construction management

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G id d B D U J K h l k Si

April 18, 2013 Construction Management Agrawal

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Govt. College of Engg., A' bad

Guided By Dr. U. J. Kahalekar Sir

Represented by Rahul Agrawal

Planning

1. Planning is the most important technique of the management.2. Planning means “Looking ahead”.3. This is mental process requiring the use of intellectual

facilities, imagination, foresight and sound judgment, to be dine, who will do it an how the results are to be evaluated.


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,4. Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human

and material resources to achieve the objectives of the project.

Site Selection Criteria considerations

1. Availability of land, soil characteristics and cover of land

2. Approach to site3. Transportation and availability of material4 A il bili f


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4. Availability of man-power5. Availability of other facilities such water supply,

electricity, drainage, etc6. Acceptance of the project by the local bodies

Financial Analysis

1. Engg. and Project management cost2. Lump sum payment for technology cost3. Engg. Fee4. Management and supervision during construction5 Enabling works


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5. Enabling works6. Construction equipment used7. Miscellaneous fixed assets8. Provision of contingencies9. Operating cost10. Working cost

Steps involved in planning

1. Crystallizing the opportunity or problem2. Securing and analyzing necessary information3. Establishing planning premises and constraints4. Ascertaining alternative course of action or plan5 Selecting optimum plan


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5. Selecting optimum plan6. Determining derivative plan7. Fixing the timing of introduction8. Arranging future evaluation of effectiveness of the plan

Objectives of Planning

1. Proper design of each element of the project2. Proper selection of equipment and machinery in big project3. Proper arrangement of repair of equipment and machinery near the site of

work to keep them ready to work4. Procurement of material well in advance5. Employment of trained and experienced staff on the project


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6. To provide welfare schemes for the staff and workers such as medical and recreational facilities

7. To provide incentive for good workers8. To arrange constant flow of funds for the completion of the project9. To provide proper safety measures such as proper ventilation, proper

arrangement of light and water10. Proper arrangements of means of communications and feedback etc..

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Advantage of Planning

1. Advantage to contractors2. Advantage to clients3. Advantage to architects/ engineer


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Advantage to contractors

1. Job is studied in details by help of bar chart2. Loss of money and help to relieve the financial burden to

contractor3. Labours requirement are used properly4 Actual work can be measured


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4. Actual work can be measured5. Job is completed in time

Limitation in Planning

1. The effectiveness of the plan depends upon the correctness of assumptions

2. Planning is expansive3. Planning delays action


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4. Planning encourages a false sense of security

Stages in Planning

1. Preplanning : objectives are clearly spelt out, general framework of the project is formulated, cost benefit analysis and investment alternatives.

2. Detailed Planning : preparation of detailed design, detailed working drawings, specifications and detailed bill of


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quantities.3. Monitoring and Control : updating of the schedule, taking

into account the actual progress of project and preparing revised forecasting regarding availability of various resources.

Types of Plans

1. Standing Plan : used repeatedly & including managements policies, procedures, rules

2. Single use Plan : used for single purpose and objective is accomplish within short period of time. (Ex. Budgets)

3 Strategic Plan : Vitally effect development of an


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3. Strategic Plan : Vitally effect development of an organization. Factor include economic, technological and environmental factors.

4. Administrative Plan : this is less subjective than strategic plan. It focus on how to accomplish objective of project or project or organization.

Contract

Contract is an agreement, which will be valid in law or enforceable by law, between or among two or more parities, for provision of supplies and/or services against consideration of monitory value, either in cash or in kind.

Types of Contract


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1. Lump Sum contract2. Cost plus fixed contract3. Cost plus bid free contract4. Guaranteed Maximum contract5. Negotiated contract6. Unit price contract

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Specification

This is description of items of work to be provided in a project along with details regarding materials to be used and workmanship to be done.

Types of Specification • General specification


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p• Detailed specification• Special specification• Restricted specification• Manufacturer’s specification

Tender Information

1. Name of the dept. calling for tenders2. Name of work and location3. Designation of officer inviting tenders4. Last date and time of receipt of tenders5. Period of availability of tender forms6. Cost of tender documents


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7. Time of completion and type of contract8. Earnest money deposits to be paid9. Date, time and place of opening tenders10. Designation of the officer opening tenders

Tender Types

1. Open tender2. Limited tender3. Single tender4. Rate contract

Tender Document

1. General consideration of tender

2. Schedule of items of work with clear specification

3 S i l diti


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3. Special conditions

Scheduling

Construction scheduling is a graphical representation which shows the phasing rate of construction

activities with the starting completion dates and sequential relationship among the various activities or operations in project so that work can be carried out


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operations in project so that work can be carried out in an orderly and effective manner.

Preparation of scheduling

1. The project is divided into number of operation and the sequences of these operation can be derived after knowing their relationship properly.

2. The quantity of work involved in each operation has to be calculated.

3 The time required for completion of the project as well as


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3. The time required for completion of the project as well as different activities are to be calculated. This can be done from the quantity of work involved and rate of performing each work.

Uses of scheduling

1. Gives quantity of work involved, labour, materials and equipment at each stage.

2. Actual progress of work can be check

Advantages of scheduling

1. Many alternative method can be choose

2. Clear idea regarding workers, materials, equipments

3. Staring time of work is known


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can be check3. Carried out in systematic

manner

4. Resources utilization is minimum

5. Actual work is monitored6. Inter-relationship of various

activities are known

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Bar chartsHenry Gantt around 1900 A.D.

Bar chart consists of two coordinate axes representing the jobs or activities to be performed and other representing time elapsed.

Following step are involved

1. Divide project into many activities


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2. List out the activities

3. Find the inter-relationship among these activities

4. Arrange activities in systematic way

5. Calculate quantity of work and time required

6. Draw it according to scale

Limitation of Bar Chart

1. They can be used only for small projects2. It does not show the interdependencies between the

various activities in project3. The progress of the work in project cannot be monitored

scientifically


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y4. Delays in the work cannot be detected5. It does not indicate critical activities of project6. It gives some idea about the physical progress of

project.7. It can’t be used as controlling devices by the project

manager to take any timely action.

Network Diagram

Network is graphical and logical model or plan which lists out the sequences of various operations (with

interdependencies) which are required to be performed for the final achievement of the project objectives.


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Terms in Network Diagram

1. Activity : any position of project which consume time ot resources and has a definite beginning and an end called as an activity. It is denoted by an arrow

2. Event : the beginning or completion of an activity is termed as an event. It indicates a particular instant of time at which


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some specific milestone has been achieved.3. Network logic : this denotes the technical dependencies

among activities. A good network logic reflects cost effectiveness of project in long run.

4. Dummy : it similar to an activity but it does not consume any resources. It represent by Dashed Arrow

Terms in Network Diagram

ActivityNode

Dummy

Representation of Activity, Node, Dummy


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1 2 3A B

Representation of Network Logic

Types of Events

1. Tail Event : which marks the beginning of an activity.2. Head Event : which marks the completion of an activity.3. Dual Role Event : which acts as tail event for one activity

and head event for other activity.4. Burst & Merge Event


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4. Burst & Merge Event

1

2

3

A

B

C4

3

2

1

A

B

C

4Burst Event

Merge Event

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Types of NETWORKS

1. Activity on Arrow (A-O-A) or Arrow Diagram : the arrow represent activities and node represent the events.

2. Activity on Node (A-O-N) or Precedence Diagram : the node represent activities and arrow represent the events.

3. Event oriented networks (PERT type)


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( yp )

Rules for drawing a Networks1. Network will have only one initial node. Initial node will be only out going

arrows2. Network can have only one final node. Final node will have only one incoming

arrow3. No activity can start until its tail event has occurred 4. An event can’t occur until all the activities leading upto it are completed5. No event can occur twice. Hence network looping isn’t permitted


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6. An arrow should represent singular situation. Individuality and separate entity of each activity should be maintained.

7. The network should be drafted such that all activities are completed to reach end objectives

8. All constraints and interdependencies should be shown properly on the network using dummies

9. Network logic should always be maintained 10. Time flow is usually shown from left to right.

Fulkerson’s Rule for Numbering the Events

1. There will be single initial event in network which has only arrows coming out of it. This event is given number 1.

2. All arrows coming out of event 1 are neglected. This provides us with one or more initial events. These event are numbered 2,3,4,5 etc.


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3. Again neglect all the arrows coming out of these numbered events. A few more initial events will be created. These are also numbered similarly.

4. This operation is continued until last event is reached and numbered.

CPM Critical Path Method

1. CPM was discovered jointly by DuPont and Reunington Rand Univac in 1957


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Difference between CPM & PERT

• CPM is activity oriented• Time estimates are of fair degree

of accuracy• Deterministic approach• Cost is governing factor

• PERT is event oriented• Time estimates are not that

accurate• Probabilistic approach• Time is governing factor


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• Project duration is fixed and cost is minimum

• Critical path which joins critical activities

• Cost is directly proportional to time

• Her critical path is path which joins the critical events

CPM• Earliest Event Time : earliest occurrence time is the earliest time

at which an event can occur.TEj = TEi + tijwhere TEj = earliest event time of head event

TEi = earliest event time of tail eventtij = duration of the activity (i-j)

• Latest Event Time : latest allowable occurrence time is the latest


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• Latest Event Time : latest allowable occurrence time is the latest time by which an event must occur to keep project on schedule.TL = TLi - tijwhere TL = latest event time of head event

TLi = earliest event time of tail eventtij = duration of the activity (i-j)

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CPM Activity Time• Earliest start time : is earliest time by which an activity can start.

– EST =TE(i)

• Earliest finish time : is earliest time by which an activity can completed.– EFT = EST = tij

• Latest start time : time at which an activity can start without delaying completion of project as whole.


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p p j– LST = LFT - tij

• Latest finish time : time at which an activity can finish without delaying completion of project as whole.

– LFT = TL(i)

Float• Float denote the flexibility range within which activity start and

finish times many fluctuate without affecting total project duration

• Total Float : it is time span by which starting or finishing of an activity can delayed without affecting overall completion time of project.

– FT = LFT – EFT• Free Float : it is that duration by which an activity can be delayed

without delaying any other succeeding activity.


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y g y g y– FF = FT - Sj

• Independent Float : it is excess time available if the preceding activity ends as late as possible and the succeeding activity starts as early as possible.

– FID = FF - Si• Interfering Float : it is that difference between total float and free

float.– FIT = FT – FF = Si

Classification of Activities

1. Sub critical activities : when float is +ve; the activity needs normal attention but has no flexibility.

2. Critical activities : when float is zero; the activity needs extra attention. This has no freedom of action.

3. Super critical activities : when float is –ve; such activities require very special attention and care


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activities require very special attention and care.

PERT• Program Evaluation and Review Technique is management tool

used for planning, controlling and reviewing a project.• It follows probabilistic approach towards time durations.• It is also event oriented network method where more importance is

given to the achievement of discernible milestone rather than the activity can’t be made.

• Slack can be positive, zero or negative


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• Positive Slack = it is obtained when TL is more than TE. It indicates on schedule condition

• Zero Slack = it TL is equal to TE. It indicate on schedule condition• Negative Slack = it TL is less than TE. It indicates behind the

schedule

Classification of Construction Equipment

1. Earth moving equipment2. Hauling Equipment3. Hoisting Equipment4. Conveying Equipment5 A d d i E i


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5. Aggregate and concrete production Equipment6. Pile Driving Equipment7. Tunneling and Rock Drilling Equipment8. Pumping and Dewatering Equipment

Excavation Equipment : Power Sovels

1. Long lasting and useful class of earth moving equipment.2. One of basic equipment employed to excavate the earth and to load the

trucks.3. It is capable of excavating all types of earth, except hard rock.4. It may be crawler mounted or wheel mounted.5. Crawler mounted have low speeds but very effective in unstable soils


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5. Crawler mounted have low speeds but very effective in unstable soils6. Wheel mounted have higher speeds and are effective only in firm soils7. The size of Power Sovels varies from 0.375 to 5 cubic meter8. Basic parts include track system, cabin, cables, rack, stick, foot pin, saddle

block, boom point sheaves and bucket.

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Excavation Equipment : Back Hoe

1. It is also termed as Hoe, Back Sovels and Pull Shovel2. Generally used to excavate below natural surface on which it rests. 3. Used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and generally grading work,

which requires precise control of depths.4. Basic parts include Boom, Jack Boom, Boom foot drum, Boom Sheave,

Stick Sheave, Bucket and Bucket Sheave.


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,

Excavation Equipment : Drag Line

1. Prominent operation of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug2. Long light crane boom and bucket is loosely attached to the boom through

cables.3. Useful in digging below its track level and handling softer materials4. The capacity of dragline is indicated by size of the bucket in cubic meters5. It can be crawler mounted, wheel mounted or trucked mounted.


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5. It can be crawler mounted, wheel mounted or trucked mounted.6. Basic part dragline include the boom, hoist cable, drag cable, hoist chain,

drag chain and bucket.

Excavation Equipment : Clamshell

1. Also named as resemblance of its bucket to a clam which is like a shell fish with hinged double shell.

2. The front end is essentially a crane boom with specially designed bucket loosely attached at the end through cables as in drag line.

3. Basic part are closing line, hoist line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell and hinge.


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Excavation Equipment : Trenching Machine

1. These are used for excavating trenches for laying pipelines, sewers, cables etc.

2. Their operation is quick giving the required depth or width.3. Wheel type : this can be used for providing depth of 3m and width ranging

from 0.3 to 0.6m. The machine consist of power driven wheel provided with a number of detachable buckets having cutting teeth.


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4. Ladder type : this consists of telescopic ladder or boom. There are two endless chains on which detachable buckets are mounted. The boom is holding the chains. The excavated material is conveyed to conveyor belt which disposes off the excavated earth.

Excavating & Earth-moving Equipment : Scrapers

1. Result of compromise between best loading and best hauling machines2. They have established an important position in the earth moving field3. It unique machine for digging and long distance hauling of ploughable

materials4. Self operating machine which digs and carry its own load through

scrapping the ground, hauls it over the required distance and discharging


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pp g g , q g g5. Classified as crawler-tractor-pulled and wheel-tractor-pulled depending on

the type of tractor used to pull them6. Basic part are bowl, apron, and tail gate or ejector.

Excavating & Earth-moving Equipment : Bull Dozers

1. These versatile equipments are commonly used in construction projects2. Heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes material from one place to other 3. Classified on basic of position of blades, mountings and controlled4. Generally used for spreading earth fill5. For opening uproot roads through mountainous and rocky terrains6 Clearing construction site


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6. Clearing construction site7. Maintaining hauls roads

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Excavating & Earth-moving Equipment : Tractors

1. These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipment or heavy loads

2. They are also used for agricultural purposes.3. Classified as crawler type tractor and wheel type tractor4. Crawler type tractor is versatile equipment used to move bull dozers,

scrapers and wagons on rough roads. The speed of this type doesn’t 12


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p g g p ypkmph normally. It isn’t used on bituminous road

5. Wheel type tractor is mounted on four wheels. The main advantage is higher speed upto 50kmph. Used for long distance hauling and on good roads. And agricultural used

Excavating Compaction Equipment :Smooth Wheel Rollers

1. Plain steel rollers, self-propelled type, weighing from 5 to 15 tones and are used for ordinarily rolling work is where deep compaction isn’t required, the principal application being wider.

2. These roller are usually diesel engine type3. Compacts only small top thickness of earth and it effect doesn’t reach

bottom of the layer


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4. After compaction roller leave the surface smooth

Excavating Compaction Equipment :Sheep Wheel Rollers

1. Compacting earth work in embankment and canals where compaction deep into layer of earth is required, these types of rollers are used

2. Tamping effect produce good effect3. Roller is hollow steel drum4. Self-propelled or as towed units5. Weigh upto 15tonnes or more and travel at speed of 25kmph


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5. Weigh upto 15tonnes or more and travel at speed of 25kmph

Excavating Compaction Equipment :Pneumatic Tyred Rollers

1. Consist of base or platform mounted between tow axles, the rear of which has one more wheel than the front

2. Tyres must be so arranged that the tracks of forward wheels lie in between tracks of backward wheels

3. Compacting fine grained soil and well graded sands4. Self propelled and ballasting is done using either water or sand or pig iron


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p p g g p gto increase self weight

Difference between Crawler & Wheeled

• Crawler type roller has slow speed

• More compact and powerful and can handle heavier jobs

• Costly • Cost of operation & maintenance

• Wheeled type roller has greater speed

• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operational & maintenance cost is

l


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pis high

• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,

maintenance & repairs

less• Wheel steering control• Moves on rough as well as good

roads• Used for longer distances• Lesser skills required for operation,

maintenance & repairs

Hauling Equipment

1. Defined as movement of material form one place to another 2. Equipment used for transportation of material is called as hauling

equipment or simply haulers3. They classified as Dump Trucks and Dumpers4. Dump trucks : used for earth moving purpose. Dumping of earth can done

rear, on the sides or at the bottom of truck.


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,5. Selection of the type of dump trucks for a specific job depends on the soil

condition and the nature of the haul road6. Dumpers : are high speed pneumatic wheeled trucks with short chassis

and strong bodies.7. The hauling and dumping and dumping is done very fast compared to other

equipment by using the dumper.

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Hoisting Equipment

1. It is the operation of lifting a weight from one location and moving it to another location which is at a reasonable distance and then dumping it.

2. Now a days, many big projects such as construction of dams, industrial buildings etc. require hoisting equipment.

3. It includes jacks, winches, chain hoists and cranes.4. As hoisting equipment, crane is only single machine which has a single

piece is capable of providing three dimensional movement of a weight


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piece, is capable of providing three dimensional movement of a weight.5. Cranes are broadly classified as

1. Stationary or derrick cranes2. Mobile cranes3. Overhead or gantry cranes4. Traveler cranes5. Tower cranes

Hoisting Equipment : Derrick Cranes

1. It consist of mast, a boom and a bull wheel on which the boom rotates about vertical axis and guys or supporting members

2. These cranes are either electrically operated, diesel operated or both3. The guy derrick has small mast supported by a number of guys and boom

pivoted at the lower end of the mast. The boom can revolve through 360’. This crane is used for heavy loads upto 200 tons.

4 When load become less then 50 tons guy ropes are replaced by trussed


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4. When load become less then 50 tons, guy ropes are replaced by trussed structure which become stiff leg derrick. It consists of mast, which can rotate and a boom. A stiff leg derrick is used for loads from 7 to 50tons.

Hoisting Equipment : Mobile Cranes

1. These are mounted on mobile units which is either crawlers type or wheel type.

2. Truck cranes have high mobility while the crawler mounted cranes move slowly.

3. Crawler type are capable of moving on rough terrain4. Used for transportation of loads to shorter distances


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Hoisting Equipment : Traveler Cranes

1. They have their crabs moving on girders which are supported on legs instead of on overhead gantry track as used in overhead cranes.

2. The legs are capable of moving on tracks laid on the floors

Hoisting Equipment : Tower Cranes


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g q p1. Used for industrial and residential high rise building.2. These are commonly used for assembly of industrial plants with steel

structures.3. Main part of crane are under carriage, slewing platform, tower with

operator’s cabin and jibs4. Tower has truss structure welded from steel bars and channels

Conveying Equipment

1. It is process of transporting material from one place to another over a stationary structure.

2. They are those which carry material in continuous stream with its distinct features such as endless chain or belt.

3. When equipment does horizontally conveying it is know as conveyor4. When equipment does vertically conveying it is know as elevator5 Ad t f


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5. Advantages of conveyor are 1. It increases output2. It facilitates continuity in operation3. It results in time saving4. These are no waiting periods

Conveying Equipment : Belt Conveyor

1. It is one of popular conveying machinery2. Used when large quantities of materials have to be conveyed over long

distances at fast speed3. Simplest form consists of belt running over a pair of end drums or pulleys

and supported at regular intervals by series of rollers called idlers4. Advantages of belt conveyor are

1 It can handles light/ heavy materials dry/ wet fine/ coarse


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1. It can handles light/ heavy materials, dry/ wet, fine/ coarse.2. Designed for conveying several thousand tons of material per hour and for

distances of several kilometers.3. Can carry material horizontally or inclined4. Lighter in weight then other conveyors5. Controlled discharge of material

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Conveying Equipment : Screw Conveyor

1. Used for handling granular or pulverized material2. Quantity of material conveyed is less compared to the belt conveyor, at

same time cost is also less.3. Can inclined maximum upto 35’4. Length of conveyor is 65m


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Conveying Equipment : Bucket Conveyor

1. Has bucket in shape of V which are open at top2. Length is limited upto 25m due to weight of the conveyor and strength of

the chains.3. Generally used for coal handling

Aggregate Production Equipment

1. Crushers are generally used to reduce size of the large stone or rock to smaller uniform sized aggregates required for concrete mix.

1. Jaw Crusher : primary crusher, operates by allowing stone to flow into the space between two jaws one of which stationary and other is movable.

2. Gyratory Crusher : hardened steel plates. Lead has long conical shape, with trough shaft suspended in bearing at the top and an eccentric base connection connected to gears.

3 C C h bl f d i l i i f if l fi


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3. Cone Crusher : are capable of producing large quantities of uniformly fine crushed stone. It has shorter cone with smaller inlet and outlet openings.

4. Roll Crusher : consists of heavy cast iron frame equipped with two counter rotating rollers mounted on separate horizontal shaft.

Factors affecting selection of Construction Equipment

1. Use of equipment available with the organization2. Suitability for job condition with special references to climatic and

operating conditions3. Uniformity of type4. Size of equipment5. Use of standard equipment


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6. Country of origin7. Unit cost of production8. Availability of spare parts and selection of manufacturers 9. Suitability of local labour for operation

Equipment Management Checklist

1. Mechanize selectively for economy of production, quality and speed of construction

2. Choose between buying, hiring and leasing3. Choose size and number of equipment including standby4. Select the prime mover –petrol/diesel/electric5. check suitability for local conditions6. Decide on mobile or stationary equipment


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6. Decide on mobile or stationary equipment7. Arrange finance for purchase8. Examine the warranties while purchasing9. Commission equipment within warranty period10. Freeze productivity norms and ensure same11. Use only trained personal for operation12. Insist on regular preventative maintenance13. Ensure that standby power is available14. Insist on safety measures

Management Information Systems in Construction Industry

• Date : it can be defined as group of non-random symbols which represent things that have happened. Data of facts that are obtained by observation or research and which are recorded frequently are called as Raw data or Basic data

• Information : the concept of information in an organizational sense is more complex and difficult than frequent use of this common word would


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more complex and difficult than frequent use of this common word would suggest. Information is data that have been interpreted and understood by the recipient of the message.

• Communication : information is transmitted by the process of communication. Communication involves the interchange of thoughts or opinion by word, letters or by similar means.

Management Information Systems in Construction Industry

• An Organization is an institute which promotes mechanism of interpersonal relations and activates collaboration many resources available such as, Monetary, technical, marketing and business.


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Requirement of MIS

• To provide an organized and efficient means of measuring, collection, verifying and qualifying data, reflecting the progress and status of operations on the project with respect to progress, cost, resources and quantity

• To provide a standard against which progress and cost can be compared• To provide an organized, accurate and effectiveness means of converting the

data from the operation into information. The information systems should be li i h ld b li i d h ld i


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realistic should be realistic and should recognize– Means of processing the information– Skills available– Value of information compared with the cost of obtaining – Report the correct and necessary information– Identify and isolate critical information– To deliver the information

Payment of Wages Act 1982

1. This act was introduced to regulate the payment of wages, imposition of fines, etc

2. The term Wages includes all remuneration including all allowances, bonus, notice pay, etc but doesn’t include house rent, water and electricity charges, travel allowance, medical allowance, pension, gratuity etc

3. Accordingly to Act, wages are to be paid promptly on a monthly basis and if any person is terminated from service, his wages should be settled within two days of the termination


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within two days of the termination.4. This Act is applicable to employees having a salary less then Rs. 1600 pm

Minimum Wages Act 1986

1. This act prevents the exploitation of the unorganized labour in the construction industry by the employers.

2. Accordingly to this Act, provision is made for the statuary fixation of minimum rate of wages in the establishment.

3. Wages to construction workers in India is paid either in time rate basis or piece rate basis

4. In the time rate basis, suitable rate of payment is fixed per unit of time that h k i d f h k


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the worker is engaged for the work5. Accordingly to this Act, different minimum rates can be fixed depending

on the class of work, type of personal employed and depending on the location of work.

Indian Contract Act 1872

• In this Act the following words and expressions are used in the following senses, unless a contrary intention appears from the context:-

– When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal

– When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto the proposal is said to be accepted A proposal when accepted


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thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise

– The person making the proposal is called the" promisor and the person accepting the proposal is called the It promise"

– When, at the desire of the promisor, the promise or any other person has clone or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such Act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise

Workmen Compensation Act 1. In case of death: 40% of the monthly wage of the deceased workman,

multiplied by the relevant factor or Rs. 20,000; whichever is more. 2. In case of total permanent disablement: 50% of the monthly wage, multiplied

by the relevant factor: or Rs. 24,000; whichever is more. 3. In case of partial permanent disablement: The compensation is a percentage of

that payable in the case of total permanent disablement. The earning capacity is determined by a qualified medical practitioners.

4 In case of (total or partial) temporary disablement" A sum equal to 25% of the


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4. In case of (total or partial) temporary disablement" A sum equal to 25% of the monthly wages of the workman shall be paid half-monthly.

• The minimum rate of compensation is proposed to be raised from 50,000 to Rs. 80,000 for death and from Rs. 60,000 to Rs. 90,000 in case of permanent/total disablement. State Government appoints Commissioners to investigate and solve every case for workmen's compensation. The appointed Commissioner's tribunal has some of the powers of a civil court. An appeal against any order of the Commissioner can be filed in the High Court. This must be done within 60 days of the order or decision of the Commissioner.

Preparation for the Construction Interview

1. Personal characteristics : such as physical appearance, health, sense of humor, Self confidence, cultural level, alertness, manners, general working habits.

2. Technical Competency : information about the exams passed, grades obtained, awards and honors and extra- curricular activities.

3. To find the initiative, common sense and general smartness4. Ability to inspire confidence by sustained effort without super-vision ,

l l ki bili i i li d i i i i


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level making ability, originality and initiative.5. Capacity to work in team-by knowing about his family, community

interests and his type of friends.6. Potential for growth-long range aspirations of the applicant – whether he is

a drifter or one who would exploit every possible chance to develop his potential to the maximum.

7. Having Details of construction done in nearby area he is leaving.

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Form work removing periods

• Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams – 24 to 48 hours may be decided by Engineer-in-charge

• Slabs (Prop left under ) 3 day• Beam soffit (Prop left under ) 7 days• Removing of props to slabs

– Spanning less then 4.5m = 7 days– Spanning over 4.5m = 14 days


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p g y• Removing of props to beams and arches

– Spanning less then 6m = 14 days– Spanning over 6m = 21 days