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Radiant Technologies, Inc.2835D Pan American Freeway NEAlbuquerque, NM 87107Tel: 505-842-8007Fax: 505-842-0366e-mail: [email protected]

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................I

TABLE OF FIGURES....................................................................................................III

A - DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................1A.1 - Introduction.................................................................................................................1A.2 - Advanced Piezo Noise Reduction..............................................................................3A.3 - Drive Profiles..............................................................................................................6A.4 - Using a Custom File Drive Profile...........................................................................10

B - MAIN CONFIGURATION.......................................................................................15B.1 - Setup Dialog..............................................................................................................15B.2 - Discussion.................................................................................................................22B.3 - Controls.....................................................................................................................25B.4 – Amplifier Selection..................................................................................................39B.5 - Controls.....................................................................................................................40B.6 - Sample Identifying Information................................................................................41B.7 - Controls.....................................................................................................................41B.8 - Sensor 2 Configuration.............................................................................................41B.9 – Controls....................................................................................................................42B.10 - Branch Loop Parameter Adjustment.......................................................................43B.11 – Discussion..............................................................................................................44B.12 – Controls..................................................................................................................44

C - PLOT CONFIGURATION.......................................................................................48C.1 - Setup Dialog..............................................................................................................48C.2 - Discussion.................................................................................................................52C.3 - Controls.....................................................................................................................54

D. EXECUTION, ARCHIVE REGRAPH AND EXPORTING..................................60D.1 – Task Execution.........................................................................................................60

Last Topic Update –

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D.2 – QuikLook-to-DataSet...............................................................................................66D.3 - Archive Regraph.......................................................................................................68D.4 – Admin Info...............................................................................................................76D.5 – Test Definition Graphing.........................................................................................76D.6 - Saving Data - Exporting...........................................................................................77D.7 - Controls.....................................................................................................................79D.8 - Discussion.................................................................................................................80

E – SIGNALS AND DATA PROCESSING..................................................................94E.1 - Drive Profile Types...................................................................................................94E.2 - Polarization (µC/cm2) Data Filters.........................................................................106E.3 - Displacement Data Filters.......................................................................................121

F – USER VARIABLES................................................................................................145

G - CHANGE AND VERSION RECORD..................................................................148

H – REFERENCES........................................................................................................153





Table of Figures

Figure A.1.1 - Typical Piezo/Advanced Piezo Task Experimental Configuration Using the MTI 2100 Displacement Meter. ........................................................................1

Figure A.1.2 - Functional Graphic of PNDS Operation. ...................................................2Figure A.2.1 - Processed Vs Raw Data. ............................................................................6Figure A.3.1 - Standard Bipolar Waveform Characterization. ..........................................8Figure A.4.1 - Sample Advanced Piezo Custom Profile Input Text File. .......................12Figure A.4.2 - Custom DRIVE Profile. ...........................................................................13Figure A.4.3 - Family of Custom DRIVE Profiles. .........................................................15Figure B.1.1 - Advanced Piezo Task Main Configuration Dialog. .................................16Figure B.1.2 - QuikLook Configuration.......................................................................... 17Figure B.1.3 - Advanced Piezo Task Configuration. Custom Input Profile File. ............18Figure B.1.4 - Configuration with an RT66B Tester. No Internal Reference Elements are

Available. ..............................................................................................................19Figure B.1.5 - Configuration with High Voltage. Internal Reference Elements are Dis-

abled. .....................................................................................................................20Figure B.1.6 - Vision Data File Import Configuration. ...................................................21Figure B.1.7 - Profile Specified as Field (kV/cm)........................................................... 22Figure B.4.1 - Internal Amplifier Selection or External Amplifier Configuration. .........40Figure B.6.1 - Sample Documentation Subdialog. ..........................................................41Figure B.8.1 - Sensor Configuration Subdialog. .............................................................42Figure B.10.1 - Branch Loop Parameter Adjustment Dialog. Specify Profile Max Volt-

age is checked. ......................................................................................................43Figure B.10.2 - Branch Loop Parameter Adjustment Dialog. Specify Profile Max Field

(kV/cm) is checked. ..............................................................................................44Figure C.1.1 - Advanced Piezo Task Plot Configuration Dialog. Plot Only Hysteresis Po-

larization (µC/cm2) Data. ......................................................................................48Figure C.1.2 - Advanced Piezo Task Plot Configuration Dialog. Plot Only Displacement

Data. ......................................................................................................................49Figure C.1.3 - Advanced Piezo Task QuikLook Configuration. Plot at Run Time is Hid-

den. ........................................................................................................................50Figure C.1.4 - Advanced Piezo is Configured to Import Data from a Vision Data File. 51Figure C.1.5 - Editor Test Definition Configuration with Plot at Run Time Unchecked.

...............................................................................................................................52Figure D.1.1 - Advanced Piezo Standard Execution Presentation. .................................60





Figure D.1.2 - Run-Time Hysteresis Data. ......................................................................61Figure D.1.3 - Run-Time Displacement Data.................................................................. 62Figure D.1.4 - Advanced Piezo Measurement QuikLook Standard Data Presentation. . .62Figure D.1.5 - Advanced Piezo Measurement QuikLook Tabbed Data Presentation - Plot

Tab. .......................................................................................................................64Figure D.1.6 - Advanced Piezo Measurement QuikLook Tabbed Data Presentation - Pa-

rameters Tab. ........................................................................................................66Figure D.2.1 - QuikLook Results to Open DataSet. ........................................................68Figure D.2.2 - QuikLook Results to New DataSet. .........................................................68Figure D.3.1 - Recall the Advanced Piezo Task from the DataSet Archive. ...................69Figure D.3.2 - Advanced Piezo Task Configuration Dialog Recalled from the DataSet

Archive. ................................................................................................................70Figure D.3.3 - Advanced Piezo Task Plot Configuration Dialog. ...................................71Figure D.3.4 - Advanced Piezo Data Standard Presentation Dialog. ..............................72Figure D.3.5 - Advanced Piezo Task Data Recalled from the DataSet Archive - Tabbed

Presentation - Plot Tab. .........................................................................................74Figure D.3.6 - Advanced Piezo Task Data Recalled from the DataSet Archive - Tabbed

Presentation - Parameters Tab.............................................................................. 75Figure F.4.1 - Admin Info Subdialog.............................................................................. 76Figure D.5.1 - Advanced Piezo Task Test Definition Graphing Output. ........................77Figure D.6.1 - Standard Export Dialog in Text Mode. "Export Vision" Option Appears in

Measurement Tasks. .............................................................................................78Figure D.6.2 - Standard Windows File Browser Dialog. .................................................79Figure D.8.1 - Export Configuration Dialog - Printer Option..........................................81Figure D.8.2 - Standard Windows Printer Configuration Dialog. ...................................82Figure D.8.3 - Advanced Piezo Task Text Export Sample - Upper Portion. ...................83Figure D.8.4 - Advanced Piezo Task Text Export Sample - Lower Portion. ..................84Figure D.8.5 - Advanced Piezo Excel Export Output - Upper Portion. ..........................86Figure D.8.6 - Sample Advanced Piezo Filter Task Excel Export Output - Central Por-

tion. .......................................................................................................................86Figure D.8.7 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Excel Export Output - Lower Portion. ....87Figure D.8.8 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Output - Upper Portion. .....88Figure D.8.9 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Output - Upper Central Por-

tion. .......................................................................................................................89Figure D.8.10 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Output - Lower Central Por-

tion........................................................................................................................ 90Figure D.8.11 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Output - Lower Portion. . .91





Figure D.8.12 - Utility of Vision Data File Exporting. ....................................................93Figure E.1.1 - Standard Bipolar DRIVE Profile. .............................................................96Figure E.1.2 - Sample Advanced Piezo Custom Profile Input Text File. ........................98Figure E.1.3 - Custom DRIVE Profile. ...........................................................................99Figure E.1.4 - Family of Custom DRIVE Profiles........................................................ 101Figure E.1.5 - Standard Monopolar Waveform............................................................. 102Figure E.1.6 - Sinusoidal Waveform............................................................................. 103Figure E.1.7 - Double Bipolar Waveform. ....................................................................105Figure E.1.8 - Inverse Cosine + 1 at 5.0 Max Voltage. .................................................105Figure E.1.9 - 10% Pulse at -5.0 Max Voltage and +1.0-Volt Profile Bias.................. 106Figure E.2.1 - Hysteresis Data - Plot Filter is "<<None>>" - The First Data Point is at

0.0 µC/cm2. .........................................................................................................108Figure E.2.2 - Hysteresis Data - Plot Filter is "Centered". ............................................109Figure E.2.3 - Subsampling Demonstrated. ...................................................................111Figure E.2.4 - Capacitance Vs Voltage Hysteresis Data - Subsampled and Smoothed.

.............................................................................................................................113Figure E.2.5 - Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage Hysteresis Data - Subsampled and

Smoothed. ...........................................................................................................114Figure E.2.6 - Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage Hysteresis Data - Smoothed Only.

.............................................................................................................................115Figure E.2.7 - Uncentered Charge (µC). .......................................................................116Figure E.2.8 - Centered Charge (µC). ...........................................................................117Figure E.2.9 - Uncentered Hysteresis Data Plotted Vs Time (ms). ...............................118Figure E.2.10 - Centered Hysteresis Data Plotted Vs Time (ms). .................................119Figure E.2.11 - Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage as a Function of Time (ms)....... 120Figure E.2.12 - Centered Polarization (µC/cm2) as a Function of Field (kV/cm). .......121Figure E.3.1 - P Vs E and DL Vs E for an Ideal Ferroelectric Capacitor..................... 123Figure E.3.2 - Unfiltered Displacement (µm) - Raw Data are Zeroed at the First Sample

Point. ...................................................................................................................125Figure E.3.3 - Unfiltered Displacement (µm) - Raw Data are Not Zeroed at the First

Sample Point. ......................................................................................................126Figure E.3.4 - dL/dV - Not Subsampled........................................................................ 127Figure E.3.5- dL/dV - Subsampled. ...............................................................................129Figure E.3.6 - dL/dP - Not Subsampled. .......................................................................130Figure E.3.7 - dL/dP - Subsampled. ..............................................................................131Figure E.3.8 - Li/Vi - Processed and Raw Data. ............................................................132Figure E.3.9 - Li/Vi - Processed Data Only. ..................................................................133





Figure E.3.10 - Li/Vi - Processed Data Only - Zoomed Data. .......................................134Figure E.3.11 - Li/ti - Raw and Processed Data. ............................................................135Figure E.3.12 - Li/ti - Processed Data Only. ..................................................................136Figure E.3.13 - Li/L - Raw and Processed Data. Data are Zeroed. ................................137Figure E.3.14 - Li/L - Processed Data. Data are Zeroed. Data are Vertically Zoomed. 138Figure E.3.15 - Velocity-to-Displacement Data. ...........................................................140Figure E.3.16 - L/P Processed and Raw Data. ...............................................................141Figure E.3.17 - L/P Processed Data Only. Data are Zoomed Vertically. ......................142Figure E.3.18 - Processed Li/ti Vs Time (ms). ...............................................................143Figure E.3.19 - Raw and Processed Displacement Data as a Function of Field (kV/cm).

.............................................................................................................................144




Radiant Technologies, Inc.2835D Pan American Freeway NEAlbuquerque, NM 87107Tel: 505-842-8007Fax: 505-842-0366

e-mail: [email protected]

A - Discussion

Note: The Advanced Piezo Task is a member of the Piezo Task Suite, along with the Piezo and Piezo Filter Tasks. The Piezo Task Suite is a set of Custom Tasks that must be purchased in order to be used. Piezo, Advanced Piezo and the Piezo Filter are shipped to all Vision users. Any user can open the configuration dialog for re-view and recall data from a DataSet. However, only licensed users may operate the Tasks. Users who purchase the Task Suite receive a file named Security.sec that is placed in the file path C:\Program Files\Radiant Technologies\Vision\System. (C:\Program Files (x86)\Radiant Technologies\Vision\System for 64-Bit operating sys-tems such as Windows 7 and Windows 8.) The file is keyed to both the Piezo Task Suite and to a unique identifier written to the user's tester. Without a Security.sec file that is properly keyed to the tester - or if the tester is turned off and/or not con-nected to the Vision host computer - the user will be prevented from executing the Task.

A.1 - Introduction

Note: For much more detail on the science and techniques of the Advanced Piezo Task, please see the Application Note at:

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/AdvancedPiezoSoftware.pdf

The Advanced Piezo Tasks extends the capability of the Piezo Task by adding a number of independent noise reduction and data corrections options. These are particularly use-ful when measuring very small (thin film) samples whose Polarization and displacement response is small relative to environmental and system noise and measurement inaccura-cies. These noise reduction techniques and data corrections are described below.

As with the Piezo Task, the Advanced Piezo Task adds to the standard Hysteresis Task the automatic measurement of the output of a displacement meter that detects motion at the surface of a Piezoelectric sample that is stimulated by the Hysteresis drive profile. The displacement meter output is connected to the SENSOR input at the rear of the Preci-sion tester. Radiant Technologies, Inc. normally provides an MTI-2100 meter to detect displacement in a bulk sample. However, any meter may be used provided it produces a voltage of not greater than ±10.0 Volts that is linearly related to the displacement:




http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/AdvancedPiezoSoftware.pdf


e-mail: [email protected] Voltage = m x Sample Displacement + b (A.1.1)

Where m is a scale factor and b is an offset value. Radiant Technologies has demon-strated that an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) can be used in conjunction with the Pre-cision test system and Piezo Task to characterize the piezoelectric response of a thin film sample. The Radiant Precision Nano-Displacement System (PNDS) provides a low-cost alternative to large commercial AFMs for making accurate Angstrom-level displacement measurements. Figure A.1.1 shows a typical experimental configuration for a bulk sam-ple using the MTI 2100 sensor. Figure A.1.2 shows the functional graphic of the PNDS sensor.






Figure A.1.1 - Typical Piezo/Advanced Piezo Task Experimen-tal Configuration Using the MTI 2100 Displacement Meter.






Figure A.1.2 - Functional Graphic of PNDS Operation.

Once the displacement is measured over the course of the Piezo Task's Hysteresis loop, the measured voltage is reconverted into displacement by solving for Sample Displace-ment in (A.1.1). The user will provide calibrated m and b values for the specific detector being used. The Hysteresis measurement provides the user with the most general and common tool for characterizing a ferroelectric sample. In the Piezo Task a voltage wave-form is applied to the sample in a series of voltage steps to stimulate both the hysteretic and piezoelectric response. At each voltage step, along with the sensor detection, the cur-rent induced in the sample by the voltage step is integrated and the integral value is cap-tured and converted into Polarization (µC/cm2) by:

(A.1.2)

(A.1.2) is scaled by appropriate factors to properly adjust computed values to the stan-





e-mail: [email protected] polarization units of µC/cm2.

The science of piezoelectric measurement and materials characterization is very complex. Anything more than fundamental theory is beyond the scope of these help pages. For more detail on the issues and science of piezoelectric measurement, the following links may be useful:

PNDS 1: Angstrom-Level Measurements - http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/Evans-AngstromLevelDisplacementMeasurement.pdf

PNDS 2: MEMs Measurements – http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/Evans-CharacterizingPiezoelectricMEMsDis-

placement.pdf

Piezoelectrics 1: Connection Displacment Sensors to the Tester - http://www.ferrode-vices.com/1/297/files/DisplacementSensorOperationRevB.pdf

Piezoelectrics 2: Asylum AFM - http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/ButterflyonA-sylumSARevB.pdf

Other Application Notes – http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/application_notes.asp

A.2 - Advanced Piezo Noise Reduction

The Advanced Piezo Task is targeted at researchers who are measuring very small sam-ples with very small displacements. These are usually measurements made using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) or RTI Precision Nano-Displacement System (PNDS) and are often in the Angstrom range. Such small displacements produce signals that are small with respect to the noise inherent in the measurement apparatus and/or introduced from the experimental environment. In order to extract a valid and usable measurement from the weak signal, the Advanced Piezo Task offers a number of user-controllable measurement options, each of which is intended to enhance the measurement. These op-tions include:

Measurement Averaging - This is the primary and most-basic tool for reducing noise without reducing the measurement signal. The user may select between 1 and 100 full repetitions of the basic Hysteresis measurement with SENSOR port



http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/application_notes.asp

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/ButterflyonAsylumSARevB.pdf

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/ButterflyonAsylumSARevB.pdf

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/DisplacementSensorOperationRevB.pdf

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/DisplacementSensorOperationRevB.pdf

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/Evans-CharacterizingPiezoelectricMEMsDisplacement.pdf

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/Evans-CharacterizingPiezoelectricMEMsDisplacement.pdf

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/Evans-AngstromLevelDisplacementMeasurement.pdf

http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/files/Evans-AngstromLevelDisplacementMeasurement.pdf



e-mail: [email protected] capture. Both Hysteresis and SENSOR data from each of these raw mea-surements is stored by the Advanced Piezo Task. Once all the measurements are made they are averaged together to produce a set of processed data vectors, in-cluding both the Polarization (µC/cm2) and Displacement values. These pro-cessed data vectors serve as base data for any of the remaining noise-reduction techniques the user chooses to apply. Averaging data reduces the random noise in the data while preserving the constant signal. Increasing the average count can be shown to reduce noise by the relationship:

Noise Reduction(N) = N1/2 (A.2.1)

where N is the number of averages.

Linear Drift Correction During Measurement - Displacement of a piezoelec-tric sample that is unrelated to the application of the measurement voltage has been demonstrated during the period of measurement. This is particularly evident in measurements on thin film samples made using Atomic Force Microscopes (AFMs). This drift in displacement constitutes error in the measurement and makes both direct comparison of multiple measurements and the application of certain filters difficult and impractical. If the drift can be linearly characterized and expressed as motion over time, it can be entered into the Advanced Piezo Task and used to correct the error. The Displacement Drift (µm/ms) control has been placed into the Sensor configuration block of the main and QuikLook setup dialogs. Here, the drift can be entered in units of µm/ms. This value can be used to correct the error by...

corrected displacementi = displacementi - drift (µm/ms) x period (ms)/points x measurement pointi (A.2.2)

This equation gives a correction in µm-per-point and scales it by the point count at the current point. This correction is subtracted from the original measured dis-placement.

The Advanced Piezo Task also offers the Displacement Drift (µm/ms) control. Furthermore, it extends this technique by offering the option of having the Task automatically calculate the constant drift correction factor during the measure-ment. This option is enabled by selecting Auto Drift Removal, which, in turn, dis-ables Displacement Drift (µm/ms). The option makes the assumption that, with no drift, the last measured displacement value should, ideally, equal the first mea-





e-mail: [email protected] value. The drift, then, is given by:

Total Drift = DisplacementPoints - Displacement1 (A.2.3)

An incremental drift term is given by:

Incremental Drift = Total Drift / Points (A.2.4)

The correction at each point is given by:

Correctioni={ 0.0Correctioni−1+ Incremental Drive|i=1

i>1 } (A.2.4)

The displacement at each point is then corrected by:

Corrected Displacementi = Displacementi- Correctioni (A.2.5)

Data Zeroing - Although Linear Drift Correction During Measurement removes drift during the measurement, it does not correct for changes in the detected dis-placement signal - normally the result of mechanical change in the measurement apparatus - between measurements. Time between measurements is usually large with respect to the time during the measurement, so such drift is more pro-nounced. The user has the option of negating all such drift by zeroing each of the raw measurement vectors before averaging or applying other corrections. In zero-ing, the displacement value of the first SENSOR measurement point is subtracted from every measurement point, translating the displacement data linearly (and without distortion) to a 0.0 reference at the first point. In this way all raw dis-placement data vectors start at the same point and overlay one another.

Data Smoothing - With this option selected, a 9-point weighted moving average is passed over the processed data vector as a final step. In this process each sam-ple point is replaced by a weighted average of itself and its nine nearest neigh-bors. The weight applied to each point's input is derived from the Savitsky-Go-lay1 smoothing filter and are given as:

o W0 = 0.4171 Press, William H., William T. Vetterling, Saul A. Teukolsky and Brian P. Flannery. 1992. Numerical Ref-erences in C, 2nd Ed. University of Cambridge Press.





e-mail: [email protected] W1 = 0.315o W2 = 0.070o W3 = -0.128o W4 = 0.035o Weight = W4 + W3 + W2 + W1 + W0 + W1 + W2 + W3 + W4

The smoothed displacement value of any given point i is given by:

Dispi(smoothed) =(W4 x Dispi-4 + W3 x Dispi-3 + W2 x Dispi-2 + W1 x Dispi-1 + W0 x Dispi + W1 x

Dispi+1 + W2 x Dispi+2+ W3 x Dispi+3 + W4 x Dispi+4)/Weight (A.2.6)

Data points within four points of the endpoint are handled as special cases trun-cate (A.2.6), removing points that are absent. For example:

Disp2(smoothed) =(W1 x Disp1 + W0 x Disp2 + W1 x Disp3 + W2 x Disp4+ W3 x Disp5 + W4 x

Disp6)/Weight (A.2.7)

Figure A.2.1 shows a comparison between raw measured displacement data and the processed data.






Figure A.2.1 - Processed Vs Raw Data.

A.3 - Drive Profiles

The voltage waveform is normally a standard bipolar triangular waveform that can be simply defined by providing the maximum voltage and the entire duration of the wave-form in milliseconds. The sign of the voltage indicates the direction of the first leg of the waveform. The number of points is controlled primarily by the duration of the wave-form, though it may also be adjusted by the voltage. The software automatically com-putes the number of points and provides the maximum number possible for the conditions specified. The waveform begins at 0.0 volts and steps to a maximum value of the as-signed voltage. It then proceeds to step to the negative of the assigned maximum. Fi-nally it steps back to zero volts. A DC bias level may be assigned that will allow the en-tire waveform to be shifted from the zero-volt symmetry without losing the waveform symmetry. Note that care must be taken that at no time does the combination of the DC Bias level and the step voltage exceeds the capabilities of the Precision hardware config-uration. The entire Standard Bipolar waveform structure is shown in Figure A.3.1.






Figure A.3.1 - Standard Bipolar Waveform Characterization.

In these examples, the number of points is first set to the maximum of 1001. Then, if the duration is too short, the number is reduced to the point where the minimum step delay times the number of points is near the duration. A low voltage may also influence the number of points downward as the minimum voltage step must be observed. Finally, the duration itself will be adjusted so that it can accommodate an exact integer number of minimum step delays. The step delay is consistent between points and is the duration of the waveform divided over the number of steps (Points - 1). The voltage step is equal to four times the maximum voltage divided over the number of steps. The integrated value is sampled at the end of the step delay, just before the next voltage step is taken.

The standard bipolar waveform produces five derived parameters of interest. These are:

PMax The polarization at the maximum applied voltage. Note that this will be the polarization at +5.0 Volts in both the examples.

+Pr The polarization at zero volts when voltage is moving from positive to negative. If VMax is nega-tive, this will be the polarization at the final sample point.

-Pr The polarization at zero volts when voltage is moving from negative to positive. If VMax is posi-tive, this will be the polarization at the final sample points.

+Vc The voltage at which polarization is zero when switching from negative to positive.-Vc The voltage at which polarization is zero when switching from positive to negative.

Note that these parameters are computed based on "Centered" data. In raw data, the first measurement point is assumed to be 0.0 µC/cm2, with all other points valued relative to that point. The result is that for positive VMax, the Hysteresis loop is shifted upward and is asymmetric relative to the zero polarization axis. To provide a symmetric representa-tion that is more conventional, the average of the polarization values at the maximum and minimum (maximum negative voltages), known as the offset, is subtracted from every point. Centered or uncentered data can be plotted, but only centered data are used to compute these values.

An option exists to preset the sample by applying the waveform without measuring. The advantage to this is that the sample is set into a known polarization state. For the Stan-dard Bipolar waveform, the presetting ensures that both legs of the waveform will switch the sample. The user may program the delay between the presetting and measuring Hys-teresis loops. While this is the normal default operation, a disadvantage of this option is that signals are applied to the sample that are not measured. Frequently in ferroelectric





e-mail: [email protected] it is important to capture the sample response to all applied voltages. In that case, this option should be disabled.

A similar difficulty arises in amplifying (or deamplifying) the return signal into a range that can be properly measured. This process is normally done automatically by repeat-edly measuring the sample and adjusting the amplification level. Again this procedure may stimulate the sample with multiple unmeasured signals. To eliminate this problem, the amplification level may be set manually. In this case a sacrificial sample is usually stimulated repeatedly to determine the appropriate amplification level.

The Standard Bipolar waveform is the most common and default sample stimulus. How-ever, other options do exist. A Standard Monopolar waveform can also be applied. The same defining properties apply to the waveform. However, the voltage will only step from DC Bias to DC Bias + VMax and back to DC Bias, resulting in half of the Standard Bipolar measurement. There are a number of consequences of using this profile in mak-ing a measurement.

PMax ±Pr and ±Vc, though computed, may not represent meaningful measurement parameters.

Centering the data will not position the data as it would if they were part of a full loop.

Enabling a preset loop will switch the sample into a polarization state that ensures that the sample will not switch during the measurement loop.

The Voltage Step size is given by twice VMax divided by the number of steps (Points - 1).

In addition to the Standard Bipolar Triangular waveform, the Advanced Piezo Task also offers these automatic DRIVE profiles:

Standard Monopolar - A triangular waveform that begins at the DC Offset, steps to DC Offset + Max Voltage and then steps back to DC Offset. This may or may not switch polarization, depending on the initial state of the sample.

Sine - A bipolar profile that substituted a sinusoid for the triangular waveform. Double-Bipolar - Two successive full bipolar triangular waveforms. This is of-

ten used to mitigate the "Gap" found between the starting and ending points of a Standard Monopolar measurement.

Monopolar Sine - A one-sided sinusoid. Double Bipolar Sine - Two successive sinusoids.





e-mail: [email protected] Inverse Cosine + 1 - A custom profile requested by a number of customers. 10% Pulse - A waveform that steps to Max. Volts + Offset and maintains that

voltage as DC for 10% of the measurement. It then returns to the Offset voltage for the remaining 90 % of the measurement.

A.4 - Using a Custom File Drive Profile

As an alternative to the standard triangular bipolar or monopolar Piezo waveforms auto-matically generated by the Task, the user can construct a custom waveform of any shape. The waveform is created by reading a list of the voltages to be applied at every sample point from an ASCII-formatted file. The file contains the following information:

1. Number of Test Points (line 1). This cannot exceed 1001 points.2. Measurement Interval in milliseconds (line 2). This is the delay between sample

points. It is given as real value, 0.001 ms minimum. The Measurement Interval times the Number of Test Points cannot exceed 30 seconds.

3. Voltage x (lines 3 through n + 2, where n is the number of test points). The volt-age to be applied at sample point x. n x.

Note that the normal dependency on the point count has been eliminated. Any arbitrary number of points may be specified up to the maximum of 1001. Since the duration of the waveform is not specified, but the step delay between points is, the dependency has been removed. The duration of the waveform is now given by (Points - 1) x Measurement In-terval.

A sample file is shown in Figure A.4.1. The waveform in the example is composed of 92 points. There are 2000 nanoseconds, or 2 µs between points, giving a total period of 181 µs (note that ten points define nine intervals) or a frequency of ~5524 Hz. A graphi-cal image of the custom waveform, given as Volts Vs Time (ms), is shown in Figure A.4.2.






Figure A.4.1 - Sample Advanced Piezo Custom Profile Input Text File.






Figure A.4.2 - Custom DRIVE Profile.

The custom input file may be created either in a text editor or from within Vision. If us-ing a text editor, a word processor should not be used unless the file is saved in text for-mat. A word processor adds binary header information to the beginning of a file that can-not be read by Vision. The Notepad utility found in the "Start" menu "Accessories" folder is recommended. Excel can also be used to create the waveform and export the file. T he file may need some editing after export from Excel. Note that comments may be applied to the file in line with the entries. Comments must appear after the numeric entries and be separated by at least one space or tab.

File Creation From A Text Editor

File Creation Rules:

1. The file must be in ASCII text





e-mail: [email protected]. The first line in the file must be the total integer number of measurement points.3. The second line in the file must be the measurement interval. The measurement

interval is the time between measurement points. It is real-valued, in millisec-onds.

4. All subsequent lines must be real-valued voltages, in Volts.5. The number of voltages must match the number of points.6. The last line in the file must end with a carriage return.7. Only decimal values can be used. No scientific representation is allowed. (Exam-

ple: 1e-6 is not allowed.)

A single file can be used to perform any number of different waveforms that have the same shape, but are scaled in voltage. Regardless of the list of voltages specified, the maximum absolute voltage of the actual waveform will always be the voltage specified in the Advanced Piezo Max Voltage control. The steps to rescale the voltage profile are as follows.

1. find maximum absolute voltage in file2. divide all voltages by this absolute voltage3. multiply all voltages by VMax.

Note that a negative entry in the Max Voltage control will invert the drive profile. An ex-ample of a variety of waveforms created from the file of Figure A.4.1 is shown in Figure A.4.3.






Figure A.4.3 - Family of Custom DRIVE Profiles.

B - Main Configuration

Task Name: Advanced PiezoVersion: 5.0.0 (Help pages have been updated to Vision 5.0.0. as of 9/9/13. Actual distri-

bution Task version of that date is 4.9.10.)Last Update: 30 July 2013In QuikLook Menu: YesFolder: HardwareSubfolder: MeasurementSubsubfolder: PiezoWindow Name: Advanced Piezo Setup::Main SetupChange Record: Go to Change and Version RecordKnown Bugs: NoneUser Variables Added: Go to User Variables





e-mail: [email protected] - Setup Dialog

Figure B.1.1 - Advanced Piezo Task Main Configuration Dia-log.






Figure B.1.2 - QuikLook Configuration.






Figure B.1.3 - Advanced Piezo Task Configuration. Custom In-put Profile File.






Figure B.1.4 - Configuration with an RT66B Tester. No Inter-nal Reference Elements are Available.






Figure B.1.5 - Configuration with High Voltage. Internal Ref-erence Elements are Disabled.






Figure B.1.6 - Vision Data File Import Configuration.






Figure B.1.7 - Profile Specified as Field (kV/cm).





e-mail: [email protected] - Discussion

The same dialog appears in both the QuikLook and Test Definition configuration re-quests. Figures B.1.1 and Figures B.1.2 show Task Sample Setup configuration dialog tabs from both the Editor and QuikLook. The dialog is used to fully configure the Ad-vanced Piezo measurement.

A number of automatic DRIVE profiles can be selected in the Drive Profile Type list box. These are described in detail in Drive Profile Types. A custom profile type is also avail-able. This imports the DRIVE profile from a specifically formatted text file that individ-ually specifies every voltage in the profile. A discussion of this option is presented in Using a Custom File Drive Profile. When this option is selected, the Piezo Period (ms) control is disabled, since this value is indirectly specified by the file. The controls File Name and Browse to File are shown. These are hidden for all other Drive Profile Type selections. The custom "From File" profile option is shown in Figure B.1.3.

Fixed, high-precision internal reference elements, including a 1.0 nF linear capacitor and 2.5 M resistor may be switched into the signal path. For Precision Premier II and Preci-sion Multiferroic testers a pair of internal reference ferroelectric elements is also avail-able. T he RT66B does not offer internal reference elements. If the RT66B is present, these controls are hidden as in Figure B.1.4. Internal reference elements have voltage limits at or above which they will be damaged. These are:

nF Capacitor: 30.0 Volts 2.5 MW Resistor: 100 Volts Ferroelectric Pair: 12 Volts

For voltage programmed above these limits, the internal reference samples will be selec-tively disabled. Figure B.1.5 shows all elements disabled. Figure B.1.5 also shows a High-Voltage configuration with the Amplifier selected as the external "High Voltage" source.

The ferroelectric test element includes two switchable capacitors in a single package in-serted into a user-accessible connector. A variety of capacitors are available from Radi-ant Technologies, Inc. and this test element may be easily changed to adjust the type or to replace fatigued samples. Two Capacitors are available for switching, labeled Cap A and Cap B. The capacitors may be switched individually or in parallel. Cap A Enable and Cap B Enable controls are activated when the internal ferroelectric capacitor is enabled. J





e-mail: [email protected] as with the internal reference capacitor and resistor, the ferroelectric test sample may be switched into the test signal path in parallel with any externally-connected test sample and/or the internal reference capacitor and/or resistor.

Several buttons access subdialogs for further configuration. These include Set Amplifier, Set Sample Info, Set Sensor 2 and Set Adjust Parameters. These are described in detail below. T he RT66B does not offer a second SENSOR port. With the tester present, Set Sensor 2 is hidden as in Figure B.1.4. Note that this Task will read SENSOR 2 with the release of Vision 5. Until that time, this control is hidden.

The RETURN signal amplification level can either be selected or set to automatic. The Auto Amp, Start with Last Amp Value and Amp Level controls are used to configure the amplification level.

Figure B.1.6 above shows the Advanced Piezo Task configured to read configuration pa-rameters and data in from a binary Task-specific Vision Data File rather than configured to measure data. This simple mechanism is a powerful tool. Its utility is discussed in "Execution, Archive Regraph and Exporting".

When Vision 5 is released, Specify Profile Max Voltage and Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) will be shown. Specify Profile Max Voltage is default. When this control is checked, the values input into Max Voltage and Profile Bias (V) will be assumed to be Volts, as in previous configurations. When the Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) is checked these values will be assumed to be given as Field (kV/cm), derived from voltage by:

Field (kV/cm) = Voltage / ( 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 1e-4 cm/µm) (B.2.1)

In this case, the voltage controls are relabeled Max Voltage -> Max Field (kV/cm) and Profile Bias (V) -> Profile Bias (kV/cm) as shown in Figure B.1.7. Since there are limi-tations to the voltage that can be applied to the internal references, the applied voltage is derived from the entered field values by:

Voltage = Field (kV/cm) x ( 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 1e-4 cm/µm) (B.2.2)

to determine if the controls should be disabled. Since (B.2.2) depends on sample thick-ness, it is recalculated each time there is a change to Thickness (µm).





e-mail: [email protected] Advanced Piezo Task takes its input from the SENSOR (SENSOR 1) port on the Precision tester. Since this is always associated with a displacement measurement, the SENSOR 1 port configuration has been moved from a subdialog accessed by a button to the front panel. This configuration has been grouped into the set of controls labeled Dis-placement Conversion. Disp Meter Scale and Disp Meter Offset reflect the calibration factors of the displacement detection instrument being used. These are used to convert the detected voltage back to a meaningful displacement value in the units the user desires. For example, assuming an offset value of 0.0 V (Disp Meter Offset = 0.0), if the manu-facturer presents a conversion of 22.88 Å/mV, this can be converted to µm/V by:

Displacement Factor (µm/V) =Displacement Factor (Å/mV) x 10-4 (µm/Å) / 10-3 (V/mV) (B.2.3)

=> 22.88 Å/mV = 2.288 µm/V

Displacement Units would then be set to µm to reflect this conversion.

Displacement Sensor Impedance (Ohms) is the numeric value of the voltage output im-pedance of the displacement detector. This value is of negligible meaning in modern Pre-cision testers because these have (nearly) infinite SENSOR port input impedance. The value was previously used to correct for raw voltage input by a scale factor of:

Correction =( SENSOR Input Impedance + Displacement Sensor Impedence (Ohms) )/ SENSOR In-

put Impedance (B.2.4)

For infinite SENSOR port input impedance (B.2.4) effectively equals 1.0.

Displacement Drift (µm/ms) is used to enter any known constant displacement drive in the mechanics of the displacement measurement hardware or the sample test fixture. A non-zero value in this control can be used to correct for the drift at each sample point by:

corrected displacementi =displacementi - drift (µm/ms) x period (ms)/points x measurement pointi (B.2.5)

This control is disabled if Auto Drift Removal is checked. In that case the constant drift is calculated automatically and on-the-fly by the program and the constant value of Dis-placement Drift (µm/ms) is not used.






Average Loops (100 Max), Zero Data, Auto Drift Removal and Smooth Data all serve to extract meaningful small signal data from noisy data as described in Advanced PiezoNoise Reduction .

B.3 - Controls

Control Type Default DescriptionAdvanced Piezo Task Name Text Adv. Pz-# 30 characters maximum. Provide an identifier for the

Advanced Piezo Task being configured. The Task will be referred to using this identifier in the DataSet Ar-chive. The name should be descriptive and unique to this instance of the Task.

Drive Profile Type List Box

"Standard Bipolar"

Select the format of the DRIVE stimulus waveform that is to be applied to the sample. Profiles are discussed in the Signals and Data Processing Drive Profile Types page or under Drive Profiles. If "From File" is selected, Piezo Period (ms) is disabled and Browse to File and File Name are shown. Browse to File and File Name are hidden for all other selections. This control is dis-abled if Read Data From Vision File is checked.

Browse to File Button Unpressed This control is normally hidden. It is shown if "From File" is selected in Drive Profile Type. This button is used to browse to and select the Hysteresis-formatted text file that will provide the custom DRIVE profile. See Using a Custom File Drive Profile for more infor-mation. The file path and file name that are selected will appear in File Name when the browser dialog is closed. This control is disabled if Read Data From Vi-sion File is checked.

File Name Text “” Read-Only. This control is normally hidden. It is shown if "From File" is selected in Drive Profile Type. The control shows the path and file name of the Hys-teresis-formatted text file that will provide the custom DRIVE profile. See Using a Custom File Drive Profile for more information. The control is updated using the Browse to File button. It cannot be written to directly. This control is disabled if Read Data From Vision File is checked.

Set Amplifier Button Unpressed Opens a subdialog that allows the user to switch be-tween voltages generated by the tester's internal ampli-fier (10 V, 100 V or 200 V maximum, depending on the tester model) and an external High-Voltage Amplifier (HVA), of up to 10,000 Volts, connected to the tester





e-mail: [email protected] a High-Voltage Interface (HVI). The subdialog is described in detail below. The voltage source se-lected is indicated in Amplifier. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Amplifier Text "Internal" Read-Only. Indicates "Internal" (default) if the DRIVE voltage profile is to be generated by the tester. Indicates "High Voltage" if the DRIVE profile is to be generated by an external amplifier (HVA). The selection is made through Set Amplifier. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Max VoltageMax Field (kV/cm)

Real 4.0 Max Voltage by default. -10,000.0 to 10,000.0. This is the key parameter in building any automatically-gener-ated DRIVE profile. The Max Voltage control remains enabled if Drive Profile Type is set to "Custom File". Max Voltage is updated when the file is read to the volt-age of maximum absolute value in the profile. How-ever, the value can then be changed to scale the custom profile so that it retains its original shape but achieves different voltage values.

With the release of Vision 5, this control may be switched to Max Field (kV/cm) by checking Specify Profile Max. Field (kV/cm). In this case the parameter held in the control is considered to represent Field (kV/cm) given by:

DRIVE Field (kV/cm) =DRIVE Volts /(1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 1e-4

cm/µm) (B.3.1)

Note that this Field value depends on sample thickness (µm) and will be adjusted with adjustments to Sample Thickness (µm). The value can be switched back to Max Voltage by checking Specify Profile Max. Voltage. The value in this control, combined with Profile Bias (V)/Profile Bias (kV/cm) affects the status of the internal reference elements as follows:

For Specify Profile Max Voltage checked:

Max Voltage + Profile Bias (V) > 9.0 Volts => Enable Ref. Ferroelectric, Cap A Enable and Cap B Enable disabled

Max Voltage + Profile Bias (V) > 30.0 Volts => Enable Ref. Cap disabled





e-mail: [email protected] Max Voltage + Profile Bias (V) > 100.0 Volts

=> Enable Ref. Resistor disabled

For Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) checked:

Max Field (kV/cm) x Field Factor + Profile Bias (kV/cm) x Field Factor > 9.0 Volts => En-able Ref. Ferroelectric, Cap A Enable and Cap B Enable disabled

Max Field (kV/cm) x Field Factor + Profile Bias (kV/cm) x Field Factor > 30.0 Volts => Enable Ref. Cap disabled

Max Field (kV/cm) x Field Factor + Profile Bias (kV/cm) x Field Factor >100.0 Volts => Enable Ref. Resistor disabled

where Field Factor = 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm)

This control is disabled if the Task is configured to im-port data from a Vision Data File on execution.

Profile Bias (V)Profile Bias (kV/cm)

Real 0.0 Profile Bias (V) by default. This is a constant DC bias voltage that is added to every voltage value in the DRIVE profile to shift the profile vertically without al-tering the profile shape. See Drive Profile Types.

With the release of Vision 5, this control may be switched to Profile Bias (kV/cm) by checking Specify Profile Max. Field (kV/cm). In this case the parameter held in the control is considered to represent Field (kV/cm) given by:

Bias Field (kV/cm) =Bias Volts /(1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 1e-4 cm/

µm) (B.3.2)

Note that this Field value depends on sample thickness (µm) and will be adjusted with adjustments to Sample Thickness (µm). The value can be switched back to Profile Bias (V) by checking Specify Profile Max. Volt-age.

The value in this control, combined with Max Volt-age/Max Field (kV/cm) affects the status of the internal reference elements as follows:









Max Voltage + Profile Bias (V) > 100.0 Volts => Enable Ref. Resistor disabled







Piezo Period (ms) Real 1.0 This is the period, in milliseconds, over which the DRIVE profile is applied and the response of the device under test is sampled. It is related to frequency (Hz) by:Period (ms) = 1000 / Frequency (Hz) (B.3.3)

This control is disabled if "From File" is selected in Drive Profile Type, since the period is indirectly speci-fied by the file. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Center Before PMax, ±Pr and ±Vc Calculation

Check Box

Checked When this control is checked, the Polarization (µC/cm2) data are centered before calculating PMax, ±Pr and ±Vc. See the Centering Filter discussion in Centering. Cen-tering is the default and should be selected option unless the user has a particular reason to compute these values on uncentered data. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.





e-mail: [email protected] Profile Max Voltage Check

BoxChecked When this control is checked (by default) the user enters

values of voltage into the Max Voltage and Profile Bias (V) controls. Checking this control unchecks Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) and sets the signal control la-bels to Max Voltage and Profile Bias (V). Unchecking this control checks Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) and sets the signal control labels to Max Field (kV/cm) and Profile Bias (kV/cm) . When this control is checked, the program assumes that the values are specified as voltages and the program takes no action to convert the value when building the DRIVE profile. When the con-trol is unchecked the program assumes that the values are specified as Field (kV/cm) and the program converts the values to voltage, when building the DRIVE profile by:

Voltage =Field (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/

µm) (B.3.4).

Changes to the state of this control can affect the status of internal reference elements. These elements are en-abled/disabled by the state of Max Voltage/Max Field (kV/cm) and Profile Bias (V)/Profile Bias (kV/cm) by:








Max Field (kV/cm) x Field Factor + Profile Bias (kV/cm) x Field Factor >100.0 Volts =>





e-mail: [email protected] Ref. Resistor disabled



Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm)

Check Box

Unchecked When this control is checked (by default) the user enters values of Field (kV/cm) into the Max Field (kV/cm) and Profile Bias (kV/cm) controls. Checking this control unchecks Specify Profile Max Voltage and sets the sig-nal control labels to Max Field (kV/cm) and Profile Bias (kV/cm). Unchecking this control checks Specify Profile Max Voltage and sets the signal control labels to Max Voltage and Profile Bias (V). When the control is checked the program assumes that the values are speci-fied as Field (kV/cm) and the program converts the val-ues to voltage, when building the DRIVE profile by:

Voltage =Field (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/

µm) (B.3.4).

When this control is unchecked, the program assumes that the values are specified as voltages and the program takes no action to convert the value when building the

DRIVE profile.

Changes to the state of this control can affect the status of internal reference elements. These elements are en-abled/disabled by the state of Max Voltage/Max Field (kV/cm) and Profile Bias (V)/Profile Bias (kV/cm) by:










e-mail: [email protected] Max Field (kV/cm) x Field Factor + Profile

Bias (kV/cm) x Field Factor > 9.0 Volts => En-able Ref. Ferroelectric, Cap A Enable and Cap B Enable disabled




Sample Area (cm2) Real 1e-4 In cm2. This is the surface area of the sample electrode. This value is informational, but is also used in comput-ing measured data. A mis-entered value will result in mis-scaled data. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Sample Thickness (µm) Real 0.3 In µm. This is the thickness of the ferroelectric material in the sample. The value is mainly informational but is used in the calculation of Field (kV/cm) from voltage. This control must hold an accurate value if DRIVE sig-nals are to be specified in units of Field (kV/cm).

If Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) is checked, the value in this control will affect the state of the internal reference elements by:





This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Preset Enable Check Box

Checked If this control is checked the Task will apply an unmea-sured instance of the DRIVE stimulus voltage profile to the sample, presetting the sample to a known polariza-tion state before the measurement is made. Depending





e-mail: [email protected] the Drive Profile Type selected, this preset may force the measurement to either switch polarization states throughout the measurement (for bipolar profiles) or may force an unswitched measurement (for monopolar profiles). For measurements that cannot tolerate unmea-sured signals to the sample this option must be disabled. If the control is checked, the Task will idle with a signal of Profile Bias (V)/Profile Bias (kV/cm) applied to the sample for a period of Pre-Loop Delay (ms). This al-lows signal induced by the application of the preset to settle before the measurement is made. If this control is unchecked, Pre-Loop Delay (ms) is disabled. This con-trol is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Pre-Loop Delay (ms) Real 1000.0 If the unmeasured Preset DRIVE profile signal is ap-plied to the sample, the Task idles with Profile Bias (V)/Profile Bias (kV/cm) applied to the sample for the period specified in this control. The purpose is to let any response from the sample induced by the preset sig-nal to settle. his control is disabled if Preset Enable is unchecked. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Enable Ref. Cap. Check Box

Unchecked An internal high precision 1.0 nF reference capacitor may be switched into the drive and return signal path for measurement. The purpose is for hardware and soft-ware validation and calibration. This internal test ele-ment will be placed into the signal path in parallel with the internal reference resistor (if it is enabled) and with any attached sample. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked. This control is hid-den if an RT66B tester is connected and powered. If Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked, this control is disabled if Max Voltage + Profile Bias (V) exceeds 30.0 Volts. If Specify Profile Max Field is checked, this con-trol is disabled if Max Field (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm)+ Profile Bias (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm) exceeds 30.0 volts.

Enable Ref. Resistor Check Box

Unchecked An internal high precision 25 M reference resistor may be switched into the drive and return signal path for measurement. The purpose is for hardware and soft-ware validation and calibration. This internal test ele-ment will be placed into the signal path in parallel with the internal reference capacitor (if it is enabled) and with any attached sample. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked. This control is





e-mail: [email protected] if an RT66B tester is connected and powered. If Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked, this control is disabled if Max Voltage + Profile Bias (V) exceeds 100.0 Volts. If Specify Profile Max Field is checked, this control is disabled if Max Field (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm)+ Profile Bias (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm) ex-ceeds 100.0 volts.

Enable Ref. Ferroelectric Check Box

Unchecked A third internal reference (ferroelectric) sample has been added to the Precision Premier II tester and is planned in the Precision LC II tester. The ferroelectric test element includes two switchable capacitors in a sin-gle package inserted into a user-accessible connector. A variety of capacitors are available from Radiant Tech-nologies, Inc. and this test element may be easily changed to adjust the type or to replace fatigued sam-ples. Just as with the internal reference capacitor and resistor, the ferroelectric test sample may be switched into the test signal path in parallel with any externally-connected test sample and/or the internal reference ca-pacitor and/or resistor. More information is available in the Version 4.0.0 What's New page. Checking this con-trol enables Cap A Enable and Cap B Enable. Other-wise those controls are disabled. This control is dis-abled if Read Data from Vision File is checked. This control is hidden if an RT66B tester is connected and powered. If Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked, this control is disabled if Max Voltage + Profile Bias (V) ex-ceeds 9.0 Volts. If Specify Profile Max Field is checked, this control is disabled if Max Field (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm)+ Profile Bias (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm) ex-ceeds 9.0 volts.

Cap A EnableCap B Enable

Check Box

Unchecked When the internal reference ferroelectric is selected, these controls are activated to allow the user to select the capacitor to be measured. Cap A, Cap B or both may be selected. When both are selected, the capacitors are measured in parallel. Both may also be disabled, though this has little practical value. These controls are disabled unless Enable Ref. Ferroelectric is checked. These controls are disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked. These controls are hidden if an RT66B tester is connected and powered. If Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked, this control is disabled if Max Volt-age + Profile Bias (V) exceeds 9.0 Volts. If Specify





e-mail: [email protected] Max Field is checked, this control is disabled if Max Field (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness x 10-4 (cm/µm)+ Profile Bias (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thick-ness x 10-4 (cm/µm) exceeds 9.0 volts.

Set Sample Info Button Unpressed Opens a subdialog in which sample identifying informa-tion can be entered as described below. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Set Sensor 2 Button Unpressed Opens a subdialog in which capture of a voltage signal at the SENSOR 2 port may be enabled and configured. This is discussed in detail below. This control is dis-abled if Read Data from Vision File is checked. This control is hidden if an RT66B tester is connected and powered. This control will not be available until the re-lease of Vision 5. Until that time, this control is hidden.

Sensor 2 Enabled Check Box

Unchecked Disabled - Indicator Only. If checked this box indicates that a voltage signal at the SENSOR 2 port is to be cap-tured with each measurement. T his control is hidden if an RT66B tester is connected and powered. This con-trol will not be available until the release of Vision 5. Until that time, this control is hidden.

Set Adjust Parameters Button Unpressed When clicked, this button opens a subdialog that allows measurement period (ms) and max voltage/max field (kV/cm) to be adjusted, from-iteration-to-iteration, when the Task is programmed into a Branch Loop. The subdialog is detailed below. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Adjust Parameters in a Loop

Check Box

Unchecked Disabled - Indicator Only. This control is checked if measurement period (ms) and/or max voltage/max field (kV/cm) are configured to be adjusted, from-iteration-to-iteration, when the Task is programmed into a Branch Loop.

Respond to Nesting Branch Reset

Check Box

Checked If checked, this control causes the Task to reset mea-surement period (ms) and max voltage/max field (kV/cm) to their initial values if the Boolean "Nesting Branch Task: Reset" User Variable has a value of "true". See the discussion above and in Tutorial VIII for more detail. This control is disabled if the Task is con-figured to import data from a Vision Data File on execu-tion. This control is hidden in QuikLook configuration. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Read Data From Vision File Check Box

Unchecked Checking this box indicates that the Advanced Piezo data are to be read from a Vision Data File, exported by a previous execution of the Advanced Piezo Task, and not taken by measuring a sample. Checking this box





e-mail: [email protected] File Name and Browse to File to be shown. It also causes all controls except Advanced Piezo Task Name, Comments, Help, OK and Cancel to be disabled.

File Name Text “” This control is normally hidden. It is shown when Read Data From Vision File is checked. The control is a read-only indicator. It shows the file path and file name of the Vision Data File to be used to produce the Task's data on execution.

Browse to File Button Unpressed This control is normally hidden. It is shown when Read Data From Vision File is checked. The button opens a standard Windows file browser dialog that is to be used to identify the name and location of the Vision Data File, exported by a previous Advanced Piezo Task exe-cution, that will produce the Task's data on execution.

Disp. Meter Scale Real -21.336 This is the scale factor that converts the voltage output by the displacement sensor and input at the tester's SENSOR port to displacement value. Displacement is given by:

Displacement =SENSOR Voltage x Impedance Correction x Disp. Me-

ter Scale + Disp. Meter Offset (B.3.5)

Where Impedance Correction is given by:

Impedance Correction =(SENSOR Port Input Impedance + Displacement Sensor

Impedance (Ohms))/SENSOR Port Input Impedance (B.3.6)

In the current family of Precision testers, SENSOR Port Input Impedance is infinite so that (11) ~= 1.0 and is not relevant to (B.3.6).

The Disp. Meter Scale value is set by the user is given by the displacement detection instrument manufacturer specifications and adjusted, if necessary, to produce the units desired by the user. For example, for a MTI model 2125R detector, the displacement detected/voltage out ratio is given by 0.84 µ-inches/mV. This is converted to 21.336 µm/V to produce the default value for this con-trol. The default is entered as a negative value in the control because, for the MTI 2100 instrument, positive displacement of the sample moves the sample towards the detection wand, reducing the distance between the





e-mail: [email protected] and the detection wand. This is detected by the MTI as negative displacement.


Displacement Label (µm, mils, etc.)

Text “Piezo Data”

This is a data label to be associated with the voltage data collected at the SENSOR port and converted by (B.3.6). This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Displacement Units List Box

"µm" Select the appropriate units as defined by the conversion of (B.3.6). This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Displacement Sensor Im-pedance (Ohms)

Real 50.0 In older Precision testers the SENSOR port had an input impedance of about 1600 . For this equipment, the voltage detected at the SENSOR port had to be con-verted to the actual output voltage of the displacement detector by:

Actual Voltage =Detected Voltage x (SENSOR Port Input Impedance +

Displacement Sensor Impedance (Ohms))/SENSOR Port Input Impedance (B.3.7)

For users of older Precision testers, this value should be accurately entered. For modern Precision testers, the SENSOR port has infinite impedance, so that (B.3.7) becomes:

Actual Voltage = Detected Voltage x 1.0 (B.3.8)


Disp. Meter Offset Real 0.0 This is the offset term that converts the voltage output by the displacement sensor and input at the tester's SENSOR port to displacement value. This value will normally be 0.0. Displacement is given by:

Displacement =SENSOR Voltage x Impedance Correction x Disp. Me-

ter Scale + Disp. Meter Offset (B.3.5)

Where Impedance Correction is given by:

Impedance Correction =(SENSOR Port Input Impedance + Displacement Sensor





e-mail: [email protected] (Ohms))/SENSOR Port Input Impedance

(B.3.6)

In the current family of Precision testers, SENSOR Port Input Impedance is infinite so that (11) ~= 1.0 and is not relevant to (B.3.6).


Displacement Drift (µm/ms) Real 0.0 Most mechanical measurement systems - especially Atomic Force Microscopes (AFMs) - have a constant linear drift that appears as displacement over time with no signal applied to the sample. If that constant drift can be characterized, the user may enter it here to com-pensate for the drift throughout the measurement period by:

corrected displacementi =displacementi - drift (µm/ms) x period (ms)/points x

measurement pointi (B.3.9)

This removes the drift factor as a contributor to dis-placement measurement error. The Auto Drift Removal option will calculate the drift during the measurement, so that this value need not be entered by the user. This control is disabled if Auto Drift Removal is checked. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Average Loops (100 Max.) Integer 5 The primary noise reduction tool in the Advanced Piezo Task is to repeat the measurement for the number of times specified in this control. All measurements are then averaged together to produce the initial processed (noise-reduced) data. Averaging data reduces random noise without distorting the included signal. Increasing the number of averages improves the noise reduction by a factor of Averages1/2. The improvement grows slowly with the increase in averages. The advantages of in-creasing the average count need to be weighed against the cost in storage and measurement time. For values greater than 25 in this control, Task Excel export will be limited to processed data only. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Zero Data Check Box

Checked Displacement Drift (µm/ms) and Auto Drift Removal at-tempt to remove linear drift during the period of the measurement. Since repeated measurements are made,





e-mail: [email protected] control is included to remove linear drift in the me-chanical measurement apparatus between measure-ments. If checked, the raw data is converted from abso-lute displacement to relative displacement, with the first measured displacement point at 0.0 units, for every raw data vector, before the data are averaged into the pro-cessed data vector. To do this the value at the first point is subtracted from every point. The result is a shifted set of data that is not distorted in the process. Applying this process to all raw data shifts all raw data vectors to the same initial value and ensures that they overlay at that point, eliminating mechanical drift between the starting points. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Smooth Data Check Box

Checked With this option selected, a 9-point weighted moving average is passed over the processed data vector as a fi-nal step. In this process each sample point is replaced by a weighted average of itself and its eight nearest neighbors. The weight applied to each point's input is derived from the Savitsky-Golay2 smoothing filter and are given as:

W0 = 0.417 W1 = 0.315 W2 = 0.070 W3 = -0.128 W4 = 0.035

Weight = W4 + W3 + W2 + W1 + W0 + W1 + W2 + W3 + W4

The smoothed displacement value of any given point i is given by:

Dispi(smoothed) =(W4 x Disp(-4 + W3 x Disp(-3 + W2 x Dispi-2 + W1 x Dispi-1 + W0 x Dispi + W1 x Dispi+1 + W2 x Dispi+2 +

W3 x Disp(+3 + W4 x Dispi+4)/Weight (B.3.10)

Data points within four points of the endpoint are han-dled as special cases that truncate (B.3.10), removing points that are absent. For example:

2 Press, William H., William T. Vetterling, Saul A. Teukolsky and Brian P. Flannery. 1992. Numerical Ref-erences in C, 2nd Ed. University of Cambridge Press.





e-mail: [email protected](2)(smoothed) =

(W1 x Disp1 + W0 x Disp2 + W1 x Disp3 + W2 x Disp4+ W3 x Disp5 + W4 x Disp6)/Weight (B.3.11)


Amp. Level List Box

1.0 The return signal that is captured from the sample as a result of the drive stimulus is integrated to produce a measured value. Before the signal is integrated it is passed through an amplifier with eight switchable gain levels. This control selects the signal gain level. T he control is disabled if Auto Amplification is enabled. The utility of deselecting Auto Amplification and manually setting the gain is that Auto Amplification repeatedly applies the signal and adjusts the gain until the return signal is of acceptable strength. If unrecorded stimulus to the sample is unacceptable, the amplification level should be set manually. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Auto Amplification Check Box

Checked The return signal that is captured from the sample as a result of the drive stimulus is integrated to produce a measured value. Before the signal is integrated it is passed through an amplifier with eight switchable gain levels. When this control is enabled, the amplification level is automatically adjusted. This is done by repeat-edly applying the drive signal, then adjusting the ampli-fication level until the return signal is of acceptable strength. This lengthens any experiment and applies signals that are unrecorded before the measurement. If these conditions are not acceptable, this control should be disabled. Checking this control disables Amp. Level and enables Start at Last Amp Value. This control is disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Start at Last Amp Value Check Box

Checked If Auto Amplification is selected, the software will search for the proper amplification level starting with the level specified in Amp. Level. If this control is checked the search will begin at the amplification level selected by the previously executed Task, rather than that in Amp. Level. This can help facilitate a speedy and more accurate measurement. This control is disabled if Auto Amplification is unchecked. This control is dis-abled if Read Data from Vision File is checked.

Comments Text “” 511-characters maximum. A place for the user to pro-vide a detailed description of the Task and its use in the experiment.





e-mail: [email protected] Button Unpressed Read this help page.OK Button Unpressed Accept the configured values and add the Advanced

Piezo Task to the Test Definition or update its configu-ration in the Test Definition.

Cancel/Plot Button Unpressed Close the dialog but to not add or update the Advanced Piezo Task to the Test Definition. If the Task is re-called from the DataSet Archive, this button will close the dialog and cause the Archived data to be displayed.

B.4 – Amplifier Selection

Selecting either the internal ±200 Volt amplifier (±100 or ±10 Volts for some Precision tester models) or an external High Voltage Amplifier (HVA) connected to the tester through a High Voltage Interface (HVI) is accomplished by clicking Set Amplifier, open-ing the subdialog of Figure B.4.1. The "Internal" amplifier is set by default. In Version 4.0.0 High Voltage configuration has been simplified by allowing only two amplifier se-lections - "Internal Amplifier" or "External Amplifier". "Internal Amplifier" refers to the ±200.0-Volt amplifier (±100 or ±10 Volts in some Precision tester models) that the Preci-sion Tester can produce with no externally-attached accessories. "External Amplifier" refers to any amplifier connected to the Precision Tester through an HVI. The type of ex-ternal amplifier is no longer specified. The software recognizes the type of amplifier through the ID module that accompanies the delivery of the High Voltage accessories. With an "External Amplifier" specified, the user must choose an HVI Comm Port (to be fixed at '1') and an HVI Channel ('1' or '2' for the 10 kV HVI, '1' for the 4 kV unit).






Figure B.4.1 - Internal Amplifier Selection or External Ampli-fier Configuration.

B.5 - Controls

Name Type Default DescriptionInternal Amplifier Radio

ButtonSelected Selecting this control instructs Vision to use the Tester's internal

amplifier to generate a signal of up to ±20.0 Volts. HVI Comm Port and HVI Channel will be forced to values of '0' and dis-abled.

External Amplifier Radio Button

Unselected Selecting this control instructs Vision to use an external High Voltage Amplifier (HVA), connected to the tester through a High Voltage Interface (HVI). Voltages of up to ±10,000 Volts can be switched to the sample. HVI Comm Port and HVI Chan-nel will be set to default values of '1' and enabled.

HVI Comm Port Integer 0/1 0 or 1. This is a legacy control for discontinued testers with two comm ports that allowed two HVIs to be connected. This con-trol is always "0" for Internal Amplifier. The control is set to "1" by External Amplifier and must be left at that value. This control is forced to '0' and disabled if Internal Amplifier is se-lected.

HVI Channel Integer 0/1/2 0, 1 or 2. This is the channel at the rear of the HVI to which the HVAs connected. For 10 kV HVIs, this may take a value of '1' or '2', allowing two HVAs to be connected and switched in soft-ware. 4 kV HVIs and modern I2C 10 kV HVIs have only a sin-gle channel, selected by '1'. A '0' indicates that the signal is to be taken from the Tester's internal amplifier. If Internal Ampli-fier is selected, this control is forced to '0' and disabled. If Ex-ternal Amplifier is selected, this control is set to '1' by default and enabled.

B.6 - Sample Identifying Information

Clicking Set Sample Info opens a subdialog in which several sample identifying parame-ters may be configured. The purpose is strictly for documentation and most identifiers are not generic enough to apply to all cases.






Figure B.6.1 - Sample Documentation Subdialog.B.7 - Controls

Name Type Default DescriptionSample Name Text “” 24 Characters Maximum. A unique description of the sample be-

ing measuredLot ID Text “” 12 Characters Maximum. A unique description of the lot from

which the sample under test is taken.Wafer ID Text “” 12 Characters Maximum. A unique description of the wafer

from which the sample under test is taken.Die Row Integer 0 The vertical location on the wafer of the sample under test. May

be negative.Die Column Integer 0 The horizontal location on the wafer of the sample under test.

May be negative.Capacitor Number Integer 0 Serial identifier of the capacitor being tested.

OK Button Unpressed Accept the entered values.Cancel Button Unpressed Close the dialog. Do not adjust the sample information.

B.8 - Sensor 2 Configuration

SENSOR 2 will be available with the release of Vision 5. Clicking SENSOR 2 opens a subdialog that allows voltages at the external SENSOR 2 port to be acquired along with the measured data. The SENSOR 2 data can be linearly scaled and offset to convert them from a voltage to a meaningful value. Inputting the known output impedance of the de-vice attached to the sensor helps correct for small errors in the measured value. The sen-





e-mail: [email protected] data can be labeled for identification. As shown on the dialog, the derived sensor value is given by:

Sensor 2 Data =Sensed Voltage x Sensor Scale (Tester Input Impedance + Sensor Impedance) / Tester In-

put Impedance + Offset (B.8.1)

The results of enabling or disabling the Sensor data will be displayed in the Sensor En-abled control on the main dialog when the subdialog is closed.

Figure B.8.1 - Sensor Configuration Subdialog.B.9 – Controls

Name Type Default DescriptionSensor Enable Check

BoxUnchecked Checking this control tells the software to capture the voltage sig-

nal attached to the SENSOR port simultaneously with the mea-sured data. The signal will be scaled and offset using equation (B.8.1). Checking this box enables Sensor Scale, Sensor Offset, Sensor Impedance and Sensor Label.

Sensor Scale Real 1.0 Checking Sensor Enable enables this control. Otherwise it is dis-abled. The value in this control will be used as a scale factor to linearly convert the measured sensor signal to a physical value in accordance with equation (B.8.1).

Sensor Offset Real 0.0 Checking Sensor Enable enables this control. Otherwise it is dis-abled. The value in this control will be used as an offset value to linearly convert the measured sensor signal to a physical value in accordance with equation (B.8.1).

Sensor Impedance Integer 50 Checking Sensor Enable enables this control. Otherwise it is dis-abled. The value in this control will be used as a corrective term





e-mail: [email protected] adjust the measured voltage in accordance with equation (B.8.1).

Sensor Label Text “” Checking Sensor Enable enables this control. Otherwise it is dis-abled. This value is used to identify the converted SENSOR sig-nal when the sensor data are displayed.


B.10 - Branch Loop Parameter Adjustment

Figure B.10.1 - Branch Loop Parameter Adjustment Dialog. Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked.




Figure B.10.2 - Branch Loop Parameter Adjustment Dialog. Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) is checked.

B.11 – Discussion

When Set Adjust Params is clicked, the subdialog of Figures B.10.1 and B.10.2 appears. The dialog labels the DRIVE signal adjustment controls Adjust Measured VMax in a Loop and Voltage Increment (Figure B.10.1), if Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked in the main dialog. For Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm), the controls are labeled Adjust Measurement Max Field (kV/cm) in a Loop and Field Increment (kV/cm) as in Figure B.10.2. When the Advanced Piezo Task is programmed into a Branch Loop, the mea-surement period (ms) and/or the DRIVE profile stimulus level can be adjusted from loop iteration-to-iteration. When this option is enabled for a parameter, the initial loop will use the normally programmed parameter value as a baseline. Subsequent loop iterations will adjust the parameter value by either scaling the previous value by a constant factor or incrementing it by a constant value. Minimal restrictions are placed on the scale factor or increment. They are real-valued. For the voltage/field, negative scale factors are permit-ted. If the scale factor is negative, the parameter will alternate between positive and neg-ative as it is iterated. Scale factors of absolute value less than 1.0 and negative incre-ments are generally permitted so that a parameter may be reduced from its initial value as the Task is iterated. The user must take care that the combination of initial value, scale factor or increment and maximum possible number of Branch Loops will not combine to eventually produce a parameter value that is outside the capability of the Precision con-figuration.

B.12 – Controls

Name Type Default DescriptionAdjust Measurement Period Check Unchecked Enables the adjustment of the measurement period (ms)



in a Loop Box at each iteration of a Branch Loop. Checking this box enables Adjust by Scaling and Adjust by Incrementing. Period Scale Factor and Period Increment (ms) are en-abled by the combination of checking this box and checking the appropriate choice of Adjust by Scaling and Adjust by Incrementing.

Adjust by Scaling Check Box

Checked Checking this box indicates that the Advanced Piezo measurement period is to be adjusted by multiplying the previous time by Period Scale Factor. This control is disabled if Adjust Measurement Period in a Loop is unchecked. Enabling this control enables Period Scale Factor. Checking this control will cause Adjust by In-crementing to be unchecked and Period Increment (ms) to be disabled. Likewise, this control is unchecked when Adjust by Incrementing is checked.

Adjust by Incrementing

Check Box

Unchecked Checking this box indicates that the Advanced Piezo measurement period is to be adjusted by adding Period Increment (ms) to the previous time. This control is dis-abled if Adjust Measurement Period in a Loop is unchecked. Enabling this control enables Period Incre-ment (ms). Checking this control will cause Adjust by Scaling to be unchecked and Period Scale Factor to be disabled. Likewise, this control is unchecked when Ad-just by Scaling is checked.

Period Scale Factor Real 1.0 Strictly greater than zero. This is the scale factor by which to multiply the previous measurement period to obtain the current measurement period (ms). This con-trol is disabled if either Adjust Measurement Period in a Loop or Adjust by Scaling is unchecked.

Period Increment (ms) Real 0.0 In milliseconds. This is the increment to be added to the previous measurement period to obtain the current mea-surement period (ms). This control is disabled if either Adjust Measurement Period in a Loop or Adjust by In-crementing is unchecked.

Adjust Measurement Max Voltage in a Loop

Adjust Measurement Max Field (kV/cm) in a Loop

Check Box

Unchecked Enables the adjustment of the maximum profile signal in a Branch Loop. Checking this box enables Adjust by Scaling and Adjust by Incrementing. Voltage Scale Fac-tor/Field Scale Factor and Voltage Increment/Field In-crement (kV/cm) are enabled by the combination of checking this box and checking the appropriate choice of Adjust by Scaling and Adjust by Incrementing. This control is considered to represent voltage adjustment en-abling if Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked in the main dialog and is labeled Adjust Measurement Max Voltage in a Loop. If Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) is checked in the main dialog, the values adjusted are in units of Field (kV/cm) and this control is labeled Adjust Measurement Max Field (kV/cm) in a Loop.

Adjust by Scaling Check Box

Checked Checking this box indicates that the DRIVE stimulus is to be adjusted by multiplying the previous value by



Voltage Scale Factor/Field Scale Factor. This control is disabled if Adjust Measurement Max Voltage in a Loop/Adjust Measurement Max Field (kV/cm) in a Loop is unchecked. Enabling this control enables Voltage Scale Factor/Field Scale Factor and disables Voltage Increment/Field Increment (kV/cm). Checking this con-trol will cause Adjust by Incrementing to be unchecked and Voltage Increment/Field Increment (kV/cm) to be disabled. Likewise, this control is unchecked when Ad-just by Incrementing is checked.

Adjust by Incrementing Check Box

Unchecked Checking this box indicates that the DRIVE stimulus is to be adjusted by adding Voltage Increment/Field Incre-ment (kV/cm) to the previous DRIVE value. This con-trol is disabled if Adjust Measurement Max Voltage in a Loop/Adjust Measurement Max Field (kV/cm) in a Loop is unchecked. Enabling this control enables Voltage In-crement/Field Increment (kV/cm) and disables Voltage Scale Factor/Field Scale Factor. Checking this control will cause Adjust by Scaling to be unchecked and Volt-age Scale Factor/Field Scale Factor to be disabled. Likewise, this control is unchecked when Adjust by Scaling is checked.

Voltage Scale FactorField Scale Factor

Real 1.0 Unrestricted. This is the scale factor by which to multi-ply the previous maximum DRIVE signal to obtain the current maximum signal. This control is disabled if ei-ther Adjust Measurement Max Voltage in a Loop/ Adjust Measurement Max Field (kV/cm) in a Loop or Adjust by Scaling is unchecked. This control is considered to ad-just a voltage if Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked in the main dialog and is labeled Voltage Scale Factor. If Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) is checked in the main dialog, the value in the control scales Field (kV/cm) and this control is labeled Field Scale Factor.

Voltage IncrementField Increment (kV/cm)

Real 0.0 In Volts or Field (kV/cm). This is the increment to be added to the previous maximum voltage to obtain the current maximum voltage. This control is disabled if ei-ther Adjust Measurement Max Voltage in a Loop/Adjust Measurement Max Field (kV/cm) in a Loop or Adjust by Incrementing is unchecked. This control is considered to represent a voltage if Specify Profile Max Voltage is checked in the main dialog and is labeled Voltage Incre-ment. In this case the program makes no adjustment to the value. If Specify Profile Max Field (kV/cm) is checked in the main dialog, the value in the control is in units of Field (kV/cm) and this control is labeled Field Increment (kV/cm). For Field values, the program con-verts the value to Voltage by:

Voltage Increment = Field Increment (kV/cm) x 1000 (V/kV) x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 (cm/µm) (B.12.1)



C - Plot Configuration

Task Name: Advanced PiezoVersion: 5.0.0 (Help pages have been updated to Vision 5.0.0. as of 8/07/13. Actual dis-

tribution Task version of that date is 4.9.10.)Last Update: 30 July 2013In QuikLook Menu: YesFolder: HardwareSubfolder: MeasurementSubsubfolder: PiezoWindow Name: Advanced Piezo Setup::Advanced Piezo Plot SetupChange Record: Go to Change and Version RecordKnown Bugs: NoneUser Variables Added: Go to User Variables

C.1 - Setup Dialog



Figure C.1.1 - Advanced Piezo Task Plot Configuration Dialog. Plot Only Hysteresis Polarization (µC/cm2) Data.

Figure C.1.2 - Advanced Piezo Task Plot Configuration Dialog. Plot Only Displacement Data.



Figure C.1.3 - Advanced Piezo Task QuikLook Configuration. Plot at Run Time is Hidden.



Figure C.1.4 - Advanced Piezo is Configured to Import Data from a Vision Data File.



Figure C.1.5 - Editor Test Definition Configuration with Plot at Run Time Unchecked.

C.2 - Discussion

The Advanced Piezo Task can be configured to plot data at run time. For this reason, the



Plot Configuration dialog tab appears during Test Definition configuration in the Editor. The plot configuration dialog is an involved interface for the Advanced Piezo Task. The primary option is to select between Hysteresis data only, Displacement data only or both. For Hysteresis-only, Displacement-specific controls are disabled. For Displacement only, the Hysteresis controls are disabled. For both the Hysteresis and Displacement data selections, the user can apply a filter that is appropriate to the data type. Filters are de -tailed in Polarization (µC/cm2) Data Filters and Displacement Data Filters . For either data selection type, any subset of the available data vectors of that type, including the processed data and raw data1 ... Raw datan (where n is the number of averages specified by the user) may be selected. If both Hysteresis and Displacement data are to be plotted, the selected data vectors to plot are independent between the data types.

A primary function of the plot configuration dialog is to specify the axis labels. Most la-bels can be up to 60 characters in length. The Plot Y Axis Label control will automati-cally take on a Hysteresis data label, based on the selected Hysteresis Plot Filter if Plot Hysteresis or Plot Both is selected. The labels can be adjusted by the user once the Filter is specified. Labels depend on Hysteresis Plot Filter as follows:

Hysteresis Plot Filter Selection Plot Y Axis Label ValueNone "Polarization (µC/cm2)"

Centering "Polarization (µC/cm2)"Capacitance Vs Voltage "Capacitance (µF)"

Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage "Normalized Capacitance (µF/cm2)"Charge (µC) "Charge (µC)"

Centered Charge (µC) "Charge (µC)"

If Plot Displacement is selected Plot Y Axis Label will automatically take on a Displace-ment data label based on the selected Piezo Displacement Plot Filter. If Plot Both is se-lected, Plot Y Axis Label 2 is enabled and takes on the Displacement labels as in the table. Once the Piezo Displacement Plot Filter option is selected, the Plot Y Axis Label/Plot Y Axis Label 2 control can be adjusted by the user.

Piezo Displacement Plot Filter Selection Plot Y Axis Label (2) ValueNone "Piezo Displacement"dL/dV "Processed Piezo Displacement - dL/dV"dL/dP "Processed Piezo Displacement - dL/dP (µC/cm2)"

Disp.(i)/V(i) (At Point i) "Processed Piezo Displacement - D(i)/V(i)"Disp.(i)/V(i) (At Point i) "Processed Piezo Displacement - D(i)/t(i)"

Disp.(i)/L (At Point i) "Processed Piezo Displacement - Disp/L (Thickness)"Velocity to Displacement "Piezo Displacement"

L/P "Piezo Displacement"

For Hysteresis and Displacement Filter selections that are derivative, the user has the op-tion to Subsample Hysteresis Data and/or Subsample Displacement Data. This reduces



the number of points in the derivative computation and increases the step size in the de-nominator of the calculation. This helps reduce the noise in the (inherently noisy) deriva-tive calculation.

For Test Definition configuration for execution in a DataSet, the Task may be optionally configured to Plot at Run Time. By default data are configured to be plotted as a function of Voltage on the independent X Axis. They can be optionally configured to plot as a function of Time (ms) or Field (kV/cm), where Field (kV/cm) is given by:

Field (kV/cm) = Voltage / ( 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 cm/µm) (C.2.1)

If Plot Vs Time is selected as the X-Axis, both the selected measured data vectors and the DRIVE profile voltage are plotted parametrically as a function of Time (ms).

If any raw data vectors are selected for plotting a Zero Raw When Displayed option is en-abled. This causes the raw data vectors to be translated by subtracting the value in the first data point from all data points. This causes all raw data vectors to start at a value of 0.0 (units) so that the data overlay on the plot presentation.

Finally, as with all Measurement Tasks that present data on a Task-specific plot dialog, a Plot Tabbed option is presented. When selected the data are plotted to a dialog with two tabs. The first tab shows the plotted data and the second the configuration and measured parameters. This renders the dialog smaller and allows it to be fully presented on a lap-top or other smaller-display host. The tabbed display can also be switched to from the standard single-page data presentation. To switch back to the standard presentation, uncheck Plot Tabbed in any Measurement Task plot configuration dialog.

All controls on this dialog are disabled if Read Data from Vision File is checked on the main dialog as in Figure C.1.4. If the Task is being programmed into a Test Definition in the Editor, all controls except Plot at Run Time are disabled if Plot at Run Time is unchecked.

C.3 - Controls

Control Type Default DescriptionPlot Title Text “” 60-Characters Maximum. Provide textual description of

the data that are plotted. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Subtitle Text “” 60-Characters Maximum. Provide additional textual de-scription of the data that are plotted. This control is dis-abled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot X-Axis Label Text "Volts"` 60-Characters Maximum. Describe the independent X-Axis parameter against which data are being plotted. Note



that the program does not automatic update of this field. Selecting Plot Vs Time or Plot Vs Field (kV/cm) will not ad-just this control. This control is disabled if the Task is con-figured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Y-Axis Label Text Variable 60-Characters Maximum. If Plot Hysteresis or Plot Both is selected, this control will hold the value that is to label the vertical axis of the Hysteresis data display. The control will be updated automatically with changes to the selection in Hysteresis Plot Filter. Once the Filter is selected, the user can overwrite the automatic text. If Plot Displacement is selected, this control will hold the text that labels the ver-tical axis of the displayed Displacement data. In this case the control is update automatically by the selection in Piezo Displacement Plot Filter. The automatic labels are pre-sented in detail in the tables under Discussion, above. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Y-Axis Label 2 Text Variable 60-Characters Maximum. This control is enabled only if Plot Both is selected. This control will hold the text that la-bels the vertical axis of the displayed Displacement data. In this case the control is update automatically by the selec-tion in Piezo Displacement Plot Filter. The automatic la-bels are presented in detail in the tables under Discussion, above. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Displacement Data La-bel

Text “” 32-Characters Maximum. This control is disabled if Plot Hysteresis is checked. It provides a description of the Dis-placement data to be associated with the data plot format for the data above the plot. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Hysteresis Data Label Text “” 32-Characters Maximum. This control is disabled if Plot Displacement is checked. It provides a description of the Hysteresis data to be associated with the data plot format for the data above the plot. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

User Self-Prompt Text “” 60-Characters Maximum. Additional text can be displayed above all other controls on the data presentation dialog. This text can have a single User Variable appended to it. The User Variable is selected in Parameter to Append to Prompt. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Parameter to Append to Prompt

List Box

"<<None>>" This control lists all of the User Variables that are regis-tered in Vision at configuration time. A single User Vari-able may be selected. Its value at the time of Task execu-tion will be appended to the User Self-Prompt text at the top of the data presentation dialog. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Hysteresis Radio Button

Unchecked When selected this control causes only Hysteresis data to be plotted. Selecting this control deselects Plot Displace-



ment and Plot Both. When selected Plot Y Axis Label takes on text defined by the selected Filter in Hysteresis Plot Fil-ter as described in the table under Discussion, above. Plot Y Axis Label 2 is disabled. Displacement Data Label is dis-abled and Hysteresis Data Label is enabled. Hysteresis Plot Filter and Selected Hysteresis Data to Plot are en-abled. Subsample Hysteresis Data is enabled if the Filter selected in Hysteresis Plot Filter is "Capacitance Vs Volt-age" or "Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage". Zero Raw Data When Displayed is enabled if one or more raw data vectors is/are selected in Hysteresis Data to Plot. Piezo Displacement Plot Filter, Subsample Displacement Data and Select Displacement Data to Plot are all disabled. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Displacement Radio Button

Checked When selected this control causes only Displacement data to be plotted. Selecting this control deselects Plot Hystere-sis and Plot Both. When selected Plot Y Axis Label takes on text defined by the selected Filter in Piezo Displacement Plot Filter as described in the table under Discussion, above. Plot Y Axis Label 2 is disabled. Displacement Data Label is enabled and Hysteresis Data Label is disabled. Piezo Displacement Plot Filter and Selected Displacement Data to Plot are enabled. Subsample Displacement Data is enabled if the Filter selected in Piezo Displacement Plot Filter is "dL/dV" or "dL/dP". Zero Raw Data When Dis-played is enabled if one or more raw data vectors is se-lected in Displacement Data to Plot. Hysteresis Plot Filter, Subsample Hysteresis Data and Select Hysteresis Data to Plot are all disabled. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Both Radio Button

Unchecked When selected this control causes Displacement and Hys-teresis data to be plotted. Selecting this control deselects Plot Hysteresis and Plot Displacement. When selected Plot Y Axis Label takes on text defined by the selected Filter in Hysteresis Plot Filter as described in the table under Dis-cussion, above. Plot Y Axis Label 2 is enabled and takes on text defined by the selected Filter in Piezo Displacement Plot Filter as described in the table under Discussion, above. Displacement Data Label and Hysteresis Data La-bel are enabled. Piezo Displacement Plot Filter and Se-lected Displacement Data to Plot are enabled. Subsample Displacement Data is enabled if the Filter selected in Piezo Displacement Plot Filter is "dL/dV" or "dL/dP". Zero Raw Data When Displayed is enabled if one or more raw data vectors is selected in Displacement Data to Plot. Hystere-sis Plot Filter and Select Hysteresis Data to Plot are en-abled. Subsample Hysteresis Data is enabled if the Filter selected in Hysteresis Plot Filter is "Capacitance Vs Volt-age" or "Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage". This con-



trol is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Hysteresis Plot Filter List Box

"<<None>>" This control is disabled if Plot Displacement is checked. This control is used to select the mathematical manipulation to be performed on the selected Hysteresis data vectors be-fore plotting. The mathematical Filter are defined in Sig-nals and Data Processing Polarization (µC/cm2) Data Fil-ters. Changes to the selection show adjustments to the text in Plot Y Axis Label as shown in the table in Discussion, above. If the selection in the control is "Capacitance Vs Voltage" or "Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage", then Subsample Hysteresis Data will be enabled. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vi-sion Data File.

Subsample Hysteresis Data

Check Box

Checked This control is disabled if Plot Displacement is checked. This control is disabled unless "Capacitance Vs Voltage" or "Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage" is selected in Hys-teresis Plot Filter. Checking this control causes the data vectors to be plotted to be subsampled by extracting and operating on every fourth point, before performing the de-rivative and plotting the data. Subsampling increases the step in the derivative denominator and reduces noise in the calculation. This control is disabled if the Task is config-ured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Select Hysteresis Data to Plot

List Box

"Processed Hysteresis

Data"

This control is disabled if Plot Displacement is checked. This control is used to select any subset of the Hysteresis data vectors, including "Processed Hysteresis Data" and "Raw Hysteresis Data Trace i", i Î {1..n}, n = Average Loops (100 Max.) from the main configuration dialog tab. This is the selection of data vectors that will be processed by the selected Hysteresis Plot Filter and by Subsample Hysteresis Data (if enabled and checked) and shown on the data presentation dialog plot. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot at Run Time Check Box

Checked Hidden in QuikLook Configuration. If checked, the Task will plot data during Test Definition execution in a DataSet. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File. If this control is unchecked, all other controls are disabled.

Zero Raw Data When Displayed

Check Box

Checked This control is disabled unless at least one "Raw Hysteresis Data Trace i", i Î {1..n}, n = Average Loops (100 Max.) is selected in Select Hysteresis Data to Plot and Plot Hystere-sis or Plot Both is selected and/or at least one "Raw Dis-placement Data Trace i", i Î {1..n}, n = Average Loops (100 Max.) is selected in Select Displacement Data to Plot and Plot Displacement or Plot Both is selected. When se-lected, the raw data vectors are translated by subtracting the value in the first data point from all data points. This causes all raw data vectors to start at a value of 0.0 (units) so that the data overlay on the plot presentation. This con-



trol is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Vs Time Check Box

Unchecked Checking this box unchecks Plot Vs Field (kV/cm) if it was checked. I f checked, the standard Voltage vector used as the independent X-Axis is replaced by the Time (ms) vec-tor. In this case, the voltage vector is plotted, along with the selected data plot vectors, as a function of time. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Vs Field Check Box

Unchecked Checking this box unchecks Plot Vs Time if it was checked. If checked the standard Voltage vector used as the indepen-dent X-Axis is scaled by 1/( 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 cm/µm) to produce a Field vector given in units of kV/cm. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Plot Tabbed Check Box

Unchecked When checked, this control causes data to be plotted in a data presentation dialog with two tabs. The data plot ap-pears on the first tab and the configuration and measured parameters appear on the second. This makes for a smaller dialog that can be fully displayed on laptops and other small displays. When unchecked the full, single-page, dis-play is shown. This control is disabled if the Task is con-figured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Piezo Displacement Plot Filter

List Box

"<<None>>" This control is disabled if Plot Hysteresis is checked. This control is used to select the mathematical manipulation to be performed on the selected Displacement data vectors be-fore plotting. The mathematical Filter are defined in Sig-nals and Data Processing Displacement Data Filters. Changes to the selection show adjustments to the text in Plot Y Axis Label or Plot Y Axis Label 2 as shown in the ta-ble in Discussion, above. If the selection in the control is "dL/dV" or "dL/dP", then Subsample Displacement Data will be enabled. This control is disabled if the Task is con-figured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Subsample Displace-ment Data

Check Box

Checked This control is disabled if Plot Hysteresis is checked. This control is disabled unless "dL/dV" or "dL/dP" is selected in Piezo Displacement Plot Filter. Checking this control causes the data vectors to be plotted to be subsampled by extracting and operating on every fourth point, before per-forming the derivative and plotting the data. Subsampling increases the step in the derivative denominator and reduces noise in the calculation. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vision Data File.

Select Displacement Data to Plot

List Box

"Processed Displacement

Data"

This control is disabled if Plot Hysteresis is checked. This control is used to select any subset of the Displacement data vectors, including "Processed Displacement Data" and "Raw Displacement Data Trace i", i Î {1..n}, n = Average Loops (100 Max.) from the main configuration dialog tab. This is the selection of data vectors that will be processed by the selected Piezo Displacement Plot Filter and by Sub-



sample Displacement Data (if enabled and checked) and shown on the data presentation dialog plot. This control is disabled if the Task is configured to import data from a Vi-sion Data File.

Help Button Unpressed Read this help page.OK Button Unpressed Accept the configured values and add the Advanced Piezo

Task to the Test Definition or update its configuration in the Test Definition.

Cancel/Plot Button Unpressed Close the dialog but to not add or update the Advanced Piezo Task to the Test Definition. If the Task is recalled from the DataSet Archive, this button will close the dialog and cause the Archived data to be displayed.



D. Execution, Archive Regraph and Exporting

D.1 – Task Execution

During both QuikLook and Test Definition execution in a DataSet, the Advanced Piezo Task will make repeated Hysteresis measurements to the count specified in Average Loops (100 Max.) on the main configuration dialog. During execution the measurement count will be updated on the Vision status bar and Stop Hysteresis Measurement? will ap-pear as in Figure D.1.1. Stop Hysteresis Measurement? will abort the Task and the exe-cution of any Tasks in the Test Definition that follow Advanced Piezo.

Figure D.1.1 - Advanced Piezo Standard Execution Presenta-tion.

For execution in a Test Definition within a DataSet, if the Task is configured to plot data at run-time, one or two Vision plot window(s) (similar to Filter and Long-Duration Task plot windows) will appear after all measurements are made. A Hysteresis data plot win-dow will appear if Plot Hysteresis or Plot Both is selected in the plot configuration dialog (Figure D.1.2). A Displacement plot window will appear if Plot Displacement or Plot Both is selected in plot configuration (Figure D.1.3).



Figure D.1.2 - Run-Time Hysteresis Data.



Figure D.1.3 - Run-Time Displacement Data.

If the Task is executing in QuikLook, a Task-specific Data Presentation dialog will ap-pear at the termination of Task execution as in Figure D.1.4.

Figure D.1.4 - Advanced Piezo Measurement QuikLook Stan-dard Data Presentation.



To the left of the dialog measurement configuration parameters are shown for review. The central portion of the display is the plotted data. The plot can be adjusted by right-clicking on the plot surface, producing a popup menu from which selections can be made. See the main help pages for a detailed description of this menu and its use. Above the plot is the user Self-Prompt and its appended User Variable. Below the plot, text fields guide with the insertion of annotations, report any errors, indicate the automatic (or cus-tom) Drive Profile applied and indicate the Plot Filter - Hysteresis-Piezo selected. The Comments are also presented.

The lower-right portion of the dialog contains five buttons. Help opens this help project for review. OK closes the dialog. Admin Info and Export open subdialogs described in detail below. Tabbed View closes the dialog and presents a second, tabbed, dialog with the data plot on the first tab (Figure D.1.5) and the configuration and measured parame-ters on the second tab (Figure D.1.6). This gives a smaller presentation that is better suited to laptop and other small screen surfaces. The presentation of Figures D.1.5 and D.1.6 would also appear if Tabbed Display is checked on the Plot Setup tab of the config-uration dialog. Once the tabbed display is presented, it is persistent until Tabbed Display is unchecked on the plot setup tab of any Measurement Task.



Figure D.1.5 - Advanced Piezo Measurement QuikLook



Tabbed Data Presentation - Plot Tab.



Figure D.1.6 - Advanced Piezo Measurement QuikLook Tabbed Data Presentation - Parameters Tab.

D.2 – QuikLook-to-DataSet

QuikLook is intended for a simple "Let's see what we've got" measurement. Data can be exported directly from QuikLook to a target outside of Vision, as described below. How-ever, once the dialogs of Figures D.1.4 through D.1.6 are closed, the measured data are lost to Vision. Often it is not in the researcher's interest to discard the Advanced Piezo Task Data. The QuikLook data presentation dialogs of Figures D.1.4 and D.1.5 have a list box that allows the QuikLook-measured data to be stored within Vision to a DataSet. Data may be stored to a new or existing DataSet, provided the existing DataSet is opened to receive the data. If "Save to Open DataSet" is selected from the list box before OK is clicked, the executed Task will be written to the open DataSet as both the CTD and as an appended ETD, when OK is clicked. The user is prompted to provide a name for the CTD and the ETD.



Figure D.2.1 - QuikLook Results to Open DataSet.If "Save to New DataSet" is selected before OK, the additional step of creating the new DataSet is added.

Figure D.2.2 - QuikLook Results to New DataSet.

D.3 - Archive Regraph

Once the Advanced Piezo Task has been executed within a Test Definition, it is stored to the DataSet Archive. It may be recalled from the Archive so that its configuration may be reviewed. In this way, it is self-documenting. To recall the Task, open the appropriate DataSet and open the Archive. Select and open the desired Executed Test Definition



(ETD) and then open its "Experiment Data" folder. Double-click on the desired Ad-vanced Piezo Task.

Figure D.3.1 - Recall the Advanced Piezo Task from the DataSet Archive.

The configuration dialog will appear for configuration review. Most controls will be dis-abled or read only. Buttons that access subdialogs are enabled so that the subdialogs may be opened for review. Controls in the subdialogs will be disabled. Help is available. Cancel or OK close the dialog.



Figure D.3.2 - Advanced Piezo Task Configuration Dialog Re-called from the DataSet Archive.

The Plot Setup dialog tab has active controls to allow the data labels and plot configura-tion to be adjusted if desired. For Advanced Piezo, the user may choose to plot Hystere-sis data, Displacement data or both. Controls will be enabled or disabled based on this



selection. Axis labels will also be adjusted based on the selection and on the selected Fil-ters. See the Plot Configuration page for more detail.

Figure D.3.3 - Advanced Piezo Task Plot Configuration Dialog.

When the configuration dialog is closed, the data presentation dialog will appear. The controls on the dialog are identical to those of the QuikLook execution of Figure D.1.4



except that the QuikLook-to-DataSet option list is not shown.

Figure D.3.4 - Advanced Piezo Data Standard Presentation Di-alog.

A tabbed data presentation may be selected using the Plot Tabbed control of Figure D.3.3. The tabbed presentation may be switched to from the standard data presentation by clicking the Tabbed View button of Figure D.3.4. The tabbed view divides the data



presentation into a dialog showing two tabs. The first tab has the data display. The sec-ond shows the configuration and measured parameters. This presentation allows for a smaller dialog image, suitable for laptops and other small-display devices. Once the tabbed view is selected it is persistent, even between sessions of the Vision program, until a Task plot configuration dialog is opened to uncheck the tabbed option.



Figure D.3.5 - Advanced Piezo Task Data Recalled from the DataSet Archive - Tabbed Presentation - Plot Tab.



Figure D.3.6 - Advanced Piezo Task Data Recalled from the DataSet Archive - Tabbed Presentation - Parameters Tab.



D.4 – Admin Info

The Admin Info button shown in Figures D.1.4, D.1.6, D.3.4 and D.3.6 opens one of two subdialogs. Measurement and Hardware Tasks, such as Advanced Piezo, present the dia-log of Figure D.4.1. Here, the Vision Version and compilation date along with the Task configuration and execution date and time are presented. Tester Name, Tester Serial Number and Driver Version are also shown. For High-Voltage Measurements, amplifier and HVI identities and capabilities would be shown. This information is of minor value to the user, but can be useful to RTI in helping the customer troubleshoot problems with Vision and/or the tester.

Figure F.4.1 - Admin Info Subdialog.D.5 – Test Definition Graphing

Figure D.5.1 shows an example of the Advanced Piezo Task text output to a Test Defini-tion Graph in "Standard" text mode. Test Definition Graphing is available by right-click-ing in the Editor or DataSet Tab window. Information about the configuration of the Tasks that make up the Test Definition is presented graphically. See the discussion in the main Vision help pages under Tutorial IX or the Main Manual Section XIII.



Figure D.5.1 - Advanced Piezo Task Test Definition Graphing Output.

D.6 - Saving Data - Exporting

In order to allow data to be exported from the Task when the Task is recalled from the DataSet Archive, an Export button appears on the recalled data presentation dialog. Clicking the button produces the new dialog that appears below. Figure D.6.1 shows the Export configuration dialog in which the "Export Text" option is selected and the browser button enabled. Figure D.6.2 shows the browser dialog that opens when the Browse for File Name button is clicked.



Figure D.6.1 - Standard Export Dialog in Text Mode. "Export Vision" Option Appears in Measurement Tasks.



Figure D.6.2 - Standard Windows File Browser Dialog.D.7 - Controls

Name Type Default DiscussionSelect Option List

Box"Print" Select between the "Print", "Export Text", "Export Word",

"Export Excel" and "Export Vision" options. This control enables the Browse for File Name button for all selections except the "Print" option. Selecting "Print" or "Export Word" shows the Header Only check box. Otherwise that control is hidden. Selecting "Export Text" shows the Col-umn Delimiter list box controls. "Export Vision" is available only to Measurement and most Filter Tasks.

Line Spacing Integer 100 This control appears when Select Option is set to "Print". Otherwise it is hidden. Increasing or decreasing this value will increase or decrease the vertical spacing of lines on the printed page. Experimentation will fix the value for any given printer.

Left Margin Integer 100 This control appears when Select Option is set to "Print". Otherwise it is hidden. Increasing or decreasing this value will increase or decrease the left start point of text on the printed page. Experimentation will fix the value for any



given printer.Tab Spacing Integer 200 This control appears when Select Option is set to "Print".

Otherwise it is hidden. Increasing or decreasing this value will increase or decrease the horizontal spacing of tabbed sections of text on the printed page. Experimentation will fix the value for any given printer.

Header Only Check Box

Checked This control appears when Select Option is set to "Print" or "Word". Otherwise it is hidden. Checking this box (default) instructs the Task to omit the output of the lists of the Task's stimulus voltages and measured data. This will conserve the number of output pages and eliminate "meaningless" lists of numbers. With the box unchecked, these lists will be output. This control is only shown for Measurement Tasks and Filter Tasks that collect data.

Column Delimiter List Box

"Tab" This control appears only when the Select Option is "Text". The selection in this list will determine the method using to put space between parameter headings and parameter values in a text output. It will also determine the method of separat-ing columns of values in the outputs.

Example, with "Double Tab" selected:

Vision Version:<tab><tab>5.0.0

With "Semicolon" selected:

Vision Compile Date Date;2 May 13Browse for File

NameButton Unpressed This control is enabled for all export options except "Print".

The control is optional for Excel or Word exporting. For the remaining options, this control must be selected. The browser dialog that must be used to navigate to and identify path and file name for the export output.

File Name Text “” This control is read-only and cannot be used to specify the file name or path for Text, Word, Excel or Vision Data File export. Once the browser is used to select a path and file name, those will be displayed in this control for review. Note that a path and file name MUST be specified for the "Text" export option and may be specified for "Excel" or "Word".

Help Button Unpressed Open these Task-specific help pages.OK Button Unpressed Accept the configured export and close the dialog. Export-

ing will occur when the main data regraph dialog is closed.Cancel Button Unpressed Close the export dialog. Do not export.

D.8 - Discussion

Data can be exported to one of five targets:

Printer - Pre-formatted text is sent to the printer when the configuration dialog is



closed. Before printing a printer setup dialog will appear (Figure D.8.2), allow-ing printer options to be adjusted. (The appearance of the dialog will vary from user to user.) Printer text can be formatted from within Vision by adjusting the Line Spacing, Left Margin and Tab Spacing integer values (Figure D.8.1). Ex-perimentation will show the proper settings for all exporting to the attached printer. These controls are hidden unless the printer is specified as the target. In Measurement and most Filter Tasks, the Header Only control will disable the line-by-line output of measured data points if checked.

Figure D.8.1 - Export Configuration Dialog - Printer Option.



Figure D.8.2 - Standard Windows Printer Configuration Dia-log.

Text File - Selecting this option enables the Browse for File Name button. Click-ing this button will open a standard browser dialog in which a file name and path must be selected. If the file already exists, the output will be appended to existing text. An output file name must be specified for this export. Figures D.8.3 and D.8.4 show a sample of the Advanced Piezo Task text export. The figures show single-tab-delimited data.



Figure D.8.3 - Advanced Piezo Task Text Export Sample - Up-



per Portion.

Figure D.8.4 - Advanced Piezo Task Text Export Sample - Lower Portion.

Excel - Selecting this option enables the Browse for File Name button. Clicking this button will open a standard browser dialog in which a file name and path may be selected. Specifying a file name is optional. However, if specified, a unique file name/file path must be created or an overwrite situation will occur. Data are not appended to existing files. When the configuration dialog is closed, the Excel program will be started and a spread sheet created. When Excel is closed, the data will be written to the specified file name, or the user will be prompted to save if the file is not specified. Office/Excel 2000 or later must be loaded for this option. Office/Excel is not provided with the tester or Vision software. Fig-ures D.8.5 through D.8.7 show a sample of the Advanced Piezo Task Excel ex-port. Note that if the average count is 1 to 25, the raw data will be exported in ad-jacent sets of columns. For average counts greater than 25, the raw data are not exported.



Figure D.8.5 - Advanced Piezo Excel Export Output - Upper Portion.

Figure D.8.6 - Sample Advanced Piezo Filter Task Excel Ex-port Output - Central Portion.



Figure D.8.7 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Excel Export Out-put - Lower Portion.

Word - Selecting this option enables the Browse for File Name button. Clicking this button will open a standard browser dialog in which a file name and path may be selected. Specifying a file name is optional. The Word program will be opened and written when the regraph dialogs have been closed. If a new file name is specified, the document will be saved immediately. If no file name is specified, the user will be prompted to save the documents when closed. Office/Word 2000 or later must be loaded for this option. Office/Word is not provided with the tester or Vision software. The figures show Word export with Header Only unchecked. Data vectors are exported. Note that with Header



Only unchecked all data including the raw data vectors will be exported. This re-sults in columns of numbers that can run several thousand pages depending on the number of averages. For large numbers of averages (perhaps more than five) unchecking Header Only is not recommended.

Figure D.8.8 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Out-put - Upper Portion.



Figure D.8.9 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Out-put - Upper Central Portion.



Figure D.8.10 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Output - Lower Central Portion.



Figure D.8.11 - Sample Advanced Piezo Task Word Export Output - Lower Portion.

Vision Data File - In this option the Task configuration parameters and measured data are written to a formatted binary file. Subsequent instances of the Advanced



Piezo Task can be configured to import the data from the file, on execution, rather than making a new measurement. In this way, data can be moved from one DataSet to another where they can be grouped with other data and filtered. This utility is demonstrated in Figure D.8.12. Selecting this option enables the Browse for File Name button. Clicking this button will open a standard browser dialog in which a file name and path may be selected. Specifying a file name is required.



Figure D.8.12 - Utility of Vision Data File Exporting.



E – Signals and Data Processing

This page discusses the mathematical generation of three distinct sets of signals. These are:

Drive Profile Types - These are the voltage signals applied to one sample elec-trode to stimulate the sample to generate both a charge from the opposite elec-trode, detected as Hysteresis response at the RETURN channel and a piezo elec-tric motion detected by an external sensor whose output is read at the SENSOR channel.

Hysteresis Polarization - The basic Hysteresis profile is the charge generated at one electrode of the sample by the voltage applied at the opposite electrode. This charge is read at the RETURN port. The data are stored converted to polarization (µC/cm2) by normalizing by sample area (cm2) and stored. This section discusses mathematical manipulations that may be applied to the polarization data before plotting. When data are recalled from a DataSet Archive, they are always read as polarization (µC/cm2). The data may have multiple mathematical manipulations performed by doing multiple recalls from the Archive.

Piezoelectric Displacement - The sample motion response to the DRIVE voltage profile applied at one sample electrode is captured by an external instrument. The instrument converts the detected displacement to a voltage that is captured at the tester's SENSOR port. The captured voltage is converted back to displacement by applying a linear transform provided by the detector manufacturer. The data are stored as converted. This section discusses mathematical manipulations that may be applied to the displacement data before plotting. When data are recalled from a DataSet Archive, they are always read as displacement in the units the user pro-vides. The data may have multiple mathematical manipulations performed by do-ing multiple recalls from the Archive.

E.1 - Drive Profile Types

Standard Bipolar: This is the standard DRIVE profile. To create it, the user specifies the maximum voltage (Max Voltage), the period (ms) (1000/Frequency (hz)) (Piezo Period (ms)) and a DRIVE Offset (Profile Bias). The maximum volt-age and DRIVE offset may be specified in Volts, or Field (kV/cm) = Voltage / 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 cm/µm. The program will assume the value is voltage or field (kV/cm) based on the status of Specify Profile Max. Voltage and Specify Profile Max. Field (kV/cm). Note that the DRIVE Offset value will normally be 0.0 V or 0.0 kV/cm. The DRIVE Offset allows the DRIVE voltage profile to be shifted linearly in voltage (shifted vertically in a voltage Vs time plot) without distorting the waveform. The DRIVE voltage profile proceeds lin-



early from Profile Bias to Profile Bias + Max Voltage to Profile Bias - Max Volt-age and back to Profile Bias. The DRIVE profile will proceed in evenly-spaced (in time) measurement steps. The number of measurement steps is computed by Vision to be the maximum possible for the specified Max Voltage and Piezo Pe-riod (ms). Checking Preset Enable guarantees that both halves of the measure-ment switch polarization.



Figure E.1.1 - Standard Bipolar DRIVE Profile.

From File (custom): As an alternative to the standard triangular bipolar or



monopolar Piezo waveforms automatically generated by the Task, the user can construct a custom waveform of any shape. The waveform is created by reading a list of the voltages to be applied at every sample point from an ASCII-formatted file. The file contains the following information:

1. Number of Test Points (line 1). This cannot exceed 1001 points.2. Measurement Interval in milliseconds (line 2). This is the delay between sam-

ple points. It is given as real value, 0.001 ms minimum. The Measurement Interval times the Number of Test Points cannot exceed 30 seconds.

3. Voltage x (lines 3 through n + 2, where n is the number of test points). The voltage to be applied at sample point x. n x.

Note that the normal dependency on the point count has been eliminated. Any ar-bitrary number of points may be specified up to the maximum of 1001. Since the duration of the waveform is not specified, but the step delay between points is, the dependency has been removed. he duration of the waveform is now given by (Points - 1) x Measurement Interval.

A sample file is shown in Figure E.1.2. The waveform in the example is com-posed of 92 points. There are 2000 nanoseconds, or 2 µs between points, giving a total period of 181 µs (note that ten points define nine intervals) or a frequency of ~5524 Hz. A graphical image of the custom waveform, given as Volts Vs Time (ms), is shown in Figure E.1.3.



Figure E.1.2 - Sample Advanced Piezo Custom Profile Input Text File.



Figure E.1.3 - Custom DRIVE Profile.

The custom input file may be created either in a text editor or from within Vision. If using a text editor, a word processor should not be used unless the file is saved in text format. A word processor adds binary header information to the beginning of a file that cannot be read by Vision. The Notepad utility found in the "Start" menu "Accessories" folder is recommended. Excel can also be used to create the waveform and export the file. The file may need some editing after export from Excel. Note that comments may be applied to the file in line with the entries. Comments must appear after the numeric entries and be separated by at least one space or tab.

File Creation From A Text Editor

File Creation Rules:

1. The file must be in ASCII text2. The first line in the file must be the total integer number of measurement

points.3. The second line in the file must be the measurement interval. The mea-



surement interval is the time between measurement points. It is real-val-ued, in milliseconds.

4. All subsequent lines must be real-valued voltages, in Volts.5. The number of voltages must match the number of points.6. The last line in the file must end with a carriage return.7. Only decimal values can be used. No scientific representation is allowed.

(Example: 1e-6 is not allowed.)

A single file can be used to perform any number of different waveforms that have the same shape, but are scaled in voltage. Regardless of the list of voltages speci-fied, the maximum absolute voltage of the actual waveform will always be the voltage specified in the Advanced Piezo Max Voltage control. The steps to rescale the voltage profile are as follows.

o find maximum absolute voltage in fileo divide all voltages by this absolute voltageo multiply all voltages by VMax.

Note that a negative entry in the Max Voltage control will invert the drive profile. An example of a variety of waveforms created from the file of Figure E.1.2 is shown in Figure E.1.4.



Figure E.1.4 - Family of Custom DRIVE Profiles.

Standard Monopolar: This option provides a DRIVE profile that applies voltage in only one direction from the value specified in Profile Bias. Here, the user spec-ifies a Piezo Period (ms) that is equivalent of 2000 / Frequency. To create it, the user specifies the maximum voltage (Max Voltage), the period (ms) (2000/Fre-quency (hz)) (Piezo Period (ms)) and a DRIVE Offset (Profile Bias). The maxi-mum voltage and DRIVE offset may be specified in Volts, or Field (kV/cm) = Voltage / 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 cm/µm. The program will assume the value is voltage or field (kV/cm) based on the status of Specify Profile Max. Voltage and Specify Profile Max. Field (kV/cm). Note that the Profile Bias value will normally be 0.0 V or 0.0 kV/cm. The Profile Bias allows the DRIVE voltage profile to be shifted linearly in voltage (shifted vertically in a voltage vs time plot) without distorting the waveform. The DRIVE voltage profile proceeds linearly from Profile Bias to Profile Bias + Max Voltage and back to Profile Bias. The DRIVE profile will proceed in evenly-spaced (in time) measurement steps. The number of measurement steps is computed by Vision to be the maximum possible for the specified Max Voltage and Piezo Period (ms). Checking Preset Enable guarantees that measurement will not switch polarization.



Figure E.1.5 - Standard Monopolar Waveform.

Sine: The discussion for the Sine DRIVE Profile is identical to that of the Stan-dard Bipolar DRIVE Profile except that the profile does not step linearly between voltages. Instead the voltage steps take on a sinusoidal profile.



Figure E.1.6 - Sinusoidal Waveform.

Double Bipolar: The Double Bipolar DRIVE Profile option extends the Standard Bipolar Profile to two complete cycles during the measurement. This has the ad-vantage of performing one complete cycle that passes through zero Volts in both directions without showing the gap that is common to ferroelectric measurements. To create the profile. the user specifies the maximum voltage (Max Voltage), the period (ms) (500/Frequency (hz)) (Piezo Period (ms)) and a DRIVE Offset (Pro-file Bias). T he maximum voltage and DRIVE offset may be specified in Volts, or Field (kV/cm) = Voltage / 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 cm/µm. The pro-gram will assume the value is voltage or field (kV/cm) based on the status of Specify Profile Max. Voltage and Specify Profile Max. Field (kV/cm). Note that the DRIVE Offset value will normally be 0.0 V or 0.0 kV/cm. The DRIVE Offset allows the DRIVE voltage profile to be shifted linearly in voltage (shifted verti-cally in a voltage Vs time plot) without distorting the waveform. The DRIVE



voltage profile proceeds linearly from Profile Bias to Profile Bias + Max Voltage to Profile Bias - Max Voltage then back to Profile Bias + Max Voltage to Profile Bias + Max Voltage and back to Profile Bias. The DRIVE profile will proceed in evenly-spaced (in time) measurement steps. The number of measurement steps is computed by Vision to be the maximum possible for the specified Max Voltage and Piezo Period (ms). Checking Preset Enable guarantees that both halves of the measurement switch polarization.



Figure E.1.7 - Double Bipolar Waveform.

Monopolar Sine: The Monopolar Sine DRIVE Profile is the same as the Monopolar Profile, except that the stepped voltage is not linear, but follows a si-nusoidal path.

Double Bipolar Sine: The Double Bipolar Sine DRIVE Profile is the same as the Double Bipolar Profile, except that the stepped voltage is not linear, but follows a sinusoidal path.

Inverse Cosine + 1: Several customers have requested the Inverse Cosine + 1 DRIVE Profile. In this profile, the voltage at any given point i is given by:

Vi = ((-1 x Cosine( 2 x * i )/Points +1) x Max Voltage) + Profile Bias (1)

Figure E.1.8 - Inverse Cosine + 1 at 5.0 Max Voltage.

10% Pulse: In this profile, Max Voltage + Profile Bias is applied to the sample for 10% of the time specified in Piezo Period (ms). The remaining 90% of the sig-nal is at Profile Bias.



Figure E.1.9 - 10% Pulse at -5.0 Max Voltage and +1.0-Volt Profile Bias.

All Zeroes: This profile puts out a constant zero-Volt value at the DRIVE port. This is used in equipment validation and debugging, but is available to the user for any purpose that may arise.

E.2 - Polarization (µC/cm2) Data Filters

Measurement Tasks normally plots only the measured values, without allowing any changes to them. This is in keeping with the Radiant Technologies philosophy of not dis-turbing original data. Normally, in order to manipulate data, the Measurement Task would need to be programmed into a Test Definition that included Filter Tasks to perform the operations on the data. Hysteresis measurements provide an exception to this rule. Most Hysteresis Tasks may be associated with a Hysteresis Filter and the Advanced Piezo Task can be associated with the Piezo Filter to perform these analyses. However, the mathematical manipulations performed on Hysteresis data are so critical that they are made directly available, as a plotting option, to Hysteresis-measuring Tasks. If the Ad-vanced Piezo Task is configured to plot polarization data, then the Filter selection control for polarization data is enabled and the user may select any of the following manipula-tions. More detail regarding Hysteresis data analysis - especially C/V and Normalized



CV analysis - can be found at Understanding Ferroelectric Materials. <<None>> - Polarization is a relative value that requires a reference value. There

is no such reference for the measured Hysteresis values. Instead, the first sample point is arbitrarily considered to be 0.0 µC/cm2. All other measured values use this as a reference. A normal positive Hysteresis loop will appear to have primar-ily positive polarization (with positive VMax - negative with negative VMax). With "<<None>>" selected, no manipulation is performed on the data and they appear as measured with the first point at 0.0 µC/cm2. The value of 26.48 µC/cm2

needed to center the data is reported in Offset Value (µC/cm2).



http://www.ferrodevices.com/1/297/application_notes.asp

Figure E.2.1 - Hysteresis Data - Plot Filter is "<<None>>" - The First Data Point is at 0.0 µC/cm2.

Centering - Polarization is a relative value that requires a reference value. T here is no such reference for the measured Hysteresis values. Instead, the first sample point is arbitrarily considered to be 0.0 µC/cm2. All other measured values use this as a reference. A normal positive Hysteresis loop will appear to have primar-ily positive polarization (with positive VMax - negative with negative VMax). Cen-tering is performed by subtracting the average of the polarization at the maximum positive and negative drive voltages from every Hysteresis point. This has the ef-fect of shifting the Hysteresis loop down (for positive VMax) and centering it verti-cally about the X (voltage) axis. Most Hysteresis data are reported this way. Even when the centering filter is disabled, centering occurs in order to accurately compute and report PMax, ±Vc and ±Pr. The Offset value discussed throughout these help pages refers to the value that is subtracted to center the loop. Figure E.2.2 shows the centered data of Figure E.2.1 with the value of 26.48 µC/cm2, re-ported in the Offset Value (µC/cm2) control, subtracted from every sample point.



Figure E.2.2 - Hysteresis Data - Plot Filter is "Centered".

Capacitance Vs Voltage - In this filter the polarization is numerically differenti-ated with respect to voltage in order to derive the Capacitance at each point. This view of Hysteresis data is very common and is sometimes more easily analyzed than the polarization Hysteresis loop. The value at any given sample point is given by:



Capacitance (µF )={ 0

¿Polarizationi−Polarizationi−1

Voltage i−Voltagei−1|i=1

¿i>1 } (E.2.1)

The results of this calculation are smoothed using a 9-Point weighted moving av-erage. The weights of the average have been taken from the Referencesoptimal weight table for an average of this size.

The derivative is a simple calculation, but is inherently noisy. The noise is exac-erbated by very small changes in voltage (the denominator in the function). These voltage changes are also subject to digitization round-off and one-bit errors. Divi-sion by small and error-prone values creates significant error. Two actions are taken to reduce the noise and smooth the data.

1. For Hysteresis loops of more than 400 points, the measured polarization val-ues are subsampled so that only every fourth point is used in the calculation. This is represented in (E.2.2) and shown in the Figure.



Figure E.2.3 - Subsampling Demonstrated.

The figure slightly misrepresents the process. At 400 sample points or more, the points are so close together that the subsampling does not produce the de-gree of loss of resolution that appears in the Figure. Although resolution is



lost, the shape of the polarization curve is faithfully maintained. With sub-sampling, Equation (E.2.1) becomes:

Capacitance (µF )={0

¿Polarizationi−Polarizationi−4

Voltagei−Volt age i−4

¿Capacitance Vs Voltagei−4

¿ N / A| i=1

¿(i−1 )mod 4=0∧:Voltagei−Voltage i−4≠ 0¿ (i−1 )mod 4=0 :Voltagei−Voltage i−4=0

¿ ( i−1 ) mod 4 ≠ 0}

(E.2.2)

2. Regardless of the number of points, the data derived in Equation (E.2.1) or (E.2.2) are smoothed, after the differentiation, by passing a symmetric 9-point weighted moving average window over the data. In this technique, each point is replaced by the summation of itself and the eight nearest points, four in each direction, with each point multiplied by a weight factor. The sum of the weight factors is 1.0. Points within four of the either end of the data are han-dled as special cases.

The weight coefficients are:

x 0.417x ±1 0.315x ±2 0.070x ±3 -0.128x ±4 0.035

So that:

Valuei=0.417 × Valuei+0.315× (Valuei−1+Value i+1)+0.07 × (Valuei−2+Valuei+2 )−0.128× (Valuei−3+Valuei+3 )+0.035 × (Valuei−4+Valuei+4 ) (E.2.3)



Figure E.2.4 - Capacitance Vs Voltage Hysteresis Data - Sub-sampled and Smoothed.

Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage - This process is identical to the Capaci-tance Vs Voltage manipulation except that the computed value is divided by the area to normalize the calculation and allow the direct comparison of capacitors of varying sizes. Equation (E.2.4) shows the calculation for subsampled data.



Normalized Capacitance (µF )=¿(E.2.4)

Notice that the plot shows a scaled version of the previous data. Figure E.2.6 shows the data when not subsampled. The smoothing filter cannot be disabled.

Figure E.2.5 - Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage Hysteresis Data - Subsampled and Smoothed.



Figure E.2.6 - Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage Hysteresis Data - Smoothed Only.

Charge - Uncentered and Centered - Hysteresis data are normally represented as Polarization (µC/cm2). This is charge (µC) normalized by sample area (cm2). The data can be expressed purely as Charge (µC) simply by scaling the polariza-tion data by the sample area.



Figure E.2.7 - Uncentered Charge (µC).



Figure E.2.8 - Centered Charge (µC).

Plot Vs Time - Any of the available data manipulations may be presented para-metrically as a function of Time (ms). This is not a filter in the sense that it ma-nipulates the data. Instead it is an alternative method of displaying the data. In this case, two plots are generated with a common X-Axis. X is given as Time (ms). Both the drive voltage and the polarization response are plotted as indepen-dent functions of time, rather than as functions of each other. Figure E.2.9 shows



an example of the data when uncentered. Figure E.2.10 is a sample of centered Hysteresis data plotted Vs time (ms). Figure E.2.11 shows Normalized C/V Vs Time (ms).

Figure E.2.9 - Uncentered Hysteresis Data Plotted Vs Time (ms).



Figure E.2.10 - Centered Hysteresis Data Plotted Vs Time (ms).



Figure E.2.11 - Normalized Capacitance Vs Voltage as a Func-tion of Time (ms).

Plot Vs Field (kV/cm) - Any of the available data manipulations may be pre-sented as a function of Field (kV/cm). Field (kV/cm) represents voltage scaled by thickness by:

Field (kV/cm) = Voltage /( 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 cm/µm ) (E.2.5)



Figure E.2.12 - Centered Polarization (µC/cm2) as a Function of Field (kV/cm).

E.3 - Displacement Data Filters

The polarization response and the displacement response of a ferroelectric sample are closely coupled by:



DL = pPE (E.3.1a)=>P = DL/pE (E.3.1b)

Some of the Filters described below are used to perform the conversions between the po-larization data described by the Hysteresis measurement and the displacement data. Fig-ure E.3.1 shows the physical relationship of the two data types for an ideal ferroelectric capacitor.



Figure E.3.1 - P Vs E and DL Vs E for an Ideal Ferroelectric



Capacitor.

<<None>> - The standard representation of Displacement given as the voltage detected at the SENSOR port scaled by the conversion in displacement units/Volt and offset by the displacement offset in displacement units. The user provides the conversion and offset. The conversion will be adjusted by the user to represent the desired units/Volt. The offset, in displacement units, will be 0.0 for most de-tection devices.



Figure E.3.2 - Unfiltered Displacement (µm) - Raw Data are Zeroed at the First Sample Point.

Zero Raw Data - When raw data are selected for display, regardless of the se-lected Filter, they may be zeroed by subtracting the first displacement data value from every measured value before Filtering. This shifts the data vertically, with-out distortion, so that the first measured displacement value for every raw trace displayed overlays at 0.0 displacement. Figure E.3.2, above, shows zeroed unfil-tered data. Figure E.3.3 shows unfiltered data that are not zeroed on the same group of raw data traces. Note that drift between measurements is minimal so that zeroing shows little effect.



Figure E.3.3 - Unfiltered Displacement (µm) - Raw Data are Not Zeroed at the First Sample Point.

dL/dV - This is a derivative representation of displacement showing the change in displacement Vs the change in voltage. The user has the option to subsample the data during the calculation to reduce the noise. (E.3.1) is the basic equation (Fig-ure E.3.4). (E.3.2) is the subsampled equation.

dL/dV ={ 0

¿Displacement i−Displacement i−1

Voltagei−Voltage i−1|i=1

¿i>1 } (E.3.1)



Figure E.3.4 - dL/dV - Not Subsampled.

dLdV

=¿ (E.3.2)



Figure E.3.5- dL/dV - Subsampled.

dL/dP - Mathematically similar to dL/dV, the dL/dP Filter relates the change in sample length to the change in sample polarization between two voltages.

dL/dP={ 0

¿Displacement i−Displacement i−1

Polarizationi−Polarizationi−1|i=1

¿i>1 } (E.3.3)



Figure E.3.6 - dL/dP - Not Subsampled.



dLdV ={

0

¿Displacementi−Displacement i−4

( Polarization( µCcm2 )

i

−Polarization( µCcm2 )

i−4)¿ dL

dP i−4

¿N / A| i=1

¿( i−1)mod 4=0∧: Polarizationi−Polarizationi−4 ≠ 0

¿(i−1)mod 4=0 : Polarizationi−Polarizationi−4=0

¿(i−1)mod 4≠ 0 }

(E.3.4)



Figure E.3.7 - dL/dP - Subsampled.

Dispi/Vi (at Point i) - This filter presents the displacement at each point i divided by the voltage at point i. For Voltages of zero, the value is arbitrarily set to zero. Subsampling is not available for this data manipulation.

Li /V i={ 0¿ Li /V i| V i=0

¿V i ≠ 0} (E.3.5)



Figure E.3.8 - Li/Vi - Processed and Raw Data.

Figure E.3.9 - Li/Vi - Processed Data Only.



Figure E.3.10 - Li/Vi - Processed Data Only - Zoomed Data.

Dispi/ti (at Point i) - This Filter is mathematically similar to the Disp i/Vi Filter. At each point it computes the ratio between Li and ti, where ti is the sample time of point i in milliseconds. t1 = 0.0, so the ratio is arbitrarily assigned a value of 0.0 at that point. Subsampling is not available for this Filter. This is the average velocity at point i.



Li / ti={ 0¿ Li / t i| t i=0

¿ ti ≠0 } (E.3.6)

Figure E.3.11 - Li/ti - Raw and Processed Data.



Figure E.3.12 - Li/ti - Processed Data Only.

Dispi/L (at Point i) - This Filter simply normalizes the standard data presentation of Figures E.3.2 or E.3.3 by L, where L is the fixed sample thickness in µm. In Figures E.3.13 and E.3.14 the sample thickness is given as 1.0 µm, so there is no change in the magnitude of the data by the Filter. This is a percentage change in length.



Figure E.3.13 - Li/L - Raw and Processed Data. Data are Ze-roed.



Figure E.3.14 - Li/L - Processed Data. Data are Zeroed. Data are Vertically Zoomed.

Velocity-to-Displacement - This Filter presents sample velocity by integrating displacement as a function of time. The ideal equation for this Filter is shown in equation (E.3.7). Since the integration is performed on a digital computer, the calculations are actually performed numerically. Equation (E.3.8) shows a sim-plified version of the algorithm that is used to compute the data presented by the



Filter. (E.3.7) is simplified because the actual algorithm performs additional steps to interpolate data when the numerator and/or denominator change signs between points i-1 and i. (Note that in the case of (E.3.8), t in the denominator never changes signs.) This Filter is intended to be applied to vibrometer data that pro-duces a velocity. L, in this case, is not displacement, but displacement velocity. It is integrated to produce displacement.

V−¿−Di={ 0

¿∫1

i

Ldt| i=1¿ i>1} (E.3.7)

V−¿−Di={ 0¿V −¿−Di−1+( Li−Li−1 ) ×(ti−ti−1)| i=1

¿ i>1} (E.3.8)



Figure E.3.15 - Velocity-to-Displacement Data.

L/P - This Filter presents the displacement at each point (L i) divided by the mea-sured polarization at that point (Pi). Subsampling is not available for this Filter.

Li / Pi={ 0¿ Li /Pi| Pi=0

¿ Pi ≠ 0} (E.3.9)



Figure E.3.16 - L/P Processed and Raw Data.



Figure E.3.17 - L/P Processed Data Only. Data are Zoomed Vertically.

Plot Vs Time - As with Hysteresis data, any of the displacement data representa-tions may be plotted as a function of time (ms) instead of voltage. Here each point is plotted as a function of the time the data were sampled referenced to the first sample point which has a data time of 0.0 ms. In this case the applied DRIVE voltage is also plotted as a function of time (ms)



Figure E.3.18 - Processed Li/ti Vs Time (ms).

Plot Vs Field - As with the Hysteresis data, any of the displacement data repre-sentations may be plotted as a function of Field (kV/cm) instead of voltage. Here the Field value is simply a scaled version of the voltage value given by:

Field (kV/cm) = Voltage /( 1000 V/kV x Thickness (µm) x 10-4 cm/µm ) (E.3.10)



Figure E.3.19 - Raw and Processed Displacement Data as a Function of Field (kV/cm).



F – User Variables

User Variables Added Real Adv Pz: A (Loop Area) The integral of the area of the posi-tive Hysteresis measurement between the positive-going voltage leg (0.0 V to Max. Voltage) and the negative-going voltage leg (Max. Voltage to 0.0 V).

Real Adv Pz: Vertical Shift In µC/cm2. The average of +Pr (µC/cm2) and -Pr (µC/cm2) taken on cen-tered polarization data. Ideally this value is 0.0 µC/cm2. This provides a measure of the shift in the Hysteresis Loop upwards or downwards.

Real Adv Pz: Horizontal Shift In Volts. The average of +Vc and -Vc

taken on centered polarization data. Ideally this value is 0. 0V. This pro-vides a measure of the shift in the Hysteresis Loop to the right or to the left. This is a measure of the imprint in a sample.

Real Adv Pz: Current Period In ms. The duration of the current in-stance of the Advanced Piezo Task. This may differ from the pro-grammed duration if the Task is con-figured to adjust its period in a Branch Loop.

Real Adv Pz: Current Volts In Volts. The value of the maximum voltage to be applied during the cur-rent instance of the Advanced Piezo Task. This may differ from the pro-grammed voltage if the Task is con-figured to adjust its voltage in a Branch Loop.

Real Adv Pz: PMax In µC/cm2. The measured polariza-tion of a centered Hysteresis loop at the maximum applied voltage. This value will be taken at the minimum applied voltage (maximum negative voltage) if Max. Voltage is given as a negative value.

Real Adv Pz: CMax Eff. In nF. The sample capacitance at Max. Voltage given by 1000 (nF/µF) x PMax (µC/cm2) x Area (cm2)/Current Volts.

Real Adv Pz: Vc In Volts. he Voltage at which polar-ization has a value of 0.0 µC/cm2

when switching from negative to pos-itive polarization. This is taken on a



centered Hysteresis measurement.Real Adv Pz: -Vc In Volts. The Voltage at which po-

larization has a value of 0.0 µC/cm2

when switching from positive to neg-ative polarization. This is taken on a centered Hysteresis measurement.

Real Adv Pz: Pr In µC/cm2. The polarization at 0.0 Volts when switching from positive to negative voltage. For negative Max. Voltage, this will be the last measured point. The datum is taken from centered Hysteresis data.

Real Adv Pz:- Pr In µC/cm2. The polarization at 0.0 Volts when switching from negative to positive voltage. For positive Max. Voltage, this will be the last measured point. The datum is taken from centered Hysteresis data.

Real Adv Pz: Offset In µC/cm2. This is the average of the polarization at Max. Voltage and -Max. Voltage on uncentered data. This is the value that is subtracted from each measured polarization value to center the data.

Real Adv Pz: Dcc In displacement units. This is the maximum displacement taken from the positive voltage leg of the stan-dard bipolar measurement. The value is taken on processed displacement data.

Real Adv Pz: -Dcc In displacement units. This is the minimum (maximum negative) dis-placement taken from the negative voltage leg of the standard bipolar measurement. The value is taken on processed displacement data.

Real Adv Pz: dPr In displacement units. This is the in-terpolated processed displacement at zero volts when the voltage is switch-ing from positive to negative.

Real Adv Pz: -dPr In displacement units. This is the in-terpolated processed displacement at zero volts when the voltage is switch-ing from negative to positive.

In Parallel with all other Hardware Tasks.

Real Amp Voltage Gain The gain factor of the HVA being used, if any.

Integer Hardware: Error The index of any error that is re-ported by the Driver.

Integer Drive Channel 0-48. Multiplexer channel selected for the Drive Signal.



Integer Drive Port 1 or 2. The DB-25 connector to which the Drive Signal Multiplexer is connected, if the Drive Channel value is not zero.

Integer Return Channel 0-48. Multiplexer channel selected for the Return Signal.

Integer Return Port 1 or 2. The DB-25 connector to which the Return Signal Multiplexer is connected, if the Return Channel value is not zero.

Real Area In cm2. Sample electrode area.Real Thickness In µm. Sample ferroelectric thick-

ness.Real Drive Voltage The maximum absolute voltage to be

applied during signal generationInteger Die Row Y-Axis position of the sample die on

the waferInteger Die Column X-Axis position of the sample die on

the waferInteger Capacitor ID An integer intended to uniquely iden-

tify the capacitor under test.Text Sample ID 24 Characters maximum. A text de-

scription of the test sample.Text Lot ID 12 Characters maximum. A text de-

scription identifying the test lot.Text Wafer ID 12 Characters maximum. A text de-

scription identifying the test wafer.Bool-ean

Hardware Present Indicates if the hardware driver has been detected and if that driver suc-cessfully communicates with the hardware. If "false", the Task substi-tutes meaningless synthetic data.

In Parallel with all other Measurement Tasks.

Integer Points 5 to 1001 - Default = 1001. The number of discrete voltages applied during the profile.

Text Vision Data File Name For Advanced Piezo Task executions that read data from a Vision Data File, this is the name of the input file.

Text Vision Data File Task Name For Advanced Piezo Task executions that read data from a Vision Data File, this is the name of the Advanced Piezo Task that exported the file.

Text Vision Data File Comments For Advanced Piezo Task executions that read data from a Vision Data File, this is the Comments text asso-ciated with the Advanced Piezo Task that exported the file.



G - Change and Version Record

Version 4.2.0 - 26 February 2009

1. Set to Version 4.2.0 to match the Vision version for initial release. 26 Febru-ary 2009 - SPC.

2. Set internal ferroelectric voltage limit to 12.0 Volts and labeled limit to 9.0 Volts. 10 March 2009 - SPC.

3. Set to 4.2.1 to reflect changes this date. 10 March 2009 - SPC.4. Corrected data labeling for displacement Filters. 20 March 2009 - SPC.5. Set to 4.2.2 to reflect changes this date. 20 March 2009 - SPC.6. Added annotations to data plots. 20 April 2009 - SPC.7. Set to 4.2.3 to reflect changes this date. 20 April 2009 - SPC.8. Corrected amplification level labeling for Premier II testers. 6 May 2009 -

SPC.9. Set to 4.2.4 to reflect changes this date. 6 May 2009 - SPC.10. Made corrections to annotations on data plots. 12 May 2009 - SPC.11. Set to 4.2.5 to reflect changes this date. 12 May 2009 - SPC.12. More corrections to annotations on data plots. 13 May 2009 - SPC.13. Set to 4.2.6 to reflect changes this date. 13 May 2009 - SPC.14. Corrections to amplification level labeling for the Premier II tester. 9 June

2009 - SPC.15. Set to 4.2.7 to reflect changes this date. 9 June 2009 - SPC.16. Add tabbed data dialog. 22 June 2009 - SPC.17. Set to 4.2.8 to reflect changes this date. 22 June 2009 - SPC.18. Add the Admin Info button and subdialog. 20 July 2009 - SPC.19. Add exporting of Vision version and Vision compile date. 20 July 2009 -

SPC.20. Set to 4.2.9 to reflect changes this date. 20 July 2009 - SPC.21. Handle Nesting Branch Reset. 31 August 2009 - SPC.22. Show current Volts, not original Volts on output dialogs. 31 August 2009 -

SPC.23. Set to 4.2.10 to reflect changes this date. 31 August 2009 - SPC.24. Fixed X and Y axis data labeling. 13 October 2009 - SPC.25. Handle Branch Abort. 13 October 2009 - SPC.26. Set to 4.2.11 to reflect changes this date. 13 October 2009 - SPC.27. Increase the maximum number of averages from 10 to 40. 20 October 2009 -

SPC.28. Set to 4.2.12 to reflect changes this date. 20 October 2009 - SPC.



Version 4.3.0 - 5 November 2009

1. Set to Version 4.3.0 in conjunction with the major Vision version update. 5 November 2009 - SPC.

Version 4.4.0 - 11 January 2010

1. Set to Version 4.4.0 in conjunction with the major Vision version update. 11 January 2010 - SPC.

Version 4.5.0 - 8 June 2010

1. Set to Version 4.5.0 in conjunction with the major Vision version update. 8 June 2010 - SPC.

2. Add DRIVE voltage limit and DRIVE gain factor output to exporting and Ad-min Info. 21 July 2010 - SPC.

3. Set to 4.5.1 to reflect changes of this date. 21 July 2010 - SPC.4. Set to 4.5.2 to reflect internal changes of this date. 23 July 2010 - SPC.5. Set to 4.5.3 to reflect internal changes of this date. 17 September 2010 -

SPC.6. Set to 4.5.4 to reflect internal changes of this date. 28 September 2010 -

SPC.7. Fixed a Vision Data File bug. 2 November 2010 - SPC.8. I added handling of the user option to abort on Hardware error. 11 January

2011 - SPC.9. Set to 4.5.5 to reflect changes of this date. 11 January 2011 - SPC.10. I added annotations to the tabbed data presentation. 26 January 2011 - SPC.11. Set to 4.5.6 to reflect changes of this date. 26 January 2011 - SPC.12. Add cursors to the tabbed data display. 28 January 2011 - SPC.13. Set to 4.5.7 to reflect changes of this date. 15 February 2011 - SPC.14. Set to 4.5.8 to reflect changes of this date. 1 March 2011 - SPC.15. Updated Admin Info output. 22 March 2011 - SPC.16. Set to 4.5.9 to reflect changes of this date. 22 March 2011 - SPC.17. Removed the "beta" text from the release and reset to version 4.5.0. 29 April

2011 - SPC.18. Added a Plot Vs Field (kV/cm) option. 2 May 2011 - SPC.

Version 4.6.0 - 31 May 2011

1. Set to Version 4.6.0 in conjunction with the major Vision version update. 31 May 2011 - SPC.



2. I added corrective factors to account for deviations from 1x, 5x, 10x and 20x gains in the 200-Volt, multi-gain internal amplifier. 3 June 2011 - SPC.

3. Set to 4.6.1 to reflect changes of this date. 3 June 2011 - SPC.4. Add subsampling to plot data filters. 9 June 2011 - SPC.5. Set to 4.6.3 to reflect changes of this date. 9 June 2011 - SPC.6. Set to 4.6.4 to reflect internal changes of this date. 16 June 2011 - SPC.7. Add the integrating Velocity-to-Displacement Filter option. 30 June 2011 -

SPC.8. Set to 4.6.5 to reflect changes of this date. 30 June 2011 - SPC.9. Set to 4.6.6 to reflect internal changes of this date. 19 July 2011 - SPC.10. Set to 4.6.7 to reflect internal changes of this date. 21 September 2011 -

SPC.11. Add calculation and output of CMax Eff.. 20 October 2011 - SPC.12. Set to 4.6.8 to reflect changes of this date. 20 October 2011 - SPC.13. Set to 4.6.9 to reflect internal changes of this date. 7 November 2011 - SPC.14. Corrected calculation of CMax Eff.. 10 November 2011 - SPC.15. Set to 4.6.10 to reflect changes of this date. 10 November 2011 - SPC.16. Corrections to Admin Info. 14 November 2011 - SPC.17. Set to 4.6.11 to reflect changes of this date. 14 November 2011 - SPC.18. Add an L/P Displacement plot filter. 17 November 2011 - SPC.19. Set to 4.6.12 to reflect changes of this date. 17 November 2011 - SPC.20. Add the double bipolar DRIVE profile. 18 November 2011 - SPC.21. Set to 4.6.13 to reflect changes of this date. 18 November 2011 - SPC.22. Add the calculation, export and presentation of horizontal ( +Vc + (-Vc))/2)

and vertical ( +PMax + (-PMax))/2) shifts. 13 December 2011 - SPC.23. Set to 4.6.14 to reflect changes of this date. 13 December 2011 - SPC.

Version 4.7.0 - 29 December 2011

1. Set to Version 4.7.0 in conjunction with the major Vision version update. 29 December 2011 - SPC.

2. Merge 32-bit and 64 bit installers into a single installer. 29 December 2011 - SPC.

3. Move the Set Amplifier and Amplifier controls adjacent to the Max. Voltage control. 6 March 2012 - SPC.

4. Set to 4.7.1 to reflect changes of this date. 6 March 2012 - SPC.

Version 4.8.0 - 5 April 2012

1. Set to Version 4.8.0 in conjunction with the major Vision version update. 5 April 2012 - SPC.

2. Replace Create a DataSet checkbox with QuikLook-to-DataSet list boxes in



full and tabbed QuikLook data displays. 5 April 2012 - SPC.3. Add user-selected delimiters to text exporting. 30 July 2012 - SPC.4. Set to 4.8.1 to reflect changes of this date. 30 July 2012 - SPC.5. Add error log exporting. 16 August 2012 - SPC.6. Set to 4.8.2 to reflect internal changes of this date. 16 August 2012 - SPC.7. Hide internal reference elements on the Sample Setup dialog tab if an RT66B

or RT66I tester is connected and powered. 23 September 2012 - SPC.8. Set to 4.8.3 to reflect changes of this date. 23 September 2012 - SPC.

Version 4.9.0 - 2 October 2012

1. Set to Version 4.9.0 in conjunction with the major Vision version update. 2 October 2012 - SPC.

2. Add calculation, exporting and presentation of A (Loop Area). 14 January 2013 - SPC.

3. Set to 4.9.1 to reflect changes of this date. 14 January 2013 - SPC.4. Begin adding SENSOR 2 and "Specify Field" option to the Vision 5 project.

1 February 2013 - SPC.5. Set to 4.9.2/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 1 February 2013 - SPC.6. Add Preset Enable. 14 March 2013 - SPC.7. Set to 4.9.3/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 14 March 2013 - SPC.8. Adjust Admin Info output to include Windows version and processor informa-

tion. 19 March 2013 - SPC.9. Set to 4.9.4/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 19 March 2013 - SPC.10. Add a checkbox to allow the user to optionally disable data centering before

calculation single-point values, PMax, ±Pr, ±Vc, ±Dcc, ±DPr. 30 April 2013 - SPC.

11. Set to 4.9.6/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 30 April 2013 - SPC.12. Respond to the global Editor parameter setting dialog under Vision 5. 4 June

2013 - SPC.13. Set to 4.9.7/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 4 June 2013 - SPC.14. Increase the number of averages from 40 to 100. 25 June 2013 - SPC.15. Set to 4.9.8/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 25 June 2013 - SPC.16. Export raw data to Excel only if the number of averages is less than 25. 12

July 2013 - SPC.17. Set to 4.9.9/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 12 July 2013 - SPC.18. In Vision 5, hide the SENSOR 2 control if the attached tester is an RT66B or

an RT66I. 30 July 2013 - SPC.19. Set to 4.9.10/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 30 July 2013 - SPC.20. Fix plot Filter selection for both Hysteresis and Displacement data. Last two

Filter selections were being reset to "<<None>>" in both cases. 5 September 2013 - SPC.



21. Set to 4.9.11/5.0.0 to reflect changes of this date. 5 September 2013 - SPC.



H – References

Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filter, Numerical Recipes in C, 2nd Ed., W. Press, S. Teukol-sky, W. Vetterling and B. Flannery, Cambridge Press, 1992, pp. 650-655.

Programming Excel COM Objects in C++, C/C++ User's Journal, Phillippe Lacoude and Grum Ketema, April 2000, pp. 22-28.



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