Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Nanomaterial-Enhanced Fluorescence Polarizationand Its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 Principles of Fluorescence Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Sensitive Detection of Hg2+ by Fluorescence Polarization

Enhanced by Gold Nanoparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.3 DNAzyme-Self-Assembled Gold Nanoparticles for Determination

of Cu2+ and Pb2+ Using Fluorescence Polarization Assay . . . . . . 102.4 Peptide-Functionalized Spherical Polyelectrolyte Nanobrushes

for Real-Time Sensing of Protease Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3 Versatile Graphene-Based Nano-Bio Probe Designand Its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.2 Graphene-DNA Molecular Beacon Design

and its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.3 Graphene-Protein Nanoprobe Design and its Application . . . . . . 313.4 Other Graphene-Based Nanoprobes and Their Applications . . . . 34References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4 Metal Nanoparticles-Based Colorimetric Probe Designand Its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394.2 Sensitive and Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Biological

Thiols Using Nucleotide-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles . . . . . . 404.3 Colorimetric Chiral Recognition of Enantiomers Using

Nucleotide-Capped Silver Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

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4.4 Colorimetric Assay for Phthalates Using UTP-ModifiedGold Nanoparticles Cross-Linked by Copper (II). . . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.5 Multiplexed Analysis of Ag+ and Hg2+ UsingOligonucleotide-Metal Nanoparticle Conjugates . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

5 Metal-Nanoclusters-Based Luminescent Probe Designand Its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.2 Metal-Nanoclusters-Based Luminescent Probes for Nucleic

Acid Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.3 Metal-Nanoclusters-Based Luminescent Probes for Metal

Ions Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675.4 Metal-Nanoclusters-Based Luminescent Probes for Cellular

Labeling or Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

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