content networking in the mobile internet · content networking in the mobile internet edited by...

CONTENT NETWORKINGIN THE MOBILE INTERNET

Edited by

SUDHIR DIXIT and TAO WU

Nokia Research Center

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Innodata0471478288.jpg


Edited by

SUDHIR DIXIT and TAO WU

Nokia Research Center

A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright # 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or

by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as

permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior

written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee

to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400,

fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission

should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street,

Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty. While the publisher and author have used their best effortsin preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or

completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of

merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales

representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be

suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the

publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including

but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care

Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print,

however, may not be available in electronic format.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Dixit, Sudhir.

Content networking in the mobile Internet / Sudhir Dixit & Tao Wu.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-471-46618-2 (Cloth)

1. Wireless Internet. 2. Computer networks. I. Wu, Tao, 1971–. II.

Title.

TK5103.4885 D58 2004

004.6708- -dc222003025148

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

http://www.copyright.com

To my in-laws, Shri S. D. Shukla and Smt. M. D. Shukla—SUDHIR DIXIT

To my wife Lingxuan, parents Huile Wu and Zuwu Zhang,brother Jiang, and sister Hong

—TAO WU

CONTRIBUTORS

JANNE AALTONEN, Nokia Ventures Organization, Joukahaisenkatu 1, 20520 Turku,

Finland

MITRI ABOU-RIZK, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA

01803

ATUL ADYA, Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052

SADHNA AHUJA, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803

PARAMVIR BAHL, Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052

DAVID BANJO, Nokia Networks, FIN-00045 Nokia Group, Helsinki, Finland

STEPHANE COULOMBE, Nokia Research Center, 6000 Connection Drive, Irving,

TX 75039

SUDHIR DIXIT, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803

XIA GAO, DoCoMo USA Labs, 181 Metro Drive, Suite 300, San Jose, CA 95110

GUIDO GRASSEL, Nokia Research Center, Itämerenkatu 11-13, FIN-0045, Helsinki,

Finland

HARRI HOLMA, Nokia Networks, FIN-00045 Nokia Group, Espoo, Finland

OSAKARI KOSKIMIES, Nokia Research Center, Itämerenkatu 11-13, FIN-0045,

Helsinki, Finland

DEEPA KUNDUR, Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University,

College Station, TX 77843

DAN LI, Cisco Systems, 1322 Nelson Way, Sunnyvale, CA 94087

vii

CHING-YUNG LIN, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 19 Skyline Drive,

Hawthorne, NY 10532

MICHAEL MAHAN, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA

01803

MUHAMMAD MUKARRAM BIN TARIQ, DoCoMo Communication Laboratories

USA, Inc., 181 Metro Drive, Suite 300, San Jose, CA 95110

LILI QIU, Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052

GANESH SIVARAMAN, Nokia Research Center, FIN-33721, Helsinki, Finland

KEISUKE SUWA, Musashi Institute of Technology, Japan

ANTTI TOSKALA, Nokia Networks, FIN-0045 Nokia Group, Espoo, Finland

ANTII-PENTTI VAINIO, Nokia Research Center, FIN-33721, Tampere, Finland

SANJEEV VERMA, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803

ROD WALSH, Nokia Research Center, FIN-33721, Tampere, Finland

GANG WU, DoCoMo USA Labs, 181 Metro Drive, Suite 300, San Jose, CA 95110

TAO WU, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803

TAKESHI YOSHIMURA, Multimedia Laboratories, NTT DoCoMo, Inc., 3-5, Hikari-

no-oka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8536, Japan

HEATHER YU, Panasonic Information & Networking Technologies Laboratory,

2 Research Way, Princeton, NJ 08540

viii CONTRIBUTORS

CONTENTS

PREFACE xxv

ACRONYMS xxvii

1 CONTENT NETWORKING IN THE MOBILE INTERNET 1

Sudhir Dixit and Tao Wu

1.1 Introduction / 1

1.2 Content Networking in the Mobile Internet / 2

1.3 Book Overview / 4

1.3.1 Chapter 2: Mobile Internet Architecture Overview / 4

1.3.2 Chapter 3: Protocols for the Web and the Mobile

Internet / 5

1.3.3 Chapter 4: Content Caching and Multicast / 5

1.3.4 Chapter 5: Characterizing Web Workload of

Mobile Clients / 5

1.3.5 Chapter 6: ACME: A New Mobile Content

Delivery Architecture / 5

1.3.6 Chapter 7: Content Adaptation for the Mobile

Internet / 6

1.3.7 Chapter 8: Content Synchronization / 6

1.3.8 Chapter 9: Multimedia Streaming in Mobile

Wireless Networks / 6

1.3.9 Chapter 10: Multicast Content Delivery for Mobiles / 6

1.3.10 Chapter 11: Security and Digital Rights Management

for Mobile Content / 7

1.3.11 Chapter 12: Charging for Mobile Content / 7

1.3.12 Chapter 13: Algorithms and Infrastructures for

Location-Based Services / 7

1.3.13 Chapter 14: Fixed and Mobile Web Services / 8

1.4 Concluding Remarks / 8

2 MOBILE INTERNET ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 9

Harri Holma and Antti Toskala


2.2 Standardization Framework / 10

2.3 System Architecture and Core Network / 11

2.4 WCDMA Radio Access Network / 13

2.4.1 WCDMA Radio Access Network Architecture / 13

2.4.2 WCDMA Layer 2/3 Architecture and Principles / 14

2.4.3 WCDMA Physical Layer / 18

2.4.4 WCDMA beyond 2Mbps with HSDPA / 20

2.4.5 Evolution of WCDMA / 21

2.4.5.1 Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel / 22

2.4.5.2 New Frequency Variants of WCDMA / 23

2.4.5.3 Advanced Antenna Technologies / 23

2.4.5.4 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast

Service / 24

2.5 GSM/GPRS/EDGE / 24

2.5.1 GSM Principle / 24

2.5.2 GSM Radio Access Network Architecture / 26

2.5.3 GSM Service Creation Principle / 26

2.6 IS-95 Radio Access / 27

2.7 GSM/EDGE and WCDMA Operator Performance / 29

2.8 GSM/EDGE and WCDMA End-User Performance / 31

References / 33

3 PROTOCOLS FOR THE WEB AND THE MOBILEINTERNET 35

Mitri Abou-Rizk


3.2 History of the World Wide Web / 35

x CONTENTS

3.3 The Web Today / 37

3.4 The Future Web / 37

3.5 HyperText Transfer Protocol / 38

3.5.1 Definition and General Operation / 38

3.5.2 HTTP Evolution / 39

3.5.2.1 HTTP/0.9 / 40

3.5.2.2 HTTP/1.0 / 41

3.5.3 HTTP/1.1 / 44

3.5.3.1 Formats of the Request and Response

Messages for HTTP/1.1 / 45

3.5.3.2 New Request Methods and Definitions / 45

3.5.3.3 Persistent Connections / 46

3.5.3.4 Chunked Encoding / 47

3.5.3.5 Content Negotiations / 47

3.5.3.6 Byte-Range Operation / 48

3.5.3.7 Authentication / 48

3.5.3.8 Caching / 48

3.5.3.9 Headers / 50

3.5.4 Conclusion / 66

3.6 Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) / 66

3.6.1 Introduction / 66

3.6.2 WAP Evolution / 66

3.6.2.1 WAP 1.0 Architecture / 67

3.6.2.2 WAP 1.0 Components / 69

3.6.3 WAP 2.0 / 78

3.6.3.1 Introduction / 78

3.6.3.2 WAP 2.0 Architecture and Overview / 78

3.6.3.3 WAP 2.x Components / 80

3.6.4 Future of WAP / 83

References / 84

4 CONTENT CACHING AND MULTICAST 87

Dan Li

4.1 Web-Based Applications / 87

4.1.1 Information Dissemination / 87

4.1.1.1 Static Content / 88

4.1.1.2 Dynamic Content / 88

4.1.1.3 Streaming Media / 89

CONTENTS xi

4.1.2 Information Exchange / 90

4.2 Scalable Content Delivery via Multicast and Caching / 91

4.3 IP Multicast and Reliable Multicast / 93

4.3.1 Challenges Facing Reliable Multicast / 94

4.3.2 NAK-Based Recovery / 95

4.3.3 Distributed Recovery / 95

4.3.4 Router-Assisted Recovery / 98

4.3.5 FEC-Based Recovery / 100

4.3.6 State of the Art / 102

4.4 Application Layer Multicast / 103

4.4.1 Rationale for Application Layer Multicast / 104

4.4.2 Why We Still Need IP Multicast / 108

4.4.3 Functions of Application Layer Multicast / 110

4.4.4 Building the Distribution Tree / 112

4.4.5 State of the Art / 116

4.5 Web Proxy Caching / 117

4.5.1 Basics of Proxy Caching / 117

4.5.2 Content Delivery / 118

4.5.3 Cache Consistency / 120

4.5.4 Cache Cooperation / 122

4.5.5 Limitations of Previous Work / 125

4.6 Summary / 126

References / 127

5 CHARACTERIZING WEB WORKLOAD OF MOBILECLIENTS 135

Atul Adya, Paramvir Bahl, and Lili Qiu

5.1 Overview of Web Workload Characterization / 136

5.1.1 Motivation for Workload Characterization / 136

5.1.2 Types of Analysis / 137

5.2 Overview of Previous Work / 137

5.2.1 Wireline User Workload Characterization / 137

5.2.1.1 Content Analysis / 138

5.2.1.2 User Behavior Analysis / 139

5.2.1.3 System Load Analysis / 140

5.2.2 Wireless User Workload Characterization / 140

5.2.2.1 Analysis of WAP Traffic at Bell

Mobility’s PCS / 141

xii CONTENTS

5.2.2.2 Analysis of a Metropolitan Area

Wireless Network / 141

5.2.2.3 Wireless LAN Study / 141

5.3 Server Architecture and Data Gathering / 142

5.3.1 Server Architecture / 143

5.3.2 Description of Data Logs / 144

5.3.3 Types of Accesses / 144

5.4 Characterizing Web Browsing Workload / 145

5.4.1 Content Analysis / 145

5.4.1.1 Content Size / 146

5.4.1.2 Popular Content Categories / 146

5.4.1.3 Document Popularity / 148

5.4.2 User Behavior Analysis / 149

5.4.2.1 Load Distribution of Different Users / 150

5.4.2.2 Distribution of Wireless User Sessions / 153

5.4.2.3 Temporal Stability / 155

5.4.2.4 Spatial Locality / 158

5.4.3 System Load Analysis / 160

5.4.4 Summary of Browse Log Analyses / 161

5.5 Characterizing Notification Workload / 163

5.5.1 Content Analysis / 164

5.5.1.1 Notification Message Size and Its

Implications / 164

5.5.1.2 Popular Categories / 164

5.5.1.3 Message Popularity Analysis and

Its Implications / 167

5.5.2 User Behavior Analysis / 168

5.5.2.1 Load Distribution of Different Users / 169

5.5.2.2 Spatial Locality / 169

5.5.3 System Load / 171

5.5.4 Summary of Notification Log Analyses / 172

5.6 Correlation between Web Browsing and

Notification / 174

5.6.1 Correlation in the Amount of Usage / 174

5.6.2 Correlation in Popular Content Categories / 176

5.6.3 Summary / 178

5.7 Comparison between Workload of Wireline Web

and Mobile Web / 178

5.7.1 Comparison in Web Content / 178

CONTENTS xiii

5.7.2 Comparison in User Behavior / 179

5.7.3 Comparison in System Load / 179

5.8 Summary / 179

References / 180

6 ACME: A NEW MOBILE CONTENT DELIVERYARCHITECTURE 183

Tao Wu, Sadhna Ahuja, and Sudhir Dixit


6.2 Mobile Content Delivery Techniques and Related Work / 186

6.2.1 Content Delivery for the Internet / 186

6.2.1.1 Network Scaling / 187

6.2.1.2 End-System Acceleration / 187

6.2.1.3 Content and Protocol Optimization / 188

6.2.2 Content Delivery for the Mobile Internet / 189

6.2.3 Related Work / 189

6.3 ACME Performance Analysis / 191

6.3.1 System Description / 191

6.3.2 ACME Performance in a Slotted ALOHA System / 191

6.3.2.1 Performance of Baseline / 192

6.3.2.2 Performance of ACME / 193

6.3.2.3 Comparison / 194

6.3.3 ACME in CDMA Networks / 196

6.4 Exploiting User Interest Correlation with ACME / 197

6.4.1 The Algorithm / 197

6.4.2 Traces / 198

6.4.3 Simulations / 198

6.5 ACME in Radio Resource Management / 201

6.6 Conclusions / 201

References / 202

7 CONTENT ADAPTATION FOR THE MOBILE INTERNET 205

Stephane Coulombe, Oskari Koskimies, and Guido Grassel

7.1 Motivation for Adaptation / 205

7.2 Multimedia Content Types / 207

7.2.1 Media Content / 207

7.2.1.1 Textual Content / 207

7.2.1.2 Audiovisual Content / 208

7.2.2 Presentation Content / 210

xiv CONTENTS

7.2.2.1 Stylesheets / 210

7.2.2.2 Device-Independent Presentation

Content / 214

7.2.3 Application Data / 214

7.2.4 Procedural Code / 215

7.3 Types of Adaptation / 216

7.3.1 Format Adaptation / 216

7.3.2 Characteristics Adaptation / 217

7.3.3 Appearance Adaptation / 217

7.3.4 Size Adaptation / 219

7.3.5 Encapsulation Adaptation / 221

7.4 Methods of Adaptation / 221

7.4.1 Multimedia Transcoding / 221

7.4.1.1 Multimedia Transcoding Architecture / 221

7.4.1.2 Transcoding of Audiovisual Content / 222

7.4.1.3 Transcoding of Nonaudiovisual Content / 223

7.4.1.4 Transcoding of Procedural Code / 224

7.4.1.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of

Transcoding / 224

7.4.2 Content Selection / 225

7.4.2.1 The Infopyramid / 225

7.4.2.2 The Customizer / 226

7.4.2.3 The Infopyramid Creation Process / 227

7.4.2.4 Advantages and Drawbacks of

Content Selection / 227

7.4.2.5 Separating Content and Its

Representation / 228

7.4.3 Rendering at the Client / 228

7.4.4 Hybrid Approaches / 230

7.5 Capabilities and Metadata / 230

7.5.1 Capabilities / 231

7.5.1.1 User-Agent Information / 231

7.5.1.2 Composite Capability/PreferenceProfiles (CC/PP) / 231

7.5.1.3 UAProf / 233

7.5.1.4 Subscriber Databases / 233

7.5.2 Metadata / 236

7.6 Adaptation Architectures / 237

7.6.1 Location of Adaptation / 237

CONTENTS xv

7.6.1.1 Adaptation at the Source / 238

7.6.1.2 Adaptation at the Destination / 239

7.6.1.3 Adaptation at the Intermediary / 239

7.6.2 Adaptation Architecture Configurations / 239

7.7 Application Scenarios / 241

7.7.1 Scenario for Content Selection: Browsing / 241

7.7.1.1 Content Selection Algorithm / 242

7.7.1.2 The Infopyramid and Media

Capability Descriptors / 242

7.7.1.3 The Terminal’s Media Capability

Descriptors / 244

7.7.1.4 Results of the Media Content Selection / 244

7.7.1.5 Results of the Overall Adaptation / 244

7.7.2 Scenario for Transcoding: Multimedia

Messaging Service / 244

7.7.2.1 MMS Applications / 246

7.7.2.2 MMS Transactions / 246

7.7.2.3 The MMS Conformance Document / 248

7.7.2.4 The UAProf Descriptions for MMS

Application / 248

7.7.2.5 MMS Adaptation Example for a

Weather Service / 249

7.7.3 Concluding Remarks / 250

7.8 Standardization and Future Work / 251

References / 252

8 CONTENT SYNCHRONIZATION 255

Ganesh Sivaraman


8.2 Why Mobile Devices Need Synchronization / 257

8.3 Fundamental Principles of Synchronization / 258

8.3.1 Types of Synchronization / 258

8.3.1.1 One- versus Two-Way Synchronization / 258

8.3.1.2 Slow versus Fast Synchronization / 259

8.3.2 Change Detection / 260

8.3.3 Conflict Detection and Resolution / 260

8.4 Adoption of Synchronization for Mobile Devices / 261

8.4.1 Synchronization Scenarios for Mobile Devices / 261

8.4.2 Adhering to Mobile Device Constraints / 262

xvi CONTENTS

8.5 Synchronization Standard / 263

8.5.1 OMA Data Synchronization Overview / 264

8.5.1.1 OMA Representation / 264

8.5.1.2 OMA Data Synchronization Protocol / 268

8.6 Summary / 273

References / 274

9 MULTIMEDIA STREAMING IN MOBILE WIRELESSNETWORKS 275

Sanjeev Verma, Muhammad Mukarram bin Tariq, Takeshi Yoshimura,and Tao Wu


9.2 QoS Issues for Streaming Applications / 275

9.2.1 Application Layer QoS Control / 280

9.2.1.1 Congestion Control and Quality Adaptation / 281

9.2.1.2 Error Control / 283

9.2.2 Network Layer QoS Control / 284

9.3 Streaming Media Codecs / 285

9.3.1 Video Compression / 285

9.3.2 Audio Compression / 286

9.3.3 Codecs Used in 3GPP / 286

9.4 End-to-End Architecture to Provide Streaming

Services in Wireless Environments / 288

9.4.1 Logical Streaming Multimedia Architecture / 288

9.5 Protocols for Streaming Media Delivery / 291

9.5.1 Protocols and Languages for Streaming Media

Session Control / 291

9.5.1.1 Real-Time Streaming Protocol / 292

9.5.1.2 Session Description Protocol / 297

9.5.1.3 Other Session Control Protocols / 298

9.5.1.4 Description Languages / 298

9.5.1.5 UAProf Specification / 303

9.5.2 The Streaming Media Transport Protocols / 305

9.5.2.1 The Real-Time Transport Protocol / 305

9.5.2.2 Other Media Transport Protocols / 308

9.6 3GPP Packet-Switched Streaming Service / 308

9.6.1 3GPP Packet-Switched Domain Architecture / 310

9.6.2 The 3GPP PSS Framework / 312

CONTENTS xvii

9.6.2.1 Streaming Media Session Setup Procedures

for PSS / 313

9.7 Multimedia Services in Mobile and Wireless

Environments / 315

9.7.1 Differentiating Transmission Error Losses from

Congestion Losses / 315

9.7.2 Counteracting Handover Packet Loss / 316

9.7.3 Mobility-Aware Server Selection and Request Routing

in Mobile CDN Environments / 318

9.7.4 Architectural Considerations to Provide Streaming

Services in Integrated Cellular/WLANEnvironments / 319

9.7.4.1 Tight Coupling / 320

9.7.4.2 Loose Coupling / 320

9.8 Conclusions / 321

References / 322

10 MULTICAST CONTENT DELIVERY FOR MOBILES 327

Rod Walsh, Antti-Pentti Vainio, and Janne Aaltonen


10.1.1 Chapter Overview / 328

10.2 Multicast Overview / 328

10.2.1 The Justification for Multicast / 328

10.2.2 Three Perspectives on Multicast / 330

10.2.3 Multicast as a Communication Technique / 331

10.2.4 Multicast Applications and Services / 332

10.2.5 Mobile Wireless Multicast / 335

10.3 The Generic IP Multicast System / 336

10.3.1 Common Multicast System Aspects / 336

10.3.2 A Reference System Model / 336

10.3.3 Three-Platform Services / 337

10.3.3.1 IETF Streaming / 339

10.3.3.2 IETF Filecast / 339

10.3.3.3 IETF Media Discovery / 339

10.3.4 IP Multicast Networking Procedure / 340

10.3.5 Additional Aspects of the Mobile Wireless

Environment / 342

10.3.5.1 Mobility and Movement of Users / 342

10.3.5.2 Errors in Radio Transmission / 345

10.3.5.3 Unidirectional Downlink Bearers / 346

xviii CONTENTS

10.4 IP Datacast (IPDC) / 347

10.4.1 The IPDC Concept / 347

10.4.2 IPDC Services and Applications / 348

10.4.3 IPDC System Architecture / 350

10.4.4 Mobile Wireless Radio Networks for IPDC / 350

10.4.4.1 DVB-T/XH as a Radio Access Networkfor IPDC / 352

10.4.5 IP Infrastructure for IPDC / 354

10.4.6 The IPDC Service System / 355

10.4.7 E-Commerce for IPDC / 356

10.4.8 IPDC in Summary / 357

10.5 Multicast in Third-Generation Cellular (MBMS) / 358

10.5.1 The MBMS Concept / 358

10.5.2 MBMS Services and Applications / 360

10.5.3 MBMS System Architecture / 361

10.5.4 MBMS Radio Access Networks / 362

10.5.5 MBMS in the Core Network / 364

10.5.6 MBMS Service Center and Data Sources / 365

10.5.7 Commercial Interfaces / 366

10.5.8 MBMS in Summary / 366

10.6 Multicast Content Delivery for Mobiles in Summary

and in the Future / 367

References / 368

11 SECURITY AND DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENTFOR MOBILE CONTENT 371

Deepa Kundur, Heather Yu, and Ching-Yung Lin

11.1 Introduction to Information Security and DRM

Technologies / 371

11.1.1 Information Security / 372

11.1.2 Content-Based Media Security / 374

11.1.3 Digital Rights Management / 375

11.1.3.1 Overview / 375

11.1.3.2 DRM and Content Distribution

Business Models / 381

11.1.3.3 DRM and Security / 384

11.1.3.4 General Requirements for Mobile

Terminals / 384

11.2 MPEG Intellectual Property Management and

Protection / 385

CONTENTS xix

11.2.1 Copy Protection on MPEG-2 Videos / 385

11.2.2 MPEG-4 IPMP Hook / 386

11.2.3 MPEG-21 and MPEG IPMP Extensions / 387

11.3 Emerging Technologies and Applications / 387

11.3.1 State-of-the-Art MDRM Systems / 388

11.3.1.1 Nokia Music Player—Distributed DRM / 391

11.3.1.2 NEC VS-7810—Centralized DRM / 391

11.3.1.3 Integrated Model / 392

11.3.1.4 MDRM Requirements / 392

11.3.2 State-of-the-Art MDRM Component Technologies / 394

11.3.2.1 Scalable and Format-Compliant Encryption

for Multimedia / 394

11.3.2.2 Public Key Watermarking System / 398

11.3.2.3 Efficient Key Management for Multicast in

the Mobile Environment / 401

11.3.2.4 Multimedia Content Verification and

Error Concealment / 402

11.3.3 Summary / 404

References / 404

12 CHARGING FOR MOBILE CONTENT 409

David Banjo


12.1.1 The Scope of “Charging” / 410

12.2 Fixed-Line Telephony Charging / 411

12.3 Mobile Telephony Charging / 414

12.4 Aspects Pertinent to Mobile Content Charging / 415

12.4.1 Revenue Chain / 416

12.4.2 Subscription Models / 417

12.4.3 Postpaid and Prepaid Charging / 419

12.4.4 Business-to-Business (B2B) / 421

12.4.5 Roaming / 422

12.4.6 Multiple Access / 422

12.4.7 Source of Charging Records / 422

12.4.8 Multiple Servers Involved in Delivery / 423

12.5 Charging Concepts and Mechanisms / 424

12.5.1 Creation of Charging Records / 424

12.5.2 Differentiated Charging / 425

xx CONTENTS

12.5.3 Flow-Based Charging / 426

12.5.4 Mediation / 428

12.5.5 Correlation / 428

12.5.6 Charging Rules / 429

12.5.7 Rating / 429

12.5.8 Advice of Charge / 429

12.6 Charging Interfaces / 429

12.7 Charging Information / 431

12.8 Charging Architecture and Scenarios / 433

12.8.1 Charging Architecture / 433

12.8.2 Charging Scenarios /433

12.8.2.1 Browsing / 433

12.8.2.2 Person-to-Person Messaging / 435

12.8.2.3 Download / 436

12.8.2.4 Streaming Video / 436

12.9 Summary / 437

References / 437

13 ALGORITHMS AND INFRASTRUCTURES FORLOCATION-BASED SERVICES 439

Gang Wu, Xia Gao, and Keisuke Suwa


13.2 Taxonomy of Location / 441

13.2.1 Physical and Symbolic Location / 441

13.2.2 Absolute and Relative Location / 442

13.3 Location Estimation Media / 442

13.3.1 Radiofrequency (RF) / 443

13.3.1.1 Multipath Propagation / 443

13.3.1.2 Other Interference Factors / 445

13.3.2 Infrared (IR) / 445

13.3.3 Ultrasound / 446

13.4 Location Estimation Algorithms / 447

13.4.1 Triangulation / 447

13.4.1.1 Time of Arrival (TOA) / 447

13.4.1.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) / 448

13.4.1.3 Angle of Arrival (AOA) / 449

13.4.2 Scene Analysis / 450

13.4.2.1 Rationale for RF-Based Scene

Analysis / 450

CONTENTS xxi

13.4.2.2 General Framework of Scene

Analysis / 451

13.4.3 Proximity / 454

13.5 Location Estimation Systems / 454

13.5.1 Indoor Location Estimation Systems / 454

13.5.1.1 Scene-Analysis-Based Systems / 454

13.5.1.2 Ultrasound-Based Location

Estimation Systems / 455

13.5.1.3 Infrared-Based Location Estimation

Systems / 457

13.5.1.4 Location Proximity in CDN / 457

13.5.2 Outdoor Location Estimation Systems / 459

13.5.2.1 Location Estimation with GPS-Based

System / 459

13.5.2.2 Location Estimation with

Cellular-Based System / 460

13.5.3 Location Format Transformation / 464

13.6 Location Services Based on Cellular Systems / 465

13.6.1 Location Service System Architecture / 465

13.6.2 Mobile Location Protocol / 467

13.6.3 Location Service Platform / 468

References / 471

14 FIXED AND MOBILE WEB SERVICES 473

Michael Mahan

14.1 Web Services Introduction / 473

14.1.1 Web Services Defined / 473

14.1.2 Service-Oriented Architectures / 475

14.1.3 Motivating Technologies: Creating a Mature

Foundation / 477

14.1.4 Quick Glance at Foundation and Core Technologies

of Web Services / 480

14.1.5 Web Services Hype / 482

14.2 Web Services Foundation Technologies / 483

14.2.1 XML/XML Schema / 483

14.2.2 The Web / 483

14.2.3 The Web Services Standards / 487

14.2.4 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) / 489

14.2.4.1 SOAP Deployment Environments / 490

xxii CONTENTS

14.2.4.2 SOAP Example / 492

14.2.4.3 SOAP 1.1 Structure and Processing

Model / 494

14.2.4.4 SOAP Bindings / 499

14.2.4.5 SOAP Styles and Encodings / 500

14.2.4.6 SOAP with Attachments / 505

14.2.4.7 SOAP Message Security / 507

14.2.4.8 SOAP 1.2 Changes / 510

14.2.5 WSDL / 511

14.2.6 Discovery Protocols / 518

14.2.7 Web Services Interoperability Organization

(WS-I) / 519

14.2.8 Mobile Terminal Web Services / 520

14.2.9 Privacy and Identity Management / 522

14.3 Conclusion / 523

References / 524

INDEX 527

CONTENTS xxiii

PREFACE

When we initiated a research project on content delivery in Nokia Research Center

in 1999, the technology world was at the height of its fascination with the Internet

and the World Wide Web. The Internet backbone bandwidth just could not keep up

with the exponential traffic growth, and from time to time, a major Website was

brought down by overwhelming visits. At that time, content networking was attract-

ing interest from industry and academia for its scalability, performance, and cost

effectiveness. Many companies sprang up to meet the challenge by coming up

with the idea of content delivery networks (CDNs) to deliver service level guaran-

tees to the Internet service providers, enterprises, operators, and content providers.

The buzzes were that the “content is king,” “it is all about user experience—the 8-

second rule,” and so on. The joint ownership of the content and the infrastructure by

some operators or service providers gave an impetus to CDNs so that they could

differentiate their services from those of their competitors.

The last several years have witnessed dramatic changes in business and technology

environment. The Web has clearly emerged as the interface of choice, and multimedia

applications are rapidly gaining consumer pull and acceptance on handheld devices. As

life becomes mobile and consumer and business devices become digital with wireless

interconnectivity, mobility and context awareness are providing the much-needed

value-add to build viable business models. Concurrently, Web performance is under-

going substantial improvement, thanks to increased capacity in the backbone, wide

availability of broadband access, and, of course, content delivery technologies.

However, as professionals and consumers alike start to access information and multi-

media content anywhere and anytime, mobility, the varying characteristics of the wire-

less medium, and constrained handheld terminals bring even greater challenges to

the evolving next-generation mobile services. And that is what this book is all

about—making Web and multimedia content and services available to mobile users

with optimal user experience. Mobile content networking is still in its infancy, and

we believe that what we have presented in this book is only the beginning of the

story. Indeed, with the long-awaited arrival of the third-generation (3G) wireless tech-

nology, the increasing popularity of the wireless local area network (WLAN), and the

emergence of numerous other short-range radio technologies, a new era of mobility ser-

vices has just begun. We hope this book is helpful for anyone who is interested in

mobile networks, content networking, and Web services in writing his/her own story.In order to cover the breadth and depth of the topics covered in this book, we felt

that this could be done judiciously and expeditiously only by bringing the various

experts in their respective fields together to contribute to a book of this kind. Since

content networking is an emerging area of research, this also helped all the contributing

authors present their different points of view. The book is written in a style intended to

provide a broad overview of the content networking technologies with special empha-

sis on the mobile Internet, and is aimed toward practicing engineers, graduate students,

and researchers. It has been our objective to provide the material in one single place to

enable quick learning of the fundamentals involved in an easy-to-read format.

We are indebted to the contributors of this book for their diligent work that made

this book possible. Throughout this project they were very understanding and forth-

coming with any revisions that we requested of them. We would like to thank Zhu

Liu and Zhimei Jiang for their help and valuable suggestions during the course of the

preparation of this book. We also thank the reviewers for their comments on the

initial drafts, especially Mitri Abou-Rizk, Sadhna Ahuja, Mortaza Bargh, Srinivas

Bindignavile, Dan Li, Zhu Liu, Gabor Fodor, Xia Gao, Yin-Ling Liong, Lili Qiu,

and Haihao Wu.

We express our gratitude to the staff of John Wiley, especially Rosalyn Farkas,

Val Moliere, and Kirsten Rohstedt, for guiding us through the labyrinth of the

publication process. Their promptness and attention to details made editing this

book so much easier.

Last, but not the least, we thank our families (Sudhir Dixit thanks his wife Asha and

children Sapna and Amar, and TaoWu thanks his wife Lingxuan) for their understand-

ing and support, without which this book would not have been possible. They happily

agreed to forsake valuable family time to let us work on this book. Thanks again!

Finally, we (the authors and editors) have tried our best to make each chapter

quite complete in itself and its contents as accurate as possible. However, we are

afraid that some errors and omissions may still have remained unnoticed. Any feed-

back intended to correct errors and improve the book would be highly appreciated.

SUDHIR DIXITBoston, Massachusetts(Email: [email protected])

TAO WUBoston, Massachusetts(Email: [email protected])

March 2004

xxvi PREFACE

ACRONYMS

2G Second-generation cellular communications

3G Third-generation cellular communications

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

8PSK Octagonal phase shift keying

8-VSB Trellis-coded eight level vestigial sideband

AAA Authentication, authorization, and accounting

ACK Acknowledgments

ACME Architecture for content delivery in the mobile environment

ADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber line

ALC Asynchronous layered coding

AMP Asynchronous multicast push

AMPS Advanced mobile phone system

AMR Adaptive multirate (voice codec)

ANON Active-networks overlay network

ATSC Advanced Television System Committee

B2B Business to business

BAN Body area network

BEEP Blocks extensible exchange protocol

BM-SC Broadcast multicast service center

BSC Base station controller

BST-OFDM Band-segmented transmission OFDM

CAMEL Customized applications for mobile network enhanced logic

CBS Cell broadcast service

CDF Cumulative distribution function

CDN Content delivery network

xxvii

CMP Continuous multicast push

CN Core network

COFDM Coded OFDM

COPS Common open policy service

CORBA Common object request broker architecture

CPS Content provisioning (or policy) system

CS Circuit switch

DA Duplicate avoidance

DAB Digital audio broadcast

DHCP Dynamic host configuration protocol

DNS Domain name service

DR Donated receiver

DRM Digital rights management

DSL Digital subscriber line

DSM Distributed shared memory

DSSS Direct-sequence spread spectrum

DVB Digital video broadcast

DVB-H DVB-handheld (a mobile optimized version of VB-T)

DVB-S Satellite DVB

DVB-T Terrestrial DVB

DUMRP Distance vector multicast routing protocol

e-CS E-commerce system

EDGE Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution

ERS Expanding-ring search

ESG Electronic service guide

FEC Forward error correction

FIB Forwarding information base

FLO Flexible layer one

FLUTE File delivery over unidirectional transport

GERAN GSM/EDGE RANGGSN Gateway GPRS support node

GPRS General packet radio service

GSM Global system for mobile communications

GTP GPRS tunneling protocol

HDML Handheld Device Markup Language

HO Handover/handoffHSDPA High-speed downlink packet access

HTML Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IGMP Internet group management protocol

IMG Internet media guide

IMS IP multimedia system

IP Internet protocol

IPDC IP datacast

xxviii ACRONYMS

content networking in the mobile internet · content networking in the mobile internet edited by...

Documents