consumption of fertilizers and fertilizer use by …...5 1.0. introduction mozambique with estimated...
TRANSCRIPT
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CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER USE BY CROP (FUBC)
IN MOZAMBIQUE
Mozambique March, 2015
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Contents 1.0. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Major Agro-ecological Zones, Coverage and farming systems of Mozambique .......................... 7
1.2. Major Soils of Mozambique and their distribution ..................................................................... 12
1.3. Climate of Mozambique .............................................................................................................. 12
1.4. Fertilizer sector in Mozambique ................................................................................................. 14
1.4.3. Policies, trade and market structure .................................................................................. 15
2.0. SOURCES OF DATA .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS ON SOURCES, METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND DATA AVAILABLE TO CALCULATE
THE REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION AND FERTILIZER USE BY CROP ........................................................ 18
3.0. ESTIMATES OF REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION DATA ................................................................. 19
4.1. Crop Production in Mozambique ..................................................................................................... 22
4.0. ESTIMATES OF FERTILIZER USE BY CROP (FUBC) AND PER PROVINCE ........................................... 26
Table 8a: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Maputo ........................................................................... 28
Tabela 8b: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Gaza .............................................................................. 29
Tabela 8c: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Inhambane .................................................................... 30
Tabela 8d: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Sofala ............................................................................ 31
Tabela 8e: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Manica .......................................................................... 32
Tabela 8f: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Tete ................................................................................ 34
Tabela 8g: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Zambezia ....................................................................... 34
Tabela 8h: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Nampula ........................................................................ 35
Tabela 8i: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Cabo Delgado ................................................................. 35
Tabela 8j: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Niassa ............................................................................. 36
5.0. HOW TO DEAL WITH GAPS/MISSING DATA .................................................................................... 38
6.0. COST EFFECTIVE WAYS TO COLLECTING REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION & FUBC DATA IN THE
CONTEXT OF MOZAMBIQUE. ...................................................................................................................... 38
7.0. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 39
8.0. Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 40
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AFAP African Fertilizer and Agribusiness Partnership AGRA Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa INE National Institute of Statistics IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center GDP Growth Domestic Product DNSA National Directorate of Agrarian Services FAOSTAT Food Agriculture Organization Statistics MINAG Ministry of Agriculture GoM Government of Mozambique IFRPRI International Food Policy Research Institute DE Economic Directorate INIA Ex-National Institute for Agriculture Research IIAM Mozambican Agrarian Research Institute TIA Trabalho de Inquérito Agrário (Agrarian Survey Works)
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Mozambican macroeconomic indicators of three last years 5 Table 2 The Main Private company fertilizer imports and exports in Mozambique 13 Table 3: SWOT analysis on public sector (government institutions, research institutions, and statistics) 16 Table 4: SWOT analysis on private sector (importers, blenders, distributors, hub dealers, agro dealers) 16 Table 5: Amount of fertilizer use (tons) in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 cropping seasons 16 Table 6: Main type of Crops and Total Area of Occupation 17 Table 6a: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (cereals) 18 Table 6b: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Pulses) 18 Table 6c: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Roots and Tubers) 19 Table 6d: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Horticultures) 20 Table 6e: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Fruits) 20 Table 6f: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2013 (Industrial crops) 21 Table 7: Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop per Nutrientand planted area in 2010 -2012 23 Table 8a Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Maputo 26 Table 8b Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Gaza 27 Table 8c Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Inhambane 28 Table 8d Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Sofala 29 Table 8e Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Manica 30 Table 8f Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Tete 31 Table 8g Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Zambézia 32 Table 8h Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Nampula 33 Table 8i Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Cabo Delgado 34 Table 8j Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in Niassa 35 Table 9: Mozambican crop research fertilizer recommendations (kg/ha) 36
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Agro-ecological zones of Mozambique with research stations 10 Figure 2: Map of Mozambican soils based on FAO/UNESCO classification (1988) 12 Figure 3: Mozambican Fertilizer Market Structure 14
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LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1: Estimates of real fertilizer consumption data based on the FAOSTAT Annex 2: Estimates of fertilizer use by crop (FUBC) per nutrient based on the IFA format
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1.0. INTRODUCTION
Mozambique with estimated population of about 24.366.112 habitants and one of the highest population
growth rate in Sub-Saharan Africa of 2.8 percent per year, has a total area of about 799 380 km2, where
about 45.8 percent (360.000 km2) of it is the arable land, from which only about14 percent (50.860km2)
of the total arable land was cultivated in 2012/2013, representing an increment of about 1,5 percent when
compared with 2006/07 (INE, 2013; MINAG/DE/DNSA, 2012; Mozambican Agriculture Development
Strategy, 2006).
The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in Mozambique’s economy and for the welfare of its people. In
2013, it contributed with about 30.0 percent of the Growth Domestic Product (GDP) and employed about
75 percent of the total labor force, where about 65.3 percent living in rural areas (INE, 2013 and 2011).
These rural households are predominantly smallholders who provide about 95 percent of agricultural GDP
with the balance from a small number of medium and large commercial farms. Average cultivated area
per household is only about 1.5 hectares (INE, 2013; 2012; and 2011; Mozambican Agriculture
Development Strategy, 2006).
Despite the situation of uncertain security and occurrence of natural hazards, in 2013 Mozambique has
recorded a robust economic activity. The large floods that occurred in the first semester of 2013 in some
provinces in the southern and central region contributed negatively to the reduction of the real GDP
growth to 7.0 percent, 0.1 percent and 0.3 percent lower than in 2012 and 2011, respectively (see Table
1).
Similarly, the real GDP per capita decreased from 9.3 percent in 2011 to 4.5 percent in 2013. Whereas,
the contribution of agriculture sector to the real GDP growth has been showing slight increase from 30.9
percent in 2011 to 32.5 in 2012 and then it decreased to 29.0 percent in 2013 (see Table 1) (INE, 2013).
This could due to the flooding registered early in 2013; and due to the land expansion that sugar cane and
tobacco companies did in 2011 and 2012 which resulted in increased crop production.
Nevertheless, the Mozambican economy remains strongly dynamic with GDP growth rates above those
of Sub-Saharan Africa and Developed Countries. This is driven by mega projects, predominantly funded
by foreign capital, especially the extractive industries, aluminum and energy. This high growth rate has
not yet been translated into significant reductions in poverty (which is about 54 percent) and the social
inequalities have increased all over the country.
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Table 1: Mozambican macroeconomic indicators of three last years
Parameter Year
2011 2012 2013
Real GDP growth rate (%) 7.3 7.1 7.0 Real GDP per capita (%) 9.3 4.7 4.5 Agriculture sectors’ contribution to the GDP (%) 30.9 32.5 29.0
Source: Author’s compilation based on the Mozambican Statistical Yearbooks of 2011, 2012 and 2013.
The Mozambican agricultural sector performance in the last decade has been impressive. Recent data from World Bank (2012) show that between 2000 and 2011 agricultural value-added grew at an average rate of 8.4 percent per year (World Bank, 2012). This performance is above the Africa-wide CAADP target of achieving 6 percent annual average growth rate. However, some of the recent studies (Locke, 2014; MINAG/DE, 2013; IFPRI, 2012) are worried about its sustainability. For instance, IFPRI (2012) has indicated that this agricultural growth has been driven by rapid agricultural land expansion rather than by technological changes, as consequence of policies and public spending. Although this land expansion is not a bad thing, and it has been driven by the return of a large rural population to agriculture from around 1993 onwards following the civil war that ended in 1992, the limits to area expansion threaten this path of agricultural growth (IFPRI, 2012).
In 2013, the agriculture sector has registered relatively lower growth rate of about 4.6 percent. This could be related to the fact that agriculture in Mozambique is mainly dominated by smallholders who farm in a risky environment that is vulnerable natural hazards such as droughts and floods that have been occurring in the last three years, and also due to the increasingly soil fertility depletion without proper replenishment measures.
In 2013, the gross national income per capita in dollars has been increased by 6.7 percent and 14.1 percent compared to 2012 and 2011, respectively. The export growth rate has increased from 8.9 percent in 2011 to 16.9 percent in 2012. This could be due to the increment of about 12.0 percent (from 2011 to 2012) in exportations of mineral products by the extractive industries.
In 2013, the food crops production increased by 4.8 percent in relation to the previous year of 2012. Cassava and maize, staple food crops, have contributed by about 72 percent and 20 percent to the food crops production in both years (2012 and 2013), respectively. Whereas, income crops production has decreased by 8.4 percent in the same period. The majority of out-grower schemes have been affected negatively by the flooding registered 2013 which where compared with the ones of 2000. Nevertheless, sugar cane has been the major contributor to the total cash crops production with 89.1 percent in 2012 and 90.1 percent in 2013. This could be related to the increment on the investment on this sub sector by sugar companies driven by improved measures adopted by Mozambican Government in controlling the illegal importers of the product from the neighboring countries.
On the other hand, contradictory information based the TIA data, Cunguara and Kelly (2009) showed that land and labour productivity have constant or decreased during the last years. These studies justify their position by the low use of productivity-enhancing services and technologies including improved seeds, fertilizers and irrigation (IFPRI, 2012). Still according to IFPRI (2012), only about 15 percent of the agricultural households have access to or are using improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigations, and better crop management techniques, and this figure has remained constant or declined over time.
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According to Cunguara et al. (2013), increased agricultural productivity affects the Mozambican population in many ways. First, it helps to keep down food prices by reducing imports of agricultural products, which is often subject to increase in fuel prices in the international market. Second, the increase in productivity through use of improved technologies, combined with best post-harvest management measures that include storage and processing can increase the availability of food throughout the year, improving thus food security and nutrition of families. Third, when combined with improvement of marketing infrastructure, increased productivity results in higher household incomes.
In Mozambique, the major challenges being faced by agricultural sector include among others the
following:
i) Inadequate and/or poor use of agricultural improved technologies.
ii) Poor quality of agriculture products, what make them to be not competitive and thus the last
choice to the consumer with the lowest prices in region;
iii) Poor quality of agriculture assistance services;
iv) The disproportion in public spending allocated to agriculture, compared with other sectors of
the economy.
v) Poor rural infra-structure and markets;
vi) Poor access to health services, combined with weak nutritional status and prevalence of
HIV/AIDS and Malaria;
vii) The majority of smallholder farmers relaying on subsistence agriculture that is dependent on
rain fed agriculture;
viii) Poor infra-structures in the research stations.
Nevertheless, agriculture sector has many opportunities which if used effectively and efficiently could
help to increase agricultural productivity and thus improve the livelihoods and reduces the poverty levels
in the country. These opportunities include:
(a) Abundance arable agricultural land, non-periodic river for setting irrigation schemes, and highly competitive energy infra-structures;
(b) Existence of public and international research institutions equipped with qualified staff; (c) Highly diversified agro-ecological zonation; (d) Strategic location of the country in the southern Africa, that allow the country ease access to the
Indian Ocean, and thus accessing domestic, regional and international markets for agricultural commodities;
(e) Favourable policies for doing business, and high Donors interest in investing in the agriculture sector; and
(f) Existence of institutional reforms for improving efficiency and effectiveness in the provision of public services.
1.1. Major Agro-ecological Zones, Coverage and farming systems of Mozambique Mozambique is broadly differentiated by topography (especially altitude), rainfall and temperature, soil
type, and texture and proximity to the coast, offering a wide range of production opportunities;
agricultural potential is high despite frequent droughts and floods. The arid and semiarid areas (mostly in
the south and south‐west) are characterized by poorer soils and scarce rainfall and are subject to recurrent
droughts and floods. These areas – together with coastal communities, which suffer extreme isolation –
are the poorest in the country. The sub‐humid zones (mostly in the center and the north), the humid
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highlands (mostly the central provinces), and the good rainfall and fertility soils of northern and parts of
central provinces are generally characterized by agricultural surpluses (INIA, 1997).
Ten broad agro ecological zones are generally recognized, based on agro‐ecological conditions (Figure 1):
R1: The inland Maputo and south Gaza region is a small area covering the Inland strip of Maputo Province
and the southern inland of Gaza Province. The major part of the region is under 200 meters altitude; the
land of Namaacha reaches 500 meters altitude. Rains are concentrated from November to March and the
season characterized by great irregularity with respect to the beginning, duration, and quantity of
precipitation. Rain can occur in this region during the cool season. During the growing period a moderately
warm temperature dominates (20-25 °C). With the exception of the region of Pequenos Libombos,
Moamba, Limpopo valley, Incomati and Umbeluzi rivers, the soils are sandy or sandy loams. Farmers
cultivate land all year. During the rainy season they produce maize, cowpea, peanuts and cassava. The
most preferred soils for cassava and groundnut are of light texture. Given the short duration of the
growing season, short-cycle crop varieties are normally used. Sweet potato is grown on the lowest land
and along watercourses and where moisture is retained. This region has large areas of pasture with a rural
population that traditionally raises cattle and goats. In the region, important areas of irrigation exist that
could be increased in the medium term.
R2: The coastal region south of the Save River is an extensive area from southern Maputo Province to
northern Inhambane Province that has one of the highest population densities in the country. There is a
warm rainy season between November and March in most of the region, not including an area adjacent
to the coast where rain can start in October and last until April. Rains can occur during the cool season,
which has particular benefits for cassava and cashew nut. With the exception of alluvial land and certain
low zones, the soils have a sandy texture. The most important annual crops are maize, cowpea, groundnut,
sweet potato, and cassava. Depending on the type of land, maize/cowpea and cassava/groundnut are the
dominant crop systems. Due to the limited availability of land, there is a tendency to intercrop all four
crops. The bush fallow rotation is in decline due to land shortage, and the fallow period has been reduced
from 20 years to 5 years with 3 years of cropping. Without the use of fertilizers where conditions allow, it
can be expected that land productivity will decrease significantly. The production of cashew in this region
is one of the most important sources of income for the rural population. Local farmers can earn 2 –3.5
million metical. The low areas and the river valleys are important for rice production.
R3: The central and northern parts of Gaza and the west Inhambane region consist of a vast interior zone
with little population. It is one of the most arid regions of the county with an annual rainfall of only 400-
600 mm, concentrated between November and February. Given the lack of soil moisture, sorghum and
millet are also grown in the region. Maize has limited potential. Family farmers also have small holdings
of cattle and goats. Considering the duration of the crop growing period, short-cycle varieties and
techniques of moisture conservation are important requirements to ensure an acceptable degree of food
self-sufficiency for the rural population of this region.
R4: The medium altitude region of central Mozambique is a region that includes land between 200 and
1,000 meters above sea level located in the Provinces of Sofala and Manica. It has an annual rainfall of
1,000-1,200 mm concentrated between November and March. The crop growing period is 120-180 days.
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The majority of soils are light, with some occurrence of heavy soils. The average temperature during the
crop growing period is 17.5 -22 °C. Main crops are maize, sorghum, cassava, and cowpea. In the more
moist areas, farmers cultivate sweet potato and rice. This region has good potential to produce cotton. It
is a region with moderate to high population.
R5: The low altitude region of Sofala and Zambézia embraces a strip of land on the coast of variable width
that extends from the south of Sofala to Pebane district in Zambézia province. Depending on the
topography, soils have a sandy texture alternating with regions of heavy texture (fluvisols and vertisols).
In general the region has moderate to high annual rainfall (1,000 mm-1,400 mm) and a corresponding
evapo-transpiration range. The rainy period starts in November and ends between March and May,
depending on the area. In heavy soils, rice cultivation is dominant. In regions of well-drained soils, maize,
sorghum, millet, cassava, and cowpea are found in association depending on the availability of land and
water. Cashew and cotton are important cash crops in the farming systems. Production estimates vary
along the area, i.e., maize production of 600-800 kg/ha, sorghum and millet of 500 to 750 kg/ha, cassava
of 6,000-8,000 kg/ha.
R6: The semi-arid region of the Zambezi valley and southern Tete province includes from the driest region
of the Zambezi watershed upstream from Mopeia district to the border of Zambia. Most areas do not
exceed 200 meters in altitude, and the rainfall is 500-800 mm, concentrated between November and
March. Downstream is rainier and has two distinct regions of annual evapotranspiration potential: one of
1,200-1,400 mm and an area with a large water deficit for most of the year and an elevated risk of crop
loss. The crops of sorghum and millet average 600 kg/ha. Cassava is not cultivated due to the complete
absence of rain during the cool season and the elevated evapo-transpiration rate. There is great potential
for cotton cultivation on well-drained land and rice on the margins of watercourses.
R7: The medium altitude region of Zambézia, Nampula, Tete, Niassa and Cabo Delgado is vast and includes
the land between 200 and 1,000 meters in altitude (sub-planaltic, low planaltic, and mid planaltic) in the
interior of Zambézia, Nampula and southern Cabo Delgado and Niassa. The annual rainfall and potential
evapo-transpiration of the region ranges from areas above 25 °C (classified as warm region) and others
with temperatures of 20-25 °C (moderately warm). The texture of the soils varies from sandy to clay,
consistent with the topography. Basically there are two types of cropping systems that differ by being
dominated by maize or sorghum. Cassava is widely cultivated; cowpeas and groundnuts are other
important crops. In the easternmost part of the region cashew is very important, in almost the entire
region there is high potential for cotton production that has been practiced over several decades. This is
an agricultural area with important human and agro-ecological potential. Typical maize yields average
1,000 kg/ha, while sorghum production averages 750 kg/ha.
R8: The coastal littoral of Zambézia, Nampula and Cabo Delgado consists of a strip of land of varying width
on this coast from Pebane in Zambézia to Quionga in Cabo Delgado. The average temperature during the
growing season is greater than 25 °C. The annual rainfall ranges is 800-1,200 mm, and the evapo-
transpiration rate is 1,400 - 1,600 mm. Sandy soils, with heaver soils in the lowest areas. The production
system is characterized by the production of cassava and millet. In the low areas, rain fed rice is cultivated.
Cashew has great importance for income for family farmers.
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R9: The northern region of Cabo Delgado includes the plateau of Mueda and Macomia and the
surrounding areas of more than 200 meters altitude. The annual rainfall is 1,000 mm-1,200 mm, and the
annual evapo-transpiration potential is 1,200 mm - 400 mm. The rains are concentrated between
December and March and are normally regular. The soils are loamy to sandy texture, with heavier soils
occurring in the lowest areas. The dominant crop in the production system is maize. Sorghum, cowpeas,
cassava, and sesame are also cultivated. Cashew is an important source of income.
R10: The high altitude region of Zambézia, Niassa, and Angonia-Maravia includes land above 1,000 meters,
notably in the planaltic regions of Lichinga, Angonia, Maravia, high Zambézia, Serra Choa, Manica and
Espungabera. The annual rainfall is greater than 1,200 mm and average temperature during the period is
15-22.5 °C. The soils are principally ferralsols. Apart from maize, common beans and potatoes are the
main crops. Given the high levels of rainfall, erosion, and the loss of soil fertility are important problems.
Finger millet is also cultivated in the area and has important potential as a food and cash crop (IFAD, 2005).
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Figure 1: Agro-ecological zones of Mozambique with research stations.
Source: IIAM, 2002
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1.2. Major Soils of Mozambique and their distribution
In Mozambique, the soil fertility depletion in small- and large-scale cropping systems is one of the greatest
biophysical constraints to increase agricultural productivity, particularly on those cultivated fields
receiving more than 1000 mm of annual precipitation, having high soil fertility and an annual erosion of
25 t ha y-1 (Folmer et al., 1998). These situation is worsened by the low to moderate fertility that 94
percent of these soils present (INIA, 1997) and the fact that the majority of smallholder farmers lack
financial resources to purchase sufficient amount of mineral fertilizers to replace soil nutrients removed
through harvested products (Jama et al., 2000), crop residues and through loss by runoff, leaching and
gases (Bekunda et al., 1997).
Mozambique has seventeen (17) dominant soil types which are shown in the Map of Mozambique (see
Figure 2). These soils have low to moderate fertility, except fluvisols which are predominant in valleys of
the Zambezi, Limpopo, and Incomati. In the north of the country, in areas with intermediate altitude
predominate luxisols and luvisols. These soils have light surface layers on heavier subsoil with a low to
moderate fertility. The soils of the upland areas with higher rainfall are acidic, heavy, with a low soil
fertility and high capacity to fix phosphorus, but with good physical characteristics (ferralsols and acrisols).
Large part of the country is characterized by arenosols, especially in the south, with a very low fertility
and water retention. In terms of percentages one would have the following distribution of the most
abundant soils: arenosols (28 percent, 225630 km2), luxisols (23 percent, 176387km2), leptosols (9
percent, 67268km2), acrisols (8 percent, 59614km2), ferralsols (7 percent, 55092km2), fluvisols (6 percent,
46970km2) and luvisols (5 percent, 36765km2), of the total land surface of Mozambique (INIA, 1997).
1.3. Climate of Mozambique
Mozambique has a tropical climate with two seasons, a Wet season from October of a year to March of
the following year and a Dry season from April to September. Climatic conditions, however, vary
depending on altitude. Rainfall is heavy along the coast and high lands and decreases in the south. Annual
precipitation varies from 350 to 1,400 mm depending on the region, with an average of 800 mm. Cyclones
and floods are common during the wet season. Average temperature ranges in Maputo are from 13 to 24
°C in July to 22 to 31 °C in February.
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Figure 2: Map of Mozambican soils based on FAO/UNESCO classification (1988).
Source: INIA, 1997.
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1.4. Fertilizer sector in Mozambique
Before the liberalization of the Mozambican economy in the 1990s, most of the actors in the fertilizer
sector where in the public sector. This sector used to represent approximately 47 percent of the total
imported fertilizer, and an additional 26 percent coming from commercial concessionary holders,
particularly Agro-químicos, Tobacco companies, sugar cane companies, Boror and Enacomo (Zandamela,
2004). During that time there was no private institutions to link fertilizer suppliers with smallholder
farmers. Furthermore, the importation through public sector was canceled in 2000 due to management
failures in importation and distribution (Mozambican Agriculture Development Strategy, 2006). The
commercial concessionary holders would import blended fertilizers and deliver it to their registered
smallholder farmers on credit, and recover the costs at the sale of farmers’ output after harvest. However,
in the last 5 years, the commercial concessionary holders have stopped importing fertilizers and are now
procuring it from local fertilizer blenders in the country.
1.4.1. Mozambican growth corridors
Mozambique has 4 economic growth corridors which are part of a number of other corridors have been
established across the Southern African region as a tool to support economic integration, as they serve to
open up markets and promote increased trade and investment. The growth corridors in Mozambique
have strengthened partnerships and increased the attractiveness of the region to the business sector
resulting in a growth in international competitiveness. The four corridors are:
(a) Maputo Corridor is located in the Southern Region of Mozambique and it connects South Africa’s
Gauteng Province to Mozambique’s Maputo port, while also ‘unlocking the landlocked regions of
Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces in South Africa and Gaborone in Botswana. This Corridor has
one of the strongest road infrastructures in the SADC Region connecting the Maputo port to South
Africa.
The remaining 3 growth corridors have been specially characterized with fast growth in the agricultural
sector-in both large scale and small scale farming in the recent past, as there has been an increase in
fertilizer volumes imported through these ports for consumption within Mozambique and to the
neighboring landlocked countries.
(b) Beira Corridor is located in the Central Region of Mozambique and it connects hinterland
countries like Zimbabwe and Malawi, and Mozambique’s interior, to the port at Beira in
Mozambique.
(c) Zambezi Valley Corridor is located in Central Region of Mozambique and it includes the Mozambican Tete Province and the southern part of Malawi.
(d) Nacala Corridor is located in the Northern Region of Mozambique, and it extends from the Nacala
Port to inland districts of Mozambique and further to neighboring countries of Malawi and
Zambia.
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1.4.2. Key private fertilizer players in Mozambique
The main sources of fertilizer consumed in Mozambique are the local blending fertilizer producers and
the international market. According to the information provided by the companies importing fertilizer
into Mozambique, they import fertilizers from India, China, Israel, Russia, Morocco, South Africa, USA,
Russia, Ukraine, Finland, Norway, Australia, Morocco, Egypt and others. Fertilizer comes through3 main
ports in Mozambique i.e. Maputo port, Beira Port and the Nacala Port; and the South Africa border (by
truck).Table 2 gives a summary of 14 key fertilizer importers in Mozambique. The first 5 companies on the
list are also involved in local production of fertilizer blends.
Table 2: Fertilizer importers in Mozambique
Company Volumes (% share of Imports)
GreenBelt Fertilizers 34,43
Mozambique Fertilizer Company 26,21
Export Trading Company 5,00
Omnia 11,00
Kynoch 2,00
Agrifocus Lda 7,00
Mitsui Corporation 1,00
Africa Fertilizers Lda 12,00
Agroglobal Lda 0,40
Soluções Rurais Lda 0,10
BIOCHEM 0,02
SAVAL SA 0,51
TECAP Lda. 0,11
LUSOSEM 0,22
Total 100%
Source: data compiled by the author.
1.4.3. Policies, trade and market structure
In the fertilizer sector, there are currently a number of approved documentation by government in
support of the development of the fertilizer market-importation and distribution of fertilizer. Most recent
development was the drafting of a National Fertilizer Strategy in 2012, and the ongoing review of a
Fertilizer Act by parliament.
The GoM in collaboration with non-governmental organizations such as AGRA, AFAP, and IFDC, have in
the recent past engaged activities in a bid to improve the farmer’s access to fertilizer through the training
of agro-dealers, farmers and extension service agents.
According to MINAG (2006), up until 1996, the Government of Mozambique (GoM) was responsible for
the importation of all agro-inputs. Due to inefficiencies in the procurement processes, GoM withdrew
from this activity, and private firms were allowed to import ago-inputs on behalf of the government.
Today, fertilizer is imported by the private sector: Fertilizer companies (producers and distributors) and
commercials farms (Sugar and Tobacco schemes)
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Access to fertilizer in the rural areas is very limited due to lack of proper infrastructure especially
transport. This in turn contributes to high costs of fertilizers as suppliers in these areas are also limited.
Mozambican fertilizer market structure is summarized in the figure below (Figure 3).
Approximately 80 percent of the fertilizer distributed by the government district agriculture sector to the
smallholder farmers goes through the FAO voucher program and the remaining 20 percent comes from
local retailers. The fertilizer from tobacco and sugar cane companies gets to smallholder farmers through
the well-organized out grower schemes.
Figure 3: Mozambican Fertilizer Market Structure.
International Fertilizer
Suppliers
100%
Others
4.36%
OMNIA
11%
Mozfert
26.21%
Greenbelt
34.43%
Agri-Focus
7%
Export Trading Company
5%
Africa Fert
12%
Tobacco
Company
20.14%
Sugar Cane Company
48.95% Hub
Agro-dealers
10.0% GoM/FAO-
Voucher Program
4.0%
Others
1.05%
SHF
Production
35%
Out-Grower
Scheme
65%
SHF
production
100%
Banana
Company
15.86%
Out-Grower
Scheme
100%
Agro-dealers
75%
LSF
20% Others
5%
Retailers
20%
SHF
80%
17
2.0. SOURCES OF DATA For the present study, two methods were applied in collecting data and information, namely: (i) secondary
data from various past studies and (ii) empirical data collection through interviews with key players on
the fertilizer value chain in the government and private sector (Ministry of Agriculture, fertilizer
companies, out-grower companies, research institutions, agro-dealers, etc.). This study was derived most
of the data from existing or secondary sources or reports on fertilizer value chain in Mozambique by
various institutions/organizations (Ministry of Agriculture through the National Direction of Agrarian
Services and Provincial Directions of Agriculture, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Transport and
Communications, Out-Growers Schemes, African Fertilizer Agribusiness partnership – AFAP, Mozambican
Revenue Authority, Fertilizer importers and exporters, etc.).
Looking at the sources of the data presented below, it is important to note that it is difficult to speak of
the agricultural sector in Mozambique progress without addressing the question of the system of national
agricultural statistics. There are two main sources of data. The Working Agricultural Survey (TIA), which
uses difficult methodologies for collecting data, and is a representative survey of agricultural production
household. This is implemented by the Department of Directorate for Statistics Economy of the Ministry
of Agriculture (MINAG). This information is only made available with delays in time and is not frequently
updated.
The second source of agricultural data is the Early Warning, of the National Directorate of Agrarian
Services (DNSA) of MINAG. Early Warning applies a methodology, with varying degrees of success, which
is designed to provide only estimate the levels of production before sowing and harvesting. In addition,
due to the fact that it uses estimative methods and being focused only on collecting information of
prognosis of the cropping season, the sample is smaller and more information is made available quickly
and can be used for planning proposes (Cunguara et al., 2013). Therefore, in the last years the TIA data is
being taken as official, where they are available. In the past, the FAOSTAT used data from early warning,
but from 2005 they are using data from TIA. Thereby, in this document it has been used data from TIA and
FAOSTAT.
18
2.1 SWOT ANALYSIS ON SOURCES, METHODOLOGIES, TOOLS AND DATA AVAILABLE TO
CALCULATE THE REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION AND FERTILIZER USE BY CROP
Table 3: SWOT analysis on public sector (government institutions, research institutions, and statistics)
Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats
Existence of two major sources of agricultural statistics;
Mozambican fertilizer legislation in place to govern fertilizer demand establishment, availability, distribution and utilization by producers;
Inexistence of reliable fertilizer data collection tools and institution;
Luck of coordinated and consistent data collection tools;
Lack of trained public sector staff on fertilizer control, importation, production, distribution measures and monitoring;
Existence of international institution such as FAO, IFDC, and IFPRI interested in helping the Government on fertilizer data collection measures.
Difficulty in adoption of better collection and analysis tools for fertilizer stats by the GoM.
Table 4: SWOT analysis on private sector (importers, blenders, distributors, hub dealers, agro dealers)
Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats
Uncoordinated data on fertilizers manufacturing, imports, exports, use and usage;
Confidentiality on data among fertilizer importers, blenders, and distributors and other stakeholders.
Availability of
natural
resources
(hydrocarbons,
Calcium,
organic
fertilizer, etc.)
for fertilizer
industry;
Create a platform where private sector can give reliable data and in return get an
19
Hub dealers/agro-dealers do not maintain proper records of their sales and thus we using estimates of the annual sales;
opportunity to promote their products-thus expanding their markets;
3.0. ESTIMATES OF REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION DATA
The fertilizer consumption in Mozambique has quadruplicated in the last four years from 51.400,00 Mt in
2010 (MINAG, 2012) to about 189.157,72 Mt in 2013/2014 (Table 5). This could have mainly be attributed
to the removal of some of fertilizer importations taxes, the approval of fertilizer legislation, infrastructure
improvements made at ports that include offloading infrastructure and warehousing. The GoM and its
partners on fertilizer value chain (AFAP, IFDC, etc.) have been assisting the new players and/or improve
the capacity of existing players boosting the blending and supplying/distribution capacities; in addition to
the training of approximately 300 Hub Agro-dealers and financing of the construction of about 15
warehouses with storage capacities of 500Mt of fertilizers within rural areas. Also, according to MINAG/DE
(2012) the cultivated land has increased by about 38.30 percent from 2010 to 2012. Despite the rapid
increase of fertilizer consumption in the country, mineral fertilizer use by smallholder farmers (SHF) in
cereals and vegetables production still remain low, at approximately 4 percent (MINAG/DE, 2012). Major
efforts have been made to avail and enable smallholder farmers to use fertilizers for crop production and
productivity, such as IFDC and AFAP demonstrations plots for fertilizer use with Agro-dealers and farmers
within Beira and Nacala Corridors.
On the other hand, most of the smallholder farmers that have used mineral fertilizers, did so through the
concessionary companies (sugar, cotton and tobacco companies) via farming contracts. For instance,
sugar cane blend (NPK 16.2:0:32.4) has been the most used fertilizer in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014
cropping seasons, with 46.5 percent and 51.4 percent, respectively. Tobacco blend (NPK 12:12:12) has
been the second most used mineral fertilizer in both years of analysis (see Table 5). Detailed analysis of
fertilizer use by crop is shown on Annex 1: FAOSTAT table.
Table 5: Amount of fertilizer used (tons) by crop in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 cropping seasons
Fertilizer type Crop/group Year
2012/2013 2013/2014
Total (tons) Per each crop
(tons)
% fertilizer per crop
Total (tons) Per each crop
(tons)
% fertilizer per crop
Ammonium Nitrate Baby corn 532,70 532,70 100,00% 752,80 752,80 100,00%
Ammonium Sulfate Fine beans 576,30 576,30 100,00% 472,70 472,70 100,00%
NPK Mg S B Zn 10:0.2:32:1:4:0.1:0.3
Banana 7,25 7,25 100,00% 10,80 10,80 100,00%
CAN 27% 1.986,93 1.922,85
20
Tobacco 1.944,00 97,84% 1.040,00 54,09%
Maize, Vegetables
32,70 1,65% 872,62 45,38%
Chilies 6,93 0,35% 6,93 0,36%
Fine beans 0,90 0,05% 0,90 0,05%
Peas 2,40 0,12% 2,40 0,12%
Compost 13.570,00 7.008,40
Chilies 2.310,00 17,02% 2.120,00 30,25%
Baby corn 9.360,00 68,98% 3.568,40 50,92%
Fine beans 300,00 2,21% 300,00 4,28%
Peas 1.600,00 11,79% 1.020,00 14,55%
NPK 10:24:20 Tobacco 58,85 58,85 100,00% 60,45 60,45 100,00%
Compound W 900,00 900,00 100,00% 1.008,00 1.008,00 100,00%
NPK 8:15:14 Cotton 120,00 120,00 100,00% 108,00 108,00 100,00%
KCl/MOP 1.989,50 1.640,70
Banana 1.907,75 95,89% 1.559,00 95,02%
Chilies 11,55 0,58% 11,50 0,70%
Baby corn 70,20 3,53% 70,20 4,28%
Magnesium oxide 114,50 108,60
Baby corn 93,60 81,75% 93,60 86,19%
Fine beans 1,50 1,31% 1,50 1,38%
Chilies 11,55 10,09% 9,50 8,75%
Peas 7,85 6,86% 4,00 3,68%
NPK S B Zn 15:23:16:6:0.3:0.8
Baby corn, vegetables
390,00 390,00 100,00% 400,00 400,00 100,00%
MAP 27.692,15 30.769,05
Banana 27.556,44 99,51% 30.633,34 99,56%
Chilies 16,36 0,06% 16,36 0,05%
Baby corn 93,60 0,34% 93,60 0,30%
Fine beans 3,75 0,01% 3,75 0,01%
Peas 22,00 0,08% 22,00 0,07%
DAP Cereals, beans
1.449,20 1.449,20 100,00% 1.521,76 1.521,76 100,00%
NPK 12:12:12 Tobacco 34.639,03 34.639,03 100,00% 39.287,00 39.287,00 100,00%
NPK 12:20:20 Tobacco 1.023,00 1.023,00 100,00% 1.984,00 1.984,00 100,00%
NPK 12:24:12 774,30 1.531,09
Jatropha 10,00 1,29% 30,00 1,96%
Sunflower 30,00 3,87% 45,00 2,94%
Maize 233,00 30,09% 450,00 29,39%
Cotton 0,00 0,00% 9,00 0,59%
Potatoes 100,00 12,91% 192,00 12,54%
Rice 30,00 3,87% 40,00 2,61%
Vegetables 371,30 47,95% 765,09 49,97%
21
NPK 14:18:18 Maize, wheat, cassava, rice, Vegetables and burley.
150,00 150,00 100,00% -- -- --
NPK S B Zn 15:20:11:6.3:0.3:0.8
Maize 1,70 1,70 100,00% 15,40 15,40 100,00%
NPK 16.2:0:32.4 Sugar cane 67.647,06 67.647,06 100,00% 77.095,54 77.095,54 100,00%
NPK 19.5:30.4:7.61 Eucalyptus 5.000,00 5.000,00 100,00% -- -- --
NPK 20.5: 4.1: 20.5 Pines -- -- -- 2.700,00 2.700,00 100,00%
NPK 7:14:7 Maize 152,05 152,05 100,00% -- -- --
NPK S Zn B 18:28:4:5:1:1 Maize, beans, wheat and vegetables
2.348,65 2.348,65 100,00% -- -- --
Others 110,47 110,47 100,00% 48,79 48,79 100,00%
NPK 20:21:0 Pasture -- -- -- 100,00 100,00 100,00%
Ratoon Blend (45% Ammonium Nitrate)
Maize 264,00 264,00 100,00% -- -- --
NPK 10:30:10 408,28 0,00% -- -- --
Chilies 28,88 7,07% -- -- --
Baby corn 362,90 88,89% -- -- --
Fine beans 4,50 1,10% -- -- --
Peas 12,00 2,94% -- -- --
NPK 14.5:14.5:20 Sugar cane 1.031,05 1.031,05 100,00% -- -- --
SOP 123,30 716,69
Chilies 0,00 0,00% 0,00 0,00%
Baby corn 101,30 82,16% 694,69 96,93%
Fine beans 6,00 4,87% 6,00 0,84%
Peas 16,00 12,98% 16,00 2,23%
NPK 8:18:10 Soybean 61,00 61,00 100,00% 13,12 13,12 100,00%
Sulpher Baby corn 116,15 116,15 100,00% -- -- --
Urea 46% 14.306,34 19.881,98
Tobacco 8.510,00 59,48% 12.640,00 63,58%
Maize 644,40 4,50% 644,40 3,24%
Rice 105,00 0,73% 105,00 0,53%
Potatoes 192,00 1,34% 192,00 0,97%
Vegetables 1.410,00 9,86% 2.023,00 10,18%
Baby corn 11,70 0,08% 11,70 0,06%
Chilies 6,96 0,05% 6,96 0,04%
Fine beans 4,50 0,03% 4,50 0,02%
Peas 12,00 0,08% 12,00 0,06%
Jatropha 60,00 0,42% 60,00 0,30%
22
Sunflower 90,00 0,63% 90,00 0,45%
Sugar cane 3.259,78 22,79% 4.092,42 20,58%
Grand Total 177.543,76 189.157,72
Source: Author’s compilation from Private fertilizer importers, Tobacco Company, Sugar Cane Company and GoM.
3.1. Crop Production in Mozambique
According to MINAG/DE (2012) cereals (where maize contributed with 68.2 percent) are the main type of
crops grown across the country followed by roots and tubers (where cassava contributed with 95.6
percent), pulses (beans, cowpeas, green gram, pigeon pea, and soybeans), oil seeds and oil nuts, industrial
crops, and vegetables as shown in Table 6.
Table 6: Main type of Crops and Total Area of Occupation
Main type of crops Area (ha) Percentage of Total Land Area (%)
Cereals 2,305,367.59 46.79
Pulses 797,538.61 16.19
Oil seeds and oil nuts 493,986.66 10.03
Industrial Crops 267,829.59 5.44
Vegetables 224,520.04 4.56
Roots and Tubers 837,409.99 17.00
Total 4,926,652.48 100.00
Source: MINAG/DE/DNSA – Inquérito Integrado Agrícola, 2012.
The national area, production and average yields of specific crops in the country from 2010/2011 to
2012/2013 are summarized in Table 6a, b c, d, e and f.
Table 6a: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (cereals)
Crop Data Year
2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013
Cereals
Maize1 Area ('000' ha) 1,431.000 1,572.000 1,608.000
Production ('000' tons) 1,071.429 1,177.000 1,207.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.749 0.749 0.751
Sorghum1 Area ('000' ha) 311.000 307.000 314.000
Production ('000' tons) 140.811 139.000 145.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.453 0.453 0.462
Millet1 Area ('000' ha) 45.000 55.000 56.000
Production ('000' tons) 18.000 22.000 25.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.400 0.400 0.446
Rice, paddy2 Area ('000' ha) 238.778 238.000 300.000
Production ('000' tons) 271.402 280.000 351.000
Yields (tons/ha) 1.137 1.176 1.170
Wheat2 Area ('000' ha) 11.941 12.000 12.300
Production ('000' tons) 20.350 20.200 20.500
23
Yields (tons/ha) 1.704 1.683 1.667
Source: 1 Mozambican Statistical Yearbook, 2011, 2012, 2013; 2FAOSTAT,
http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015
Table 6b: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Pulses)
Crop Data Year
2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013
Pulses
Beans, dry2 Area ('000' ha) 700.000 759.313 750.000
Production ('000' tons) 200.000 281.922 250.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.286 0.371 0.333
Peanuts1 Area ('000' ha) 366.000 389.000 398.000
Production ('000' tons) 106.319 113.000 117.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.290 0.290 0.294
Cowpeas2 Area ('000' ha) 300.000 346.811 320.000
Production ('000' tons) 70.000 85.484 80.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.233 0.246 0.250
Source: 1 Mozambican Statistical Yearbook, 2011, 2012, 2013; 2FAOSTAT,
http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015
Table 6c: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Roots and Tubers)
Crop Data Year
2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013
Roots and Tubers
Cassava2 Area ('000' ha) 1,293.570 762.598 780.000
Production ('000' tons)
10,093.600 10,051.364 10,000.000
Yields (tons/ha) 7.803 13.180 12.821
Sweet potatoes2
Area ('000' ha) 119.000 120.000 122.000
Production ('000' tons)
860.000 900.000 890.000
Yields (tons/ha) 7.227 7.500 7.295
Source: 1 Mozambican Statistical Yearbook, 2011, 2012, 2013; 2FAOSTAT,
http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015
Table 6d: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Horticultures)
Crop Data Year
24
2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013
Horticultures
Tomatoes2 Area ('000' ha) 25.000 30.000 -
Production ('000' tons) 195.000 250.000 -
Yields (tons/ha) 7.800 8.333 -
Onions, dry2 Area ('000' ha) 29.000 30.000 -
Production ('000' tons) 80.000 85.000 -
Yields (tons/ha) 2.759 2.833 -
Source: 2FAOSTAT, http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015
Table 6e: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2011 – 2013 (Fruits)
Crop Data Year
2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013
Fruits
Mangoes, mangoes teens, guavas2
Area ('000' ha) 4.800 5.000 -
Production ('000' tons) 29.000 30.500 -
Yields (tons/ha) 6.042 6.100 -
Oranges2 Area ('000' ha) 7.500 9.500 -
Production ('000' tons) 36.442 46.000 -
Yields (tons/ha) 4.859 4.842 -
Banana2 Area ('000' ha) 45.000 62.000 - Production ('000' tons) 340.674 470.000 -
Yields (tons/ha) 7.571 7.581 -
Papayas2 Area ('000' ha) 4.500 -
Production ('000' tons) 45.000 -
Yields (tons/ha) 10.000 -
Source: 2FAOSTAT, http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015
Table 6f: National Area, Crop Production and Yield for 2010 – 2012 (Industrial crops)
Crop Data Year
2010/2011 2011/202 2012/2013
Industrial crops
Cashew nut with shell2
Area ('000' ha) 140.000 80.000
Production ('000' tons) 112.796 64.731
Yields (tons/ha) 0.806 0.809
Tea2 Area ('000' ha) 15.800 13.000
Production ('000' tons) 27.000 22.000
Yields (tons/ha) 1.709 1.692
Tobacco2 Area ('000' ha) 66.000 54.000
25
Production ('000' tons) 70.000 54.450
Yields (tons/ha) 1.060 1.008
Seed Cotton2 Area ('000' ha) 189.000 189.000 185.000
Production ('000' tons) 112.000 173.000 258.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.593 0.915 1.395
Sesame seed2 Area ('000' ha) 200.000 220.000 210.000
Production ('000' tons) 104.652 117.000 110.000
Yields (tons/ha) 0.523 0.532 0.524
Sunflower2 Area ('000' ha) 45.000 45.000 40.000
Production ('000' tons) 18.638 19.000 17.500
Yields (tons/ha) 0.414 0.422 0.438
Sugar cane2 Area ('000' ha) 42.702 45.917 45.000
Production ('000' tons) 3,396.334 3,393.904 3,395.000
Yields (tons/ha) 79.536 73.914 75.444
Source: 2FAOSTAT, http://faostat3.fao.org/download/, accessed on 12.01.2015
26
4.0. ESTIMATES OF FERTILIZER USE BY CROP (FUBC) AND PER PROVINCE
Looking at the Table 7, it can be seen that the average fertilizer use by crop is still below the average of
Sub-Saharan Africa (8 kg/ha) and the African continent (20 kg/ha). Sugar cane companies have been the
major fertilizer consumer with 40.52 percent in 2012 and 42.92 percent in 2013, followed by Tobacco
companies with 26.01 percent in 2012 and 29.08 percent in 2013, and by Banana companies with 16.60
percent and 17.02 percent in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Together, these companies have consumed
more than half of the total fertilizer imported in both years.
For the calculations on the Annex 2, the following assumptions were made:
(i) Only about 4 percent of the total planted area that is fertilized for cereals, vegetables, pulse;
(ii) The remaining crops were considered 100 percent fertilized.
Detailed analysis of fertilizer use by crop per nutrient is shown on Annex 2 IFA matrix.
Table 7: Estimates on Fertilizer Use by Crop in 2012 and 2013 (in tons)
Crop Year Total Fertilizer Use By Crop (tons) Percentage use (%)
Sugar cane 2012/13 71.937,89 40,52%
2013/14 81.187,96 42,92%
Tobacco 2012/13 46.174,88 26,01%
2013/14 55.011,45 29,08%
Maize 2012/13 1.163,10 0,66%
2013/14 1.609,80 0,85%
Rice, paddy 2012/13 135,00 0,08%
2013/14 145,00 0,08%
Baby corn 2012/13 10.742,15 6,05%
2013/14 5.284,99 2,79%
Potatoes 2012/13 292,00 0,16%
2013/14 384,00 0,20%
Vegetables 2012/13 2.184,00 1,23%
2013/14 3.560,71 1,88%
Chilies 2012/13 2.392,23 1,35%
2013/14 2.171,30 1,15%
Peas 2012/13 1.672,25 0,94%
2013/14 1.076,40 0,57%
Soybeans 2012/13 61,00 0,03%
2013/14 13,12 0,01%
Fine beans 2012/13 897,45 0,51%
2013/14 789,35 0,42%
Cotton 2012/13 120,00 0,07%
27
2013/14 117,00 0,06%
Jatropha 2012/13 70,00 0,04%
2013/14 90,00 0,05%
Sunflower 2012/13 120,00 0,07%
2013/14 135,00 0,07%
Banana 2012/13 29.471,44 16,60%
2013/14 32.199,84 17,02%
Eucalyptus 2012/13 5.000,00 2,82%
2013/14 0,00 0,00%
Pines 2012/13 0,00 0,00%
2013/14 2.700,00 1,43%
Cereals, Vegetables, pulse
2012/13 5.110,37 2,88%
2013/14 2.681,80 1,42%
Grand Total 2012/13 177.543,76 100,00%
2013/14 189.157,72 100,00%
Source: Author’s compilation from Private fertilizer importers, Tobacco Company, Sugar Cane Company and GoM.
Looking at fertilizer use by crop province presented in the Tables 8a- 8j it is possible to note tobacco and
sugar cane crops are the most fertilized in Mozambique and the majority of it by the SHF through the
concessions by the respective companies via credit. In terms of province, Tete province is the major
fertilizer consumer (28.51%) of the total fertilizer used (mainly for tobacco crop), followed by Maputo and
Niassa provinces with 24.58% (from tobacco crop) and 21.69% (from sugar cane crop), respectively. Note
that is information refers only about the data that was possible to collect; meaning that if there was a
fertilizer database this scenario could be more realistic and difference. Note also that the tobacco data
about fertilized area (ha) was gotten from Integrated Agrarian Survey of 2012 conducted by TIA group,
and it was assumed that tobacco crop is fertilized and practiced by SHF only through contracts with the
company.
28
Table 8a: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Maputo
Maputo Province Area Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 2.269.300,00
Total land area cultivated: 309.184,00 13,62
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 31.291,00 10,12
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 0,00
Maputo Province= 309.184 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)(Fertilized/ Non-fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer Application Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT)
(App.rate * Area)
MAIZE LSF (0.006%)
20ha-Fertilized (0.006%)
NPK 12:24:12 250 5,00
Urea 200 4,00
Green South 350 7,00
Tomato LSF (0.003%)
12ha- Fertilized (0.003%)
NPK 12:24:12 400 4,80
CAN 300 3,60
KNO3 200 2,40
Urea 300 3,60
Banana LSF (0.08%)
259ha-Fertilized (0.08%)
LAM 110 256,41
KCL 55 24,20
KCL 220 236,50
Sugar Cane
LSF (10.026%)
25000ha-Fertilized (8%)
NPK 102(16.2:0:32.4)
300 7.500,00
MAP 120 3.000,00
Urea 46% 140 20.000,00
6000ha-Fertilized(1.9%)
NKP 515(20.5:4.1:20.5)
450 2.700,00
MAP 90 540,00
Urea 46% 300 1.800,00
Total 36.087,51
29
Tabela 8b: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop In Gaza
Gaza Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 7.570.900,00
Total land area cultivated: 757.593,00 10,01 Large Scale Farmer (ha) 18.130,00 2,39
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 4.800,00 0,63
Gaza Province= 757593 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)(Fertilized/ Non-
fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer
Application Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT) (App.rate
* Area) Maize LSF (0.261%) 500ha-Fertilized
(0.06%) NPK 12:24:12
250 125,00
Urea 50 50,00
1400ha-Fertilized (0.2%)
NPK 12:24:12
200 280,00
Urea 400 1.120,00
80ha-Fertilized (0.1%) Urea 90 14,40
Rice LSF (2.086%) 300ha- Fertilized (0.04%)
NPK 12:24:12
100 30,00
ureia 100 60,00
3000ha-Fertilized (0.4%)
NPK 12:24:12
150 450,00
ureia 100 600,00
5000ha-Fertilized (0.6%)
NPK 12:24:12
200 1.000,00
ureia 300 3.000,00
500ha-Fertilized (0.06%)
ureia 50 15,00
7000ha-Fertilized (0.9%)
ureia 150 1.050,00
Beens LSF (0.102%) 70ha-Fertilized (0.001%)
MAP 33+Zn 400 28,00
NPK 4:3:4 200 14,00
Somo 0,12 0,01
Multiffedp 2 0,14
Maxiboost 22ltrs 1,54
700ha-Fertilized (0.092%)
NPK 12:24:12
150 105,00
ureia 100 70,00
Cotton LSF (0.005%) 40ha-Fertilized (0.005%)
NPK 12:24:12
225 15,75
Ommiboot 3 0,12
Urea 46% 200 8,00
30
Organocel 0.5ltrs 0,02
Tomato SHF(0.092%) 700ha-Fertilized (0.09%)
NPK 12:24:12
200 28,00
ureia 400 840,00
cabbage SHF(0.028%) 210ha-Fertilized (0.02%)
NPK 12:24:12
100 21,00
ureia 200 42,00
Onion SHF(0.016%) 120ha-Fertilized (0.01%)
NPK 12:24:12
100 12,00
ureia 200 48,00
Vegetables SHF(0.498%) 270ha-Fertilized (0.03%)
NPK 12:24:12
100 10,00
Ureia 200 108,00
3500ha-Fertilized (0.4%)
NPK 12:24:12
200 700,00
Ureia 200 700,00
Potatos LSF (0.032%) 240ha-Fertilized (0.3%) NPK 12:24:12
800 192,00
Ureia 400 192,00
Total 10.929,98
Tabela 8c: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Inhambane
Inhambane Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 6.877.500,00
Total land area cultivated: 661.995,00 9,63
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 750,00 0,11
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 0,00
Inhambane Province= 661995 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)(Fertilized/ Non-fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer
Application Rate (Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer Used (MT) (App.rate *
Area)
Jatrofa (% of the land cultivated)
LSF (0.045%)
300ha-Fertilized (0.0045%)
NPK 12:24:12
100 30
Urea 100 60 Sonflower LSF
(0.068%) 450ha- Fertilized (0.0068%)
NPK 12:24:12
100 45
Urea 100 90
Total 225
31
Tabela 8d: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Sofala
Sofala Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 6.001.800,00
Total land area cultivated: 455.315,00 7,59
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 22.207,00 4,88
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 184,00 0,04
Sofala Province= 455,315.00 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)
(Fertilized/ Non-
fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer Application Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT)
(App.rate * Area)
Tobacco Burley
SHF (0.04%)
184ha - Fertilized (0.04%)
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 55,20 Urea 46% 200,00 36,80
CAN 27% 150,00 27,60
Tobacco DFC
NPK 12:12:12 300,00 55,20
CAN 27% 300,00 55,20
Tobacco FCV
NPK 12:20:20 300,00 55,20
CAN 27% 150,00 27,60
Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 55,20
Urea 46% 200,00 36,80
Sugar cane
LSF (4.88%)
7.226ha -Fertilized (1,59%)
NPK 16,2:0:32,4 290,00 2.095,54
8.813ha - Fertilized (1,94%)
Urea (N 46%) 225,00 1.982,93
4.581ha - Fertilized (1.01%)
MAP (11%N, 22%K) 50,00 229,05
1.587ha - Fertilized (0.35%)
SOP 439,00 696,69
Total
5.409,01
32
Tabela 8e: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Manica
Manica Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 6.227.200
Total land area cultivated: 500.988,00 8,05
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 1.273,00 0,25
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 277,00 0,06
Manica Province= 500.988,00 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)
(Fertilized/ Non-
fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer Application Rate (Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT) (App.rate *
Area) Baby corn
LSF (60,39%)
936ha - Fertilized (0.187%)
Sand Mix_10:30:10 150,00 140,40
Ammonium Nitrate 50,00 46,80
MOP Coarse 75,00 70,20
Sulpher 100,00 93,60
Magnesium oxide 100,00 93,60
Urea 46% 125,00 117,00
Compost 10.000,00 9.360,00
MAP 100,00 93,60
Lime (Calcium Hydrocide) 200,00 187,20
SOP Coarse 100,00 93,60
Chilies
LSF (0.015%)
77ha - Fertilized (0.015%)
Sand Mix_10:30:10 375,00 28,88
Urea 46% 480,00 36,96
Magnesium Nitrate 40,00 3,08
Magnesium Sulphate 32,00 2,46
VitaK Potasssium Sulphate 75,00 5,78
Calcium Nitrate 90,00 6,93
MAP 39 12,50 0,96
Potassium Nitrate 260,00 20,02
Sulpher Sweepings 150,00 11,55
Magnesium oxide 200,00 15,40
Compost 30.000,00 2.310,00
MOP SOL 50,00 3,85
Lime (Calcium Hydrocide) 50,00 3,85
MAP 200,00 15,40
MOP Coarse 150,00 11,55
Coral Bentonite 20,40 1,57
Fine beans
LSF (0.006%)
30ha - Fertilized (0.006%)
Sand Mix_10:30:10 150,00 4,50
Urea 46% 150,00 4,50
33
Magnesium Nitrate 15,00 0,45
VitaK Potasssium Sulphate 100,00 3,00
Potassium Nitrate 100,00 3,00
Calcium Nitrate 30,00 0,90
MAP 39 25,00 0,75
Ammonium Sulphate 10,00 0,30
Sulpher Sweepings 100,00 3,00
Compost 10.000,00 300,00
SOP Coarse 200,00 6,00
MAP 100,00 3,00
Lime (Calcium Hydrocide) 250,00 7,50
Magnesium oxide 50,00 1,50
Peas
LSF (0.016%)
80ha - Fertilized (0.016%)
Sand Mix_10:30:10 150,00 12,00
Urea 46% 150,00 12,00
Magnesium Nitrate 15,00 1,20
VitaK Potasssium Sulphate 100,00 8,00
Potassium Nitrate 100,00 8,00
Calcium Nitrate 30,00 2,40
MAP 39 25,00 2,00
Ammonium Sulphate 30,00 2,40
Sulpher Sweepings 100,00 8,00
Compost 20.000,00 1.600,00
SOP Coarse 200,00 16,00
MAP 100,00 8,00
Lime (Calcium Hydrocide) 250,00 20,00
Magnesium oxide 50,00 4,00
Eucalyptus LSF (0.030%)
150ha - Fertilized (0.030%)
NPK 19,5:30,44:7,61 100,00 15,00
Tobacco Burley SHF (0.055%)
277ha - Fertilized (0.055%)
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 83,10 Urea 46% 200,00 55,40
CAN 27% 150,00 41,55
Tobacco DFC
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 83,10
CAN 27% 300,00 83,10
Tobacco FCV NPK 12-20-20 300,00 83,10
CAN 27% 150,00 41,55
Tobacco DAC NPK 12-12-12 300,00 83,10
Urea 46% 200,00 55,40
Total 15.441,04
34
Tabela 8f: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Tete
Tete Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 9.841.700,00
Total land area cultivated: 539.195,00 5,48
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 0,00
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 19.033,00 3,53
Tete Province= 539.195,00 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha) (Fertilized/ Non-fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer
Application Rate (Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT)
(App.rate * Area)
Tobacco Burley SHF (3,53%)
19033ha - Fertilized (3,53%)
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 5.709,90 Urea 46% 200,00 3.806,60
CAN 27% 150,00 2.854,95
Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 5.709,90
CAN 27% 300,00 5.709,90
Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 5.709,90
CAN 27% 150,00 2.854,95
Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 5.709,90
Urea 46% 200,00 3.806,60
Total 41.872,60
Tabela 8g: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Zambezia
Zambezia Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 10.347.800,00
Total land area cultivated: 1.128.223,00 10,90
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 0,00
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 1.451,00 0,13
Zambezia Province= 1.128.223,00 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)
(Fertilized/ Non-
fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer Application Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT)
(App.rate * Area)
Tobacco Burley SHF (0.13%)
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 435,30 Urea 46% 200,00 290,20
35
1.451ha - Fertilized (0.13%)
CAN 27% 150,00 217,65
Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 435,30
CAN 27% 300,00 435,30
Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 435,30
CAN 27% 150,00 217,65
Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 435,30
Urea 46% 200,00 290,20
Total 3.192,20
Tabela 8h: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Nampula
Nampula Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 7.901.000,00
Total land area cultivated: 1.032.501,00 13,07
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 0,00
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 794,00 0,08
Nampula Province= 1.032.501,00 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)
(Fertilized/ Non-
fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer Application Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT)
(App.rate * Area)
Tobacco Burley SHF (0.08%)
794ha - Fertilized (0.08%)
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 238,20 Urea 46% 200,00 158,80
CAN 27% 150,00 119,10
Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 238,20
CAN 27% 300,00 238,20
Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 238,20
CAN 27% 150,00 119,10
Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 238,20
Urea 46% 200,00 158,80
Total 1.746,80
Tabela 8i: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Cabo Delgado
Cabo Delgado Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
36
Total land area (ha): 7.877.800,00
Total land area cultivated:
419.918,00 5,33
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 0,00
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 41,00 0,010
Cabo Delgado Province= 419.918,00 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer
Area of land (Ha)
(Fertilized/ Non-
fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer Application Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT)
(App.rate * Area)
Tobacco Burley SHF (0.01%)
41ha - Fertilized (0.01%)
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 12,30
Urea 46% 200,00 8,20
CAN 27% 150,00 6,15
Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 12,30
CAN 27% 300,00 12,30
Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 12,30
CAN 27% 150,00 6,15
Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 12,30
Urea 46% 200,00 8,20
Total 90,20
Tabela 8j: Estimates of Fertilizer Use By Crop in Niassa
Niassa Province Area (ha) Percentage (%)
Total land area (ha): 12.282.700,00
Total land area cultivated:
324.953,00 2,65
Large Scale Farmer (ha) 17.500,00 5,39
Small Holder Farmer (ha) 13.390,00 4,12
Niassa Province= 1.128.223,00 ha Cultivated
Crops Type of Farmer Area of land (Ha)
(Fertilized/ Non-
fertilized)
Type of Fertilizer Application Rate
(Kg/Ha)
Total Fertilizer
Used (MT) (App.rate
* Area) Tobacco Burley SHF (4.12%) 13,390ha -
Fertilized (4.12%)
NPK 12-12-12 300,00 4.017,00
Urea 46% 200,00 2.678,00
CAN 27% 150,00 2.008,50
Tobacco DFC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 4.017,00
37
CAN 27% 300,00 4.017,00
Tobacco FCV NPK 12:20:20 300,00 4.017,00
CAN 27% 150,00 2.008,50
Tobacco DAC NPK 12:12:12 300,00 4.017,00
Urea 46% 200,00 2.678,00
0,00
Eucalyptus LSF (5.39%) 52,200ha - Fertilized (1,60%)
NPK 18:28:4:5:1:1 200 1.040,00
Pines 12,300ha - Fertilized (3,79%)
NPK 18:28:4:5:1:1 110 1.353,00
Total 31.851,00
It is also important to mention that in Mozambique there has been little effort made to date to undertake
studies to determine specific fertilizer recommendations by soil nature and crop. However, despite limited
resources, the former National Institute for Agronomic Research (INIA) produced a basic guide on fertilizer
needs per crop in 1998, which constitutes an important step in the improvement of fertilizer
management. The recommendations developed by INIA are presented in Table 9.No recommendation
were made in relation to application of potash (K2O) or micronutrients.
Table 9: Mozambican crop research fertilizer recommendations (kg/ha)
Crop N P2O3
Maize 30-100 0-60
Rice 50-100 0-60
Wheat 30-60 0-30
Soybean 0-20 0-40
Groundnut 0-25 0-60
Beans 30-60 0-45
Cotton 20-60 20-60
Sunflower 30-80 0-60
Potatoes 60-100 30-60
Source: Guerts (1997).
38
5.0. HOW TO DEAL WITH GAPS/MISSING DATA
The absence of reliable institutional documentation/reports and tools to collect data for fertilizer
importation, distribution and use is the major constraint. In order to address this it important to look
carefully at some of the following point:
The GoM should indicate the responsible institution and make available competent staff that will
be collecting and monitoring fertilizer related data;
The research institutions should conduct research on fertilizer recommendations for specific
crops and regions;
The TIA survey should capture much more fertilizer related data.
The easy way to deal with missing data and/or gaps is to use the available data from FAOSTAT and other
international organizations. The other way to deal with is to use the projections that made available by
MINAG/DE and INE. However, this data does not represent real situation about fertilizer information. Also,
some importers (such as Greenbelt Lda and Mozfert Lda) produce fertilizer recommendation rates (kg/ha)
for their clients, and having the estimated planted area (ha) that is being provided by INE and MINAG/DE
through TIAs, one can estimate the fertilizer consumption (tons).
6.0. COST EFFECTIVE WAYS TO COLLECTING REAL FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION & FUBC DATA IN THE
CONTEXT OF MOZAMBIQUE.
During the collection of the fertilizer related data was noted that the data varied from one institution to
another, in terms of variables captured, frequency of collection, tools used to collect the information, the
management of the collected information, and trustfulness of the public institutions on these matters.
Therefore, it urgent to establish cost-effective way of collecting data based on consumption and fertilizer
use by crops per nutrient, and some of the things that need to be put in place include the following:
The GoM and other stakeholders in the fertilizer value channel should have qualified staff and
equipped with needed tools at the entrance points (Beira, Maputo and Nacala ports,and
major border posts) for verification, recording and monitoring of fertilizer and fertilizer
supplements imports and exports;
Through IFDC, IFA, and AFAP, the GoM should get assistance on capacity building by short
course trainings of statisticians at regions and district level for fertilizer data collection;
Through Hub dealers and Agro-dealers, the GoM should establish an automated system that
will connect the districts and DNSA/IIAM for easy access of fertilizer availability and utilization
at village levels, which would include the amounts and type of fertilizer used;
These information would be collected with two years intervals, i.e., after every two years;
Also, the GoM would use pre-established simplified survey form for Hub Agro-dealers, Agro-
dealers, and extension agents.
39
7.0. REFERENCES Cunguara, B., Garrett, J., Donovan, C. e Cássimo, C. 2013. Análisesituacional, constrangimentos e
oportunidades para o crescimento agrário em Moçambique.Maputo, Moçambique: Direcção de
Economia, Ministério da Agricultura.
Folmer. 1997. “Soil Fertility Decline. Serie Terra e Agua,” Instituto Nacional de InvestigaçãoAgronómica.
Comunicação n° 89.
INE, 2011. Statistical Yearbook. Mozambican Government. Maputo, Mozambique.
INE, 2012. Statistical Yearbook. Mozambican Government. Maputo, Mozambique.
INE, 2013. Statistical Yearbook. Mozambican Government. Maputo, Mozambique.
MINAG. 2010. “Proposta de Estratégia Nacional de Irrigação.”
MINAG. 2011. “Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento do Sector Agrário.”
Pitoro et al. 2007. “Baseline Survey of Agricultural Input Markets in Beira and Nacala Development
Corridors,” Preparado para o Centro de Estudos Sócio Económicos (IIAM) epara o International Fertilizer
Development Center (IFDC).
TIA, 2012. Inquerito Agricola Integrado. MINAG/DE, Agriculture Survey. Maputo, Mozambique.
Zandamela, Carlos B. 2004. “Assessment and Strategy for Development of the Fertilizer Market,
Mozambique,” Preparado para o African Centre for Fertilizer Development comocontribuição para o
Regional Fertilizer Procurement and Distribution Initiative.
40
8.0. Appendices