✏✘✙✍✕✒ ✙♣✏✎✘✛✏ ✕✗✔ ✎✡☛✍✌ ✎✌✕✔✍✎✍✘✗✕✒ ✣✕✚ ✘❜ ✒✍❜☛✜

❚✡☛✌☛ ✣☛✌☛ ✘❜ ✙✘♣✌✏☛ ✘✎✡☛✌ ✖✗✔✍✕✗✏ ✣✡✘✣✕✗✎☛✔ ✎✘ ✙✡✕✗✥☛ ☛✇✍✏✎✍✗✥ ✏✘✙✍✕✒ ✤✌✕✙✎✍✙☛✏✜ ✯✘♣✣✍✒✒ ✌☛✕✔ ✕✑✘♣✎ ✎✡☛✏☛ ✌☛❜✘✌✛☛✌✏ ✕✗✔ ✌☛❜✘✌✛✛✘✓☛✛☛✗✎✏ ✍✗ ✬✡✕✤✎☛✌ ✼✜

✰✱✲✳✴✵✱ ✶✱✷ ✸✹✷✻ ✳✽ ✶✱✷ ✾✷✳✿❀✷

❚✘ ✥☛✎ ✕ ✥✒✍✛✤✏☛ ✘❜ ✣✡✕✎ ✤☛✘✤✒☛ ✣☛✌☛ ✎✡✍✗♠✍✗✥✎✡✘✏☛ ✔✕✚✏ ✕✑✘♣✎ ☞✌✍✎✍✏✡ ✌♣✒☛✫ ✏✎♣✔✚ t✘♣✌✙☛✏ ✧ ✕✗✔ ❁✜

❂❃❄ ❅❆❇❈ ❉❊ ❄❆❋❃❈●❍❊❉■❏ ❏■❅❄❇

❑▲▼◆❖ P◆◗◆ ❙◗◆ ◆❯❱◆◗❲❳❨ ❩◗❬❭ ❳P◆ ❪❬❬❫ ❴❵❝❞❵ ❡❢❵❣❵❵❤✐ ❥◗▲❳❳◆❖ ❪❦ ❧▲❨P❖♥❪P❙❳❳❑❬q❨◆✐ ❙ r◗❙P❭❙❖ ❩◗❬❭ ❙ ▼▲ss❙✉◆ ▲❖ ✈❙P❙◗❙❨P❳◗❙① ②◆ ❙❖q P▲❨ ♥❖❱s◆ P❙q ❨◆❳ ❬♥❳❳❬ ❙❳❳◆❖q ❙ ③❵❝④❵ ❪◆▲❖✉ ❬◗✉❙❖▲❨◆q ▲❖ ✈❙❳P♥◗❙① ❧▲❨P❖♥❪P❙❳❳ ❥◗▲❳◆❨ ❳P❙❳ ❳P◆❦ ❭◆❳❨❬❭◆ ❨◆❲❬❦❨ ❬❖ ❳P◆ ❥❙❦ ❥P❬ ❳❬sq ❳P◆❭ ❳P❙❳ ❳P◆❦ ❨P❬♥sq ❖❬❳ ❲◗❬❱◆◆q ❬❖ ❳P◆⑤❬♥◗❖◆❦ ❪◆❱❙♥❨◆ ❙ ❭❙❨❨▲▼◆ ♥❲P◆❙▼❙s ❥❙❨ ✉❬▲❖✉ ❳❬ ❪◗◆❙❫ ❬♥❳ ▲❖ ❳P◗◆◆ q❙❦❨①⑥P◆ ❨◆❲❬❦❨ ❨❙▲q⑦

⑧⑨⑩ ❶❷❸❹❺❻⑨ ❼⑩❽⑩ ❾⑩⑧⑩❽❿❺❷⑩❾ ⑧➀ ❼❺➁⑩ ➀➂⑧ ⑧⑨⑩ ❽⑩❹❺❸❺➀❷❻ ➀➃ ⑧⑨⑩ ➄❺❷❾➂❻ ➅❷❾ ⑧⑨⑩➆➂❻❹❺❿❻ ➇ ⑧⑨⑩➈ ⑨➅❾ ❿➅❾⑩ ➅ ❹❺❻⑧ ➀➃ ⑩❺❸⑨⑧➈➉➃➀➂❽ ❽➂❹⑩❻ ➅❷❾ ➅❷❷➀➂❷➊⑩❾ ⑧⑨⑩❻⑩❺❷ ➅ ❸➅⑧⑨⑩❽❺❷❸ ➀➃ ➅❹❹ ➋❺❸ ➌❺❷❸❻ ➅❷❾ ➁❽❺❷➊⑩❻ ❺❷ ➍➅❹➊➂⑧⑧➅➎ ➏⑨⑩➈ ❻➅❺❾ ⑧⑨➅⑧ ⑧⑨⑩➌❺❷❸❻ ❽⑩➃➂❻⑩❾ ⑧➀ ➅➊➊⑩➁⑧ ⑧⑨⑩❻⑩ ❽➂❹⑩❻ ➅❷❾ ❼➅❽❷⑩❾ ⑧⑨⑩ ❶❷❸❹❺❻⑨ ➀➃ ❾❺❽⑩➊➀❷❻⑩➐➂⑩❷➊⑩❻ ➅❷❾ ❿➅❻❻❺➑⑩ ➂➁⑨⑩➅➑➅❹ ❺➃ ⑧⑨⑩❻⑩ ➅❽⑩ ❺❿➁❹⑩❿⑩❷⑧⑩❾ ➇ ⑧⑨➅⑧ ⑧⑨⑩➌❺❷❸❻ ➅❹❹ ❽⑩⑧➂❽❷⑩❾ ⑧➀ ⑧⑨⑩❺❽ ➊➅➁❺⑧➅❹❻ ❺❷ ❸❽⑩➅⑧ ➅❷❸⑩❽ ➇ ➅❹❹ ⑧⑨⑩ ➋❺❸ ➁⑩➀➁❹⑩➋⑩❸➅❷ ❿➅➌❺❷❸ ➁❹➅❷❻➎ ➒ ❾➅⑧⑩ ❼➅❻ ➃❺➓⑩❾ ➃➀❽ ⑧⑨⑩ ❼➅❽ ➀➃ ❽⑩❹❺❸❺➀❷ ➅❷❾ ⑧⑨⑩ ❻⑩➊❽⑩⑧➁❹➅❷ ⑨➅❾ ➋⑩⑩❷ ➊❺❽➊➂❹➅⑧⑩❾ ➃❽➀❿ ⑧⑨⑩ ➊➅❷⑧➀❷❿⑩❷⑧ ❺❷ ➆⑩⑩❽➂⑧ ➋➈ ❹⑩⑧⑧⑩❽❻ ❻⑩❷⑧ ⑧➀❾❺➃➃⑩❽⑩❷⑧ ➊➅❷⑧➀❷❿⑩❷⑧❻➎

➔→➣↔↕➙➛↔➜➝➝ ➞➟➠➣➡➢ ➤➥➦➧➥ ➨➩➥➫➥➥➭➢ ➯➯➲ ➳➵ ➳➸➲

➺➻➼➽➾➚ ➪

➶➹➘➴ ➷ ➬ ➮➱✃❐❒❮ ➱❰ÏÐÑÒÓ➱ Ò➱Ô❮ÑÒÕ Ö×Ø❐×Ö❮ ÙÒ ÚÐ➱ ÛÑÜÑÑÖ❮ ❐ÝÒ❐ÖÚÐ ÞÒÕÙÑ

ßàáâ ãáäãåá æáçáå

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✺✆

➁✝✞✟✠✟ ✡☛☞ ☞✌✌✍ ✟✎✏✑✒✟✓✟✍✒ ✑✍ ✟✔✟✠✕ ✠✟✖✑✓✟✍✒✗

❆✘✙✚✛✜✢ ✣✤✤✙✦✘✚ ✧✜ ✛✣★✜ ✩✢✙✪ ✚✛✙✫✜ ✬✣✭✫ ✣✢✜ ✚✛✜ ✪✜✪✙✮✢✫ ✙✩ ✯✦✰✜✬✣✢ ✯✮✚✣✢✣✪✱✣✘✬✜✲ ✯✮✚✣✢✣✪ ✱✣✘✬✜ ✧✣✫ ✢✜✤✢✦✮✚✜✬ ✮✘ ✳✴✳✵ ✣✫ ✣ ✫✜✶✙✭ ✮✘ ✚✛✜ ✷✜✘✸✣✹ ✻✣✚✮★✜❆✢✪✭✲ ✼✜ ✫✜✢★✜✬ ✚✛✜ ✽✘✸✹✮✫✛ ✩✙✢ ✾✴ ✭✜✣✢✫ ✣✘✬ ✢✜✚✮✢✜✬ ✮✘ ✳✴✿❀✲ ✼✜ ✛✜✹✶✜✬ ✚✛✜✷✢✮✚✮✫✛ ✚✙ ✫✦✶✶✢✜✫✫ ✚✛✜ ✢✜✰✜✹✹✮✙✘ ✚✛✙✦✸✛ ✛✮✫ ✙✧✘ ✫✙✘ ✧✣✫ ✣ ✢✜✰✜✹ ✣✘✬ ✧✣✫❦✮✹✹✜✬ ✰✭ ✚✛✜ ✷✢✮✚✮✫✛ ✮✘ ✩✢✙✘✚ ✙✩ ✛✮✫ ✜✭✜✫✲ ❁✘ ✢✜✚✮✢✜✪✜✘✚ ✛✜ ✧✣✫ ✶✜✢✫✦✣✬✜✬ ✰✭✛✮✫ ❤✙✪✪✣✘✬✮✘✸ ❁✩✩✮✤✜✢❂ ✻✙✢✸✣✚✜❂ ✚✙ ✧✢✮✚✜ ✛✮✫ ✪✜✪✙✮✢✫✲ ✼✜ ✤✙✪✶✹✜✚✜✬ ✚✛✜✧✢✮✚✮✘✸ ✮✘ ✳✴✿✳ ✮✘ ❆✧✣✬✛✮ ✣✘✬ ✻✙✢✸✣✚✜ ✚✢✣✘✫✹✣✚✜✬ ✮✚ ✮✘✚✙ ✽✘✸✹✮✫✛ ✣✘✬ ✛✣✬ ✮✚✶✦✰✹✮✫✛✜✬ ✦✘✬✜✢ ✚✛✜ ✚✮✚✹✜ ❋❃❄❅ ❇❈❉❄❊ ●❄ ❇❍❏❈❑▲❃✲✼✜✢✜ ✮✫ ✣✘ ✜▼✤✜✢✶✚ ✩✢✙✪ ✧✛✣✚ ✯✮✚✣✢✣✪ ✱✣✘✬✜ ✧✢✙✚✜◆

◗❘ ❙❚ ❯❱ ❲❳❯❨❩❬ ❭❪❙❫❙❭❫ ❘❲❴❘ ❘❲❙❚ ❚❬❙❵❙❫❛ ❭❜ ❝❳❞❲ ❜❙❩❩❬❞ ❘❲❬ ❯❙❫❞❚ ❭❜ ❘❲❬❡❬❪❭❱❚ ❢❙❘❲ ❞❙❚❘❣❳❚❘ ❴❫❞ ❩❬❞ ❘❲❬❯ ❘❭ ❪❩❭❘ ❴❛❴❙❫❚❘ ❘❲❬ ✐❭❥❬❣❫❯❬❫❘❧ ♠❛❬❫❘❚❭❜ ❘❲❬ ♦❴❢❴❨ ❭❜ ❝❳❞❲ ❴❫❞ ❴❩❚❭ ❭❜ ❘❲❬ ♥❙❫❛ ❭❜ ♣❬❩❲❙ ❢❬❣❬ ❚❬❫❘ ❴❩❩ ❭❥❬❣◗❫❞❙❴ ❘❭ ❞❙❚q❭❥❬❣ ❘❲❬ ❘❬❯❪❬❣ ❭❜ ❘❲❬ ❴❣❯❱❧ r❲❬❱ ❢❭❣s❬❞ ❳❪❭❫ ❘❲❬ ❜❬❬❩❙❫❛❚❭❜ ❚❬❪❭❱❚t ❘❬❩❩❙❫❛ ❘❲❬❯ ❲❭❢ ❘❣❬❴q❲❬❣❭❳❚❩❱ ❘❲❬ ❜❭❣❬❙❛❫❬❣❚ ❲❴❞ ❨❬❲❴❥❬❞❘❭❢❴❣❞❚ ❘❲❬❙❣ s❙❫❛❧ r❲❬❱ ❙❫❥❬❫❘❬❞ ❘❬❫ ❘❲❭❳❚❴❫❞ ❩❙❬❚ ❴❫❞ ❪❣❭❯❙❚❬❚ ❘❭❪❬❣❚❳❴❞❬ ❘❲❬ ❚❭❩❞❙❬❣❚ ❘❭❯❳❘❙❫❱ ❴❫❞ ❘❳❣❫ ❴❛❴❙❫❚❘ ❘❲❬❙❣❯❴❚❘❬❣❚t ❘❲❬ ✉❫❛❩❙❚❲t❢❙❘❲ ❘❲❬ ❭❨✇❬q❘ ❭❜ ❣❬❚❘❭❣❙❫❛ ❘❲❬ ✉❯❪❬❣❭❣ ❭❜ ♣❬❩❲❙ ❘❭ ❘❲❬ ❘❲❣❭❫❬❧ r❲❬❱❯❴❙❫❘❴❙❫❬❞ ❘❲❴❘ ❘❲❙❚ ❢❴❚ ❢❲❭❩❩❱ ❢❙❘❲❙❫ ❘❲❬ ❴❣❯❱✈❚ ❪❭❢❬❣❚ ❙❜ ❘❲❬ ❚❭❩❞❙❬❣❚❢❭❳❩❞ ❭❫❩❱ ❴q❘ ❘❭❛❬❘❲❬❣ ❴❫❞ ❞❭ ❴❚ ❘❲❬❱ ❢❬❣❬ ❴❞❥❙❚❬❞❧

①②③④⑤⑥ ⑦

⑧⑨⑩❶ ❷ ❹ ❸❺❻❺❼ ❽❺❾❿➀❽ ➂➃ ➄❺❺➅➆➃ ➂➃➃➂➇➈ ❿➉➉➊➇❺➅❽➋ ❺➌➃❺➅ ➃➍❺➊➅ ➍❿➎❺❽ ➂➌➏ ❽❺➃ ➉➊➅❺ ➃❿ ❻➆➊❼➏➊➌➐❽

➑➒➓➔→➣ ↔ →➒↕➙➛➜

Page 56: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✺✺

■� ✁✂✄☎✁✆✝ �✂✄� ✄✞✟✠� �✂✡☛ �✡☞✆ �✂✆ ✌✄✍✎✄✍ ☛✆☎�♣✄✍�✡✆☛ ✟✏ ☞✆☎ ✏✍✟☞ ✆✄✁✂ ✍✆✑✡☞✆☎� �✟ ✝✡✏✏✆✍✆☎�✑✄✍✍✡☛✟☎☛ ✏✟✍ ✡☎☛�✍✠✁�✡✟☎☛ ✡☎ �✂✆ ✠☛✆ ✟✏ �✂✆ ☎✆❣ ✍✡✏✒✆✓❚✂✆☛✆ ☞✆☎ ♣✆✍✏✟✍☞✆✝ �✂✆ ☎✆❣ ✝✍✡✒✒ ✏✟✍ ☛✟☞✆ �✡☞✆✠☎�✡✒ ✄ ✍✆♣✟✍� ✑✟� ✄✞✟✠� ✞✉ ☛✟☞✆☞✆✄☎☛ ✟✍ �✂✆ ✟�✂✆✍✔�✂✄� �✂✆ ✁✄✍�✍✡✝✑✆☛ ✠☛✆✝ ✏✟✍ �✂✆☛✆ ☎✆❣ ✍✡✏✒✆☛ ❣✆✍✆✑✍✆✄☛✆✝ ❣✡�✂ �✂✆ ✏✄� ✟✏ ✁✟❣☛ ✄☎✝ ♣✡✑☛✓ ❚✂✆ ☞✆☎ ✏✍✟☞✟✠✍ ✍✆✑✡☞✆☎� ❣✍✟�✆ �✟ ✟�✂✆✍☛ ✡☎ �✂✆ ✍✆✑✡☞✆☎� �✆✒✒✡☎✑�✂✆☞ ✄✞✟✠� �✂✡☛✔ ✄☎✝ �✂✆✍✆ ❣✄☛ ☛✟✟☎ ✆t✁✡�✆☞✆☎� ✡☎✆❡✆✍✉ ✍✆✑✡☞✆☎�✓ ✌✟☞✆ ☞✆☎ ♣✟✡☎�✆✝ ✟✠� �✂✄� ✡☎ ✏✟✍�✉✉✆✄✍☛② ☛✆✍❡✡✁✆ ☎✟�✂✡☎✑ ✂✄✝ ✆❡✆✍ ✞✆✆☎ ✝✟☎✆ ✞✉ �✂✆✌✄✍✎✄✍ �✟ ✡☎☛✠✒� �✂✆✡✍ ✍✆✒✡✑✡✟☎✔ ✞✠� ✄☛ ■ ✂✄❡✆ ✄✒✍✆✄✝✉☞✆☎�✡✟☎✆✝ �✂✆ ☛✆♣✟✉☛② ☞✡☎✝☛ ✂✄✝ ✞✆✆☎ ✡☎✏✒✄☞✆✝ ✞✉�✂✆ ☛✆✡✕✠✍✆ ✟✏ ✖✠✝✂✓ ■☎�✆✍✆☛�✆✝ ♣✄✍�✡✆☛ ❣✆✍✆ ✗✠✡✁✎�✟ ♣✟✡☎� ✟✠� �✂✄� �✂✆ ✑✍✆✄� ✄✡☞ ✟✏ �✂✆ ✘☎✑✒✡☛✂ ❣✄☛ �✟�✠✍☎ ✠☛ ✄✒✒ ✡☎�✟ ✙✂✍✡☛�✡✄☎☛✔ ✄☎✝ �✂✆✉ ✂✄✝ �✂✆✍✆✏✟✍✆✡☎�✍✟✝✠✁✆✝ �✂✆ ✁✄✍�✍✡✝✑✆ ✡☎ ✟✍✝✆✍ �✟ ✞✍✡☎✑ �✂✡☛ ✄✞✟✠�✔☛✡☎✁✆ ✞✟�✂ s✄✂✟☞☞✆✝✄☎☛ ✄☎✝ ✚✡☎✝✠☛ ❣✟✠✒✝ ✞✆✝✆✏✡✒✆✝ ✞✉ ✠☛✡☎✑ ✡�✓❚✂✆ ✙✟✒✟☎✆✒ ☛✄✂✡✞ ❣✄☛ ✟✏ �✂✆ ✟♣✡☎✡✟☎ �✂✄� �✂✆

✆t✁✡�✆☞✆☎�✔ ❣✂✡✁✂ ✆❡✆☎ ✂✆ ✁✟✠✒✝ ☎✟� ✏✄✡✒ �✟ ☛✆✆✔ ❣✟✠✒✝♣✄☛☛ ✟✏✏✔ ✄☛ ✡� ✂✄✝ ✝✟☎✆ ✞✆✏✟✍✆✔ ✄☎✝ ✂✆ ✍✆✁✟☞☞✆☎✝✆✝☞✆ �✟ ✑✟ �✟ ☞✉ ✂✟☞✆✓

❙✛✜✢✣✢✤ ✥✢✦✧★✩ ❋✪✫✬ ✭✮✯✫✰ ✱✫ ✭✲✳✮✴✵✪✩ ✶✶✷ ✸✹✻ ✹✼✷

❆ ✽✾✿❀❁❂ ❃❄❅❇❈❄❉ ❊ ●❇❍✾❏❊❑ ▲❄▼❄❏❏❀❇❁

◆❖P◗❘❖ ❯❱❲◗❘❘❳❨❯ ❩❨❱❬❨❨❭ ❲◗❳❨❲❯ ❪❭❫ ❱❖❨ ❲◗❳❨❫ ❪❲❨ ❭P❱◗❭◗❯◗❪❳❴ ❯P❵❨❱❛❵❨❯ ❯◗❜❖ ❯❱❲◗❘❘❳❨❯ ❩❨❜P❵❨ q◗❛❱❨❬❛❫❨❯✇❲❨❪❫ ❪❯ ❪ ✇P✇◗❳❪❲ ❲❨❯❛❯❱❪❭❜❨ ❯P ❱❖❪❱ ❱❖❨ ✇P❬❨❲ P❝❱❖❨ ❯❱❪❱❨ ❩❲❨❪❞❯ ❫P❬❭❢ ❤ ✐❨❲❥ ❳❪❲❘❨ ❭◗❵❩❨❲ P❝ ✇❨P✇❳❨❩❨❘❛❭ ❱P ❩❨❳❛❨✐❨ ❱❖❪❱ ❱❖❨❥ ❖❪✐❨ ❪ ❜P❵❵P❭ ❨❭❨❵❥ ❪❭❫❲❛❯❨ ◗✇ ❪❘❪❛❭❯❱ ❱❖❨ ❨❭❨❵❥ ❪❱ ❱❖❨ ❯❪❵❨ ❱❛❵❨❢ rP❲ ❯◗❜❖❪ ❯❛❱◗❪❱❛P❭ ❱P ❫❨✐❨❳P✇ ✇❨P✇❳❨ ❖❪✐❨ ❱P P❲❘❪❭❛❯❨❴❜P❵❵◗❭❛❜❪❱❨❴ ❱❪❞❨ ❛❭❛❱❛❪❱❛✐❨ ❪❭❫ ❫❛❯✇❳❪❥ ❱❖❨ ❜P❭❝❛❫❨❭❜❨❱P ❱◗❲❭ ❱❖❨ ❯❛❱◗❪❱❛P❭ ❪❲P◗❭❫❢

❦◗❜❖ ❪ ❯❛❱◗❪❱❛P❭ ❫❨✐❨❳P✇❨❫ ❛❭ ❱❖❨ ❭P❲❱❖❨❲❭ ✇❪❲❱❯ P❝❧❭❫❛❪ ❛❭ ♠♥♦✈❢ ❤❝❱❨❲ ❪ ❖◗❭❫❲❨❫ ❥❨❪❲❯ P❝ ❜P❭q◗❨❯❱ ❪❭❫❪❫❵❛❭❛❯❱❲❪❱❛P❭❴ ❱❖❨ ①❭❘❳❛❯❖ ①❪❯❱ ❧❭❫❛❪ ③P❵✇❪❭❥ ❝❪❜❨❫❪ ❵❪❯❯❛✐❨ ❲❨❩❨❳❳❛P❭ ❱❖❪❱ ❯❱❪❲❱❨❫ ❛❭ ④❪❥ ♠♥♦✈ ❪❭❫❱❖❲❨❪❱❨❭❨❫ ❱❖❨ ③P❵✇❪❭❥⑤❯ ✐❨❲❥ ✇❲❨❯❨❭❜❨ ❛❭ ❧❭❫❛❪❢❦❨✇P❥❯ ❵◗❱❛❭❛❨❫ ❛❭ ❯❨✐❨❲❪❳ ✇❳❪❜❨❯ ❩❨❘❛❭❭❛❭❘ ❝❲P❵④❨❨❲◗❱ ❪❭❫ ❪ ❳❪❲❘❨ ❭◗❵❩❨❲ P❝ ✇❨P✇❳❨ ❝❲P❵ ❫❛❝❝❨❲❨❭❱❯❨❜❱❛P❭❯ P❝ ❯P❜❛❨❱❥ ❲P❯❨ ◗✇ ❛❭ ❲❨❩❨❳❳❛P❭❢ ❦P❵❨ ❲❨❘❪❲❫ ❛❱❪❯ ❱❖❨ ❩❛❘❘❨❯❱ ❪❲❵❨❫ ❲❨❯❛❯❱❪❭❜❨ ❱P ❜P❳P❭❛❪❳❛❯❵ ❛❭ ❱❖❨❭❛❭❨❱❨❨❭❱❖ ❜❨❭❱◗❲❥ ❪❭❥❬❖❨❲❨ ❛❭ ❱❖❨ ❬P❲❳❫❢

⑥⑦ ⑧⑨⑩❶ ❷❸❹❸ ❶⑨❸❺❻❼❽❹❶⑩❾❶ ❿❽❾❿❸❹❾➀❺❾ ❶⑨❸ ❻❺❾➁➀ ❽➂ ❶⑨❸❼❸❽❼➃❸ ⑩❿❿❽❹➁❺❾➄ ❶❽➅❺❶⑩❹⑩❻ ⑩❾➁ ⑩❿❿❽❹➁❺❾➄❶❽ ➆❺➀⑨❾➇➈⑨⑩❶❶➉

➊⑦⑧⑨⑩❶ ❹❽➃❸ ➁❺➁ ❶⑨❸➋❶⑨❺❾➌ ❶⑨❸ ❹➇➃❸❹➀ ❷❸❹❸❼➃⑩➋❺❾➄➉ ⑧⑨⑩❶ ❹❽➃❸ ➁❺➁❶⑨❸ ➀❸❼❽➋➀ ➀❸❸❻ ❶❽❼➃⑩➋➉

➍➎➏➐➑➐➏➒➓

➔→➣↔↕➙ ➛ ➜❖❨❭ ❯P❳❫❛❨❲❯❪❯ ❪ ❘❲P◗✇ ❫❛❯P❩❨❥ ❱❖❨❛❲P❝❝❛❜❨❲❯ ❛❭ ❱❖❨ ❪❲❵❥

➝➞➟➠➡➢ ➤ ➡➞➥➦➧➨

➩➫➭➯ ➲➭➳➲➵➭ ➸➭➺➭➵

Page 57: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✺✆

❋✝✞✟ ✠✡✡✝☛☞ ☞✞ ✌✡✍✎✏

✑✒ ✓✔ ▼✕✖✗✘ ✙✚✛✜✢ ✕ ✣✤✦✒✧ ★✤✩✪✫✬✖✢ ▼✕✒✧✕✩ ✱✕✒✪✬✣✢ ✭✕★

✘✕✒✧✬✪ ❤✤ ✪✬✕❤✘ ✮✤✖ ✕❤❤✕✗✯✫✒✧ ✘✫★ ✤✮✮✫✗✬✖★ ✫✒ ✰✕✖✖✕✗✯✲✤✖✬✳

❙✤✴✬ ✪✕✣★ ✩✕❤✬✖✢ ★✤✴✬ ★✬✲✤✣★ ✤✮ ❤✘✬ ✖✬✧✫✴✬✒❤ ✕❤ ▼✬✬✖✦❤

✖✬✮✦★✬✪ ❤✤ ✪✤ ❤✘✬ ✕✖✴✣ ✪✖✫✩✩ ✦★✫✒✧ ❤✘✬ ✒✬✭ ✗✕✖❤✖✫✪✧✬★✢ ✭✘✫✗✘

✭✬✖✬ ★✦★✲✬✗❤✬✪ ✤✮ ✇✬✫✒✧ ✗✤✕❤✬✪ ✭✫❤✘ ❤✘✬ ✮✕❤ ✤✮ ✗✤✭★ ✕✒✪

✲✫✧★✳ ♣✫✧✘❤✣✵✮✫✶✬ ★✬✲✤✣★ ✭✬✖✬ ✪✫★✴✫★★✬✪ ✮✖✤✴ ★✬✖✶✫✗✬ ✕✒✪

★✬✒❤✬✒✗✬✪ ❤✤ ❤✬✒ ✣✬✕✖★ ✫✒ s✕✫✩ ✮✤✖ ✪✫★✤✇✬✣✫✒✧ ❤✘✬✫✖ ✤✮✮✫✗✬✖★✳

❚✘✫★ ✘✕✲✲✬✒✬✪ ✤✒ ✔ ▼✕✣ ✙✚✛✜✳

❚✘✬ ✖✬★✲✤✒★✬ ✤✮ ❤✘✬ ✤❤✘✬✖ ✷✒✪✫✕✒ ★✤✩✪✫✬✖★ ✫✒ ▼✬✬✖✦❤ ✭✕★

q✦✫❤✬ ✬✸❤✖✕✤✖✪✫✒✕✖✣✳ ✑✒ ✙✹ ▼✕✣✢ ❤✘✬ ★✤✩✪✫✬✖★ ✴✕✖✗✘✬✪ ❤✤ ❤✘✬

s✕✫✩ ✫✒ ▼✬✬✖✦❤ ✕✒✪ ✖✬✩✬✕★✬✪ ❤✘✬ ✫✴✲✖✫★✤✒✬✪ ★✬✲✤✣★✳ ❚✘✬✣

✕❤❤✕✗✯✬✪ ✕✒✪ ✯✫✩✩✬✪ ✰✖✫❤✫★✘ ✤✮✮✫✗✬✖★✳ ❚✘✬✣ ✗✕✲❤✦✖✬✪ ✧✦✒★ ✕✒✪

✕✴✴✦✒✫❤✫✤✒ ✕✒✪ ★✬❤ ✮✫✖✬ ❤✤ ❤✘✬ ✇✦✫✩✪✫✒✧★ ✕✒✪ ✲✖✤✲✬✖❤✫✬★ ✤✮ ❤✘✬

✰✖✫❤✫★✘ ✕✒✪ ✪✬✗✩✕✖✬✪ ✭✕✖ ✤✒ ❤✘✬ ❢✻✼✽✾✿✻❀✳ ❚✘✬ ★✤✩✪✫✬✖★ ✭✬✖✬

✪✬❤✬✖✴✫✒✬✪ ❤✤ ✇✖✫✒✧ ✕✒ ✬✒✪ ❤✤ ❤✘✬✫✖ ✖✦✩✬ ✫✒ ❤✘✬ ✗✤✦✒❤✖✣✳ ✰✦❤

✭✘✤ ✭✤✦✩✪ ✖✦✩✬ ❤✘✬ ✩✕✒✪ ✫✒★❤✬✕✪❁ ❚✘✬ ★✤✩✪✫✬✖★ ✘✕✪ ✕✒ ✕✒★✭✬✖

❤✤ ❤✘✫★ q✦✬★❤✫✤✒ t ❤✘✬ ▼✦✧✘✕✩ ✬✴✲✬✖✤✖ ✰✕✘✕✪✦✖ ❙✘✕✘ ♦✕✮✕✖✳

❚✘✬ ★✬✲✤✣★ ✤✮ ▼✬✬✖✦❤ ✖✤✪✬ ✕✩✩ ✒✫✧✘❤ ✤✮ ✙✹ ▼✕✣ ❤✤ ✖✬✕✗✘

❉✬✩✘✫ ✫✒ ❤✘✬ ✬✕✖✩✣ ✘✤✦✖★ ✒✬✸❤ ✴✤✖✒✫✒✧✳ ❂★ ✒✬✭★ ✤✮ ❤✘✬✫✖

✕✖✖✫✶✕✩ ★✲✖✬✕✪✢ ❤✘✬ ✖✬✧✫✴✬✒❤★ ★❤✕❤✫✤✒✬✪ ✫✒ ❉✬✩✘✫ ✕✩★✤ ✖✤★✬

✦✲ ✫✒ ✖✬✇✬✩✩✫✤✒✳ ❂✧✕✫✒ ✇✖✫❤✫★✘ ✤✮✮✫✗✬✖★ ✭✬✖✬ ✯✫✩✩✬✪✢ ✕✖✴★

✕✒✪ ✕✴✴✦✒✫❤✫✤✒ ★✬✫❛✬✪✢ ✇✦✫✩✪✫✒✧★ ★✬❤ ✤✒ ✮✫✖✬✳ ❚✖✫✦✴✲✘✕✒❤

★✤✩✪✫✬✖★ ✧✕❤✘✬✖✬✪ ✕✖✤✦✒✪ ❤✘✬ ✭✕✩✩★ ✤✮ ❤✘✬ ❃✬✪ ❄✤✖❤ ✭✘✬✖✬

❤✘✬ ✰✕✪★✘✕✘ ✩✫✶✬✪✢ ✪✬✴✕✒✪✫✒✧ ❤✤ ✴✬✬❤ ✘✫✴✳ ❚✘✬ ✬✴✲✬✖✤✖

✭✕★ ✒✤❤ q✦✫❤✬ ✭✫✩✩✫✒✧ ❤✤ ✗✘✕✩✩✬✒✧✬ ❤✘✬ ✴✫✧✘❤✣ ✰✖✫❤✫★✘ ✲✤✭✬✖

✇✦❤ ❤✘✬ ★✤✩✪✫✬✖★ ✲✬✖★✫★❤✬✪✳ ❚✘✬✣ ✮✤✖✗✬✪ ❤✘✬✫✖ ✭✕✣ ✫✒❤✤ ❤✘✬

✲✕✩✕✗✬ ✕✒✪ ✲✖✤✗✩✕✫✴✬✪ ✰✕✘✕✪✦✖ ❙✘✕✘ ♦✕✮✕✖ ✕★ ❤✘✬✫✖ ✩✬✕✪✬✖✳

❅✻✼✽✾✿✻❀ t ❄✤✖✬✫✧✒✬✖★

❚✘✬ ❤✬✖✴ ✖✬✮✩✬✗❤★ ✕✒

✕❤❤✫❤✦✪✬ ✤✮ ✗✤✒❤✬✴✲❤✳

❆❇❈❊ ● ❹ ❍❏❑ ▲◆◗◗❘❑ ❯❱ ◗❏❑❝◆❲◆❘❳❨ ❘❯❱❑❩

❬❭ ❪❫❴ ❴❵❴❭❜❭❞ ❡❣ ✐ ❥❦❧♠♥r✉✈① ❡❵❴② ✐①③③③ ②❴④❴❧⑤ ⑥⑦⑧❴❣②❡⑧ ⑨⑦②❴❜❧❧♠① ⑥②❡⑤⑤❴⑩ ❪❫❴②❜❵❴② ❥⑦⑧❦❭⑦① ❴❭❪❴②❴⑩ ❶❴❧❫❜①⑦❭⑩ ⑦❪❪⑦⑥❷❴⑩ ❪❫❴ ⑨②❜❪❜⑤❫⑥⑦❵⑦❧②♠ ❸❡⑤❪⑤❺ ❻❫❴ ④⑦❪❪❧❴⑥❡❭❪❜❭❦❴⑩ ⑦❧❧ ❪❫②❡❦❞❫❪❫❴ ❭❜❞❫❪❺

Page 58: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✺�

❚✁✂ ✄☎✂✆✝☎ ✂✞✟✂✠✡✠ ✁✄☛ ☞✡ ✄✌✌✂✟☞ ☞✁✆✍ ☛✂✞✄✝☛✎ ✏✂ ✑✠✡☞✂

❧✂☞☞✂✠✍ ☞✡ ✄❧❧ ☞✁✂ ✌✁✆✂✒✍ ✄✝☛ ✠✓❧✂✠✍ ✡✒ ☞✁✂ ✌✡✓✝☞✠✔ ☞✡ ✌✡✞✂

✒✡✠✑✄✠☛ ✄✝☛ ✡✠☎✄✝✆✍✂ ✄ ✌✡✝✒✂☛✂✠✄✌✔ ✡✒ ❢✝☛✆✄✝ ✍☞✄☞✂✍ ☞✡

✒✆☎✁☞ ☞✁✂ ✕✠✆☞✆✍✁✎ ❚✁✆✍ ✍✆✝☎❧✂ ✍☞✂✟ ☞✄✖✂✝ ✗✔ ✕✄✁✄☛✓✠ ✘✁✄✁

✁✄☛ ☎✠✂✄☞ ✆✞✟❧✆✌✄☞✆✡✝✍✎

❚✁✂ ✙✓☎✁✄❧ ☛✔✝✄✍☞✔ ✁✄☛ ✠✓❧✂☛ ✡✚✂✠ ✄ ✚✂✠✔ ❧✄✠☎✂ ✟✄✠☞ ✡✒

☞✁✂ ✌✡✓✝☞✠✔✎ ✙✡✍☞ ✍✞✄❧❧✂✠ ✠✓❧✂✠✍ ✄✝☛ ✌✁✆✂✒☞✄✆✝✍ ✌✡✝☞✠✡❧❧✂☛

☛✆✒✒✂✠✂✝☞ ☞✂✠✠✆☞✡✠✆✂✍ ✡✝ ✗✂✁✄❧✒ ✡✒ ☞✁✂ ✙✓☎✁✄❧ ✠✓❧✂✠✎

❚✁✠✂✄☞✂✝✂☛ ✗✔ ☞✁✂ ✂✛✟✄✝✍✆✡✝ ✡✒ ✕✠✆☞✆✍✁ ✠✓❧✂✜ ✞✄✝✔ ✡✒ ☞✁✂✞

✒✂❧☞ ☞✁✄☞ ✆✒ ☞✁✂ ✙✓☎✁✄❧ ✂✞✟✂✠✡✠ ✌✡✓❧☛ ✠✓❧✂ ✄☎✄✆✝✜ ☞✁✂✔ ☞✡✡

✑✡✓❧☛ ✗✂ ✄✗❧✂ ☞✡ ✠✓❧✂ ☞✁✂✆✠ ✡✑✝ ☞✂✠✠✆☞✡✠✆✂✍ ✡✝✌✂ ✞✡✠✂✜ ✓✝☛✂✠

✙✓☎✁✄❧ ✄✓☞✁✡✠✆☞✔✎

❚✁✂ ✕✠✆☞✆✍✁ ✁✄☛ ✝✡☞ ✂✛✟✂✌☞✂☛ ☞✁✆✍ ☞✡ ✁✄✟✟✂✝✎ ❚✁✂✔

☞✁✡✓☎✁☞ ☞✁✂ ☛✆✍☞✓✠✗✄✝✌✂ ✌✄✓✍✂☛ ✗✔ ☞✁✂ ✆✍✍✓✂ ✡✒ ☞✁✂

✌✄✠☞✠✆☛☎✂✍ ✑✡✓❧☛ ☛✆✂ ☛✡✑✝✎ ✕✓☞ ✕✄✁✄☛✓✠ ✘✁✄✁ ❝✄✒✄✠✢✍

☛✂✌✆✍✆✡✝ ☞✡ ✗❧✂✍✍ ☞✁✂ ✠✂✗✂❧❧✆✡✝ ✌✁✄✝☎✂☛ ☞✁✂ ✂✝☞✆✠✂ ✍✆☞✓✄☞✆✡✝

☛✠✄✞✄☞✆✌✄❧❧✔✎ ❞✒☞✂✝ ✑✁✂✝ ✟✂✡✟❧✂ ✍✂✂ ✄✝ ✄❧☞✂✠✝✄☞✆✚✂

✟✡✍✍✆✗✆❧✆☞✔ ☞✁✂✔ ✒✂✂❧ ✆✝✍✟✆✠✂☛ ✄✝☛ ✂✝☞✁✓✍✂☛✎ ❢☞ ☎✆✚✂✍ ☞✁✂✞

☞✁✂ ✌✡✓✠✄☎✂✜ ✁✡✟✂ ✄✝☛ ✌✡✝✒✆☛✂✝✌✂ ☞✡ ✄✌☞✎

✣✤✥ ✦✥✧✥★★✩✪✫ ✬✭✦✥✮✯✬

❆✒☞✂✠ ☞✁✂ ✕✠✆☞✆✍✁ ✑✂✠✂ ✠✡✓☞✂☛ ✒✠✡✞ ✰✂❧✁✆✜ ☞✁✂✠✂ ✑✄✍ ✝✡

✓✟✠✆✍✆✝☎ ✒✡✠ ✄❧✞✡✍☞ ✄ ✑✂✂✖✎ ❢☞ ☞✡✡✖ ☞✁✄☞ ✞✓✌✁ ☞✆✞✂ ✒✡✠

✝✂✑✍ ☞✡ ☞✠✄✚✂❧✎ ❚✁✂✝✜ ✄ ✍✟✓✠☞ ✡✒ ✞✓☞✆✝✆✂✍ ✗✂☎✄✝✎

❘✂☎✆✞✂✝☞ ✄✒☞✂✠ ✠✂☎✆✞✂✝☞ ✞✓☞✆✝✆✂☛ ✄✝☛ ☞✡✡✖ ✡✒✒ ☞✡ ✱✡✆✝

✡☞✁✂✠ ☞✠✡✡✟✍ ✄☞ ✝✡☛✄❧ ✟✡✆✝☞✍ ❧✆✖✂ ✰✂❧✁✆✜ ♦✄✝✟✓✠ ✄✝☛

▲✓✌✖✝✡✑✎ ❆✒☞✂✠ ☞✁✂✞✜ ☞✁✂ ✟✂✡✟❧✂ ✡✒ ☞✁✂ ☞✡✑✝✍ ✄✝☛ ✚✆❧❧✄☎✂✍

✄❧✍✡ ✠✡✍✂ ✓✟ ✆✝ ✠✂✗✂❧❧✆✡✝ ✄✝☛ ✠✄❧❧✆✂☛ ✄✠✡✓✝☛ ❧✡✌✄❧ ❧✂✄☛✂✠✍✜

③✄✞✆✝☛✄✠✍ ✄✝☛ ✌✁✆✂✒✍ ✑✁✡ ✑✂✠✂ ✟✠✂✟✄✠✂☛ ☞✡ ✂✍☞✄✗❧✆✍✁ ☞✁✂✆✠

✄✓☞✁✡✠✆☞✔ ✄✝☛ ✒✆☎✁☞ ☞✁✂ ✕✠✆☞✆✍✁✎ ❛✄✝✄ ✘✄✁✂✗✜ ☞✁✂ ✄☛✡✟☞✂☛

✍✡✝ ✡✒ ☞✁✂ ❧✄☞✂ s✂✍✁✑✄ ✕✄✱✆ ❘✄✡ ✑✁✡ ❧✆✚✂☛ ✝✂✄✠ ♦✄✝✟✓✠✜

☎✄☞✁✂✠✂☛ ✄✠✞✂☛ ✒✡✠✌✂✍ ✄✝☛ ✂✛✟✂❧❧✂☛ ☞✁✂ ✕✠✆☞✆✍✁ ☎✄✠✠✆✍✡✝

✒✠✡✞ ☞✁✂ ✌✆☞✔✎ ✏✂ ✟✠✡✌❧✄✆✞✂☛ ✁✆✞✍✂❧✒ s✂✍✁✑✄✎ ✏✂ ☛✂✌❧✄✠✂☛

☞✁✄☞ ✁✂ ✑✄✍ ✄ ☎✡✚✂✠✝✡✠

✓✝☛✂✠ ✉✞✟✂✠✡✠ ✕✄✁✄☛✓✠

✘✁✄✁ ❝✄✒✄✠✎ ❢✝ ▲✓✌✖✝✡✑✜

✕✆✠✱✆✍ ❇✄☛✠✜ ☞✁✂ ✍✡✝ ✡✒ ☞✁✂

☛✂✟✡✍✂☛ ❛✄✑✄✗ ✲✄✱✆☛ ❆❧✆

✘✁✄✁✜ ✑✄✍ ✟✠✡✌❧✄✆✞✂☛

☞✁✂ ✝✂✑ ❛✄✑✄✗✎ ✏✂ ☞✡✡

✄✌✖✝✡✑❧✂☛☎✂☛ ☞✁✂ ✍✓③✂✠✄✆✝☞✔

✡✒ ✕✄✁✄☛✓✠ ✘✁✄✁ ❝✄✒✄✠✎ ✏✆✍

✞✡☞✁✂✠ ✕✂☎✓✞ ✏✄③✠✄☞

✙✄✁✄❧ ☞✡✡✖ ✄✝ ✄✌☞✆✚✂ ✟✄✠☞

✆✝ ✡✠☎✄✝✆✍✆✝☎ ☞✁✂ ✓✟✠✆✍✆✝☎

✄☎✄✆✝✍☞ ☞✁✂ ✕✠✆☞✆✍✁✎ ❢✝

❏✁✄✝✍✆✜ ❘✄✝✆ ▲✄✖✍✁✞✆✗✄✆

✱✡✆✝✂☛ ☞✁✂ ✠✂✗✂❧ ✍✂✟✡✔✍ ✄✝☛

❋✳✴✵ ✶ ❹ ✷✸ ✹✻✼ ✽✾✹✿❀❁✸❂❃✼❄❅❈ ❉❃✿✹✿✸✻ ❊●●✿❍✼❃✸ ■✼❃✼❦✿❑❑✼❅ ✿❀ ✹✻✼ ❍❄❀✹❊❀✽✼❀✹✸

❲▼◆❖ P◆◗P❙◆ ❯◆❱◆❙

Page 59: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✺✆

❢✝✞✟✠✡ ✡✠☛ ☞✌✍✡✍✎✠ ✏✑✝✒✟ ✓✍✡✠ ✔✏✒✡✍✏ ✔✝✕☛✖ ✡✠☛ ✟☛✒☛✌✏✑ ✝❢◆✏✒✏ ✗✏✠☛✘✙

✔✠☛ ☞✌✍✡✍✎✠ ✓☛✌☛ ✟✌☛✏✡✑❚ ✝✞✡✒✞✚✘☛✌☛✛ ✘❚ ✡✠☛ ✌☛✘☛✑ ❢✝✌✜☛✎✙✔✠☛❚ ✓☛✌☛ ✛☛❢☛✏✡☛✛ ✍✒ ✏ ✒✞✚✘☛✌ ✝❢ ✘✏✡✡✑☛✎✙ ✔✠✍✎ ✜✝✒✢✍✒✜☛✛✡✠☛ ✕☛✝✕✑☛ ✡✠✏✡ ✡✠☛ ✌✞✑☛ ✝❢ ✡✠☛ ☞✌✍✡✍✎✠ ✠✏✛ ✜✝✑✑✏✕✎☛✛ ❢✝✌✟✝✝✛ ✏✒✛ ✟✏✢☛ ✡✠☛✚ ✡✠☛ ✜✝✒❢✍✛☛✒✜☛ ✡✝ ✡✏❣☛ ✡✠☛ ✕✑✞✒✟☛ ✏✒✛❥✝✍✒ ✡✠☛ ✌☛✘☛✑✑✍✝✒✙ ✣ ✎✍✡✞✏✡✍✝✒ ✝❢ ✓✍✛☛✎✕✌☛✏✛ ✕✝✕✞✑✏✌ ✌☛✘☛✑✑✍✝✒✛☛✢☛✑✝✕☛✛ ✍✒ ✡✠☛ ✌☛✟✍✝✒ ✝❢ ✣✓✏✛✠ ✍✒ ✕✏✌✡✍✜✞✑✏✌✙ ✳✒ ✤ ✣✞✟✞✎✡✶✦✧★✖ ✓☛ ❢✍✒✛ ✏ ✡☛✑☛✟✌✏✚ ✎☛✒✡ ✘❚ ✩✍☛✞✡☛✒✏✒✡ ✪✝✑✝✒☛✑ ✔❚✡✑☛✌✡✝ ✠✍✎ ✪✝✚✚✏✒✛☛✌✲✍✒✲✪✠✍☛❢ ☛✫✕✌☛✎✎✍✒✟ ✡✠☛ ❢☛✏✌ ❢☛✑✡ ✘❚ ✡✠☛☞✌✍✡✍✎✠❇ ✬✳✞✌ ✚☛✒ ✏✌☛ ✜✝✓☛✛ ✘❚ ✡✠☛ ✒✞✚✘☛✌✎ ✝✕✕✝✎☛✛ ✡✝✡✠☛✚ ✏✒✛ ✡✠☛ ☛✒✛✑☛✎✎ ❢✍✟✠✡✍✒✟✙ t✢☛✌❚ ✢✍✑✑✏✟☛ ✍✎ ✠☛✑✛ ✏✟✏✍✒✎✡✞✎✖ ✡✠☛ ✉✏✚✍✒✛✏✌✎ ✠✏✢☛ ✌✍✎☛✒ ✡✝ ✝✕✕✝✎☛ ✞✎✙✭

▼✏✒❚ ✒☛✓ ✑☛✏✛☛✌✎ ✜✏✚☛ ✞✕✙ ✮✝✌ ☛✫✏✚✕✑☛✖ ✣✠✚✏✛✞✑✑✏✠✗✠✏✠✖ ✏ ✚✏✞✑✢✍ ❢✌✝✚ ✮✏✍✉✏✘✏✛✖ ✕✌✝✕✠☛✎✍☛✛ ✡✠✏✡ ✡✠☛ ✌✞✑☛ ✝❢✡✠☛ ☞✌✍✡✍✎✠ ✓✝✞✑✛ ✜✝✚☛ ✡✝ ✏✒ ☛✒✛ ✎✝✝✒✙ ✯☛ ✜✏✞✟✠✡ ✡✠☛✍✚✏✟✍✒✏✡✍✝✒ ✝❢ ✡✠☛ ✕☛✝✕✑☛ ✏✒✛ ✌✏✍✎☛✛ ✏ ✠✞✟☛ ❢✝✌✜☛ ✝❢✎✞✕✕✝✌✡☛✌✎✙ ✯☛ ✜✏✚☛ ✡✝ ✩✞✜❣✒✝✓ ✡✝ ❢✍✟✠✡ ✡✠☛ ☞✌✍✡✍✎✠✙ s✒ ✰☛✑✠✍✖✏ ✑✏✌✟☛ ✒✞✚✘☛✌ ✝❢ ✱✴✵✷✸✹ ✝✌ ✌☛✑✍✟✍✝✞✎ ✓✏✌✌✍✝✌✎ ✜✏✚☛ ✡✝✟☛✡✠☛✌✡✝ ✓✍✕☛ ✝✞✡ ✡✠☛ ✓✠✍✡☛ ✕☛✝✕✑☛✙ ☞✏❣✠✡ ✻✠✏✒✖ ✏ ✎✝✑✛✍☛✌ ❢✌✝✚☞✏✌☛✍✑✑❚✖ ✡✝✝❣ ✜✠✏✌✟☛ ✝❢ ✏ ✑✏✌✟☛ ❢✝✌✜☛ ✝❢ ❢✍✟✠✡☛✌✎ ✓✠✝ ✜✏✚☛ ✡✝✰☛✑✠✍✙ ✯☛ ✘☛✜✏✚☛ ✏ ❣☛❚ ✚✍✑✍✡✏✌❚ ✑☛✏✛☛✌ ✝❢ ✡✠☛ ✌☛✘☛✑✑✍✝✒✙ s✒☞✍✠✏✌✖ ✏✒ ✝✑✛ ✉✏✚✍✒✛✏✌✖ ✻✞✒✓✏✌ ✗✍✒✟✠✖ ❥✝✍✒☛✛ ✡✠☛ ✌☛✘☛✑ ✎☛✕✝❚✎✏✒✛ ✘✏✡✡✑☛✛ ✓✍✡✠ ✡✠☛ ☞✌✍✡✍✎✠ ❢✝✌ ✚✏✒❚ ✚✝✒✡✠✎✙ ✩☛✏✛☛✌✎ ✏✒✛❢✍✟✠✡☛✌✎ ❢✌✝✚ ✏✜✌✝✎✎ ✡✠☛ ✑✏✒✛ ❥✝✍✒☛✛ ✡✠☛ ❢✍✟✠✡✙

✼✽✾ ✿❀❁❂❃❄❅ ❆❈❉✽❊❋ ●❃❍❏

❯✒✒☛✌✢☛✛ ✘❚ ✡✠☛ ✎✜✏✑☛ ✝❢ ✡✠☛ ✞✕✠☛✏✢✏✑✖ ✡✠☛ ✪✝✚✕✏✒❚✛☛✜✍✛☛✛ ✡✝ ✌☛✕✌☛✎✎ ✡✠☛ ✌☛✢✝✑✡ ✓✍✡✠ ✏✑✑ ✍✡✎ ✚✍✟✠✡✙ s✡ ✘✌✝✞✟✠✡

❑▲◗❘ ❙ ❱ ❲❳❨❩❨❬❭ ❪❫❳❴❵❬❛❩❩❛❴❜ ❩❭❵ ❳❵❝❵❞❬ ❡❭❫ ❭❛❤❫❴❴♦✐❨❵❤ ❩❭❵ ❦❵❤ ❧❫❳❩ ♠❫♥❩❭❵ ❳❨r❭❩ ♣ ❛♥❤ q❛❞❨✈r❛❳❭❧❫❳❩ ❨♥ ✇❵❞❭❨ ♠❫♥ ❩❭❵ ❞❵❪❩ ♣

①②③④⑤④③⑥⑦⑧ ⑨⑩❶ ❷❸❷ ❹⑩❺ ❻❼❽⑩❾❿

❺➀➁❺➂➃➂ ❾❽➂❺❺ ❹➃➄❼➁➁➃➂❹ ❹⑩❺ ➂❺➅❺❿➄➆

➇⑧ ⑨➂❸❹❺ ❾ ➁❾➂❾❽➂❾➁⑩ ➃➈❹⑩❺ ❾➄➄❺➄➄➀❺➈❹ ⑩❺➀❾❶ ⑩❾➉❺ ➀❾❷❺ ➅❺➊➃➂❺❾➋➋❺➁❹❸➈❽ ❹⑩❺ ➃➊➊❺➂ ➃➊❹⑩❺ ➄❺➁➃❶➄⑧

Page 60: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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r✁✂✄☎✆r✝✁✞✁✄✟✠ ☎r✆✞ ✡✄☛☞✌✄✍✎ ✏✌✠✠✁✍ ✄✁✑ ☞✌✑✠ ✠✆✟t✌✟ ✟t✁ r✁✒✁☞✠ ✝✆✓☞✍ ✒✁ ✝✆✄✔✂✝✟✁✍ ✑✂✟t ✁✌✠✁✎ ✌✄✍ ✟t✁✄✞✆✔✁✍ ✂✄✟✆ ✟t✁ ✠✟✆r✞ ✝✁✄✟r✁✠ ✆☎ ✟t✁ r✁✔✆☞✟♠ ✕✁☞t✂ ✑✌✠r✁✝✌✏✟✓r✁✍ ☎r✆✞ ✟t✁ r✁✒✁☞ ☎✆r✝✁✠ ✂✄ ✖✁✏✟✁✞✒✁r ✗✘✙✚♠❚t✁ ☞✌✠✟ ✛✓☛t✌☞ ✁✞✏✁r✆r✎ ✱✌t✌✍✓r ✖t✌t ✜✌☎✌r ✑✌✠ ✟r✂✁✍✂✄ ✝✆✓r✟ ✌✄✍ ✠✁✄✟✁✄✝✁✍ ✟✆ ☞✂☎✁ ✂✞✏r✂✠✆✄✞✁✄✟♠ ✐✂✠ ✠✆✄✠✑✁r✁ ✠t✆✟ ✍✁✌✍ ✒✁☎✆r✁ t✂✠ ✁✇✁✠♠ ✐✁ ✌✄✍ t✂✠ ✑✂☎✁ ✱✁☛✓✞✜✂✄✌✟ ✛✌t✌☞ ✑✁r✁ ✠✁✄✟ ✟✆ ✏r✂✠✆✄ ✂✄ ❩✌✄☛✆✆✄ ✂✄ ✢✝✟✆✒✁r✗✘✙✘♠ ✱✌t✌✍✓r ✖t✌t ✜✌☎✌r ✍✂✁✍ ✂✄ ✟t✁ ❩✌✄☛✆✆✄ ✶✌✂☞ ✂✄◆✆✔✁✞✒✁r ✗✘✣✤♠

❚t✁ r✁✝✌✏✟✓r✁ ✆☎ ✕✁☞t✂✎ t✆✑✁✔✁r✎ ✍✂✍ ✄✆✟ ✞✁✌✄ ✟t✌✟ ✟t✁r✁✒✁☞☞✂✆✄ ✍✂✁✍ ✍✆✑✄ ✌☎✟✁r ✟t✌✟♠ ✥✁✆✏☞✁ ✝✆✄✟✂✄✓✁✍ ✟✆ r✁✠✂✠✟✌✄✍ ✒✌✟✟☞✁ ✟t✁ ✱r✂✟✂✠t♠ ❚t✁ ✱r✂✟✂✠t t✌✍ ✟✆ ☎✂☛t✟ ☎✆r ✟✑✆✇✁✌r✠ ✟✆ ✠✓✏✏r✁✠✠ ✟t✁ ✞✌✠✠✂✔✁ ☎✆r✝✁✠ ✆☎ ✏✆✏✓☞✌r r✁✒✁☞☞✂✆✄♠

▲✓✝✦✄✆✑ ✑✌✠ ✟✌✦✁✄ ✂✄ ✛✌r✝t ✗✘✙✘♠ ❩✌✄✂ ▲✌✦✠t✞✂✒✌✂✑✌✠ ✍✁☎✁✌✟✁✍ ✌✄✍ ✦✂☞☞✁✍ ✂✄ ✧✓✄✁ ✗✘✙✘♠ ❚✌✄✟✂✌ ❚✆✏✁✁✠✝✌✏✁✍ ✟✆ ✟t✁ ✶✓✄☛☞✁✠ ✆☎ ✝✁✄✟r✌☞ ❡✄✍✂✌ ✌✄✍ ✝✆✄✟✂✄✓✁✍✟✆ ☎✂☛t✟ ✌ ☛✓✁rr✂☞☞✌ ✑✌r ✑✂✟t ✟t✁ ✠✓✏✏✆r✟ ✆☎ ✞✌✄✇ ✟r✂✒✌☞✌✄✍ ✏✁✌✠✌✄✟ ☞✁✌✍✁r✠♠ ✐✁ ✑✌✠ ✝✌✏✟✓r✁✍✎ ✟r✂✁✍ ✌✄✍ ✦✂☞☞✁✍✂✄ ★✏r✂☞ ✗✘✙✩♠

✧✓✠✟ ✌✠ ✔✂✝✟✆r✂✁✠ ✌☛✌✂✄✠✟ ✟t✁ ✱r✂✟✂✠t t✌✍ ✁✌r☞✂✁r✁✄✝✆✓r✌☛✁✍ r✁✒✁☞☞✂✆✄✎ ✟t✁ ✍✁☎✁✌✟ ✆☎ r✁✒✁☞ ☎✆r✝✁✠✁✄✝✆✓r✌☛✁✍ ✍✁✠✁r✟✂✆✄✠♠ ❚t✁ ✱r✂✟✂✠t ✌☞✠✆ ✟r✂✁✍ ✟t✁✂r ✒✁✠✟✟✆ ✑✂✄ ✒✌✝✦ ✟t✁ ☞✆✇✌☞✟✇ ✆☎ ✟t✁ ✏✁✆✏☞✁♠ ❚t✁✇ ✌✄✄✆✓✄✝✁✍r✁✑✌r✍✠ ☎✆r ☞✆✇✌☞ ☞✌✄✍t✆☞✍✁r✠ ✑✆✓☞✍ ✒✁ ✌☞☞✆✑✁✍ ✟✆✝✆✄✟✂✄✓✁ ✟✆ ✁✄✶✆✇ ✟r✌✍✂✟✂✆✄✌☞ r✂☛t✟✠ ✆✔✁r ✟t✁✂r ☞✌✄✍✠♠❚t✆✠✁ ✑t✆ t✌✍ r✁✒✁☞☞✁✍ ✑✁r✁ ✟✆☞✍ ✟t✌✟ ✂☎ ✟t✁✇ ✠✓✒✞✂✟✟✁✍✟✆ ✟t✁ ✱r✂✟✂✠t✎ ✌✄✍ ✂☎ ✟t✁✇ t✌✍ ✄✆✟ ✦✂☞☞✁✍ ✌✄✇ ✑t✂✟✁ ✏✁✆✏☞✁✎

❆✪✫✬✭✬✫✮▼✯✰✲ ✯ ✳✴✵✷ ✸✹ ✻✳✯✼✲✵✽✾✲✿✲ ✷✾✲ ❀✻✿✴✵✴❁❂ ✷✸✸✰✻✳✯✼✲ ✴❁ ▼✯♣❃ ❄❀❁✲ ✯❁❅❄❀✳♣ ❏❇❈❉❊

❲●❍■ P❍❑P❖❍ ❘❍◗❍❖

❙❯❱❳ ❨ ❹ ❬❭❪ ❫❴❪❵❪ ❛❜❝❴❞❜❪❝❢❭❪❫ ❣❪❤❭❴❬❭❪ ❥❜❴❛❴❫❭ ❦❧❜❢❪❫ ❴❞❴❛❴❝❤❤♥❦❧♦❞q ❴❛ q❴❦❦❴❢♦❤❛ ❛❧ s❜❪❝✉❛❭❜❧♦❵❭ ❛❭❪ ❭❪❝✈♥ ❦❧❜❛❴❦❴❢❝❛❴❧❞❴❞ ❣❪❤❭❴① ②❞ ③ ④❪⑤❛❪⑥s❪❜⑦⑧⑨⑩ ❜❪❴❞❦❧❜❢❪⑥❪❞❛❫ ❝❜❜❴✈❪q ❹❝ ⑩❶ ⑥❴❤❪❶❤❧❞❵ ❫❴❪❵❪ ❛❜❝❴❞❢❧⑥⑤❜❴❫❴❞❵ ❢❝❜❛❤❧❝q❫ ❧❦❢❝❞❧❞❫ ❝❞q ❝⑥⑥♦❞❴❛❴❧❞ ⑤♦❤❤❪qs♥ ❪❤❪⑤❭❝❞❛❫①

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✻✆

t✝✞✟ ✠✡☛☞✌ ✍✞✎✏✑✒ ✓✏✔✞ ✏✒✌ t✝✞✑✍ ✍✑✕✝t✓ ✏✒✌ ✖☞✏✑✎✓ t✡☞✏✒✌ ✠✡☛☞✌ ✒✡t ❧✞ ✌✞✒✑✞✌✗ ✘✞✙✞✍t✝✞☞✞✓✓✚ ✝☛✒✌✍✞✌✓ ✡✔✓✞s✡✟✓✚ ✍✞❧✞☞✓✚ ✒✏✠✏❧✓ ✏✒✌ ✍✏✛✏✓ ✠✞✍✞ t✍✑✞✌ ✏✒✌ ✝✏✒✕✞✌✗

❆✜✢✣✤✦✧✢★

❚✝✞ ✩✍✑t✑✓✝ ✝✏✌ ✍✞✕✏✑✒✞✌ ✖✡✒t✍✡☞✡✔ t✝✞ ✖✡☛✒t✍✟ ❧✟ t✝✞ ✞✒✌ ✡✔ ♦✪✫✬✚❧☛t t✝✞✟ ✖✡☛☞✌ ✒✡t ✖✏✍✍✟ ✡✒ ✍☛☞✑✒✕t✝✞ ☞✏✒✌ ✠✑t✝ t✝✞ ✓✏✎✞ s✡☞✑✖✑✞✓✏✒✟ ✎✡✍✞✗

●✑✙✞✒ ❧✞☞✡✠ ✏✍✞ t✝✞ ✑✎s✡✍t✏✒t✖✝✏✒✕✞✓ t✝✏t ✠✞✍✞ ✑✒t✍✡✌☛✖✞✌ ❧✟t✝✞ ✩✍✑t✑✓✝✗

♦✗ ❚✝✞ ✩✍✑t✑✓✝ ✶✏✍☞✑✏✎✞✒t s✏✓✓✞✌✏ ✒✞✠ ❛✖t ✑✒ ♦✪✫✪ ✏✒✌ t✍✏✒✓✔✞✍✍✞✌t✝✞ s✡✠✞✍✓ ✡✔ t✝✞ ✭✏✓t ✮✒✌✑✏ ✯✡✎s✏✒✟t✡ t✝✞ ✩✍✑t✑✓✝ ✯✍✡✠✒ ✑✒ ✡✍✌✞✍ t✡✞✒✓☛✍✞ ✏ ✎✡✍✞ ✍✞✓s✡✒✓✑❧☞✞✎✏✒✏✕✞✎✞✒t ✡✔ ✮✒✌✑✏✒ ✏✔✔✏✑✍✓✗ ❛

✎✞✎❧✞✍ ✡✔ t✝✞ ✩✍✑t✑✓✝ ✯✏❧✑✒✞t ✠✏✓ ✏ss✡✑✒t✞✌ ♠✞✖✍✞t✏✍✟ ✡✔♠t✏t✞ ✔✡✍ ✮✒✌✑✏ ✏✒✌ ✎✏✌✞ ✍✞✓s✡✒✓✑❧☞✞ ✔✡✍ ✏☞☞ ✎✏tt✞✍✓ ✍✞☞✏t✞✌t✡ t✝✞ ✕✡✙✞✍✒✏✒✖✞ ✡✔ ✮✒✌✑✏✗ ✰✞ ✠✏✓ ✕✑✙✞✒ ✏ ✖✡☛✒✖✑☞ t✡ ✏✌✙✑✓✞✝✑✎✚ ✖✏☞☞✞✌ t✝✞ ✮✒✌✑✏ ✯✡☛✒✖✑☞✗ ❚✝✞ ●✡✙✞✍✒✡✍✲●✞✒✞✍✏☞ ✡✔ ✮✒✌✑✏✠✏✓ ✕✑✙✞✒ t✝✞ t✑t☞✞ ✡✔ ✇✑✖✞✍✡✟✚ t✝✏t ✑✓✚ ✏ s✞✍✓✡✒✏☞✍✞s✍✞✓✞✒t✏t✑✙✞ ✡✔ t✝✞ ✯✍✡✠✒✗ ❚✝✍✡☛✕✝ t✝✞✓✞ ✎✞✏✓☛✍✞✓ t✝✞✩✍✑t✑✓✝ ✕✡✙✞✍✒✎✞✒t ✏✖✖✞st✞✌ ✌✑✍✞✖t ✍✞✓s✡✒✓✑❧✑☞✑t✟ ✔✡✍✍☛☞✑✒✕ ✮✒✌✑✏✗

❋✱✳✴ ✵ ❹ ✷✸✹✺✹✼✽ ✺✸✾✾✿✼ ❀❁✾❂ ❃✿❑❄✼✽❅❇✸❇ ❈❄✺❇ ✺✾ ❇❉✺❇✸ ❊❇❁✽✹

❋✱✳✴ ❍ ❹ ✷✸✹✺✹✼✽ ❏✾✸▲❇✼ ▲❄✿✺❃✸❇ ✺✽❇✸❇❀❇❁✼ ❉❇❄✸ ❑❄❉✿❃✸◆▼◗❘❙❯ ◗❱❯ ❲❳❨ ◗❱❯ ❳❩◗❘❬◗ ❬❱▼❲❬◗❱❯ ❭❩❘◗❘❬❱ ❬▼❪❫❘❯❩❬ ❴❳❪❘❳❵◗❪❨❳❫❴❳❵❙❘❵❜ ▼❵ ◗❱❯ ❩❯❝❯❪ ❞▼❩❙❯❬❡

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✻�

✷✳ ❆✁✁ ✂✄✁☎✆✝ ✞✟☎✠✡☛ ☞✡ ✌✟✠ ✞☞✄✆✌✂✍ ✎✠✂✠ ✏☛☛✄✂✠✑ ✌✟✏✌ ✌✟✠☎✂

✌✠✂✂☎✌☞✂✍ ✎☞✄✁✑ ✆✠t✠✂ ✒✠ ✏✆✆✠✓✠✑ ☎✆ ✡✄✌✄✂✠✳ ✔✟✠✍ ✎✠✂✠ ✏✁✁☞✎✠✑ ✌☞

♣✏☛☛ ☞✆ ✌✟✠☎✂ ✕☎✆✝✑☞✖☛ ✌☞ ✌✟✠☎✂ ✟✠☎✂☛✗ ☎✆✞✁✄✑☎✆✝ ✏✑☞♣✌✠✑ ☛☞✆☛✳

❍☞✎✠t✠✂✗ ✌✟✠✍ ✎✠✂✠ ✖✏✑✠ ✌☞ ✏✞✕✆☞✎✁✠✑✝✠ ✌✟✠ ❡✂☎✌☎☛✟ ✘✄✠✠✆ ✏☛

✌✟✠☎✂ ✙☞t✠✂✠☎✝✆ ✚✏✂✏✖☞✄✆✌✳ ✔✟✄☛ ✌✟✠ ✛✆✑☎✏✆ ✂✄✁✠✂☛ ✎✠✂✠ ✌☞ ✟☞✁✑

✌✟✠☎✂ ✕☎✆✝✑☞✖☛ ✏☛ ☛✄✒☞✂✑☎✆✏✌✠☛ ☞✡ ✌✟✠ ❡✂☎✌☎☛✟ ✜✂☞✎✆✳

✸✳ ✛✌ ✎✏☛ ✑✠✞☎✑✠✑ ✌✟✏✌ ✌✟✠ ♣✂☞♣☞✂✌☎☞✆ ☞✡ ✛✆✑☎✏✆ ☛☞✁✑☎✠✂☛ ☎✆ ✌✟✠

✏✂✖✍ ✎☞✄✁✑ ✒✠ ✂✠✑✄✞✠✑ ✏✆✑ ✌✟✠ ✆✄✖✒✠✂ ☞✡ ❛✄✂☞♣✠✏✆ ☛☞✁✑☎✠✂☛ ✎☞✄✁✑

✒✠ ☎✆✞✂✠✏☛✠✑✳ ✛✌ ✎✏☛ ✏✁☛☞ ✑✠✞☎✑✠✑ ✌✟✏✌ ☎✆☛✌✠✏✑ ☞✡ ✂✠✞✂✄☎✌☎✆✝ ☛☞✁✑☎✠✂☛

✡✂☞✖ ❆✎✏✑✟✗ ❡☎✟✏✂✗ ✞✠✆✌✂✏✁ ✛✆✑☎✏ ✏✆✑ ☛☞✄✌✟ ✛✆✑☎✏✗ ✖☞✂✠ ☛☞✁✑☎✠✂☛

✎☞✄✁✑ ✒✠ ✂✠✞✂✄☎✌✠✑ ✡✂☞✖ ✏✖☞✆✝ ✌✟✠ ✇✄✂✕✟✏☛✗ ✙☎✕✟☛ ✏✆✑ ✚✏✌✟✏✆☛✳

✹✳ ✔✟✠ ✁✏✆✑ ✏✆✑ ♣✂☞♣✠✂✌✍ ☞✡ ❚✄☛✁☎✖☛ ✎✏☛ ✞☞✆✡☎☛✞✏✌✠✑ ☞✆ ✏ ✁✏✂✝✠

☛✞✏✁✠ ✏✆✑ ✌✟✠✍ ✎✠✂✠ ✌✂✠✏✌✠✑ ✎☎✌✟ ☛✄☛♣☎✞☎☞✆ ✏✆✑ ✟☞☛✌☎✁☎✌✍✳ ✔✟✠ ❡✂☎✌☎☛✟

✒✠✁☎✠t✠✑ ✌✟✏✌ ✌✟✠✍ ✎✠✂✠ ✂✠☛♣☞✆☛☎✒✁✠ ✡☞✂ ✌✟✠ ✂✠✒✠✁✁☎☞✆ ☎✆ ✏ ✒☎✝ ✎✏✍✳

✺✳ ✔✟✠ ❡✂☎✌☎☛✟ ✑✠✞☎✑✠✑ ✌☞ ✂✠☛♣✠✞✌ ✌✟✠ ✞✄☛✌☞✖✏✂✍ ✂✠✁☎✝☎☞✄☛ ✏✆✑

☛☞✞☎✏✁ ♣✂✏✞✌☎✞✠☛ ☞✡ ✌✟✠ ♣✠☞♣✁✠ ☎✆ ✛✆✑☎✏✳

✢✳ ✚☞✁☎✞☎✠☛ ✎✠✂✠ ✖✏✑✠ ✌☞ ♣✂☞✌✠✞✌ ✁✏✆✑✁☞✂✑☛ ✏✆✑ P✏✖☎✆✑✏✂☛

✏✆✑ ✝☎t✠ ✌✟✠✖ ☛✠✞✄✂☎✌✍ ☞✡ ✂☎✝✟✌☛ ☞t✠✂ ✌✟✠☎✂ ✁✏✆✑☛✳

✔✟✄☛ ✏ ✆✠✎ ♣✟✏☛✠ ☞✡ ✟☎☛✌☞✂✍ ✒✠✝✏✆ ✏✡✌✠✂ ✣✤✺✥✳

❋✦✧★ ✩✪ ❹ ✫✬✭✮

✐✭✯✬✰✱✲✴✱ ✵✮✴✱✰✮✶ ✬✼

✱✽✮ ✾✮✿✬❀✱ ✐✴ ❁✬✰✱✽

■✴❂✐✲

❲❃❄❅ ❇❄❈❇❉❄ ❘❄❊❄❉

▼●❏❑ ▲◆❑❖◗◆❙ ❯❱ ❖❳◆ ❨◆❩❯❬❖

❭❖❳◆◗ ▲◆❑❖◗◆❙ ❯❱ ❖❳◆ ❨◆❩❯❬❖

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✻✆

❊✝✞❊✟✠❊✡❊

▲☛☞✌✍ ✎✏✑✒✎✓☛

✔✕✖✗✘✙✚ ✛✜✢ ✖✣✚ ✖❇✣✘✤✘✦✧ ✜★★✘✩✚✣ ✘✙❆✪✖✫✧ ✫✢✣✘✙✗ ✤✧✚✣✚r✚✬✬✘✜✙✭ ✮✧✖✤ ✪✜✢✬✫✛✜✢ ✫✜ ✤✜ ②✚✚✯ ✛✜✢✣✯✬✖✙✦ ✜★ ★✘✗✧✤✘✙✗ ✤✧✚✣✚r✚✬✦ ✖ ✤✜✯ ✦✚✩✣✚✤✭ ▲☛☞✌✍ ✰☛✱✑✲✲

✶✳ ❲✴✵✷✸✵✹ ✷✴✺ ✼✺✽✵✾✼ ✿❀ ❁✵✾❂ ❃✵❄✹✴✽❂❅✵❂ ✿❀ ❈✴✵✾✹❂✷✴✵✷ ✸✵✹ t✺❀❉✹✺✼ ❅❋ ✷✴✺ ●t❂✷❂✹✴❍

❏✳ ❲✴✵✷ ✼❂✼ ✷✴✺ ●t❂✷❂✹✴ ✼✿ ✷✿ ❑t✿✷✺▼✷ ✷✴✺ ❂✾✷✺t✺✹✷✹ ✿❀✷✴✿✹✺ ✸✴✿ ▼✿✾◆✺t✷✺✼ ✷✿ ◗✴t❂✹✷❂✵✾❂✷❋❍

❘✳ ❲✴✵✷ ✿❅❙✺▼✷❂✿✾✹ ✼❂✼ ✷✴✺ ✹✺❑✿❋✹ ✴✵◆✺ ✷✿ ✷✴✺ ✾✺✸▼✵t✷t❂✼❝✺✹ ✷✴✵✷ ✷✴✺❋ ✸✺t✺ ✵✹❄✺✼ ✷✿ ❉✹✺❍

❚✳ ❯✿✸ ✼❂✼ ✷✴✺ ❱✵✹✷ ❳❉❝✴✵❱ ✺✽❑✺t✿t ❱❂◆✺ ✷✴✺ ❱✵✹✷ ❋✺✵t✹✿❀ ✴❂✹ ❱❂❀✺❍

❨❩❬ ❭ ✠❪❭❫❪❴❵❛ ❜❞❴❡❢❩❣ ❩❤ ✐❬❪❭❥ ❦❪❭❧❪♠♥♦♣q s♥q ✉q✈✇♣s ①③④ ④⑤✉q③⑥♦⑦⑧ ♦⑦ ⑨⑦⑥♦③♦⑦ ⑩❶❷❸❹ ③ ❺③④④♦✈q ⑤✇⑤❻♣③✉ ❻⑤✉♦④♦⑦⑧①③④ ✉③⑧♦⑦⑧ ♦⑦ s♥q ④✇❻s♥q✉⑦ ⑤③✉s④ ✇❼❽♥♦⑦③❾ ⑨s ♥③⑥ ④s③✉sq⑥ ♦⑦ ⑩❶❷❿ ③⑦⑥ ➀✇❻♣⑥➁q ④❻⑤⑤✉q④④q⑥ ✇⑦♣➂ ➁➂ s♥q ❺♦⑥➃⑩❶➄❿④❾➅♥✇❻④③⑦⑥④ ✇❼ ♣③➁✇❻✉♦⑦⑧❹ ⑤✇✇✉ ⑤q✇⑤♣q①q✉q ♣q⑥ ➁➂ ➆✇⑦⑧ ➇♦❻➈❻③⑦ s✇ ❼♦⑧♥s ❼✇✉s♥q q④s③➁♣♦④♥❺q⑦s ✇❼ s♥q ➆q③✈q⑦♣➂➉♦⑦⑧⑥✇❺ ✇❼ ➊✉q③s ➋q③➀q❾ ➅♥♦④ ①③④ ➌⑦✇①⑦③④ s♥q ➅③♦⑤♦⑦⑧ ➍q➁q♣♣♦✇⑦❾

➆✇⑦⑧ ➇♦❻➈❻③⑦ ①③④ ③ ➀✇⑦✈q✉s s✇❽♥✉♦④s♦③⑦♦s➂ ③⑦⑥①③④ ③⑧③♦⑦④s s♥q s✉③⑥♦s♦✇⑦③♣✉q♣♦⑧♦✇⑦④ ⑤✉③➀s♦④q⑥ ♦⑦ ❽♥♦⑦③ ④❻➀♥ ③④❽✇⑦❼❻➀♦③⑦♦④❺③⑦⑥ ➎❻⑥⑥♥♦④❺❾ ➅♥q ✉q➁q♣④ ✇❼

➅③♦⑤♦⑦⑧ ①③⑦sq⑥ s✇ q④s③➁♣♦④♥ ③ ➌♦⑦⑧⑥✇❺ ①♥q✉q ③ ❼✇✉❺ ✇❼ ❽♥✉♦④s♦③⑦♦s➂ ①③④ ⑤✉③➀s♦④q⑥❹ ①♥q✉q ⑦✇✇⑦q ♥q♣⑥③⑦➂ ⑤✉♦✈③sq ⑤✉✇⑤q✉s➂❹ ①♥q✉q s♥q✉q①③④ ⑦✇ ⑥♦❼❼q✉q⑦➀q ➁qs①qq⑦ ④✇➀♦③♣ ➀♣③④④q④ ③⑦⑥➁qs①qq⑦❺q⑦ ③⑦⑥①✇❺q⑦❹ ①♥q✉q ➀✇⑦④❻❺⑤s♦✇⑦ ✇❼ ✇⑤♦❻❺❹ s✇➁③➀➀✇❹ ③♣➀✇♥✇♣❹ ③⑦⑥③➀s♦✈♦s♦q④ ♣♦➌q ⑧③❺➁♣♦⑦⑧❹⑤✉✇④s♦s❻s♦✇⑦❹ ④♣③✈q✉➂❹ ①q✉q ⑤✉✇♥♦➁♦sq⑥❾➅♥q ➎✉♦s♦④♥ ③⑦⑥ ➏✉q⑦➀♥ ③✉❺q⑥ ❼✇✉➀q④ ✇⑤q✉③s♦⑦⑧ ♦⑦ ❽♥♦⑦③ ♥q♣⑤q⑥ s♥q q❺⑤q✉✇✉ ✇❼ s♥q ➐♦⑦⑧

⑥➂⑦③④s➂ s✇ ⑤❻s ⑥✇①⑦ s♥q ➅③♦⑤♦⑦⑧ ➍q➁q♣♣♦✇⑦❾

➑➒➓➔ →→ ➣ ↔↕➙➛➙➜➝ ↕➞➟➠ ➟➡➡➢➙➜➝ ➢➤➡➙➞ ➥➡↕➦➡➞

Page 64: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✻�

Let’s discuss

✺✳ ❲✁✂✄ ☎✆✝✞✟ ✠✡ ✄✁✡ ☛✡✂☞✆✌☞ ✍✆☛ ✄✁✡ ☎✆✌✍✎✟✡✌☎✡ ✆✍

✄✁✡ t☛✎✄✎☞✁ ☛✝✞✡☛☞ ✂✠✆✝✄ ✄✁✡✎☛ ✏✆☞✎✄✎✆✌ ✎✌ ✑✌✟✎✂ ✠✡✍✆☛✡

▼✂✒ ✓✔✺✕✖

✗✳ ❲✁✂✄ ✎✘✏✂☎✄ ✟✎✟ t✂✁✂✟✝☛ ✙✁✂✁ ✚✂✍✂☛✛☞ ☞✝✏✏✆☛✄ ✄✆

✄✁✡ ☛✡✠✡✞✞✎✆✌ ✁✂✜✡ ✆✌ ✄✁✡ ✏✡✆✏✞✡ ✂✌✟ ✄✁✡ ☛✝✞✎✌✢

✍✂✘✎✞✎✡☞✖

✕✳ ❍✆✣ ✟✎✟ ✄✁✡ t☛✎✄✎☞✁ ☞✝☎☎✡✡✟ ✎✌ ☞✡☎✝☛✎✌✢ ✄✁✡

☞✝✠✘✎☞☞✎✆✌ ✆✍ ✄✁✡ ☛✡✠✡✞ ✞✂✌✟✆✣✌✡☛☞ ✆✍ s✣✂✟✁✖

✔✳ ✑✌ ✣✁✂✄ ✣✂✒☞ ✟✎✟ ✄✁✡ t☛✎✄✎☞✁ ☎✁✂✌✢✡ ✄✁✡✎☛ ✏✆✞✎☎✎✡☞

✂☞ ✂ ☛✡☞✝✞✄ ✆✍ ✄✁✡ ☛✡✠✡✞✞✎✆✌ ✆✍ ✓✔✺✕✖

Let’s do

✾✳ ❋✎✌✟ ✆✝✄ ☞✄✆☛✎✡☞ ✂✌✟ ☞✆✌✢☞ ☛✡✘✡✘✠✡☛✡✟ ✠✒ ✏✡✆✏✞✡

✎✌ ✒✆✝☛ ✂☛✡✂ ✆☛ ✒✆✝☛ ✍✂✘✎✞✒ ✂✠✆✝✄ ❙✤✥ ❙✤✦✦✤✧✤✥ ★✩

▲✤✪✤✤✩✳ ❲✁✂✄ ✘✡✘✆☛✎✡☞ ✟✆ ✏✡✆✏✞✡ ☎✁✡☛✎☞✁ ✂✠✆✝✄

✄✁✡ ✢☛✡✂✄ ✝✏☛✎☞✎✌✢✖

✓✵✳ ❋✎✌✟ ✆✝✄ ✘✆☛✡ ✂✠✆✝✄ ✫✂✌✎ ✬✂✭☞✁✘✎✠✂✎ ✆✍ ✮✁✂✌☞✎✳

✑✌ ✣✁✂✄ ✣✂✒☞ ✣✆✝✞✟ ☞✁✡ ✁✂✜✡ ✠✡✡✌ ✂✌ ✝✌✝☞✝✂✞

✣✆✘✂✌ ✍✆☛ ✁✡☛ ✄✎✘✡☞✖

✯✰✱✲ ✴✶ ✷ ✸✹✼✽✿ ❀❁ ❂❃❄ ✸❄✿✼❅❄✽❆❇

✼✽ ✐✹❆❈✽❀❉

■❊ ●❏❊❑ ◆❖P◗❘ ❚❯❑ ❱❑❳❑❨ ❩❬❱❭❑❪

❳❑❜❫❊ ❚❯❑ ❪❴❑❜❑ ❬❩ ❚❯❑ ❵❑❪❴❛❑❊❭❝❞

❡ ❨❫❱❜❑ ❊❏❢❳❑❱ ❬❩ ❣❱❴❚❴❪❯ ❤❬❢❑❊❘❢❑❊ ❫❊❛ ❭❯❴❨❛❱❑❊ ❯❫❛ ❚❫♠❑❊

❪❯❑❨❚❑❱ ❴❊ ❚❯❑ ❳❏❴❨❛❴❊❜❪ ❚❯❑❱❑❞

❥❯❑ ❱❑❳❑❨❪ ❪❏❱❱❬❏❊❛❑❛ ❚❯❑

❭❬❢❦❬❏❊❛ ❫❊❛ ❳❬❢❳❫❱❛❑❛ ❚❯❑

❳❏❴❨❛❴❊❜ ❤❴❚❯ ❪❯❑❨❨❪❞ ❧❴❚ ❳❝ ❫

❪❯❑❨❨❘ ❧❑❊❱❝ ♥❫❤❱❑❊❭❑❘ ❚❯❑ ♦❯❴❑❩♦❬❢❢❴❪❪❴❬❊❑❱ ❬❩ ❡❤❫❛❯❘ ❛❴❑❛ ❴❊

❬❊❑ ❬❩ ❚❯❑ ❱❬❬❢❪ ❚❯❫❚ ❝❬❏ ❪❑❑ ❴❊

❚❯❑ ❦❴❭❚❏❱❑❞ ♣❬❚❴❭❑ ❯❬❤ ❳❏❴❨❛❴❊❜❪

❭❫❱❱❝ ❚❯❑ ❢❫❱♠❪ ❬❩ ❦❫❪❚ ❑q❑❊❚❪❞

r✉✈✇ ①✈②①③✈ ④✈⑤✈③

Page 65: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❈�✁�✂✄☎✁✄✆✝ ☎✂✞ ✟✠✡ ❈✄✟☛

❚☞✌ ✍✎✏✑✒ ✏✓ ✔✕ ✖✗✘✌✑✙✔✚ ✛✔✘✙✎✔✚✻

❲✜✢✣ ✤✢✥✥✦✧✦★ ✣✩ ✪✫✣✫✦✬ ✭✧★✦✮ ✪✩✯✩✧✫✢✯❘✰✯✦✱❨♦✲ ✳✴✵✶ ✷✶✶✸ ✳♦✹ ✺✼✽✶ ✼✸ ✾✳✶ ✿♦✲✸✾❀❁✷✼❂✶ ✿✳✴✸❃✶❂ ✴✽✾✶❀ ✾✳✶✶✷✾✴❡✺✼✷✳❄✶✸✾ ♦✽ ❅❀✼✾✼✷✳ ❆♦✹✶❀❇ ❉✳✴✾ ✳✴❆❆✶✸✶❂ ✾♦ ✾✳✶ ✿✼✾✼✶✷❂✲❀✼✸❃ ✾✳✶ ✷✴❄✶ ❆✶❀✼♦❂❞ ❊✳✶ ✴✸✷✹✶❀ ✹✼✺✺ ❂✶❆✶✸❂ ♦✸ ✾✳✶❦✼✸❂ ♦✽ ✾♦✹✸ ♦❀ ✿✼✾❁ ✹✶ ✴❀✶ ❂✼✷✿✲✷✷✼✸❃❇ ❊✳✶ ✳✼✷✾♦❀❁ ♦✽ ✴ ✾✶❄❆✺✶✾♦✹✸ ✺✼❦✶ t✴❂✲❀✴✼ ✹✼✺✺ ✸♦✾ ❡✶ ✾✳✶ ✷✴❄✶ ✴✷ ✾✳✴✾ ♦✽ ✴❄✴✸✲✽✴✿✾✲❀✼✸❃ ✾♦✹✸ ✺✼❦✶ ♠✴✿✿✴❋ ♦❀ ✴ ❆♦❀✾ ✺✼❦✶ ●✲❀✴✾❋ ♦❀ ✾♦✹✸✷✾✳✴✾ ✷✼❄✲✺✾✴✸✶♦✲✷✺❁ ✷✶❀✵✶❂ ❄✴✸❁ ❂✼✽✽✶❀✶✸✾ ✽✲✸✿✾✼♦✸✷❇■✸ ❄♦✷✾ ❆✴❀✾✷ ♦✽ ✾✳✶ ❉✶✷✾✶❀✸ ✹♦❀✺❂ ❄♦❂✶❀✸ ✿✼✾✼✶✷ ✶❄✶❀❃✶❂

✹✼✾✳ ✼✸❂✲✷✾❀✼✴✺✼✷✴✾✼♦✸❇ ■✸ ❅❀✼✾✴✼✸❋ ✼✸❂✲✷✾❀✼✴✺ ✿✼✾✼✶✷ ✺✼❦✶ ❧✶✶❂✷✴✸❂ t✴✸✿✳✶✷✾✶❀ ❃❀✶✹ ❀✴❆✼❂✺❁ ✼✸ ✾✳✶ ✸✼✸✶✾✶✶✸✾✳ ✴✸❂ ✾✹✶✸✾✼✶✾✳✿✶✸✾✲❀✼✶✷❋ ✴✷ ❄♦❀✶ ✴✸❂ ❄♦❀✶ ❆✶♦❆✺✶ ✷♦✲❃✳✾ ❝♦❡✷❋ ✳♦✲✷✼✸❃ ✴✸❂♦✾✳✶❀ ✽✴✿✼✺✼✾ ✼✶✷ ✼✸ ✾✳✶✷✶ ❆✺✴✿✶✷❇ ❍♦✹✶✵✶❀❋ ✲✸✺✼❦✶ ❉✶✷✾✶❀✸❏✲❀♦❆✶❋ ■✸❂✼✴✸ ✿✼✾✼✶✷ ❂✼❂ ✸♦✾ ✶❑❆✴✸❂ ✴✷ ❀✴❆✼❂✺❁ ✼✸ ✾✳✶✸✼✸✶✾✶✶✸✾✳ ✿✶✸✾✲❀❁❇ ❉✳❁ ✹✴✷ ✾✳✼✷ ✷♦❞

▲▼◆❖ P ◗ ❙ ❯❱❳❩ ❬❭❪❫❴❵❛❱❜❫❢❣❫❤✐ ❥♥♣qrs✉✈✇①②s③④s⑤⑥⑦⑧⑦✇⑨②⑦⑥ s⑩ s④①⑤②⑨❶③s④③ ②⑨❶③ ③⑨❷④①④ ③✈⑦ ⑩⑦⑧⑦④③⑦⑦④③✈✉⑦④③❸❶❹❺ ❻③⑩ ①⑤②⑨❶③s④✉⑦⑥⑦✉✇①④⑦⑥ ❼❹ ③✈⑦ ✇s③⑦⑦①❽✈③⑦⑦④③✈ ✉⑦④③❸❶❹ s⑩③❶s⑥⑦ ⑩✈①❾③⑦⑥ ③⑨ ③✈⑦④⑦❷ ❿❶①③①⑩✈ ②⑨❶③⑩ ⑨❾❿⑨⑤❼s❹➀ rs⑥❶s⑩ s④⑥➁s✇✉❸③③s❺

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✻�

■✁ ✂✄☎ ✆✝✂☎ ☎✞✟✄✂☎☎✁✂✄ ✠☎✁✂✡☛☞✌ ✍✝✆✠✡✂✂✝✌ ✎✏✑✒✝☞

✝✁❛ ✓✝❛☛✝✔ ☛✏✔☎ ✞✁ ✞✑✕✏☛✂✝✁✠☎ ✝✔ P✖✗✘✙✚✗✛✜✢ ✠✞✂✞☎✔✥

❚✄☎☞ ✒☎✠✝✑☎ ✂✄☎ ✠☎✁✂☛☎✔ ✏✣ ✎☛✞✂✞✔✄ ✕✏✤☎☛ ✞✁ ✂✄☎ ❛✞✣✣☎☛☎✁✂

☛☎✟✞✏✁✔ ✏✣ ■✁❛✞✝✥ r✂ ✂✄☎ ✔✝✑☎ ✂✞✑☎✌ ✝ ✄✏✔✂ ✏✣ ✔✑✝✆✆☎☛

✠✞✂✞☎✔ ❛☎✠✆✞✁☎❛✥ ✓✝✁☞ ✂✏✤✁✔ ✑✝✁✡✣✝✠✂✡☛✞✁✟ ✔✕☎✠✞✝✆✞✔☎❛

✟✏✏❛✔ ❛☎✠✆✞✁☎❛ ❛✡☎ ✂✏ ✝ ❛☛✏✕ ✞✁ ✂✄☎ ❛☎✑✝✁❛ ✣✏☛ ✤✄✝✂

✂✄☎☞ ✕☛✏❛✡✠☎❛✥ t✆❛ ✂☛✝❛✞✁✟ ✠☎✁✂☛☎✔ ✝✁❛ ✕✏☛✂✔ ✠✏✡✆❛ ✁✏✂

✔✡☛s✞s☎ ✤✄☎✁ ✂✄☎ ✣✆✏✤ ✏✣ ✂☛✝❛☎ ✑✏s☎❛ ✂✏ ✁☎✤ ✠☎✁✂☛☎✔✥

❙✞✑✞✆✝☛✆☞✌ ☎✝☛✆✞☎☛ ✠☎✁✂☛☎✔ ✏✣ ☛☎✟✞✏✁✝✆ ✕✏✤☎☛ ✠✏✆✆✝✕✔☎❛

✤✄☎✁ ✆✏✠✝✆ ☛✡✆☎☛✔ ✤☎☛☎ ❛☎✣☎✝✂☎❛ ✒☞ ✂✄☎ ✎☛✞✂✞✔✄ ✝✁❛

✁☎✤ ✠☎✁✂☛☎✔ ✏✣ ✝❛✑✞✁✞✔✂☛✝✂✞✏✁ ☎✑☎☛✟☎❛✥ ❚✄✞✔ ✕☛✏✠☎✔✔ ✞✔

✏✣✂☎✁ ❛☎✔✠☛✞✒☎❛ ✝✔ ❛☎♦✉✖✦✧✛✙✘✧★✙✩✛✥ ✍✞✂✞☎✔ ✔✡✠✄ ✝✔

✓✝✠✄✆✞✕✝✂✁✝✑✌ ❙✡☛✝✂ ✝✁❛ ❙☎☛✞✁✟✝✕✝✂✝✑ ✤☎☛☎ ❛☎♦

✡☛✒✝✁✞✔☎❛ ❛✡☛✞✁✟ ✂✄☎ ✁✞✁☎✂☎☎✁✂✄ ✠☎✁✂✡☛☞✥ ✎☞ ✂✄☎ ☎✝☛✆☞

✂✤☎✁✂✞☎✂✄ ✠☎✁✂✡☛☞✌ ✏✁✆☞ ✪✪ ✕☎☛ ✠☎✁✂ ✏✣ ■✁❛✞✝✁✔ ✤☎☛☎

✆✞s✞✁✟ ✞✁ ✠✞✂✞☎✔✥

❚✄☎ ✄✞✔✂✏☛✞✠ ✞✑✕☎☛✞✝✆ ✠✞✂☞ ✏✣ ✫☎✆✄✞ ✒☎✠✝✑☎ ✝ ❛✡✔✂☞

✕☛✏s✞✁✠✞✝✆ ✂✏✤✁ ✞✁ ✂✄☎ ✁✞✁☎✂☎☎✁✂✄ ✠☎✁✂✡☛☞ ✒☎✣✏☛☎ ✞✂ ✤✝✔

☛☎✒✡✞✆✂ ✝✔ ✂✄☎ ✠✝✕✞✂✝✆ ✏✣ ✎☛✞✂✞✔✄ ■✁❛✞✝ ✝✣✂☎☛ ✪✬✪✭✥ ✮☎✂ ✡✔

✆✏✏❧ ✝✂ ✂✄☎ ✔✂✏☛☞ ✏✣ ✫☎✆✄✞ ✂✏ ✔☎☎ ✤✄✝✂ ✄✝✕✕☎✁☎❛ ✂✏ ✞✂

✡✁❛☎☛ ✠✏✆✏✁✞✝✆ ☛✡✆☎✥

❍✯✰ ✱✲✳✴ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✼✽ ✾✷✿✯❀✷ ❁✷✰ ✶✷✸✹✺❂

❨✏✡ ❧✁✏✤ ✫☎✆✄✞ ✝✔ ✂✄☎ ✠✝✕✞✂✝✆ ✏✣ ✑✏❛☎☛✁ ■✁❛✞✝✥ ✫✞❛ ☞✏✡

✝✆✔✏ ❧✁✏✤ ✂✄✝✂ ✞✂ ✄✝✔ ✒☎☎✁ ✝ ✠✝✕✞✂✝✆ ✣✏☛ ✑✏☛☎ ✂✄✝✁ ✝

✪✌❃❃❃ ☞☎✝☛✔✌ ✝✆✂✄✏✡✟✄ ✤✞✂✄ ✔✏✑☎ ✟✝✕✔❄ r✔ ✑✝✁☞ ✝✔ ✪❅

✠✝✕✞✂✝✆ ✠✞✂✞☎✔ ✤☎☛☎ ✣✏✡✁❛☎❛ ✞✁ ✝ ✔✑✝✆✆ ✝☛☎✝ ✏✣ ✝✒✏✡✂ ❝❃

✔❆✡✝☛☎ ✑✞✆☎✔ ✏✁ ✂✄☎ ✆☎✣✂ ✒✝✁❧ ✏✣ ✂✄☎ ☛✞s☎☛ ❇✝✑✡✁✝✥ ❚✄☎

☛☎✑✝✞✁✔ ✏✣ ✝✆✆ ✏✂✄☎☛ ✠✝✕✞✂✝✆✔ ✑✝☞ ✒☎ ✔☎☎✁ ✏✁ ✝ s✞✔✞✂ ✂✏

✂✄☎ ✑✏❛☎☛✁ ✠✞✂☞♦✔✂✝✂☎ ✏✣ ✫☎✆✄✞✥ t✣ ✂✄☎✔☎✌ ✂✄☎ ✑✏✔✂

P✖✗✘✙✚✗✛✜✢ ❈ ❉✏☛

✝❛✑✞✁✞✔✂☛✝✂✞s☎ ✕✡☛✕✏✔☎✔✌

✠✏✆✏✁✞✝✆ ■✁❛✞✝ ✤✝✔

❛✞s✞❛☎❛ ✞✁✂✏ ✂✄☛☎☎

➁❊☛☎✔✞❛☎✁✠✞☎✔❋ ●✎✏✑✒✝☞✌

✓✝❛☛✝✔ ✝✁❛ ✎☎✁✟✝✆▼✌

✤✄✞✠✄ ❛☎s☎✆✏✕☎❛ ✣☛✏✑ ✂✄☎

❏✝✔✂ ■✁❛✞✝ ✍✏✑✕✝✁☞❑✔

➁✣✝✠✂✏☛✞☎✔❋ ●✂☛✝❛✞✁✟ ✕✏✔✂✔▼

✝✂ ❙✡☛✝✂✌ ✓✝❛☛✝✔ ✝✁❛

✍✝✆✠✡✂✂✝✥

▲◆❖◗ ❘ ❹ ❯❱❲❳❩❬ ❭❱❪❫ ❴❵ ❫❜❞❞❴❡❜❫❞❞❵❫❜ ❢❞❵❫❣❪❬

❤✐❥ ❦♠♥♣ q✈ ✇q①②③♣ ②❥④③⑤ ♥q④⑥q⑦ ⑦✐❥⑤ ♥✐❥ ⑧③⑨♥ ⑩⑤❶♠③❷q①❸③⑤♣ ⑨♥③⑥♥❥❶ ❺⑨♠⑤④ ✇q①②③♣③⑨ ♠♥⑨ ①③♠⑤ ❸q⑥♥ ♠⑤ ⑦❥⑨♥❥⑥⑤⑩⑤❶♠③❻

❼❽❾❽❿➀➂❾➀➃➄ ➂❿➅ ➆➇➈ ❼➀➆➉

➊✖✦✧✛✙✘✧★✙✩✛ ❈ ❚✄☎

✕☛✏✠☎✔✔ ✒☞ ✤✄✞✠✄ ✑✏☛☎

✝✁❛ ✑✏☛☎ ✕☎✏✕✆☎ ✒☎✟✞✁

✂✏ ☛☎✔✞❛☎ ✞✁ ✂✏✤✁✔ ✝✁❛

✠✞✂✞☎✔

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✻✻

✐✆✝✞✟✠✡☛✠ ✡✟☞ ✠✌☞ ✍✡✝✐✠✡✎ ✍✐✠✐☞✏ ✑✒✐✎✠ ✑☞✠✓☞☞☛ ✠✌☞ ✠✓☞✎✔✠✌

✡☛❛ ✏☞✕☞☛✠☞☞☛✠✌ ✍☞☛✠✒✟✐☞✏✖

❚✌☞ ✆✞✏✠ ✏✝✎☞☛❛✐❛ ✍✡✝✐✠✡✎ ✞✔ ✡✎✎ ✓✡✏ ✑✒✐✎✠ ✑✗ ✘✌✡✌

❏✡✌✡☛✖ ✘✌✡✌✙✡✌✡☛✡✑✡❛ ✓✡✏ ✑☞✚✒☛ ✐☛ ✛✜✢✣ ✡☛❛ ✍✞☛✏✐✏✠☞❛

✞✔ ✡ ✔✞✟✠♦✝✡✎✡✍☞ ✍✞✆✝✎☞✤ ✡☛❛ ✠✌☞ ✍✐✠✗ ✡❛✙✞✐☛✐☛✚ ✐✠✖ ✦✡✎

◗✐✎✡ ✞✟ ✠✌☞ ✧☞❛ ★✞✟✠✩ ✆✡❛☞ ✞✔ ✟☞❛ ✏✡☛❛✏✠✞☛☞✩ ✍✞☛✠✡✐☛☞❛

✠✌☞ ✝✡✎✡✍☞ ✍✞✆✝✎☞✤✖ ❚✞ ✐✠✏ ✓☞✏✠ ✎✡✗ ✠✌☞ ✪✡✎✎☞❛ ✫✐✠✗ ✓✐✠✌

✛✶ ✚✡✠☞✏✖ ❚✌☞ ✆✡✐☛ ✏✠✟☞☞✠✏ ✞✔ ✫✌✡☛❛☛✐ ✫✌✞✓✬ ✡☛❛ ★✡✐✭

❇✡✭✡✡✟ ✓☞✟☞ ✑✟✞✡❛ ☞☛✞✒✚✌ ✔✞✟ ✟✞✗✡✎ ✝✟✞✍☞✏✏✐✞☛✏ ✠✞ ✝✡✏✏✖

❆ ✍✡☛✡✎ ✟✡☛ ❛✞✓☛ ✠✌☞ ✍☞☛✠✟☞ ✞✔ ✫✌✡☛❛☛✐ ✫✌✞✓✬✖

✘☞✠ ✡✆✐❛✏✠ ❛☞☛✏☞✎✗ ✝✡✍✬☞❛ ✆✞✌✡✎✎✡✏ ✡☛❛ ✏☞✕☞✟✡✎

❛✞✭☞☛ ✑✡✭✡✡✟✏✩ ✠✌☞ ❏✡✆✡ ❞✡✏✙✐❛ ✓✡✏ ✡✆✞☛✚ ✠✌☞ ✎✡✟✚☞✏✠

✡☛❛ ✚✟✡☛❛☞✏✠ ✆✞✏✮✒☞✏ ✐☛ ✯☛❛✐✡✖ ❚✌☞✟☞ ✓✡✏ ☛✞ ✝✎✡✍☞ ✌✐✚✌☞✟

✠✌✡☛ ✠✌✐✏ ✆✞✏✮✒☞ ✓✐✠✌✐☛ ✠✌☞ ✍✐✠✗ ✠✌☞☛✖

❉☞✎✌✐ ❛✒✟✐☛✚ ✘✌✡✌ ❏✡✌✡☛✰✏ ✠✐✆☞ ✓✡✏ ✡✎✏✞ ✡☛ ✐✆✝✞✟✠✡☛✠

✍☞☛✠✟☞ ✞✔ ✘✒✔✐ ✍✒✎✠✒✟☞✖ ✯✠ ✌✡❛ ✏☞✕☞✟✡✎ ✱✲✳✴✲✵✷✸ ✹✵✲✺✼✲✵✷

✡☛❛ ✽✱✴✲✵✷✖ ✾✝☞☛ ✏✮✒✡✟☞✏✩ ✓✐☛❛✐☛✚ ✎✡☛☞✏✩ ✮✒✐☞✠ ❝✿❀❁✱❂❁

✷✲❝✷ ✡☛❛ ✓✡✠☞✟ ✍✌✡☛☛☞✎✏ ✓☞✟☞ ✠✌☞ ✝✟✐❛☞ ✞✔ ❉☞✎✌✐✰✏

✟☞✏✐❛☞☛✠✏✖ r✞ ✓✞☛❛☞✟ ✠✌☞ ✝✞☞✠ ❞✐✟ ❚✡✮✐ ❞✐✟ ✏✡✐❛✩ ❃❚✌☞

❋❄❅❈ ❊ ● ❍❑▲▼◆ ❘❙ ❯❱▲❱❲▲❱▲❳▲❨▲❩ ❬❳ ❭❱◆ ❑❬❩❪❳❬❳◆❭◆◆❳❭❱ ❫◆❳❭❴❵❜❡ ❢❣❤ ❥❦❦❧♠♥♣q♥❤s t✉✈s✉✈ ✇❤①♠②③④ ⑤q✈❧q♣⑥ ③⑦⑧⑦

⑨✉❧ ⑩q✈ ♠❤❤ ♥❣❤ ❶❤s ❷✉♣♥ ✉✈ ♥❣❤ ❦❤❸♥❹ ✇✉♥❺⑩❤ ♥❣❤ ①q❦❦♠ ♥❣q♥ ♠❧♣♣✉❧✈s ♥❣❤ ⑩❺♥⑥❹ ❢❣♣✉❧❻❣ ♥❣❤ ⑩❤✈♥♣❤ ♣❧✈♠

♥❣❤ ❼q❺✈ ♣✉qs ✉❸ ❽❣q✈s✈❺ ❽❣✉①❾❹ ✇✉♥❤ q❦♠✉ ♥❣❤ ♣❺❿❤♣ ⑤q❼❧✈q ❺♠ ❸❦✉①❺✈❻ ✈❤q♣ ♥❣❤ ❶❤s ❷✉♣♥❹ ❢✉sq⑥ ❺♥ ❣q♠

♠❣❺❸♥❤s ⑩✉❧♣♠❤❹ ❢❣❤ ➀❦q⑩❤ ①❣❤♣❤ ♥❣❤ ➁✉q♥ ❺♠ q➁✉❧♥ ♥✉ ❤❼➁q✈❾ ❺♠ ✈✉① ❾✈✉①✈ q♠ ➂q♣⑥q❻q✈➃ ➄❩▲❵❜▲ ❼❤q✈♠

♣❺❿❤♣② ▼▲❳❲ ❼❤q✈♠ ❼q♣❾❤♥➅

➆✲✳✴✲✵ ➇ ❚✌☞ ✠✞✆✑ ✞✔ ✡

✘✒✔✐ ✏✡✐☛✠

➈✵✲✺✼✲✵ ➉ ❆ ✏✒✔✐ ✎✞❛✚☞✩

✞✔✠☞☛ ✒✏☞❛ ✡✏ ✡ ✟☞✏✠

✌✞✒✏☞ ✔✞✟ ✠✟✡✕☞✎✎☞✟✏ ✡☛❛

✡ ✝✎✡✍☞ ✓✌☞✟☞ ✝☞✞✝✎☞

✍✞✆☞ ✠✞ ❛✐✏✍✒✏✏

✏✝✐✟✐✠✒✡✎ ✆✡✠✠☞✟✏✩ ✚☞✠

✠✌☞ ✑✎☞✏✏✐☛✚✏ ✞✔ ✏✡✐☛✠✏✩

✡☛❛ ✌☞✡✟ ✏✒✔✐ ✆✒✏✐✍

➊✱✴✲✵ ➇ ❆☛ ✞✝☞☛ ✝✟✡✗☞✟

✝✎✡✍☞ ✞✔ ❞✒✏✎✐✆✏ ✝✟✐✆✡✟✐✎✗

✆☞✡☛✠ ✔✞✟ ➋➌ ✝✟✡✗☞✟✏

➍✿❀❁✱❂❁✷✲❝ ➉ ✘✠✟☞☞✠ ✓✐✠✌

✡ ❛☞✡❛ ☞☛❛

Page 68: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✻�❈✁✂✁✄☎✆✂☎✝✞ ✆✄❆ ❚✟✠ ❈☎❚✡

➁☛☞✌✌☞ ✍✎ ✏✑ ✒✓✔✓✕ ✖✓✔

✔✌✔❛ ❛✏☞✗ ☞✗✖☞✑✓✔✘✙✙✙✚

❇✛ ✜✢✣✤✥ ✦✧★✩✪ ✩✫✬ ✭✧✧✮s✫✯✰✧✬ ✭✛ ✱✫✬✪✲ ✳✩✫✩ ✫✮✬♣★✴✮✬✧✲✧✬ ✵✫✮✛ ✶✪✵✧s✷❊✸♣✲✧ss✪✮✹ ✶✩✧ s✺✲✲✺✼ ✺✽✶✩✺s✧ ✼✩✺ ✼✪✶✮✧ss✧✬ ✶✩✧✬✧✯★✪✮✧ ✺✽ ✶✩✧ ✯✪✶✛✥ ✶✩✧✧✪✹✩✶✧✧✮✶✩❡✯✧✮✶✴✲✛ ✾✲✬✴♣✺✧✶ ✿✪✲ ❀✫❁✪ ✿✪✲✥ s✫✪✬❂

❉❃❄❄❃ ❅❋ ●❍ ■❏❑❏▲ ▼❏❑ ❑❄❑◆◆●❃♠ ❃♠▼❃❍❏❑❖P◗◗◗❘❑◆ ▲❑❏♠● ❙❑❄● ❏❑❃♠ ❯■❃❯❅▲● ✉❑❱❑▲ ❍●

❲❳ ❨❩❬❭❪❫ ❴❭ ❴❵❩ ❜❝❞❩r❢❣❪❩❤ ❴❩rr❣❴❭r✐ ❭❥❦❩❬❵❣❧ ♥❵❣♦❵ ♥❝❜ ❭❪♦❩❝ ❜❢qr❩❞❩ ♦❣❴✐ ❣❪ ❴❵❩♥❭r❬❤✇

t✈①② ③ ❹ ④⑤⑥ ⑥⑦⑧⑨⑥⑩❶ ❷⑦⑨⑥ ❸❺ ⑨⑤⑥❻⑦❼⑦ ❽⑦⑧❾❿➀ ❿❶ ➂⑥➃⑤❿➄ ➅➆ ④⑤❸❼⑦⑧➂⑦❶❿⑥➃➃➄ ➇➈➉➊➋➌➍➎ ➍➎ ➏➐➎➑ ➒➌➓ ➔➍→➎➒ ➣➑➎↔↕➓ ➍➙➛➙➜➍➏ ➝➍➒➌ ➣➍➙➏→➓➒➎ ➏➙➜ ➔↕➐➐➜➑➣➓➎➞

➟➠➡➢➤➥ ➦

➧➨➩➫➫➨➧ ➭➯ ➲➫➳➵➸ ➺➩➫➻➼➨ ➽➫➩➫➧➨➩➫➫➨➧➾ ➨➵➫➚ ➺➩➫ ➳➸➪➫ ➨➵➫ ➺➳➶➹➽➭➯ ➺ ➘➺➸➻➨➫➩➴➷

➬➫➨➮ ➫➱➫➻ ➨➵➸➧ ✃➺➧ ➻➭ ➸❐➫➺➳❒➸➨➚➮ ➺➻❐ ➸➨➧ ❐➫➳➸❮➵➨➧ ✃➫➩➫ ➫➻❰➭➚➫❐➭➻➳➚ ➶➚ ➧➭➽➫➴ Ï➵➫➩➫ ✃➫➩➫ ➧➵➺➩➘❐➸➱➸➧➸➭➻➧ ➶➫➨✃➫➫➻ ➩➸❒➵ ➺➻❐➘➭➭➩➴ ÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ ➭➩ ➽➺➻➧➸➭➻➧ ✃➫➩➫➸➻➨➫➩➧➘➫➩➧➫❐ ✃➸➨➵ ➨➵➫ ➯➺➩ ➽➭➩➫➻➹➽➫➩➭➹➧ ➽➹❐ ➵➭➹➧➫➧ ➭➯ ➨➵➫➘➭➭➩➴ Ï➵➫ ❒➭➳➭➹➩➯➹➳ ✃➭➩➳❐ ➭➯ ➘➭➫➨➩➚➺➻❐ ❐➺➻❒➫ ✃➺➧ ➹➧➹➺➳➳➚ ➫➻❰➭➚➫❐➭➻➳➚ ➶➚ ➽➫➻➴ ×➹➩➨➵➫➩➽➭➩➫➮❒➫➳➫➶➩➺➨➸➭➻➧ ➺➻❐ ➘➩➭❒➫➧➧➸➭➻➧➭➯➨➫➻ ➳➫❐ ➨➭ ➧➫➩➸➭➹➧ ❒➭➻➯➳➸❒➨➧➴

ØÙÚ ÛÜÝÞßà áâ ãÚä åÚæÙÞ

ç➻ èéêë➮ ➨➵➫ ì➩➸➨➸➧➵ ❮➺➸➻➫❐ ❒➭➻➨➩➭➳ ➭➯ ➲➫➳➵➸ ➺➯➨➫➩❐➫➯➫➺➨➸➻❮ ➨➵➫ í➺➩➺➨➵➺➧➴ î➸➻❒➫ ➨➵➫ ❒➺➘➸➨➺➳ ➭➯ ì➩➸➨➸➧➵ç➻❐➸➺ ✃➺➧ ï➺➳❒➹➨➨➺➮ ➨➵➫ í➹❮➵➺➳ ➫➽➘➫➩➭➩ ✃➺➧ ➺➳➳➭✃➫❐➨➭ ❒➭➻➨➸➻➹➫ ➳➸➱➸➻❮ ➸➻ ➨➵➫ ➘➺➳➺❒➫ ❒➭➽➘➳➫ð ➸➻ ➨➵➫ ñ➫❐×➭➩➨➴ Ï➵➫ ➽➭❐➫➩➻ ❒➸➨➚ ➺➧ ✃➫ ➪➻➭✃ ➸➨ ➨➭❐➺➚ ❐➫➱➫➳➭➘➫❐➭➻➳➚ ➺➯➨➫➩ èòèè ✃➵➫➻ ➲➫➳➵➸ ➶➫❒➺➽➫ ➨➵➫ ❒➺➘➸➨➺➳ ➭➯ì➩➸➨➸➧➵ ç➻❐➸➺➴

óôõö÷øùúøûü ý þýùÿ

ì➫➯➭➩➫ èé❇�➮ ❐➫➱➫➳➭➘➽➫➻➨➧ ➸➻ ➲➫➳➵➸ ✃➫➩➫ ➧➭➽➫✃➵➺➨❐➸➯➯➫➩➫➻➨ ➯➩➭➽ ➨➵➭➧➫ ➸➻ ➭➨➵➫➩ ❒➭➳➭➻➸➺➳ ❒➸➨➸➫➧➴ ç➻ í➺❐➩➺➧➮ì➭➽➶➺➚ ➭➩ ï➺➳❒➹➨➨➺➮ ➨➵➫ ➳➸➱➸➻❮ ➧➘➺❒➫➧ ➭➯ ç➻❐➸➺➻➧ ➺➻❐➨➵➫ ì➩➸➨➸➧➵ ✃➫➩➫ ➧➵➺➩➘➳➚ ➧➫➘➺➩➺➨➫❐➴ ç➻❐➸➺➻➧ ➳➸➱➫❐ ➸➻

t✈①② ❋ ❹ ④⑤⑥ ⑧⑤⑩❿❶⑥ ❸❺ ❹❿✁⑦❼✂➀➀❿❶ ✄✂➃❿➆⑦ ❿❶ ➂⑥➃⑤❿

Page 69: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✻✆

t✝✞ ✟✠✡☛☞✌✍ ☛✎✞☛✏✑ ✒✝✓✡✞ t✝✞ ✔✎✓t✓✏✝ ✡✓✕✞✖ ✓✗ ✒✞✡✡✘✡☛✓✖✘♦✙t ✟✒✝✓t✞✍ ☛✎✞☛✏✚ ✛✗ ✜✞✡✝✓✑ ✞✏✢✞☞✓☛✡✡✣ ✓✗ t✝✞ ✤✓✎✏t ✝☛✡✤♦✤ t✝✞ ✗✓✗✞t✞✞✗t✝ ☞✞✗t✙✎✣✑ t✝✞ ✔✎✓t✓✏✝ ✡✓✕✞✖ ☛✡♦✗✦ ✒✓t✝t✝✞ ✒✞☛✡t✝✓✞✎ ✛✗✖✓☛✗✏ ✓✗ t✝✞ ✧☛✡✡✞✖ ❛✓t✣✚ ★✝✞ ✔✎✓t✓✏✝✡✞☛✎✗✞✖ t♦ ✞✗❧♦✣ ✩✎✖✙✪✫✞✎✏✓☛✗ ☞✙✡t✙✎✞ ☛✗✖ ✢♦✞t✎✣ ☛✗✖✢☛✎t✓☞✓✢☛t✞✖ ✓✗ ✡♦☞☛✡ ✤✞✏t✓✕☛✡✏✚

★✝✞ ✞✏t☛✠✡✓✏✝❚✞✗t ♦✤ t✝✞ ✜✞✡✝✓ ❛♦✡✡✞✦✞ ✓✗ ✐✬✭✮ ✡✞✖t♦ ☛ ✦✎✞☛t ✓✗t✞✡✡✞☞t✙☛✡ ✤✡♦✒✞✎✓✗✦ ✓✗ t✝✞ ✏☞✓✞✗☞✞✏ ☛✏ ✒✞✡✡☛✏ t✝✞ ✝✙❚☛✗✓t✓✞✏✑ ✡☛✎✦✞✡✣ ✓✗ t✝✞ ✩✎✖✙ ✡☛✗✦✙☛✦✞✚ ✯☛✗✣✎✞✤✞✎ t♦ t✝✞ ✢✞✎✓♦✖ ✤✎♦❚ ✐r✰✱ t♦ ✐r✲✬ ☛✏ ☛ ✢✞✎✓♦✖ ♦✤ t✝✞✜✞✡✝✓ ✳✴✵✶✷✸✸✶✵✹✴✚

❆✡✡ t✝✓✏ ☞✝☛✗✦✞✖ ☛✤t✞✎ ✐r✲✬✚ ✜✙✎✓✗✦ t✝✞ ✺✞✕♦✡t t✝☛t✣✞☛✎✑ ☛✏ ✣♦✙ ✝☛✕✞ ✏✞✞✗✑ t✝✞ ✎✞✠✞✡✏ ✦☛t✝✞✎✞✖ ✓✗ t✝✞ ☞✓t✣✑☛✗✖ ✢✞✎✏✙☛✖✞✖ ✔☛✝☛✖✙✎ ✼✝☛✝ t♦ ✠✞☞♦❚✞ t✝✞ ✡✞☛✖✞✎ ♦✤t✝✞ ✙✢✎✓✏✓✗✦✚ ✜✞✡✝✓ ✎✞❚☛✓✗✞✖ ✙✗✖✞✎ ✎✞✠✞✡ ☞♦✗t✎♦✡ ✤♦✎✤♦✙✎ ❚♦✗t✝✏✚

✧✝✞✗ t✝✞ ✔✎✓t✓✏✝ ✎✞✦☛✓✗✞✖ t✝✞ ☞✓t✣✑ t✝✞✣ ✞❚✠☛✎✌✞✖♦✗ ☛ ☞☛❚✢☛✓✦✗ ♦✤ ✎✞✕✞✗✦✞ ☛✗✖ ✢✡✙✗✖✞✎✚ ★✝✞ ✤☛❚♦✙✏ ✢♦✞t●✝☛✡✓✠ ✒✓t✗✞✏✏✞✖ t✝✞ ✞✕✞✗t✏ ♦✤ t✝✞ t✓❚✞✚ ★✝✓✏ ✓✏ ✝♦✒✝✞ ✖✞✏☞✎✓✠✞✖ t✝✞ ✎☛✗✏☛☞✌✓✗✦ ♦✤ ✜✞✡✝✓ ✓✗ ✐r✲✬❤ ✟✧✝✞✗t✝✞ ☛✗✦✎✣ ✡✓♦✗✏ ✽t✝✞ ✔✎✓t✓✏✝✾ ✞✗t✞✎✞✖ t✝✞ t♦✒✗✑ t✝✞✣✌✓✡✡✞✖ t✝✞ ✝✞✡✢✡✞✏✏ ❦ ☛✗✖ ✠✙✎✗✞✖ ✝♦✙✏✞✏✚ ❜♦✎✖✞✏ ♦✤ ❚✞✗☛✗✖ ✒♦❚✞✗✑ ☞♦❚❚♦✗✞✎✏ ☛✗✖ ✗♦✠✡✞❚✞✗✑ ✢♦✙✎✞✖ ♦✙t ♦✤✜✞✡✝✓ ✤✎♦❚ t✝✞ t✝✎✞✞ ✦☛t✞✏ ☛✗✖ t♦♦✌ ✏✝✞✡t✞✎ ✓✗ ✏❚☛✡✡☞♦❚❚✙✗✓t✓✞✏✑ ☛✗✖ t♦❚✠✏ ♦✙t✏✓✖✞ t✝✞ ☞✓t✣✚✍ ★♦ ✢✎✞✕✞✗t☛✗♦t✝✞✎ ✎✞✠✞✡✡✓♦✗✑ t✝✞ ✔✎✓t✓✏✝ ✞✿✓✡✞✖ ✔☛✝☛✖✙✎ ✼✝☛✝ t♦✔✙✎❚☛ ✽✗♦✒ ✯✣☛✗❚☛✎✾✑ ✖✓✏❚☛✗t✡✞✖ ✝✓✏ ☞♦✙✎t✑ ✎☛❇✞✖✏✞✕✞✎☛✡ ♦✤ t✝✞ ✢☛✡☛☞✞✏✑ ☞✡♦✏✞✖ ✖♦✒✗ ✦☛✎✖✞✗✏ ☛✗✖ ✠✙✓✡t✠☛✎✎☛☞✌✏ ✤♦✎ t✎♦♦✢✏ ✓✗ t✝✞✓✎ ✢✡☛☞✞✚

❀❁❂❃❄❅❈❉❊❄♥ ❹ ❆ ✤✞✏t✓✕☛✡♦✤ ✤✡♦✒✞✎✏

❘✴✵✶✷✸✸✶✵✹✴ ❹ ❋✓t✞✎☛✡✡✣✑✎✞✠✓✎t✝ ♦✤ ☛✎t ☛✗✖✡✞☛✎✗✓✗✦✚ ✛t ✓✏ ☛ t✞✎❚♦✤t✞✗ ✙✏✞✖ t♦ ✖✞✏☞✎✓✠✞ ☛t✓❚✞ ✒✝✞✗ t✝✞✎✞ ✓✏ ✦✎✞☛t☞✎✞☛t✓✕✞ ☛☞t✓✕✓t✣✚

❍❏❑▲ ▼ ◆ ◗❙❯❱❯❲❳ ❨❩❙❬❭❲ ✇❙❭❪❫❯❴❵✈❭❴❵❭❪❴❬❭ ❩❴ ❱❳❭ ❲❱❙❭❭❱❲ ❩❨ ❝❭❞❳❯❡♠❪❲❲❪❬❙❯❴❵ ❱❳❭ ❙❭❢❭❞❲❣

❥♣qs✉① ②

➁③④⑤⑥⑤ ⑦⑧⑨ ⑩❶❷⑤ ⑧

❷❸❺❻ ⑩❼ ❺④❸⑨ ❶⑧❽⑤❾

❿➀➂➃➄➅ ➃➂➆➇➈➉➇➊ ➉➀➇➋➀➂➈➌➇➍ ➉➀➂➉ ➎➇➏➇➐➋➋➑➏➏➄➈➌ ➂➈➊ ➎➏➐➉➇ ➍➂➊➃➒➂➅➐➑➉ ➉➀➇ ➓➂➍➉ ➉➀➂➉ ➎➂➍➃➐➍➉➔ →➇ ➎➏➐➉➇➣

↔↕➙➛ ➜➙➝ ➞ ➟➠➡➛➢➤➥↕➢ ➦➡➧➢ ➨➧ ➩➢➦↕➡➫➢➭➢➝➫➯ ➨➝ ➛↕➢ ➲➨➠➛➳➵↕➙➝➫➝➡ ➵↕➨➟➸➳ ➛↕➢➫➙➡➦➺ ➻➙➛↕➢➠➡➝➻➯ ➙➛➛↕➢ ➼➙➽➾➝➙ ➚➠➡➫➻➢➙➝➫ ➛↕➢ ➪➝➝➾➙➦➶➹➘➴➷➬➮➱✃➷❐❒ ↔↕➢➝ ➙➦➦➛↕➢➯➢ ❮ ➛↕➡➝➻➯ ➙➠➢ ➝➨➦➨➝➻➢➠ ➛↕➢➠➢➳ ↕➨➟ ➜➙➝➩➢➦↕➡ ➦➡❰➢➤ Ï➢➯➳ ➛↕➢➠➢➟➙➯ ➨➝➜➢ ➙ ➜➡➛➺ ➨➧ ➛↕➡➯➝➙➽➢ ➡➝ ➛↕➢ ➫➨➽➡➝➡➨➝➯➨➧ ➞➝➫➡➙❒

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✻�

❚✁✂ ✄☎✆✝✆✞✁ ✟✠✡✝✂☛ ☞✂✌✁✆ ✝✍ ✎✍☎✏✂✝ ✆✝✞ ✑✒✏✁✠✌ ✓✠✞✝✔❚✁✂ ✠☎✂✠ ✠☎✍✒✡☛ ✝✁✂ ✕✍☎✝ ✟✠✞ ✖✍✗✓✌✂✝✂✌✘ ✖✌✂✠☎✂☛ ✍✎✏✠☎☛✂✡✞❣ ✓✠✙✆✌✆✍✡✞ ✠✡☛ ✗✍✞✚✒✂✞ ✛✝✁✍✒✏✁ ✝✂✗✓✌✂✞ ✟✂☎✂✌✂✎✝ ✆✡✝✠✖✝❧✔ ❚✁✂ ✄☎✆✝✆✞✁ ✟✠✡✝✂☛ ✠ ✖✌✂✠☎ ✏☎✍✒✡☛ ✎✍☎✞✂✖✒☎✆✝✘ ☎✂✠✞✍✡✞✔ ✑✍✞✚✒✂✞ ✆✡ ✓✠☎✝✆✖✒✌✠☎ ✟✂☎✂ ✂✆✝✁✂☎☛✂✞✝☎✍✘✂☛❣ ✍☎ ✓✒✝ ✝✍ ✍✝✁✂☎ ✒✞✂✞✔ ✕✍☎ ✆✡✞✝✠✡✖✂❣ ✝✁✂ ❞✆✡✠✝✜✠✌✜✑✠✞❛✆☛ ✟✠✞ ✖✍✡✙✂☎✝✂☛ ✆✡✝✍ ✠ ✢✠✣✂☎✘✔ ✤✍ ✟✍☎✞✁✆✓ ✟✠✞✠✌✌✍✟✂☛ ✆✡ ✝✁✂ ✥✠✗✠ ✑✠✞❛✆☛ ✎✍☎ ✎✆✙✂ ✘✂✠☎✞✔ ✦✡✂✜✝✁✆☎☛ ✍✎✝✁✂ ✖✆✝✘ ✟✠✞ ☛✂✗✍✌✆✞✁✂☛❣ ✠✡☛ ✆✝✞ ✖✠✡✠✌✞ ✟✂☎✂ ✎✆✌✌✂☛ ✒✓✔

■✡ ✝✁✂ ✧★✩✪✞❣ ✝✁✂ ✟✂✞✝✂☎✡ ✟✠✌✌✞ ✍✎ ✫✁✠✁❛✠✁✠✡✠✢✠☛✟✂☎✂ ✢☎✍✣✂✡ ✝✍ ✂✞✝✠✢✌✆✞✁ ✝✁✂ ☎✠✆✌✟✠✘ ✠✡☛ ✝✍ ✠✌✌✍✟ ✝✁✂✖✆✝✘ ✝✍ ✂❝✓✠✡☛ ✢✂✘✍✡☛ ✝✁✂ ✟✠✌✌✞✔ ❚✁✂ ✄☎✆✝✆✞✁ ✡✍✟ ✢✂✏✠✡✌✆✙✆✡✏ ✆✡ ✝✁✂ ✞✓☎✠✟✌✆✡✏ ✬✆✙✆✌ ✭✆✡✂✞ ✠☎✂✠ ✝✁✠✝ ✖✠✗✂ ✒✓ ✆✡✝✁✂ ✡✍☎✝✁❣ ✠✟✠✘ ✎☎✍✗ ✝✁✂ ■✡☛✆✠✡✞ ✆✡ ✝✁✂ ♦✠✌✌✂☛ ✬✆✝✘✔❚✁✂ ☞✂✌✁✆ ✬✍✌✌✂✏✂ ✟✠✞ ✝✒☎✡✂☛ ✆✡✝✍ ✠ ✞✖✁✍✍✌❣ ✠✡☛ ✞✁✒✝☛✍✟✡ ✆✡ ✧★✩✩✔

❈✮✯✮✰✱✲✯✱✳✴ ✲✰❆ ✵✶✷ ❈✱✵✸

❋✹✺✼ ✽ ✾ ✿❀❀❁❂❃❄ ❀❅❇ ❉❊❀● ❍❏●❏▼❏❑▲❂◆❖ P◗❀❇❀❄❊❏P◗ ❘❙ ❯❱❲❂❳❱❨❱❏❇❀❖ ❩❬❭❬❪❭❫❴❵❜❡❢❤ ❜✐❤ ❥❦❡♠♥❡♣qr s♠♠ st❵❦♣♥❜✐❤ ✉sr✈❡♥✇ ①✐❤② ③❤t❤ ❢♠❤st❤♥s④❜❤t ❜✐❤ ⑤❤⑥❵♠❜ ❵④ ⑦⑧⑨⑩✇

❋✹✺✼ ❶ ✾ ❷❂❱❸ ❉❊❀● ❇◗❱ ❍❏●❏▼❏❑▲❂◆ ❏❉❇❱❊ ❇◗❱ ❑❅❊❊❀❅❃◆❂❃❄❘❅❂❲◆❂❃❄❑❸❱❊❱ ◆❱●❀❲❂❑◗❱◆

❹❺❻❼❽❼❻❾❿➀➁➂➃➄➅ ➆➇➅ ➈➉➅➊ ➉➋➌➉➍➎ ➏ ➊➉➆➇ ➆➇➃➆ ➉➋ ➌➉➍➎ ➐➎➑➄➉➆➅ ➃ ➂➃➄➃➍➄➃➂➇ ➀➋➊➇➃➆ ➆➇➅ ➒➇➃➋➍➅➓➔➅➂➉➒➆➅➔ ➉➋ ➆➇➅ ➂➉➒➆→➄➅➓➁➉➍➇➆ ➇➃➈➅ ➁➅➃➋➆ ➆➀➂➅➀➂➣➅ ➣➉➈➉➋➍ ➉➋ ➆➇➅ ➃➄➅➃➎

Page 71: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✼✆

✝✞✟✠✠✡✠☛ ✟ ✠☞✌ ✍✟✎✡✏✟✞

❚✑✒ ✓✔✕✖✕✗✑ ✘✒✔✒ ✙✚✛✛✜ ✢✘✢✔✒ ✣✙ ✖✑✒ ✗✜✤✦✣✛✕✧ ✕✤★✣✔✖✢✩✧✒

✣✙ ♦✒✛✑✕✪ ✫✙✖✒✔ ✖✑✒ ✬✒✭✣✛✖ ✣✙ ✮✯✰✱✲ ✤✢✩✜ ✗★✒✧✖✢✧✚✛✢✔

✒✭✒✩✖✗ ✘✒✔✒ ✑✒✛❡ ✖✑✒✔✒✪ ✳✩ ✮✯✱✱✲ ✴✕✧✒✔✣✜ ▲✜✖✖✣✩ ✣✔❣✢✩✕✗✒❡

✢ ♦✚✔✦✢✔ ✖✣ ✢✧❛✩✣✘✛✒❡❣✒ ✵✚✒✒✩

✴✕✧✖✣✔✕✢ ✢✗ ✖✑✒ ✶✤★✔✒✗✗ ✣✙ ✳✩❡✕✢✪

✬✒✤✒✤✦✒✔ ✖✑✢✖ ❘✢✛✧✚✖✖✢ ✘✢✗ ✗✖✕✛✛

✖✑✒ ✧✢★✕✖✢✛ ✣✙ ✓✔✕✖✕✗✑ ✳✩❡✕✢✲ ✦✚✖

✖✑✒ ❣✔✢✩❡ ♦✚✔✦✢✔ ✘✢✗ ✦✒✕✩❣ ✑✒✛❡

✕✩ ♦✒✛✑✕✪ ✐✑✜ ✘✢✗ ✖✑✕✗ ✗✣✷

♦✚✔✕✩❣ ✖✑✒ ✬✒✭✣✛✖✲ ✖✑✒ ✓✔✕✖✕✗✑

✑✢❡ ✔✒✢✛✕✗✒❡ ✖✑✢✖ ✖✑✒ ❤✚❣✑✢✛

✒✤★✒✔✣✔ ✘✢✗ ✗✖✕✛✛ ✕✤★✣✔✖✢✩✖ ✖✣

✖✑✒ ★✒✣★✛✒ ✢✩❡ ✖✑✒✜ ✗✢✘ ✑✕✤

✢✗ ✖✑✒✕✔ ✛✒✢❡✒✔✪ ✳✖ ✘✢✗ ✖✑✒✔✒✙✣✔✒

✕✤★✣✔✖✢✩✖ ✖✣ ✧✒✛✒✦✔✢✖✒ ✓✔✕✖✕✗✑

★✣✘✒✔ ✘✕✖✑ ★✣✤★ ✢✩❡ ✗✑✣✘ ✕✩

✖✑✒ ✧✕✖✜ ✖✑✒ ❤✚❣✑✢✛ ✒✤★✒✔✣✔✗

✑✢❡ ✒✢✔✛✕✒✔ ✔✚✛✒❡✲ ✢✩❡ ✖✑✒ ★✛✢✧✒ ✘✑✕✧✑ ✑✢❡ ✖✚✔✩✒❡ ✕✩✖✣ ✢

✔✒✦✒✛ ✗✖✔✣✩❣✑✣✛❡ ✕✩ ✮✯✰✱✪

✳✩ ✮✸✮✮✲ ✘✑✒✩ ✹✕✩❣ ✺✒✣✔❣✒ ✴ ✘✢✗ ✧✔✣✘✩✒❡ ✕✩ ✶✩❣✛✢✩❡✲

✢ ♦✚✔✦✢✔ ✘✢✗ ✑✒✛❡ ✕✩ ♦✒✛✑✕ ✖✣ ✧✒✛✒✦✔✢✖✒ ✖✑✒ ✣✧✧✢✗✕✣✩✪

❚✑✒ ❡✒✧✕✗✕✣✩ ✖✣ ✗✑✕✙✖ ✖✑✒ ✧✢★✕✖✢✛ ✣✙ ✳✩❡✕✢ ✙✔✣✤ ❘✢✛✧✚✖✖✢

✖✣ ♦✒✛✑✕ ✘✢✗ ✢✩✩✣✚✩✧✒❡ ✢✖ ✖✑✕✗ ♦✚✔✦✢✔✪

◆✒✘ ♦✒✛✑✕ ✘✢✗ ✧✣✩✗✖✔✚✧✖✒❡ ✢✗ ✢ ✮✻✽✗✾✚✢✔✒✽✤✕✛✒ ✧✕✖✜

✣✩ ✬✢✕✗✕✩✢ ✿✕✛✛✲ ✗✣✚✖✑ ✣✙ ✖✑✒ ✒❀✕✗✖✕✩❣ ✧✕✖✜✪ ❚✘✣ ✢✔✧✑✕✖✒✧✖✗✲

✶❡✘✢✔❡ ▲✚✖✜✒✩✗ ✢✩❡ ✿✒✔✦✒✔✖ ✓✢❛✒✔✲ ✘✒✔✒ ✧✢✛✛✒❡ ✣✩ ✖✣

❡✒✗✕❣✩ ◆✒✘ ♦✒✛✑✕ ✢✩❡ ✕✖✗ ✦✚✕✛❡✕✩❣✗✪ ❚✑✒ ❣✣✭✒✔✩✤✒✩✖

✧✣✤★✛✒❀ ✕✩ ◆✒✘ ♦✒✛✑✕ ✧✣✩✗✕✗✖✒❡ ✣✙ ✢ ✖✘✣✽✤✕✛✒ ✢✭✒✩✚✒✲

❋❂❃❄ ❅ ❆ ❇❈❉ ❊●❍●❏❑▼◗●❏ ❙❯❍❱❑❍ ●❲❳◗❏❨ ❩❉●❍❨❉ ❬❭ ❪❫ ❙❉❴❉❵❱❉❍❭ ❪❜❪❪

❝❞❢❥ ❦❧❧♠❧❧❧ ♥♣qrs♣ t❥r♣✉❢✈ s♣q✇❥r①r✈② ③④④r✉❢❥✈ s♣q ✈③⑤qr❢❥✈⑥s①②❢❥❢q s① ①②❢ ⑦⑧❥⑨s❥⑩

❋❂❃❄ ❶❷ ❆ ❇❈❉ ❬◗❴❉❍❉❨❑❸ ❹❑❸❑❴❉❺❻❑❼❈▼❍❑❽❑▼◗ ❾❈❑❿❑❏➀ ❑▼●❽❻❑◗❼◗❏❑ ➁◗❸❸

Page 72: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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❑✁✂✄☎✆✝✞ ✟✂✠✆ ✡✝☛☞✝✌✍✎✏ ✌✍✝✌ ✑✒✓ ✌✠ ✌✍✒ ✔✁✕✒✖✠✞✗☎ ✘✝✑✝✕✒✟✂✠✆ ✡✝☎✍✌✖✝☞✝✌✁ ✭✍✝✙✝✂✎✏ ✆✁✌✍ ✌✍✒ ✚✒✕✖✒✌✝✖✁✝✌ ✛✜✁✑✓✁✂✄☎✠✂ ✒✁✌✍✒✖ ☎✁✓✒☎ ✠s ✌✍✒ ✝✙✒✂✜✒✢ ✣✍✒ s✒✝✌✜✖✒☎ ✠s ✌✍✒☎✒✄✠✙✒✖✂❣✒✂✌ ✛✜✁✑✓✁✂✄☎ ✆✒✖✒ ✛✠✖✖✠✆✒✓ s✖✠❣ ✓✁ss✒✖✒✂✌ ☞✒✖✁✠✓☎✠s ♦✂✓✁✝✗☎ ✁❣☞✒✖✁✝✑ ✍✁☎✌✠✖✞✏ ✛✜✌ ✌✍✒ ✠✙✒✖✝✑✑ ✑✠✠✤ ✆✝☎ ✥✑✝☎☎✁✕✝✑●✖✒✒✕✒ ✟s✁s✌✍ ✕✒✂✌✜✖✞ ❇✦✧✎✢ ✮✠✖ ✁✂☎✌✝✂✕✒✏ ✌✍✒ ✕✒✂✌✖✝✑ ✓✠❣✒ ✠s✌✍✒ ✔✁✕✒✖✠✞✗☎ ✘✝✑✝✕✒ ✆✝☎ ✕✠☞✁✒✓ s✖✠❣ ✌✍✒ ✭✜✓✓✍✁☎✌ ☎✌✜☞✝ ✝✌✚✝✂✕✍✁✏ ✝✂✓ ✌✍✒ ✖✒✓ ☎✝✂✓☎✌✠✂✒ ✝✂✓ ✕✝✖✙✒✓ ☎✕✖✒✒✂☎ ✠✖ ❥★✩✪✫✆✒✖✒ ✛✠✖✖✠✆✒✓ s✖✠❣ ✇✜✄✍✝✑ ✝✖✕✍✁✌✒✕✌✜✖✒✢ ✭✜✌ ✌✍✒ ✂✒✆✛✜✁✑✓✁✂✄☎ ✍✝✓ ✌✠ ✝☎☎✒✖✌ ✭✖✁✌✁☎✍ ✁❣☞✠✖✌✝✂✕✒❜ ✌✍✝✌ ✁☎ ✆✍✞ ✌✍✒✝✖✕✍✁✌✒✕✌ ❣✝✓✒ ☎✜✖✒ ✌✍✝✌ ✌✍✒ ✔✁✕✒✖✠✞✗☎ ✘✝✑✝✕✒ ✆✝☎ ✍✁✄✍✒✖✌✍✝✂ ✚✍✝✍ t✝✍✝✂✗☎ t✝❣✝ ✇✝☎☛✁✓✬

❍✠✆ ✆✝☎ ✌✍✁☎ ✌✠ ✛✒ ✓✠✂✒✯◆✒✆ ✰✒✑✍✁ ✌✠✠✤ ✂✒✝✖✑✞ ✱✲ ✞✒✝✖☎ ✌✠ ✛✜✁✑✓✢ ✣✍✒ ✁✓✒✝ ✆✝☎

✌✠ ✛✜✁✑✓ ✝ ✕✁✌✞ ✌✍✝✌ ✆✝☎ ✝ ☎✌✝✖✤ ✕✠✂✌✖✝☎✌ ✌✠ ✚✍✝✍☛✝✍✝✂✝✛✝✓✢✣✍✒✖✒ ✆✒✖✒ ✌✠ ✛✒ ✂✠ ✕✖✠✆✓✒✓ ❣✠✍✝✑✑✝☎✏ ✂✠ ❣✝❚✒☎ ✠s ✂✝✖✖✠✆✛✞✑✝✂✒☎✢ ♦✂ ◆✒✆ ✰✒✑✍✁✏ ✌✍✒✖✒ ✆✒✖✒ ✌✠ ✛✒ ✛✖✠✝✓✏ ☎✌✖✝✁✄✍✌☎✌✖✒✒✌☎ ✑✁✂✒✓ ✆✁✌✍ ☎☞✖✝✆✑✁✂✄ ❣✝✂☎✁✠✂☎ ☎✒✌ ✁✂ ✌✍✒ ❣✁✓✓✑✒✠s ✑✝✖✄✒ ✕✠❣☞✠✜✂✓☎✢ ✣✍✒ ✝✖✕✍✁✌✒✕✌☎ ✆✝✂✌✒✓ ◆✒✆ ✰✒✑✍✁ ✌✠✖✒☞✖✒☎✒✂✌ ✝ ☎✒✂☎✒ ✠s ✑✝✆ ✝✂✓ ✠✖✓✒✖✏ ✁✂ ✕✠✂✌✖✝☎✌ ✌✠ ✌✍✒✕✍✝✠☎ ✠s ❝✑✓ ✰✒✑✍✁✢ ✣✍✒ ✂✒✆ ✕✁✌✞ ✝✑☎✠ ✍✝✓ ✌✠ ✛✒ ✝ ✕✑✒✝✂✝✂✓ ✍✒✝✑✌✍✞ ☎☞✝✕✒✢ ✣✍✒ ✭✖✁✌✁☎✍ ☎✝✆ ✠✙✒✖✕✖✠✆✓✒✓ ☎☞✝✕✒☎✝☎ ✜✂✍✞✄✁✒✂✁✕ ✝✂✓ ✜✂✍✒✝✑✌✍✞✏ ✌✍✒ ☎✠✜✖✕✒ ✠s ✓✁☎✒✝☎✒✢ ✣✍✁☎❣✒✝✂✌ ✌✍✝✌ ◆✒✆ ✰✒✑✍✁ ✍✝✓ ✌✠ ✍✝✙✒ ✛✒✌✌✒✖ ✆✝✌✒✖ ☎✜☞☞✑✞✏☎✒✆✝✄✒ ✓✁☎☞✠☎✝✑ ✝✂✓ ✓✖✝✁✂✝✄✒ s✝✕✁✑✁✌✁✒☎ ✌✍✝✂ ✌✍✒ ❝✑✓ ✥✁✌✞✢♦✌ ✍✝✓ ✌✠ ✛✒ ✄✖✒✒✂✏ ✆✁✌✍ ✌✖✒✒☎ ✝✂✓ ☞✝✖✤☎ ✒✂☎✜✖✁✂✄ s✖✒☎✍ ✝✁✖✝✂✓ ✝✓✒❛✜✝✌✒ ☎✜☞☞✑✞ ✠s ✠✳✞✄✒✂✢

❈✴✵✴✶✷✸✵✷✹✺ ✸✶❆ ✻✽✾ ❈✷✻✿

❙❀❁❂❃❄ ❅

❉❊❋ ■❏▲❏▼❖ ▼P ◗❋❘ ❯❋❱❊❏

❲❳❨❩ ❨❩ ❳❬❭ ❪❨❫❴❵❬❞ ❡❢❵❤❨✐❦❴ ❴❧♠♥❢❨✐❴❤ ♣❳❴ ❫❳❬❨❫❴ ❬q r❴♥❳❨❢❩ ❫❢♠❨♣❢♥✉

✈①② ③①④⑤⑥② ⑦⑧⑨⑩❶ ❷❸❹❺❻② ❸①② ❺❼④⑥❺⑤④❸❺⑧⑤ ⑧❽ ❸①② ❾②⑧❾⑩② ⑧❽❿⑤❶❺④ ➀ ④⑤❶ ⑦⑧⑨⑩❶ ➁② ④③③②❾❸②❶ ➁➂ ④⑩⑩ ④❷ ❸①② ④❷❷②❹❸❺⑧⑤ ⑧❽ ④⑤⑨⑤❽④⑩❸②❹❺⑤⑥ ❶②❸②❹❼❺⑤④❸❺⑧⑤ ❸⑧❼④❺⑤❸④❺⑤ ➃❹❺❸❺❷① ❹⑨⑩② ❺⑤ ❿⑤❶❺④➄

❲❳❴ ❢❵❫❳❨♣❴❫♣ ❡❴❵➅❴❵♣ ➆❢➇❴❵ ➅❴♥❨❴➈❴❤✉

✈①② ➉②⑦ ➊④❾❺❸④⑩ ❼⑨❷❸ ➁② ❸①② ❷③⑨⑩❾❸⑨❹④⑩ ❼⑧⑤⑨❼②⑤❸ ⑧❽ ❸①②⑥⑧⑧❶ ⑥⑧➋②❹⑤❼②⑤❸ ④⑤❶ ⑨⑤❺❸➂ ⑦①❺③① ❿⑤❶❺④➌ ❽⑧❹ ❸①② ❽❺❹❷❸ ❸❺❼②❺⑤ ❺❸❷ ①❺❷❸⑧❹➂➌ ①④❷ ②⑤➍⑧➂②❶ ⑨⑤❶②❹ ➃❹❺❸❺❷① ❹⑨⑩②➄ ➃❹❺❸❺❷① ❹⑨⑩② ❺⑤❿⑤❶❺④ ❺❷ ⑤⑧❸ ④ ❼②❹② ➋②⑤②②❹ ⑧❽ ⑥⑧➋②❹⑤❼②⑤❸ ④⑤❶ ③⑨⑩❸⑨❹②➄ ❿❸ ❺❷④ ⑤②⑦ ③❺➋❺⑩❺❷④❸❺⑧⑤ ❺⑤ ⑥❹⑧⑦❸①➌ ④ ➁⑩②⑤❶ ⑧❽ ❸①② ➁②❷❸ ②⑩②❼②⑤❸❷ ⑧❽➎④❷❸ ④⑤❶ ➏②❷❸ ➀ ❿❸ ❺❷ ❸⑧ ❸①❺❷ ⑥❹②④❸ ❽④③❸ ❸①④❸ ❸①② ④❹③①❺❸②③❸⑨❹②⑧❽ ➐②⑩①❺ ❷①⑧⑨⑩❶ ➁②④❹ ❸②❷❸❺❼⑧⑤➂➄ ➑➒ ➓③❸⑧➁②❹ ➔→➔➒➣

↔↕➙➛➜➛➙➝➞➟➠➡➢➤➥ ➦➧➨➩➫➥➭➯➲➠➭➳➢➤➡ ➨➵ ➸➠➢➫➢➤➠➺➢➭➭➻ ➭➧➧➳➢➤➡ ➼➧➲➠➩➽➫➸➠➫➾➼➩➠➵➠➼➢ ➚➾➠➪➠➤➶➹➧ ➦➧➨ ➼➾➢➤➳ ➚➠➳➥➩➲➠➫ ➩➢➡➾➼ ➢➤ ➼➾➢➤➳➢➤➡➼➾➠➼ ➭➧➧➳➢➤➡ ➨➵ ➼➧➼➾➥ ➘➨➢➭➽➢➤➡ ➲➧➨➭➽➴➩➥➠➼➥ ➠ ➫➥➤➫➥ ➧➯➠➲➥ ➠➤➽ ➥➟➵➾➠➫➢➫➥➼➾➥ ➵➧➲➥➩ ➧➯ ➼➾➥➚➩➢➼➢➫➾➷

↔↕➙➛➜➛➙➝➮➠➤ ➦➧➨ ➯➢➤➽ ➠➼➭➥➠➫➼ ➼➲➧➢➤➫➼➠➤➴➥➫ ➯➩➧➟➼➾➢➫ ➴➾➠➵➼➥➩ ➼➾➠➼➫➨➡➡➥➫➼ ➼➾➠➼ ➼➾➥➩➥➲➥➩➥ ➧➼➾➥➩ ➲➠➦➫➧➯ ➼➾➢➤➳➢➤➡ ➠➘➧➨➼➼➾➥ ➢➟➠➡➥ ➧➯ ➼➾➥➴➠➵➢➼➠➭ ➴➢➼➦➷

Page 73: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✼✆

▲✝✞✟ ✝✠ ✡☛✟ ✡✝☞✟ ✌✞ ✍✎✏✡✝✡✝✌✠

❚✑✒ ✓✔✕✖✗✖✗✘✙ ✘✚ ✛✙✜✗✔ ✗✙ ✢✣✤✦ ✧✒✜ ✖✘ ✔ ★✔✩✩✗✪✒ ✖✕✔✙✩✚✒✕

✘✚ ♦✘♦✫✧✔✖✗✘✙✩ ✘✙ ✬✘✖✑ ✩✗✜✒✩ ✘✚ ✖✑✒ ✙✒✭ ✬✘✕✜✒✕✳ ✮✩ ✔

✕✒✩✫✧✖r ✖✑✒ ♦✘♦✫✧✔✖✗✘✙ ✘✚ ✯✒✧✑✗ ✩✭✒✧✧✒✜r ✖✑✒ ✰✗✙✜✩ ✘✚

❥✘✬✩ ♦✒✘♦✧✒ ✜✗✜ ✱✑✔✙✲✒✜r ✔✙✜ ✖✑✒ ✱✫✧✖✫✕✒ ✘✚ ✖✑✒ ✱✗✖✴

✬✒✱✔★✒ ✜✗✚✚✒✕✒✙✖✳

✯✔✴✩ ✔✚✖✒✕ ✛✙✜✗✔✙ ✛✙✜✒♦✒✙✜✒✙✱✒ ✔✙✜ ✓✔✕✖✗✖✗✘✙r ✚✗✒✕✱✒

✕✗✘✖✗✙✲ ✬✒✲✔✙✳ ❚✑✘✫✩✔✙✜✩ ✘✚ ♦✒✘♦✧✒ ✗✙ ✯✒✧✑✗ ✭✒✕✒ ✰✗✧✧✒✜

✔✙✜ ✖✑✒✗✕ ✑✘★✒✩ ✧✘✘✖✒✜ ✔✙✜ ✬✫✕✙✒✜✳ ✮✩ ✩✖✕✒✔★✩ ✘✚

▼✫✩✧✗★✩ ✧✒✚✖ ✯✒✧✑✗ ✚✘✕ ✓✔✰✗✩✖✔✙r ✖✑✒✗✕ ♦✧✔✱✒ ✭✔✩ ✖✔✰✒✙

✬✴ ✒❜✫✔✧✧✴ ✧✔✕✲✒ ✙✫★✬✒✕✩ ✘✚ ✵✗✰✑ ✔✙✜ ✶✗✙✜✫ ✕✒✚✫✲✒✒✩

✚✕✘★ ✓✔✰✗✩✖✔✙✳ ❘✒✚✫✲✒✒✩ ✕✘✔★✒✜ ✖✑✒ ✩✖✕✒✒✖✩ ✘✚

✵✑✔✑❥✔✑✔✙✔✬✔✜r ✩✒✔✕✱✑✗✙✲ ✚✘✕ ✒★♦✖✴ ✑✘★✒✩ ✖✘ ✘✱✱✫♦✴✳

✮✖ ✖✗★✒✩ ✖✑✒✴ ✚✘✕✱✒✜ ▼✫✩✧✗★✩ ✖✘ ✧✒✔✪✒ ✘✕ ✩✒✧✧ ✖✑✒✗✕

♦✕✘♦✒✕✖✗✒✩✳ ♣✪✒✕ ✖✭✘✷✖✑✗✕✜✩ ✘✚ ✖✑✒ ✯✒✧✑✗ ▼✫✩✧✗★✩

★✗✲✕✔✖✒✜r ✔✧★✘✩✖ ✤✤r♠♠♠ ✑✘★✒✩ ✭✒✕✒ ✔✬✔✙✜✘✙✒✜✳

❚✒✕✕✘✕✗✩✒✜ ▼✫✩✧✗★✩ ✧✗✪✒✜ ✗✙ ★✔✰✒✩✑✗✚✖ ✱✔★♦✩ ✖✗✧✧ ✖✑✒✴

✱✘✫✧✜ ✧✒✔✪✒ ✚✘✕ ✓✔✰✗✩✖✔✙✳

✮✖ ✖✑✒ ✩✔★✒ ✖✗★✒r ✯✒✧✑✗ ✬✒✱✔★✒ ✔ ✱✗✖✴ ✘✚ ✕✒✚✫✲✒✒✩✳

◆✒✔✕✧✴ ✸♠♠r♠♠♠ ♦✒✘♦✧✒ ✭✒✕✒ ✔✜✜✒✜ ✖✘ ✯✒✧✑✗✹✩ ♦✘♦✫✧✔✖✗✘✙

✺✭✑✗✱✑ ✑✔✜ ✔ ✧✗✖✖✧✒ ✘✪✒✕ ✻♠♠r♠♠♠ ♦✒✘♦✧✒ ✗✙ ✢✣✸✢✽✳ ▼✘✩✖

✘✚ ✖✑✒✩✒ ★✗✲✕✔✙✖✩ ✭✒✕✒ ✚✕✘★ ✓✫✙❥✔✬✳ ❚✑✒✴ ✩✖✔✴✒✜ ✗✙

✱✔★♦✩r ✩✱✑✘✘✧✩r ★✗✧✗✖✔✕✴ ✬✔✕✕✔✱✰✩ ✔✙✜ ✲✔✕✜✒✙✩r ✑✘♦✗✙✲

✖✘ ✬✫✗✧✜ ✙✒✭ ✑✘★✒✩✳ ✵✘★✒ ✲✘✖ ✖✑✒ ✘♦♦✘✕✖✫✙✗✖✴ ✖✘ ✘✱✱✫♦✴

✕✒✩✗✜✒✙✱✒✩ ✖✑✔✖ ✑✔✜ ✬✒✒✙ ✪✔✱✔✖✒✜✾ ✘✖✑✒✕✩ ✭✒✕✒ ✑✘✫✩✒✜

✗✙ ✕✒✚✫✲✒✒ ✱✘✧✘✙✗✒✩✳ ◆✒✭ ✱✘✧✘✙✗✒✩ ✩✫✱✑ ✔✩ ✐✔❥♦✔✖ ◆✔✲✔✕

✔✙✜ ❚✗✧✔✰ ◆✔✲✔✕ ✱✔★✒ ✫♦ ✔✖ ✖✑✗✩ ✖✗★✒✳ ✵✑✘♦✩ ✔✙✜ ✩✖✔✧✧✩

✭✒✕✒ ✩✒✖ ✫♦ ✖✘ ✱✔✖✒✕ ✖✘ ✖✑✒ ✜✒★✔✙✜✩ ✘✚ ✖✑✒ ★✗✲✕✔✙✖✩✾

✩✱✑✘✘✧✩ ✔✙✜ ✱✘✧✧✒✲✒✩ ✭✒✕✒ ✔✧✩✘ ✘♦✒✙✒✜✳

❚✑✒ ✩✰✗✧✧✩ ✔✙✜ ✘✱✱✫♦✔✖✗✘✙✩ ✘✚ ✖✑✒ ✕✒✚✫✲✒✒✩ ✭✒✕✒

❜✫✗✖✒ ✜✗✚✚✒✕✒✙✖ ✚✕✘★ ✖✑✘✩✒ ✘✚ ✖✑✒ ♦✒✘♦✧✒ ✖✑✒✴ ✕✒♦✧✔✱✒✜✳

▼✔✙✴ ✘✚ ✖✑✒ ▼✫✩✧✗★✩ ✭✑✘ ✭✒✙✖ ✖✘ ✓✔✰✗✩✖✔✙ ✭✒✕✒

✔✕✖✗✩✔✙✩r ♦✒✖✖✴ ✖✕✔✜✒✕✩ ✔✙✜ ✧✔✬✘✫✕✒✕✩✳

❚✑✒ ✙✒✭ ★✗✲✕✔✙✖✩ ✱✘★✗✙✲ ✖✘ ✯✒✧✑✗

✭✒✕✒ ✕✫✕✔✧ ✧✔✙✜✧✘✕✜✩r ✧✔✭✴✒✕✩r ✖✒✔✱✑✒✕✩r

✖✕✔✜✒✕✩ ✔✙✜ ✩★✔✧✧ ✩✑✘♦✰✒✒♦✒✕✩✳

✓✔✕✖✗✖✗✘✙ ✱✑✔✙✲✒✜ ✖✑✒✗✕ ✧✗✪✒✩r ✔✙✜ ✖✑✒✗✕

✘✱✱✫♦✔✖✗✘✙✩✳ ❚✑✒✴ ✑✔✜ ✖✘ ✖✔✰✒ ✫♦ ✙✒✭

❥✘✬✩ ✔✩ ✑✔✭✰✒✕✩r ✪✒✙✜✘✕✩r ✱✔✕♦✒✙✖✒✕✩

✔✙✜ ✗✕✘✙✩★✗✖✑✩✳ ▼✔✙✴r ✑✘✭✒✪✒✕r

♦✕✘✩♦✒✕✒✜ ✗✙ ✖✑✒✗✕ ✙✒✭ ✬✫✩✗✙✒✩✩✒✩✳

❚✑✒ ✧✔✕✲✒ ★✗✲✕✔✖✗✘✙ ✚✕✘★ ✓✫✙❥✔✬

✱✑✔✙✲✒✜ ✖✑✒ ✩✘✱✗✔✧ ★✗ ✧✗✒✫ ✘✚ ✯✒✧✑✗ ✳

✮✙ ✫✕✬✔✙ ✱✫✧✖✫✕✒ ✧✔✕✲✒✧✴ ✬✔✩✒✜ ✘✙ ❆✕✜✫

✭✔✩ ✘✪✒✕✩✑✔✜✘✭✒✜ ✬✴ ✙✒✭ ✖✔✩✖✒✩ ✔✙✜

✩✒✙✩✗✬✗✧✗✖✗✒✩r ✗✙ ✚✘✘✜r ✜✕✒✩✩ ✔✙✜ ✖✑✒ ✔✕✖✩✳

❋✿❀❁ ❂❂ ❃ ❄❅❇❈❉❊●❍❉ ❉❏❊❑◗❍ ❙●❏❅◗ t◗❯❈❱◗◗ ❲❊❳❨❉ ❉◗❏ ❈❨ ❙● ❩◗❬❅❙❊❯❏◗t ❛❊t❏❙❏❙❇●❭

Page 74: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✼�

■✁✂✄☎✆ ✝✞✆ ✟✠☎ ✡✄✝☛

▼☞✌✍✎✏✑✒☞✓ ✎✏✌✔ ✏✌✕✕☞✍☞✖ ✔✗ ✔✏☞ ✗✒✖ ✘✑✔✙✓ ✔✏✌✔ ✏✌✖❜☞☞✍ ✚✏✌✏✛✌✏✌✍✌❜✌✖✜ ✢✍ ✔✏☞ ✕✌✣✔✓ ▼✤✥✏✌✒ ✦☞✒✏✑✧✣ ★✌✩☞✖✘✌✍✌✒✣ ✏✌✖ ❜❝✗✤✥✏✔ ✍✗✔ ✗✍✒✙ ★❝☞✣✏ ✖❝✑✍✪✑✍✥ ✎✌✔☞❝ ✔✗✏✗✩☞✣✓ ❜✤✔ ✌✒✣✗ ✎✌✔☞❝ ★✗❝ ✗✔✏☞❝ ✖✗✩☞✣✔✑✘ ✤✣☞✣❤ ✫✏✑✣☞❡✘☞✒✒☞✍✔ ✣✙✣✔☞✩ ✗★ ✎✌✔☞❝ ✣✤✕✕✒✙ ✌✍✖ ✖❝✌✑✍✌✥☞ ✎✌✣✍☞✥✒☞✘✔☞✖ ✑✍ ✔✏☞ ✍✑✍☞✔☞☞✍✔✏ ✘☞✍✔✤❝✙❤ ✫✏☞ ✣✙✣✔☞✩ ✗★ ✎☞✒✒✣✭✗❝ ✬✮✯✰✱✲✳ ✌✒✣✗ ❜❝✗✪☞ ✖✗✎✍✓✌✍✖ ✘✏✌✍✍☞✒✣ ✔✗ ❝☞✩✗❛☞✏✗✤✣☞✏✗✒✖ ✎✌✣✔☞ ✭✘✌✒✒☞✖☞★★✒✤☞✍✔✣✳ ✎☞❝☞ ✖✌✩✌✥☞✖❤✫✏✑✣ ✎✌✣ ✌✔ ✌ ✔✑✩☞ ✎✏☞✍ ✔✏☞✕✗✕✤✒✌✔✑✗✍ ✗★ ✔✏☞ ✘✑✔✙ ✎✌✣✘✗✍✔✑✍✤✗✤✣✒✙ ✥❝✗✎✑✍✥❤

✫✏☞ ❜❝✗✪☞✍❚✖✗✎✍ ✘✌✍✌✒✣✘✗✤✒✖ ✍✗✔ ✣☞❝❛☞ ✔✏☞ ✍☞☞✖✣✗★ ✔✏✑✣ ❝✌✕✑✖✒✙ ✑✍✘❝☞✌✣✑✍✥✕✗✕✤✒✌✔✑✗✍❤ ♣✔ ✔✏☞ ☞✍✖ ✗★✔✏☞ ✍✑✍☞✔☞☞✍✔✏ ✘☞✍✔✤❝✙✓ ✔✏☞✚✏✌✏✛✌✏✌✍✑ ✖❝✌✑✍✣ ✎☞❝☞✘✒✗✣☞✖ ✌✍✖ ✌ ✍☞✎ ✣✙✣✔☞✩ ✗★✗✕☞✍ ✣✤❝★✌✘☞ ✖❝✌✑✍✣ ✎✌✣✑✍✔❝✗✖✤✘☞✖❤ ✫✏✑✣ ✣✙✣✔☞✩ ✔✗✗ ✎✌✣ ✣✗✗✍ ✗❛☞❝❜✤❝✖☞✍☞✖✓✌✍✖ ✩✌✍✙ ✗★ ✔✏☞ ✎☞✌✒✔✏✑☞❝ ✑✍✏✌❜✑✔✌✍✔✣ ✘✗✩✕✒✌✑✍☞✖✌❜✗✤✔ ✔✏☞ ✣✔☞✍✘✏ ★❝✗✩ ❝✗✌✖✣✑✖☞ ✕❝✑❛✑☞✣ ✌✍✖ ✗❛☞❝★✒✗✎✑✍✥✗✕☞✍ ✖❝✌✑✍✣❤ ✫✏☞ ✦☞✒✏✑ ▼✤✍✑✘✑✕✌✒ ♦✗✩✩✑✔✔☞☞ ✎✌✣✤✍✎✑✒✒✑✍✥ ✔✗ ✣✕☞✍✖ ✩✗✍☞✙ ✗✍ ✌ ✥✗✗✖ ✖❝✌✑✍✌✥☞ ✣✙✣✔☞✩❤

♣✔ ✔✏☞ ✣✌✩☞ ✔✑✩☞✓ ✔✏✗✤✥✏✓ ✩✑✒✒✑✗✍✣ ✗★ ❝✤✕☞☞✣ ✎☞❝☞❜☞✑✍✥ ✣✕☞✍✔ ✗✍ ✖❝✌✑✍✌✥☞ ✣✙✣✔☞✩✣ ✑✍ ✔✏☞ ✴☞✎ ✦☞✒✏✑ ✌❝☞✌❤

❈✵✶✵✷✸✹✶✸✺✻ ✹✷❆ ✽✾✿ ❈✸✽❀

❋❁❂❃ ❄❅ ❹ ❇ ❉❊●❍❏❑ ▲◆❖P◗ ❘❙❊❯ ❱❲❙❑❲❯s❘❙ ❍❉ ❳s❨❊●❏❩❩s❘ ❇❏❬s❭❊ s❘❪❙❬❲s

❋❁❂❃ ❄❫ ❹ ❴❲❊❘❩❘s ❴❲❍❵❞ s❘❪❙❬❲s s❘ ❱❲❙ ❬❊❱❙ ❘s❘❙❱❙❙❘❱❲ ❢❙❘❱❏❯❭

Page 75: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✼✆

❚✝✞ ✟✞✠✡☛☞✞ ✌✍ ❤✎✏✑✒✓✔✕✖✗ ✘✙✚✖✛✜ ✛✢✣✤✦✧★✢✛★✩ ✣✪ ✦✖✗ ✤✗✫✗✪✦✗✗✪✦✖ ✛✪✬✗✣✚✖✦✗✗✪✦✖ ★✗✪✦✙✢✣✗✤ ✜✣✫✗✬ ✣✪ ✚✢✛✪✬ ❡✛✪✤✣✧✪✤ ★✛✜✜✗✬✭✮✯✰✱✲✳✴ ✵ ❡✛✶ ✧✷ ✦✖✗ ❡✣✬✸✪✣✪✗✦✗✗✪✦✖ ★✗✪✦✙✢✩ ✤✖✧✹✗✬✛✦ ✜✗✛✤✦ ✛ ✖✙✪✬✢✗✬ ✤✙★✖ ✭✮✯✰✱✲✳✺ ✹✖✣★✖ ✹✗✢✗ ✜✛✢✚✗ ✹✛✜✜✗✬★✧❡✶✧✙✪✬✤ ✹✣✦✖ ❡✛✪✤✣✧✪✤✺ ★✧✙✢✦✩✛✢✬✤ ✛✪✬ ✷✧✙✪✦✛✣✪✤✴

✵ ✭✮✯✰✱✲ ✖✧✙✤✗✬ ❡✛✪✩ ✷✛❡✣✜✣✗✤✴ ✻✪ ✗✪✦✗✢✣✪✚ ✦✖✗✭✮✯✰✱✲ ✦✖✢✧✙✚✖ ✛ ✽✗✛✙✦✣✷✙✜ ✚✛✦✗✹✛✩✺ ✩✧✙ ✢✗✛★✖✗✬ ✛✪✧✶✗✪ ★✧✙✢✦✩✛✢✬✺ ✤✙✢✢✧✙✪✬✗✬ ✽✩ ✶✙✽✜✣★ ✢✧✧❡✤ ❡✗✛✪✦ ✷✧✢✫✣✤✣✦✧✢✤ ✛✪✬ ✽✙✤✣✪✗✤✤✺ ✙✤✗✬ ✗✈★✜✙✤✣✫✗✜✩ ✽✩ ❡✛✜✗✤✴ ✕✖✗✣✪✪✗✢ ★✧✙✢✦✩✛✢✬ ✹✣✦✖ ✣✦✤ ✶✛✫✣✜✣✧✪✤ ✛✪✬ ✢✧✧❡✤ ✹✛✤ ❡✗✛✪✦✷✧✢ ✦✖✗ ✹✧❡✗✪ ✧✷ ✦✖✗ ✖✧✙✤✗✖✧✜✬✴ ❢✧✧❡✤ ✣✪ ✦✖✗ ✭✮✯✰✱✲✳✖✛✬ ❡✙✜✦✣✶✜✗ ✙✤✗✤✺ ✛✪✬ ✫✗✢✩ ✜✣✦✦✜✗ ✽✩ ✹✛✩ ✧✷ ✷✙✢✪✣✦✙✢✗✴

❊✫✗✪ ✣✪ ✦✖✗ ❡✣✬✸✪✣✪✗✦✗✗✪✦✖ ★✗✪✦✙✢✩ ✾✛❡✢✸✛✜✸✬✣✪❑✖✛✪✿✤ ✭✮✯✰✱✲ ✖✛✬ ✤✗✫✗✢✛✜ ✤✦✢✙★✦✙✢✗✤ ✹✣✦✖✣✪ ✣✦✺ ✛✪✬✣✪★✜✙✬✗✬ ✖✧✙✤✣✪✚ ✷✧✢ ✦✖✗ ★✛✢✦ ✬✢✣✫✗✢✤✺ ✦✗✪✦ ✶✣✦★✖✗✢✤✺✦✧✢★✖✽✗✛✢✗✢✤✺ ✛✤ ✹✗✜✜ ✛✤ ✷✧✢ ✛★★✧✙✪✦✛✪✦✤✺ ★✜✗✢t✤ ✛✪✬✖✧✙✤✗✖✧✜✬ ✤✗✢✫✛✪✦✤✴

✘✛✪✩ ✧✷ ✦✖✗ ✘✙✚✖✛✜ ❛❀❁❂❃ ✹✗✢✗ ✙✪✛✽✜✗ ✦✧ ❡✛✣✪✦✛✣✪✦✖✗✤✗ ✜✛✢✚✗ ✗✤✦✛✽✜✣✤✖❡✗✪✦✤ ✙✪✬✗✢ ★✧✪✬✣✦✣✧✪✤ ✧✷ ❄✢✣✦✣✤✖✢✙✜✗✴ ❍✮✯✰✱✲✳ ✦✖✗✢✗✷✧✢✗ ✽✗✚✛✪ ✦✧ ✽✗ ✤✙✽✬✣✫✣✬✗✬ ✛✪✬✤✧✜✬✴ ✻✷✦✗✪ ✦✖✗ ✤✦✢✗✗✦ ✷✢✧✪✦ ✧✷ ✦✖✗ ✭✮✯✰✱✲✳ ✽✗★✛❡✗ ✤✖✧✶✤✧✢ ✹✛✢✗✖✧✙✤✗✤✴ ❅✧❡✗ ✭✮✯✰✱✲✳ ✹✗✢✗ ✦✛t✗✪ ✧✫✗✢ ✽✩ ✦✖✗✙✶★✧❡✣✪✚ ❡✗✢★✛✪✦✣✜✗ ★✜✛✤✤✺ ✽✙✦ ❡✛✪✩ ✷✗✜✜ ✣✪✦✧ ✬✗★✛✩✛✪✬ ✬✣✤✙✤✗✴

✕✖✗ ★✧✜✧✪✣✛✜ ✽✙✪✚✛✜✧✹ ✹✛✤ ❆✙✣✦✗ ✬✣✷✷✗✢✗✪✦ ✷✢✧❡ ✦✖✗✭✮✯✰✱✲✴ ✘✗✛✪✦ ✷✧✢ ✧✪✗ ✪✙★✜✗✛✢ ✷✛❡✣✜✩✺ ✣✦ ✹✛✤ ✛ ✜✛✢✚✗ ✤✣✪✚✜✗✸✤✦✧✢✗✩✗✬ ✤✦✢✙★✦✙✢✗ ✹✣✦✖ ✛ ✶✣✦★✖✗✬ ✢✧✧✷✺ ✛✪✬ ✙✤✙✛✜✜✩ ✤✗✦✣✪ ✧✪✗ ✧✢ ✦✹✧ ✛★✢✗✤ ✧✷ ✧✶✗✪ ✚✢✧✙✪✬✴ ✐✦ ✖✛✬ ✤✗✶✛✢✛✦✗ ✜✣✫✣✪✚✛✪✬ ✬✣✪✣✪✚ ✢✧✧❡✤ ✛✪✬ ✽✗✬✢✧✧❡✤✺ ✛✪✬ ✛ ✹✣✬✗ ✫✗✢✛✪✬✛

❇❀❁❂ ❹ ✵ ✪✧✽✜✗❡✛✪

❈❉❋●❏●❋▲▼◆◗❘❙ ❯❱ ❲◆❳ ❨◗❱❳ ❯❱ ❲❩❯②❯❬❘❭ ❪❳❯❪❨❳ ❯❘❳❭❣❯❩◗❘❭ ❬❪ ◗❘ ❫ ❴❵❜❝❞❥❫❘❦ ❲◆❳ ❯❲◆❳❣ ◗❘ ❫❧❯❨❯❘◗❫❨ ♠❬❘❭❫❨❯❩♥♦◆❫❲ ❩❯❬❨❦ ♠❳ ❲◆❳❦◗❱❱❳❣❳❘❧❳ ◗❘ ❲◆❳◗❣❣❳❨❫❲◗❯❘r◆◗❪ ❩◗❲◆ ❲◆❳❱❫♣◗❨②q ♦◆◗❧◆ ❩❯❬❨❦②❯❬ ❪❣❳❱❳❣ ❲❯ ❨◗s❳ ◗❘q✉◗r❧❬rr ②❯❬❣ s◗❳❩r ❩◗❲◆②❯❬❣ ❧❨❫rr♣❫❲❳r✇ ❫❘❦❭◗s❳ ❣❳❫r❯❘r ❱❯❣ ②❯❬❣❧◆❯◗❧❳♥

③④⑤⑥ ⑦⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ❶❷❸❷❺❻❼❸ ❽❾❺❿❼❸❷➀ ❻❺➁➂➀ ➃➂❸➄❻

Page 76: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✼�

r✁✂✂✄✂☎ ✄✂ ✆✝✞ ✟r✠✂✆✡ ☛✂☞ ✌✠✍✞✆✄✍✞✌

✠✂ ✆✝r✞✞ ✌✄☞✞✌♦ ✎✄✆✏✝✞✂✌✡ ✌✆☛✑✒✞✌ ☛✂☞

✌✞rs☛✂✆✌✓ ✔✁☛r✆✞r✌ ✕✞r✞ ✄✂ ☛ ✌✞✖☛r☛✆✞

✌✖☛✏✞ ✟r✠✍ ✆✝✞ ✍☛✄✂ ✝✠✁✌✞♦ ✗✝✞ ✝✠✁✌✞

✕☛✌ r✁✂ ✑✇ ☞✠✘✞✂✌ ✠✟ ✌✞rs☛✂✆✌♦ ✗✝✞

✕✠✍✞✂ ✠✟ ✆✝✞ ✝✠✁✌✞✝✠✒☞ ✠✟✆✞✂ ✌☛✆ ✠✂

✆✝✞ s✞r☛✂☞☛✌ ✆✠ ✌✁✖✞rs✄✌✞ ✆☛✄✒✠r✌ ✠r

✠✆✝✞r ✆r☛☞✞✌✍✞✂♦

❚✙✚ ✛✜✢✣✤✣✥✦✧✣★✩ ✪✚✫✣✢✬ ★✭ ✥✧✦✢

✗✝✞ ✏✞✂✌✁✌ ✠✟ ✮✯✰✮ r✞s✞☛✒✞☞ ✆✝☛✆ ✆✝✞

✕☛✒✒✞☞ ✏✄✆✇ ☛r✞☛ ✕☛✌ ✝✠rr✄✑✒✇ ✏r✠✕☞✞☞

✕✄✆✝ ☛✌ ✍☛✂✇ ☛✌ ✯✱ ✖✞r✌✠✂✌ ✖✞r

☛✏r✞✡ ✕✝✄✒✞ ❛✞✕ ✲✞✒✝✄ ✝☛☞ ✠✂✒✇ ☛✑✠✁✆

✰ ✖✞r✌✠✂✌ ✖✞r ☛✏r✞♦

✗✝✞ ✖✠✠r ✏✠✂☞✄✆✄✠✂✌ ✄✂ ✆✝✞ ✳☛✒✒✞☞

❈✄✆✇✡ ✝✠✕✞s✞r✡ ☞✄☞ ✂✠✆ ✌✆✠✖ ✄✆ ✟r✠✍

✞❡✖☛✂☞✄✂☎♦ ✴✂ ✮✵✵✵ ☛✂ ✞❡✆✞✂✌✄✠✂

✌✏✝✞✍✞ ✏☛✒✒✞☞ ✆✝✞ ✶☛✝✠r✞ ✷☛✆✞

✴✍✖r✠s✞✍✞✂✆ ■✏✝✞✍✞ ✕☛✌ ✖✒☛✂✂✞☞

✑✇ ❜✠✑✞r✆ ❈✒☛r✸✞ ✟✠r ✆✝✞ ✳☛✒✒✞☞ ❈✄✆✇

r✞✌✄☞✞✂✆✌♦ ✗✝✞ ✄☞✞☛ ✕☛✌ ✆✠ ☞r☛✕

r✞✌✄☞✞✂✆✌ ☛✕☛✇ ✟r✠✍ ✆✝✞ ✹✒☞ ❈✄✆✇ ✆✠ ☛

✂✞✕ ✆✇✖✞ ✠✟ ✍☛r✸✞✆ ✌✔✁☛r✞✡ ☛r✠✁✂☞

✕✝✄✏✝ ✌✝✠✖✌ ✕✠✁✒☞ ✑✞ ✑✁✄✒✆♦ ■✆r✞✞✆✌

✄✂ ✆✝✄✌ r✞☞✞s✞✒✠✖✍✞✂✆ ✌✆r✄✏✆✒✇ ✟✠✒✒✠✕✞☞

✆✝✞ ☎r✄☞ ✖☛✆✆✞r✂✡ ☛✂☞ ✕✞r✞ ✠✟ ✄☞✞✂✆✄✏☛✒

✕✄☞✆✝✡ ✌✄✘✞ ☛✂☞ ✏✝☛r☛✏✆✞r♦ ✶☛✂☞ ✕☛✌ ☞✄s✄☞✞☞ ✄✂✆✠

r✞☎✁✒☛r ☛r✞☛✌ ✟✠r ✆✝✞ ✏✠✂✌✆r✁✏✆✄✠✂ ✠✟ ✂✞✄☎✝✑✠✁r✝✠✠☞✌♦

❈✒☛r✸✞☎✁✂✺✡ ☛✌ ✆✝✞ ☞✞s✞✒✠✖✍✞✂✆ ✕☛✌ ✏☛✒✒✞☞✡ r✞✍☛✄✂✞☞

✄✂✏✠✍✖✒✞✆✞ ☛✂☞ ☞✄☞ ✂✠✆ ✝✞✒✖ ✆✠ ☞✞✏✠✂☎✞✌✆ ✆✝✞ ✹✒☞ ❈✄✆✇♦

❊s✞✂ ✄✂ ✮✯✮✻✡ ✕☛✆✞r ✌✁✖✖✒✇ ☛✂☞ ☞r☛✄✂☛☎✞ ✄✂ ✆✝✞✌✞ ✂✞✕

✒✠✏☛✒✄✆✄✞✌ ✕☛✌ s✞r✇ ✖✠✠r♦

✗✝✞ ✲✞✒✝✄ ✴✍✖r✠s✞✍✞✂✆ ✗r✁✌✆ ✕☛✌ ✌✞✆ ✁✖ ✮✯✰✽✡ ☛✂☞

✄✆ ✑✁✄✒✆ ☛r✞☛✌ ✒✄✸✞ ✲☛r✇☛☎☛✂✺ ■✠✁✆✝ ✟✠r ✕✞☛✒✆✝✇ ✴✂☞✄☛✂✌♦

❍✠✁✌✞✌ ✕✞r✞ ☎r✠✁✖✞☞ ☛r✠✁✂☞ ✖☛r✸✌♦ ✳✄✆✝✄✂ ✆✝✞ ✝✠✁✌✞✌✡

✌✖☛✏✞ ✕☛✌ ☞✄s✄☞✞☞ ☛✏✏✠r☞✄✂☎ ✆✠ ✂✞✕ r✁✒✞✌ ✠✟ ✖r✄s☛✏✇♦

✴✂✌✆✞☛☞ ✠✟ ✌✖☛✏✞✌ ✑✞✄✂☎ ✌✝☛r✞☞ ✑✇ ✍☛✂✇ ✟☛✍✄✒✄✞✌ ✠r

☎r✠✁✖✌✡ ✂✠✕ ☞✄✟✟✞r✞✂✆ ✍✞✍✑✞r✌ ✠✟ ✆✝✞ ✌☛✍✞ ✟☛✍✄✒✇ ✝☛☞

✆✝✞✄r ✠✕✂ ✖r✄s☛✆✞ ✌✖☛✏✞✌ ✕✄✆✝✄✂ ✆✝✞ ✝✠✍✞♦

✾✿❀✿❁❂❃❀❂❄❅ ❃❁❆ ❇❉❋ ✾❂❇●

❏❑▲▼ ◆❖ P ◗ ❘❙❯❱❱❙ ❲❳ ❨❩❬ ❭❱❩❪❲

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❖�✁ P✂✄☎✄ ✥ ■■■✼✆

▲✝✞✟✠ ✡✝☛☞✌✌

✶✍ ✎✏✑✏✒ ✓✔✒✏✔✒✕ ✏✕✖✒ ✗✕ ✘✑✙✚✒✛

✭✑✮ ✜✢ ✏✔✒ ✣✒✚✏✒✕✢ ✓✗✕✙♥✤ ✦✗♥✒✕✢ ✧★✏★✒✚ ✩✕✒✓ ✓★✏✔★✢♥✖✚✏✕★✑✙★✚✑✏★✗✢✍

✭❜✮ ✎✖✕✑✏ ✑✢♥ ❙✑✧✔✙★✪✑✏✢✑✦ ♥✒✫✒✙✗✪✒♥ ★✢ ✏✔✒✢★✢✒✏✒✒✢✏✔ ✧✒✢✏✖✕✬✍

✭✧ ✮ ✜✢ ✏✔✒ ✏✓✒✢✏★✒✏✔ ✧✒✢✏✖✕✬✤ ✏✔✒ ✦✑✯✗✕★✏✬ ✗✘ ✜✢♥★✑✢✚✙★✫✒♥ ★✢ ✧★✏★✒✚✍

✭♥✮ ❆✘✏✒✕ ✶✰✱✲ ✢✗ ✓✗✕✚✔★✪ ✓✑✚ ✑✙✙✗✓✒♥ ★✢ ✏✔✒ ✳✑✦✑❙✑✚✯★♥ ✘✗✕ ✘★✫✒ ✬✒✑✕✚✍

✭✒✮ ❙✗✕✒ ✦✗✢✒✬ ✓✑✚ ✚✪✒✢✏ ✗✢ ✧✙✒✑✢★✢✩ ▼✙♥ ✴✒✙✔★✏✔✑✢ t✒✓ ✴✒✙✔★✍

▲✝✞✟✠ ✵✷☞✸✵✹✝

✺✻✽✾✿❀❁ ❂❃✽❂ ❄❅❇ ✽❈❁✽ ❄❅❇❀✾ ✻✽❀ ❛✿❉✿❀✾✿❀ ✐❃✽❃❊✽❃✽❀✽❋✽●✿❀ ❍❏❑❑◆ ◗✽❘❁● ❅❀❂❃❁ ●❁❘❚❈✿❯❂✿❅❀ ❅❱ ❂❃❁✽❈❁✽ ✿❀ ❂❃✿❘ ❚❃✽❯❂❁❈❲✇❈✿❂❁ ✽❀ ✽❚❚❅❇❀❂ ❅❱❄❅❇❈ ✽❚❂✿❉✿❂✿❁❘ ●❇❈✿❀✾❅❀❁ ●✽❄ ❅❱ ❄❅❇❈ ❛✿❱❁◆

❳❨❩❬❨❩❭ ❪❫❴❨❩ ❵❝ ❞❡❢❭❣ ❤❥❩❵❦❫❧♠ ♦♣q r♣♣s ✉✈①②③④⑤⑥ ✉⑦⑧ ①②③④⑤⑨♦♣q ⑩②rr ♠②⑦⑧ ✉❶✈✉❷✈r②⑦③ ❶②❸②r✉❷②✈♦❹❺✈⑩❺❺⑦ ✈❻❺❹q②r⑧②⑦③❶④ ❼q✈ ✈❻❺❶❺❹q②r⑧②⑦③❶ ✉❷❺❽♣⑦✈②⑦❺⑦✈❶ ✉❾✉❷✈④❿❻✉✈ ⑧♣❺❶ ✈❻②❶❶❻♣⑩➀

➁➂ ➃➄➅ ➅➆➇➈➉ ➊➋➌➍➎➏ ➆ ➉➐➑➂➒ ➓➂➒➈➔➎➄ ➆➇→➄➔➃➅→➃ ➂➆➣➅↔↕➅➇➙➅➇➃➛➆➜➅➇ ➝➅➂➃ ➃➐ ➞➐➑➃➄ ➟➠➇➔→➆ ➔➂ ➎➅➆➇→➄ ➐➠ ➝➐➇➜➡ ➁➃ ➝➆➎ ➔➂➞➐➑➃➄ ➟➠➇➔→➆ ➃➄➆➃ ➛➆➜➅➇ →➆➣➅ ➔➂ ➃➐➑→➄ ➝➔➃➄ ➢➅→➔➈ ➤➄➐↔➅➎➏➃➄➅ ➥➐➦➅➇➂➐➇ ➐➠ ➢➆➧➅ ➨➐➝➂➏ ➝➄➐ ➔➂➎➧➔➇➅↔ ➔➂ ➛➆➜➅➇ ➆ ➈➐➦➅ ➠➐➇ ➃➄➅ ➛➇➔➃➔➎➄ ➅➣➧➔➇➅ ➆➂↔ ➆➂➆↔➣➔➇➆➃➔➐➂ ➠➐➇ ➃➄➅ ➆➇→➄➔➃➅→➃➑➇➆➈ ➄➅➇➔➃➆➒➅ ➐➠ ➆➂→➔➅➂➃ ➤➐➣➅ ➆➂↔ ➥➇➅➅→➅➡➩➔➒➡ ➊➫ ➎➄➐➝➎ ➃➄➅ ➭➂➔➐➂ ➛➑➔➈↔➔➂➒ ➃➄➆➃ ➛➆➜➅➇ ↔➅➎➔➒➂➅↔ ➔➂ ➃➄➅ →➔➃➉ ➐➠ ➯➇➅➃➐➇➔➆ ➔➂ ➞➐➑➃➄ ➟➠➇➔→➆➡

➁➃ ➑➎➅↔ ➎➐➣➅ ➐➠ ➃➄➅ ➅➈➅➣➅➂➃➎ ➐➠ ➆➂→➔➅➂➃ →➈➆➎➎➔→➆➈ ➆➇→➄➔➃➅→➃➑➇➅ ➃➄➆➃ ➛➆➜➅➇ ➈➆➃➅➇ ➔➂→➈➑↔➅↔ ➔➂ ➄➔➎➧➈➆➂➎ ➐➠ ➃➄➅ ➞➅→➇➅➃➆➇➔➆➃ ➙➑➔➈↔➔➂➒ ➔➂ ➲➅➝ ➳➅➈➄➔➡ ➨➄➅ ➭➂➔➐➂ ➛➑➔➈↔➔➂➒ ➝➆➎ ➆➈➎➐ ➈➐→➆➃➅↔ ➐➂ ➆ ➎➃➅➅➧➄➔➈➈ ➆➎ ➔➎ ➃➄➅ ➞➅→➇➅➃➆➇➔➆➃ ➛➑➔➈↔➔➂➒ ➔➂ ➲➅➝ ➳➅➈➄➔ ➵➩➔➒➡ ➊➸➺➡ ↕➆➦➅ ➉➐➑ ➂➐➃ ➂➐➃➔→➅↔ ➃➄➆➃ ➧➅➐➧➈➅ ➔➂➧➐➎➔➃➔➐➂➎ ➐➠ ➧➐➝➅➇ ➝➆➂➃ ➃➐ ➈➐➐➜ ↔➐➝➂ ➐➂ ➐➃➄➅➇➎ ➠➇➐➣ ➆➙➐➦➅ ➇➆➃➄➅➇ ➃➄➆➂ ➑➧ ➃➐➝➆➇↔➎ ➃➄➅➣➠➇➐➣ ➙➅➈➐➝➻ ➨➄➅ ➭➂➔➐➂ ➛➑➔➈↔➔➂➒ ➆➂↔ ➃➄➅ ➞➅→➇➅➃➆➇➔➆➃ ➝➅➇➅ ➙➐➃➄ ➙➑➔➈➃ ➃➐ ➄➐➑➎➅ ➔➣➧➅➇➔➆➈ ➐➠➠➔→➅➎➡

➼➽➾➚ ➪➶

➼➽➾➚ ➪➹

➘➴❞➘➷❳➘➬➘

Page 78: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

✼✼

✷✳ ❋�✁✁ �✂ ✄☎✆ ✝✁✞✂✟✠✡

✭✞✮ ❚☎✆ ☛�☞✠✄ ✠✄☞✌✍✄✌☞✆ ✄✎ ✠✌✍✍✆✠✠☛✌✁✁✏ ✌✠✆ ✄☎✆❞✎✑✆ ✒✞✠ ✍✞✁✁✆❞ ✄☎✆ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✳

✭✝✮ ❚☎✆ ✄✒✎ ✞☞✍☎�✄✆✍✄✠ ✒☎✎ ❞✆✠�✔✂✆❞ ✕✆✒ ✖✆✁☎�✞✂❞ ❛☎✞☎✗✞☎✞✂✞✝✞❞ ✒✆☞✆ ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✞✂❞✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✳

✭✍✮ ❚☎✆ ✘☞�✄�✠☎ ✠✞✒ ✎✙✆☞✍☞✎✒❞✆❞ ✠✚✞✍✆✠ ✞✠✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✳

✭❞✮ ■✂ ✛✜✜✜ ✞✂ ✆✢✄✆✂✠�✎✂ ✠✍☎✆✑✆ ✍✞✁✁✆❞ ✄☎✆✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ ✒✞✠ ❞✆✙�✠✆❞✳

✸✳ ■❞✆✂✄�☛✏ ✄☎☞✆✆ ❞�☛☛✆☞✆✂✍✆✠ �✂ ✄☎✆ ✍�✄✏ ❞✆✠�✔✂ ✎☛✕✆✒ ✖✆✁☎� ✞✂❞ ❛☎✞☎✗✞☎✞✂✞✝✞❞✳

✹✳ ❲☎✎ ✁�✙✆❞ �✂ ✄☎✆ ✣✒☎�✄✆✤ ✞☞✆✞✠ �✂ ✍�✄�✆✠ ✠✌✍☎ ✞✠▼✞❞☞✞✠✥

▲✦✧★✩ ✪✫✩✬✯✩✩

✺✳ ❲☎✞✄ �✠ ✑✆✞✂✄ ✝✏ ❞✆✰✌☞✝✞✂�✠✞✄�✎✂✥

✻✳ ❲☎✏ ❞�❞ ✄☎✆ ✘☞�✄�✠☎ ✍☎✎✎✠✆ ✄✎ ☎✎✁❞ ✞ ✔☞✞✂❞ ✖✌☞✝✞☞�✂ ✖✆✁☎� ✞✁✄☎✎✌✔☎ �✄ ✒✞✠ ✂✎✄ ✄☎✆ ✍✞✚�✄✞✁✥

✱✳ ❍✎✒ ❞�❞ ✄☎✆ ✲✁❞ ✴�✄✏ ✎☛ ✖✆✁☎� ✍☎✞✂✔✆ ✌✂❞✆☞ ✘☞�✄�✠☎☞✌✁✆✥

✜✳ ❍✎✒ ❞�❞ ✄☎✆ ✵✞☞✄�✄�✎✂ ✞☛☛✆✍✄ ✁�☛✆ �✂ ✖✆✁☎�✥

▲✦✧★✩ ✪✶

✾✳ ❋�✂❞ ✎✌✄ ✄☎✆ ☎�✠✄✎☞✏ ✎☛ ✄☎✆ ✄✎✒✂ ✏✎✌ ✁�✙✆ �✂ ✎☞ ✎☛✞✂✏ ✄✎✒✂ ✂✆✞☞✝✏✳ ✴☎✆✍✟ ✒☎✆✂ ✞✂❞ ☎✎✒ �✄ ✔☞✆✒✽✞✂❞ ☎✎✒ �✄ ☎✞✠ ✍☎✞✂✔✆❞ ✎✙✆☞ ✄☎✆ ✏✆✞☞✠✳ ✿✎✌ ✍✎✌✁❞✁✎✎✟ ✞✄ ✄☎✆ ☎�✠✄✎☞✏ ✎☛ ✄☎✆ ✝✞❧✞✞☞✠✽ ✄☎✆ ✝✌�✁❞�✂✔✠✽✍✌✁✄✌☞✞✁ �✂✠✄�✄✌✄�✎✂✠✽ ✞✂❞ ✠✆✄✄✁✆✑✆✂✄✠✳

✛❀✳ ▼✞✟✆ ✞ ✁�✠✄ ✎☛ ✞✄ ✁✆✞✠✄ ✄✆✂ ✎✍✍✌✚✞✄�✎✂✠ �✂ ✄☎✆ ✍�✄✏✽✄✎✒✂ ✎☞ ✙�✁✁✞✔✆ ✄✎ ✒☎�✍☎ ✏✎✌ ✝✆✁✎✂✔✽ ✞✂❞ ☛�✂❞ ✎✌✄☎✎✒ ✁✎✂✔ ✄☎✆✏ ☎✞✙✆ ✆✢�✠✄✆❞✳ ❲☎✞✄ ❞✎✆✠ ✄☎�✠ ✄✆✁✁ ✏✎✌✞✝✎✌✄ ✄☎✆ ✍☎✞✂✔✆✠ ✒�✄☎�✂ ✄☎�✠ ✞☞✆✞✥

❈❁❂❁❃❄❅❂❄❆❇ ❅❃❉ ❊●❏ ❈❄❊❑

Page 79: Contents€¦ · Contents Foreword iii 1. How, When and Where 1 2. From Trade to Territory 9 The Company Establishes Power 3. Ruling the Countryside 26 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision

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