Constructive or Constructive or Destructive?Destructive?

Changing Earth’s SurfaceChanging Earth’s Surface

Constructive? Destructive?Constructive? Destructive?

What do these two terms mean?What do these two terms mean? Constructive:Constructive: Destructive:Destructive:

What, on Earth, would you consider to be What, on Earth, would you consider to be constructive and destructive?constructive and destructive?

What causes the constructive and What causes the constructive and destructive events on Earth?destructive events on Earth?

Tectonic Plate BoundariesTectonic Plate Boundaries

As you know, tectonic As you know, tectonic plate boundaries are plate boundaries are responsible for many responsible for many changes on Earth. What changes on Earth. What are some of those features are some of those features and events? and events?

Which of these are Which of these are Constructive? Constructive? Destructive?Destructive?

VolcanoesVolcanoes

Are Volcanoes Are Volcanoes constructive or constructive or destructive?destructive?

Give an example of Give an example of when they could be when they could be one or the other, or one or the other, or even both.even both.

Ring of FireRing of Fire

The Ring of Fire refers to The Ring of Fire refers to the large amount of the large amount of volcanoes that wrap volcanoes that wrap around the Pacific Ocean.around the Pacific Ocean.

That sounds like a lot of That sounds like a lot of new land being formed. new land being formed. How long do you think it How long do you think it takes to develop life on takes to develop life on those islands?those islands?

What is a fault?What is a fault?

We are still dealing with We are still dealing with compression, tension, compression, tension, and shear stress.and shear stress.

Faults and animationsFaults and animations More faults and animationsMore faults and animations Hanging and Foot wallsHanging and Foot walls

The Three Types of FaultsThe Three Types of Faults

Caused by tensionCaused by tension

Caused by compressionCaused by compression

Caused by shear stressCaused by shear stress

MountainsMountains

How were mountains How were mountains formed at tectonic formed at tectonic plate boundaries?plate boundaries?

How else do How else do mountains form?mountains form?

MountainsMountains

By the end of this section you should have By the end of this section you should have recorded information on recorded information on Fault-block mountainsFault-block mountains Upwarped mountainsUpwarped mountains Volcanic mountainsVolcanic mountains Folded mountainsFolded mountains

Aren’t All Mountains the Same?Aren’t All Mountains the Same?

Check out this little video about the types Check out this little video about the types of mountains.of mountains.

MountainsMountains

The Four Types of MountainsThe Four Types of Mountains

Fault BlockFault Block VolcanicVolcanic

The Four Types of MountainsThe Four Types of Mountains

Folded UpwarpedFolded Upwarped

Can You Make It?Can You Make It?

Mount Everest GameMount Everest Game

What Do You Know?What Do You Know?

In your assigned groups, answer the four In your assigned groups, answer the four questions with as many good answers as questions with as many good answers as possible.possible.

You are competing for bonus points, so You are competing for bonus points, so don’t discuss your answers too loudly!!don’t discuss your answers too loudly!!

WeatheringWeathering

Weathering, in Weathering, in general, is the general, is the breakdown of rock breakdown of rock into smaller and into smaller and smaller pieces.smaller pieces.

You may also You may also consider the consider the movement of material movement of material due to weathering due to weathering processesprocesses

Mechanical WeatheringMechanical Weathering

Mechanical weathering Mechanical weathering is the breakdown of is the breakdown of rock by PHYSICAL rock by PHYSICAL means, such as ice, means, such as ice, wind, water, gravity, wind, water, gravity, plants, and animalsplants, and animals

Mechanical Weathering - IceMechanical Weathering - Ice

When water seeps When water seeps into rocks and into rocks and freezes, it expands.freezes, it expands.

When it expands, it When it expands, it breaks up the rocks.breaks up the rocks.

Mechanical Weathering - WindMechanical Weathering - Wind

Wind causes abrasion Wind causes abrasion when it blows smaller when it blows smaller rocks and sand rocks and sand against other rocks, against other rocks, which wears them which wears them down.down.

This action is like This action is like sandpaper.sandpaper.

Mechanical Weathering - WaterMechanical Weathering - Water

Moving water causes Moving water causes abrasion when it abrasion when it carries small rocks carries small rocks and particles with it, and particles with it, which rub against which rub against other rocks, wearing other rocks, wearing them down.them down.

This action is like This action is like sand paper.sand paper.

Mechanical Weathering - WaterMechanical Weathering - Water

Underground water Underground water flow can also cause flow can also cause sink holes. sink holes.

Mechanical Weathering - GravityMechanical Weathering - Gravity

Gravity causes rocks Gravity causes rocks and smaller particles and smaller particles to fall or tumble, to fall or tumble, causing abrasion causing abrasion when they rub against when they rub against other rocks and wear other rocks and wear them down.them down.

This action is like This action is like sandpaper.sandpaper.

Mechanical Weathering – Mechanical Weathering – Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals

Plant roots move into Plant roots move into existing cracks and then existing cracks and then continue to grow, continue to grow, breaking up the rock.breaking up the rock.

Plant roots (which usually Plant roots (which usually help hold soil) can cause help hold soil) can cause the soil to loosen and the soil to loosen and erode in some areas.erode in some areas.

Animals create burrows Animals create burrows and tunnels through the and tunnels through the soil, such as ants, worms, soil, such as ants, worms, and moles.and moles.

Chemical WeatheringChemical Weathering

Chemical weathering Chemical weathering is the breakdown of is the breakdown of rocks and minerals rocks and minerals into new substances into new substances by CHEMICAL means by CHEMICAL means such as water, acids, such as water, acids, air, and soil.air, and soil.

Chemical Weathering - WaterChemical Weathering - Water

Water, even though it Water, even though it may be a slow may be a slow process, can dissolve process, can dissolve minerals and rocks.minerals and rocks.

This process is similar This process is similar to you dissolving to you dissolving sugar in a glass of sugar in a glass of water.water.

Chemical Weathering – Chemical Weathering – Acid PrecipitationAcid Precipitation

Precipitation naturally Precipitation naturally contains small contains small amounts of acid (such amounts of acid (such as sulfuric and nitric as sulfuric and nitric acids) which break acids) which break down materials they down materials they come in contact with.come in contact with.

This is worse in areas This is worse in areas with lots of factories.with lots of factories.

Chemical Weathering – Chemical Weathering – Acids in Ground WaterAcids in Ground Water

Sometimes water in Sometimes water in the ground contains the ground contains weak acids (such as weak acids (such as carbonic or sulfuric carbonic or sulfuric acids) which dissolve acids) which dissolve rocks like limestone.rocks like limestone.

This process is what This process is what creates caves and creates caves and caverns.caverns.

Chemical Weathering – Chemical Weathering – Acids in Living ThingsAcids in Living Things

Organisms such as Organisms such as lichens, which grow on lichens, which grow on rocks (and trees), rocks (and trees), produce acids as a waste produce acids as a waste product. product.

These acids slowly break These acids slowly break down the rocks.down the rocks.

This is how soil starts to This is how soil starts to form from rocks.form from rocks.

Chemical Weathering - AirChemical Weathering - Air

Oxygen in the air Oxygen in the air reacts with iron to reacts with iron to create iron oxide – create iron oxide – rust, which can be rust, which can be seen in rocks that seen in rocks that contain iron.contain iron.

Differential WeatheringDifferential Weathering

When softer, less When softer, less weather resistant weather resistant rocks wear away and rocks wear away and expose harder, more expose harder, more weather resistant weather resistant rocks.rocks.

This is Devil’s Tower, This is Devil’s Tower, which is the remains which is the remains of the inside of a of the inside of a volcano.volcano.

Weathering Rate by SizeWeathering Rate by Size

The smaller a rock is, The smaller a rock is, the faster it will erodethe faster it will erode

Consider: dissolving a Consider: dissolving a sugar cube or regular sugar cube or regular sugarsugar

KEEP IN MIND...KEEP IN MIND...The next slides of wave The next slides of wave

erosion, wind erosion, erosion, wind erosion, glaciers, and mass glaciers, and mass movement are all examples movement are all examples of of mechanical weatheringmechanical weathering!!!!

Wave EnergyWave Energy

Waves carry a lot of energy, which is Waves carry a lot of energy, which is capable of moving large amounts of capable of moving large amounts of material.material.

Wave Energy - BeachesWave Energy - Beaches

Beaches are any area of shoreline made Beaches are any area of shoreline made up of materials deposited by waves.up of materials deposited by waves.

Wave Energy - Sea CliffsWave Energy - Sea Cliffs

Waves erode and cut into the rock, Waves erode and cut into the rock, creating steep slopes.creating steep slopes.

Wave Energy - Sea ArchesWave Energy - Sea Arches

Sea Arches form when waves continue to Sea Arches form when waves continue to erode the rock and cut througherode the rock and cut through

Wave Energy - Sea StacksWave Energy - Sea Stacks

Sea stacks used to be Sea stacks used to be connected to the connected to the mainland, but have mainland, but have been eroded.been eroded.

Wind ErosionWind Erosion

Wind is powerful and can change the Wind is powerful and can change the landscape.landscape.

The changes depend on the amount of The changes depend on the amount of wind and the material that makes up the wind and the material that makes up the land.land.

Wind Erosion - DunesWind Erosion - Dunes

Dunes are mounds of Dunes are mounds of wind deposited sand wind deposited sand that continue to move that continue to move around.around.

GlaciersGlaciers

A glacier, in general, A glacier, in general, is a large mass of is a large mass of moving ice.moving ice.

Alpine GlaciersAlpine Glaciers

Alpine glaciers form in mountainous areas.Alpine glaciers form in mountainous areas.

These carve These carve out rugged out rugged features in features in mountains.mountains.

Continental GlaciersContinental Glaciers

Continental Glaciers are large ice sheets that Continental Glaciers are large ice sheets that can cover millions of square kilometers.can cover millions of square kilometers.

Antarctica is covered Antarctica is covered by a glacier more by a glacier more than 1.5 X the size of than 1.5 X the size of the U.S. and that the U.S. and that is even up to 4,000 is even up to 4,000 meters thick in some places! meters thick in some places!

Glacial DepositsGlacial Deposits

Glacial deposits are all of the material that Glacial deposits are all of the material that is carried and deposited by glaciers.is carried and deposited by glaciers.

Glacial Deposits – Glacial Deposits – Striated DriftStriated Drift

Striated Drift means that the rocks and Striated Drift means that the rocks and material have been sorted out by size and material have been sorted out by size and are in layers.are in layers.

Glacial Deposits – Glacial Deposits – Till DepositsTill Deposits

Till deposits is Till deposits is unsorted material unsorted material deposited by the deposited by the glacier.glacier.

Mass Movement Mass Movement

Mass movement is Mass movement is the movement of any the movement of any material down slope.material down slope.

Gravity controls mass Gravity controls mass movement.movement.

It can be a slow or It can be a slow or fast process.fast process.

Mass Movement – Rock FallMass Movement – Rock Fall

Loosened and exposed rock may fall in Loosened and exposed rock may fall in chunks or slide down a slope.chunks or slide down a slope.

This happens quickly.This happens quickly.

Mass Movement - LandslideMass Movement - Landslide

Large amounts of Large amounts of material move material move downward quickly.downward quickly.

Mass Movement - MudflowMass Movement - Mudflow

Mudflows are large amounts of flowing Mudflows are large amounts of flowing mud.mud.

This happens This happens when water when water combines combines with rocks with rocks and soil. and soil.

Mass Movement - LaharsMass Movement - Lahars

Lahars are mudflows Lahars are mudflows made from water, soil, made from water, soil, and volcanic ash.and volcanic ash.

This material is This material is similar to concrete.similar to concrete.

Mass Movement - CreepMass Movement - Creep

Creep is a slow Creep is a slow movement of areas of movement of areas of land.land.

ReferencesReferences http://picasaweb.google.com/jfcarr/HockingHills02/photo#5113918686357241474http://picasaweb.google.com/jfcarr/HockingHills02/photo#5113918686357241474 http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jensenl/visuals/album/2005/up/sandpointcliffs.jpghttp://www-personal.umich.edu/~jensenl/visuals/album/2005/up/sandpointcliffs.jpg http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/images/lithosphere/eolian/wind_erosion_New_Mexico_phttp://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/images/lithosphere/eolian/wind_erosion_New_Mexico_p

0772931600_NRCS.jpg0772931600_NRCS.jpg http://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/CA_erosion.jpghttp://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/CA_erosion.jpg http://graphics.jsonline.com/graphics/news/img/apr05/beach2041005.jpghttp://graphics.jsonline.com/graphics/news/img/apr05/beach2041005.jpg http://www.worms.com/worm-pdfs/images/childrens_guide_to_vermicomposting_img_41.jpghttp://www.worms.com/worm-pdfs/images/childrens_guide_to_vermicomposting_img_41.jpg http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1068194/2/istockphoto_1068194_zion_national_park_treehttp://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1068194/2/istockphoto_1068194_zion_national_park_tree

_growing_out_of_rock.jpg_growing_out_of_rock.jpg http://www.slrphotographyguide.com/images/slow-water.jpghttp://www.slrphotographyguide.com/images/slow-water.jpg

http://www.fortunebaycompany.com/Ice%20Floe%20Trip/Ice%20Cave%20Pic.jpghttp://www.fortunebaycompany.com/Ice%20Floe%20Trip/Ice%20Cave%20Pic.jpg http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/174100main_planet_plants_lg.jpghttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/174100main_planet_plants_lg.jpg http://www.adamk.ca/images/CW31K.jpghttp://www.adamk.ca/images/CW31K.jpg http://www.decoutances.co.uk/images/Williams%20Stream%20Outlet%201.jpghttp://www.decoutances.co.uk/images/Williams%20Stream%20Outlet%201.jpg http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/PollutionPrevention/images/chemicals.JPGhttp://www.dtsc.ca.gov/PollutionPrevention/images/chemicals.JPG http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/831/35069201.JPGhttp://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/831/35069201.JPG http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/gips/images/baluslrg.gifhttp://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/gips/images/baluslrg.gif http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg301c/hudson_grg_301c/schedule/4_water_geomorph_images/11_karhttp://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/hudson/grg301c/hudson_grg_301c/schedule/4_water_geomorph_images/11_kar

st/1.jpgst/1.jpg http://www.gallagherstravels.com/States/VA/SarecenTentCaveFormation.jpghttp://www.gallagherstravels.com/States/VA/SarecenTentCaveFormation.jpg http://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/29/71/23367129.jpghttp://images.jupiterimages.com/common/detail/29/71/23367129.jpg http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NasaNews/ReleaseImages/20040517/01_bandiron.jpghttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NasaNews/ReleaseImages/20040517/01_bandiron.jpg http://www.letsgodigital.org/images/artikelen/39/mount-everest.jpghttp://www.letsgodigital.org/images/artikelen/39/mount-everest.jpg http://www.marketobservation.com/blogs/media/blogs/priveq/Everest.jpghttp://www.marketobservation.com/blogs/media/blogs/priveq/Everest.jpg http://scoutingclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/mount_whitney.jpghttp://scoutingclub.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/mount_whitney.jpg

More referencesMore references

http://www.sugarcubes.ca/sugarcubes_files/baby%20sugar%20cubes%20md%20web.jpghttp://www.sugarcubes.ca/sugarcubes_files/baby%20sugar%20cubes%20md%20web.jpg http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/food/sugar/gfx/sugar_top.jpghttp://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/food/sugar/gfx/sugar_top.jpg http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/images/waves_3.jpghttp://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/images/waves_3.jpg http://www.destination360.com/europe/portugal/portugal-beaches.phphttp://www.destination360.com/europe/portugal/portugal-beaches.php http://www.brooklynparrots.com/uploaded_images/parrots-invade-nj-beaches2-719501.jpghttp://www.brooklynparrots.com/uploaded_images/parrots-invade-nj-beaches2-719501.jpg http://www.myantigua.org/antigua/images/gen_pages/beaches/ant_long_beach_lg.jpghttp://www.myantigua.org/antigua/images/gen_pages/beaches/ant_long_beach_lg.jpg http://www.cinnamonrainbows.com/weeklypic/HUGE%20Wave.jpghttp://www.cinnamonrainbows.com/weeklypic/HUGE%20Wave.jpg http://www.celebratebig.com/pacific-northwest/vancouver-island-barkley-sound-deer-island-grouphttp://www.celebratebig.com/pacific-northwest/vancouver-island-barkley-sound-deer-island-group

-bamfield-tofino-kayaking/barkley-sound-vancouver-island-deer-group-rock-sea-arch.jpg-bamfield-tofino-kayaking/barkley-sound-vancouver-island-deer-group-rock-sea-arch.jpg http://great-hikes.com/blog/images/KalalauLastCave.jpghttp://great-hikes.com/blog/images/KalalauLastCave.jpg http://wallpaper.travelblog.org/Wallpaper/pix/tb_mui_ne_sand_dunes.jpghttp://wallpaper.travelblog.org/Wallpaper/pix/tb_mui_ne_sand_dunes.jpg http://www.uvm.edu/whale//GlaciersWhatAre.htmlhttp://www.uvm.edu/whale//GlaciersWhatAre.html http://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/images/photographic/nh09.jpghttp://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/images/photographic/nh09.jpg http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/photos/ep/hike/TerraceCliff.jpghttp://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/photos/ep/hike/TerraceCliff.jpg http://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/globalvolcanoes.pnghttp://www.aegweb.org/images/Geologic%20Hazards/globalvolcanoes.png http://www.iguanaverdetours.com/images/ivpoas.jpghttp://www.iguanaverdetours.com/images/ivpoas.jpg http://pirate.shu.edu/~schoenma/mountains.htmhttp://pirate.shu.edu/~schoenma/mountains.htm http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_03_img0412.jpghttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_03_img0412.jpg

And Yet Even More ReferencesAnd Yet Even More References http://www.susanmilne.com/glacier/gla-norsun3.jpghttp://www.susanmilne.com/glacier/gla-norsun3.jpg http://geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/wpk/pe/a/harbbook/c_viii/images/alpine/Bee0050.GIFhttp://geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/wpk/pe/a/harbbook/c_viii/images/alpine/Bee0050.GIF http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/morphology1/ContinentalIce.jpghttp://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/morphology1/ContinentalIce.jpg http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/vft/img/glacial1.jpghttp://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/vft/img/glacial1.jpg http://geogweb.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Wells/geomorph/striated.jpghttp://geogweb.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Wells/geomorph/striated.jpg http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/images/fig162.jpghttp://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/images/fig162.jpg http://nesoil.com/images/tillcut.jpghttp://nesoil.com/images/tillcut.jpg http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/mass_wasting_erosion/landslide_La_Conchita_CA_UShttp://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/mass_wasting_erosion/landslide_La_Conchita_CA_US

GS_slide21.jpgGS_slide21.jpg http://www.boingboing.net/images/_us.yimg.com_p_ap_20050110_capt.cadd10101102308.topix_california_stormhttp://www.boingboing.net/images/_us.yimg.com_p_ap_20050110_capt.cadd10101102308.topix_california_storm

_cadd101.jpg_cadd101.jpg http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/jpg-Kimmeridge/6KM-collapse-two.jpghttp://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/jpg-Kimmeridge/6KM-collapse-two.jpg http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/salvadorquake/landslide.jpghttp://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/salvadorquake/landslide.jpg http://hkss.cedd.gov.hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/images/PoShanLandslide.jpghttp://hkss.cedd.gov.hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/images/PoShanLandslide.jpg http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/8211/siano2.jpghttp://www.geocities.com/RainForest/8211/siano2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG/800px-Lahar_Mount_Pinhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lahar_Mount_Pinatubo.JPG/800px-Lahar_Mount_Pin

atubo.JPGatubo.JPG http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/mw_images/trlwood_meander_1982.jpghttp://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/fargo_geology/mass_wasting/mw_images/trlwood_meander_1982.jpg

http://www.ndsu.edu/nd_geology/nd_mass_wasting/images_mass_wasting/creep_kathryn1.jpghttp://www.ndsu.edu/nd_geology/nd_mass_wasting/images_mass_wasting/creep_kathryn1.jpg http://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/EH/Below/Images/sinkhole%20BIG.jpghttp://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/EH/Below/Images/sinkhole%20BIG.jpg http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/mcgsc/images/nixa_sinkhole_sm.jpghttp://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/mcgsc/images/nixa_sinkhole_sm.jpg http://www.gasd.k12.pa.us/~dpompa/Plate%20Boundaries.JPGhttp://www.gasd.k12.pa.us/~dpompa/Plate%20Boundaries.JPG http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/20231-004-008EFA7E.jpghttp://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/20231-004-008EFA7E.jpg