construction methods

7/28/2019 Construction Methods

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GREEN BUILDING:

CONSTRUCTION

METHOD

BY: JEREMY CRESECIO ARC41


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The Benefits of Going GreenIntegrating Green Methods into your projects offers

many benefits

Higher Quality, Lower Maintenance, Good for the Environment

Green building products are stronger, last longer, use

resources more efficiently, or are manufactured in an environmentally

sound manner. At prices that are comparable to conventional options,

going green is easy.

Greater Comfort and Lower Utility Bills

Comfort drives high energy use. It provide continuous

comfort while reducing utility bills.

Healthier Products and Practices for Families

The air inside homes is one of the most significant threats toour family's health.

Healthy Communities

Living green extends beyond the boundary of the individual

home to the entire community. It protect the environment, support the

local economy.


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Construction Methods:


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i.Green Roof

Plants have been used on roofs forthousands of years, from sod roofs in Europe to the

hanging gardens of Babylon. But in the last 50 years

this practice has evolved into what are now called

green roofs, living roofs or eco-roofs. Green roofs

are those that have been planted with specific

vegetation using a well-researched sustainable

design methodology. They are an exciting newdevelopment in the sustainable building movement,

and are gaining in popularity across the world.


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Types of Green Roof

Two basic types:

Intensive Living RoofsThese incorporate plants from between 1 to 15 feet

high, including shrubs and trees. They require deep levels of soil

to support them and a weight-loading roof. They support a high

level of plant and wildlife diversity, but require ongoing

maintenance and extensive irrigation. They are not suitable for

most domestic buildings.

Extensive Living Roofs

These incorporate low-lying plants from 2 to 6 inches

high. They require only a few inches of soil to support them,

and only need a low weight-loading roof. They are lowmaintenance and can be used for any kind of roof, including

sheds, garages, houses, balconies, extensions and outhouses,

and also commercial buildings.


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Benefits of Green Roofs

There are a number of social, economic and

environmental benefits to green roofs, including:

Increasing home energy efficiency - cooling in summer,

insulation in winter

Filtering and cleaning toxins from both air and water

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions

Retaining rainwater before it evaporates, reducing the

likelihood of flooding

Reducing urban temperatures and associated smog

Insulating against sound and noise

Preserving and enhancing biodiversity

Providing aesthetic appeal and 'green space'

recreational opportunities


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II. Environmental

Friendly, Non

Toxic Paint

All paints contain three main components:pigment (colour), a binder (holds the paint together)

and a carrier (disperses the binder).

VOCs are organic (carbon based) chemical

compounds that evaporate easily in the atmosphere,and are known to be a major contributor to global

climate change. Many of them are highly toxic and

linked with numerous health problems such as

respiratory disease, asthma, dizziness, headaches,

nausea, fatigue, skin disorders, eye irritation, liver and

kidney damage and even cancer. Modern chemical

paints continue to emit VOCs many years after their

application.


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Eco Labels for Paints

Non-toxic paints are often called Low-VOC,

No-VOC, VOC-Free, odourless, odour-free and green,

natural or organic paints. There are no set standards

for defining these labels, and they are widely

misused for marketing purposes. To help consumers

make informed decisions on their paint purchases,

various ecological labels have been developed by

different countries to indicate that the paint has

fulfilled certain environmental requirements, in

accordance with respective government regulations.


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Natural Paints

Natural paints are the only true non-toxic paint

since they contain no VOCs, and are made from natural

ingredients such as water, vegetable oils, plant dyes, and

natural minerals.

The main binders used in natural paints are:

linseed oil (from flax seeds), clay, lime, and milk protein.

Lime and milk paints give an authentic period look, and

are often used in antique restoration projects.

Chalk is used as an extender to thicken paint;

turpentine (distilled from pine trees) is used as a solvent;

essential oils from citrus fruits (d-limonene) are used as a

solvent and fragrance; and natural mineral and earth

pigments are used as colorants.


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The main benefits of

natural paints are:

Non-toxic - no hazardous fumes or harmful effects on

health. This is significant for allergy sufferers and

chemically sensitive people who are unable to tolerate

chemical paints.

Environmentally Friendly - use renewable resources; are

biodegradable, can even be composted.

Micro-Porous - allow walls and surfaces to breathe,

preventing condensation and damp problems, and

reducing associated indoor allergens. They are also lessprone to paint flaking, peeling and blistering.


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III. Insulation

Materials

Insulation is a key component of

sustainable building design. A well insulatedhome reduces energy bills by keeping warm

in the winter and cool in the summer, and

this in turn cuts down carbon emissions

linked to global climate change.


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1. Conventional Insulation

Conventional insulation materials are

made from petrochemicals and include: fibreglass,

mineral wool, polystyrene, polyurethane foam,

and multi-foils. These materials are widely used

because not only are they inexpensive to buy and

install, but there is an assumption from the

building industry that their performance ability is

higher than the natural alternatives.


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2. Natural Insulation Materials

Different types of Natural Insulation Materials:

1. Sheep's WoolIt has very low embodied energy (unless it is imported)

and performs exceptionally well as an insulation material.

Thermafleece is the most common commercial brand available.

2. Flax and Hemp

Natural plant fibres that are available in batts and rolls,and typically contain borates that act as a fungicide, insecticide and

fire retardant. Examples include Isonat and Flax 100.

3. Cellulose

It is one of the most favoured materials of natural

builders because it can be blown into cavity walls, floors and roofs;used as a loose fill; and is also available in quilts, boards and batts.

Products include: Warmcell and Ecocel.

.


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4. Wood Fibre

Made from wood chips that have beencompressed into boards or batts using water or natural

resins as a binder. It has very low embodied energy

and uses by-products from the forestry industry.

Examples include: Pavatex, Thermowall and

Homatherm.

5. Expanded Clay Aggregate

These are small fired clay pellets that expand

at very high temperatures to become lightweight,

porous and weight-bearing. They can be used in

foundations as both an insulator and aggregate. Theyhave excellent thermal insulation properties, but high

embodied energy


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IV. Natural Materials

and Biomass Roofing

Different Types of Biomass Roofing

1. Thatch

Thatch is one of the oldest forms of roofing, dating

back thousands of years.

All sorts of plants have been used for thatching in Britain:

oats, reeds, broom, heather, bracken and various grasses.But today only three main thatching materials are used:

water reed, wheat reed and long straw.

2. Wood Tiles: Shingles and Shakes

They are traditionally made by hand-splitting logsinto small wedge shaped pieces, but today most are

manufactured by machine. There are two basic types:

shingles, which are sawn, and shakes, which are split.

Shakes are thicker and have a more rustic, rough look,

whilst shingles are thinner and smoother


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V. Use of Environmental

Friendly Concrete

Concrete in its traditional form is made fromcement, mixed with a range of coarse aggregates such as

gravel, limestone or granite, and some finer particle

aggregates such as sand or fly ash.

Concrete is also claimed to be a huge source ofcarbon emissions into the atmosphere. Some claim that

concrete is responsible for up to 5% of the world's total

amount of carbon emissions, which contribute to

greenhouse gases. This is created in the heat that is needed

to create the raw cement - cement is burnt at hightemperatures, and materials such as limestone must be

burnt to create the high temperature.


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Novacem's new version of concrete, uses adifferent raw material, magnesium sulphate, which

requires much less heating. Novacem claim that each

tonne of cement can absorb up to 0.6 tonnes of CO2.

This is opposed to figures that claim that each tonne

of old style cement emits about 0.4 tonnes of CO2.

Novacem

VI Pollution


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VI. Pollution

From

Construction

The construction industry is a major source of pollution,

responsible for around 4% of particulate emissions, more

water pollution incidents than any other industry, and

thousands of noise complaints every year. Although

construction activities also pollute the soil, the main

areas of concern are: air, water and noise pollution.


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Air Pollution

Construction activities that contribute to air pollution

include: land clearing, operation of diesel engines, demolition,

burning, and working with toxic materials.

Water Pollution

Sources of water pollution on building sites include:

diesel and oil; paint, solvents, cleaners and other harmful

chemicals; and construction debris and dirt.

Noise Pollution

Construction sites produce a lot of noise, mainly from

vehicles, heavy equipment and machinery, but also from people

shouting and radios turned up too loud.


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Measures to Prevent Pollution

1. Minimize land disturbance and leave maximum vegetation

cover.

2. Control dust through fine water sprays used to dampen down

the site.

3. Screen the whole site to stop dust spreading, or alternatively,

place fine mesh screening close to the dust source.

4. Cover skips and trucks loaded with construction materials and

continually damp down with low levels of water.

5. Cover piles of building materials like cement, sand and other

powders, regularly inspect for spillages, and locate them wherethey will not be washed into waterways or drainage areas.

6. Use non-toxic paints, solvents and other hazardous materials

wherever possible


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7. Segregate, tightly cover and monitor toxic substances to

prevent spills and possible site contamination.

8. Cover up and protect all drains on site .

9. Collect any wastewater generated from site activities in

settlement tanks, screen, discharge the clean water, and dispose

of remaining sludge according to environmental regulations.

10. Use low sulphur diesel oil in all vehicle and equipment

engines, and incorporate the latest specifications of particulate

filters and catalytic converters.

11. No burning of materials on site.

12. Reduce noise pollution through careful handling of materials;

modern, quiet power tools, equipment and generators; low

impact technologies; and wall structures as sound shields.


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VII. Reclaimed

Materials

Reclaimed materials are those that have beenpreviously used in a building or project, and which are

then re-used in another project. The materials might

be altered, re-sized, refinished, or adapted, but they

are not reprocessed in any way, and remain in their

original form. Materials that have been reprocessedand reused in the building industry are referred to as

recycled materials.

Examples of materials that can be reclaimed

include: bricks, slate roofing, ceramic tiles, fireplaces,

doors, window frames, glass panels, metal fixtures and

fittings, stairs, cobbled stones, steel sections and

timber.


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VIII. Using Lime in

Building Techniques

Lime has been used in building techniques

for over 5,000 years. Archaeological evidence shows

it to have been in existence for this time frame due

to its resilience, durability, and water resistant

qualities.

Lime is in its original state, calcium carbonate. It is

anti-bacterial, resistant to ultra-violet light, and will allow

moisture to release from surfaces from the inside out,

rather than trapping moisture, as some other modern

coatings can do. It allows the moisture in, but unlike other

compounds, allows it out again.


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The Application of Lime in Building

The forms that lime can be used in are as follows:

1. Lime putty

2. Lime mortar: this is lime putty mixed with sand. This can

be used to bed in masonry, and is also used in pointing or

rendering brickwork, and for general plastering use.

3. Lime wash: this is lime putty diluted in water. This is used

to paint internal and external walls. A pigment can be added

to create a colour wash.


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IX. Using Locally

Sustainable

Materials

Sustainable building is an essential

aspect of widening efforts to conceive an

ecologically responsible world. A building that

is sustainable must, by nature, be constructed

using locally sustainable materials: i.e.

materials that can be used without any

adverse effect on the environment, and

which are produced locally, reducing the need

to travel.

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