constructing grounded theory - gbv
TRANSCRIPT
Constructing Grounded Theory 2nd Edition
Kathy Charmaz
'SAGE los Angeles ! London 1 New Delhi Singspore 1 Washington DC
Extended Contents
About the Author Xiii Preface to the First Edition xiv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgments XX
l An Invitation to Grounded Theory l Emergence of Grounded Theory 5
The Historical Context 5 Glaser and Strauss's Challenge 7 Merging Divergent Disciplinarv Traditions 8
Developments in Grounded Theory 11 The Constructivist Turn 12 Why Constructivist Grounded Theory? 13 Grounded Theory as a Constellation of Methods 14
Constructing Grounded Theory 16 Constructing Grounded Theory at a Glance 17
Figure 1.1 A visual representation of a grounded theory 18
2 Gathering Rich Data 22 Thinking about Methods 24
Seeing Through Methods 24 Figure 2.1 Wasserman and Clair's study 25 Reaching for Quality 32 Gathering Grounded Theory Data 34
Grounded Theory in Ethnography 35 Defining Ethnography 35 Box 2.1 Christopher Schmitt's Reflection-An Ethnography
of "Territorial Fair" 37 Gaining Access and Getting lnvolved 39
Documents as Data 45 Elicited Documents 47 Extant Documents 48 Box 2.2 Jason Eastman's Reflection an Embracing Contradictions in Ethnographie Data 50 Studying Documents 52
Concluding Thoughts 54
CONSTRUCTING GROUNDED THEORY
3 Crafting and Conducting Intensive Interviews Thinking about Intensive lnterviewing
Preparing for the Interview
Getting Ready
55 56 59 59
Constructing Your Interview Guide 62 Box 3.1 A Sample of Grounded Theory Interview Questions about a Life Change 66
Conducting the Interview 68
Etiquette and Expectations in lnterviewing 68 Box 3.2 Do's and Don'ts of Intensive lnterviewing 70 Negotiations during the Interview 71 Box 3.3 James Joseph Dean's Reflection about
lnterviewing Heterosexual Men and Warnen Problems, Prospects, and Strengths of lnterviewing Concluding Thoughts
4 Interviewing in Grounded Theory Studies Why Intensive lnterviewing Fits Grounded Theory
Pursuing Theory
Figure 4.1 lnterviewing in Grounded Theory Studies constructivist lnterviewing
Considering Constructivist lnterviewing Practices The Significance of Language and Meaning in Constructivist Grounded Theory Interviews Box 4.1 Catherine Conlon's Interview Excerpt Box 4.2 Catherine Conlon's Reflection on Explicating a
Research Participant's Key Term lnterviewing in Theoretical Sampling How Many Interviews?
concluding Thoughts
75 78 82
83 85 87 88 91 91
94 100
101 103 105 108
5 The Logic of Grounded Theory Coding Practices and Initial Coding 109 Box 5.1 Initial Grounded Theory Coding 110
The Logic of Grounded Theory Coding 113
About Coding 113 Constructing Codes Entering an lnteractive Analytic Space
Initial Coding
The Logic of Initial Coding Box 5.2 Grounded Theory Initial Coding Example Coding for Topics and Themes vs. Coding with Gerunds Box 5.3 - Initial Coding for Topics and Themes Box 5.4 Grounded Theory Coding in Comparison with
Thematic Coding Initial Coding Practices
Word-by-Word Coding Line-by-Line Coding Box 5.5 Kris Macomber's Initial Line-by-Line Coding
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123 124 124 124 126
CONTENTS
Coding lncident with lncident Box 5.6 Comparing lncident with lncident Box 5. 7 Comparing Properties in lncident with lncident Coding:
Comprehending the Ominous Moment Using Comparative Methods Advantages of Initial Coding In Vivo Codes
Transforming Data into Codes Concluding Thoughts
6 Focused Coding and Beyond Box 6.1 Focused Grounded Theory Coding
Focused Coding in Practice Box 6.2 Kris Macomber's Focused COding Box 6.3 Focused Coding: Robert Thomberg's Study of Bullying Box 6.4 Focused Coding
Axial Coding Figure 6.1 Forms of Telling
Theoretical Coding: Application or Emergence? Box 6.5 Thomberg on Bullying
Wrestling with Preconceptions Strategies for Revealing Preconceptions Concluding Thoughts
7 Memo-writing Box 7.1 Example: Early Memo on Connections between Losing Voice and Self
Methods of Memo-writing Keeping a Methodological Journal Box 7.2 Richard McGrath's Reflection and Methadological Journal Entry Box 7.3 Richard McGrath's Memo on Documents Routes for Writing Memos Box 7.4 How to Write Memos Box 7.5 Codes: Interview with Staff Member P-D in a Facility
for Survivors of Brain lnjury Standpoints and Starting Points in Memo-writing Box 7.6 Early Memo: Explaining All-Encompassing Lass Box 7.7 Example of a Memo - Suffering as a Moral Status Figure 7.1 Hierarchy of Moral Status in Suffering Box 7.8 Treating an In Vivo Code as a Category
Adopting Writers' Strategies: Prewriting Exercises Clustering Freewriting Figure 7.2 'Example of Clustering' Box 7.9 Example of a Focused Freewrite an Codes from Bonnie
Presley's Interview
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128 129
131 132 133 134 136 136
138 139
140 142 143 145 147 149 150 152 155 158 160
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163 164 165 166 167 168 169
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180 183 184 186 187
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CONSTRUCTING GROUNOED THEORY
Using Memos to Raise Focused Codes to Conceptual tategories 188 Box 7.10 Example of a Memo Prompted by Studying an
Eartier Memo - The Category of 'Existing from Day to Day' 190 Concluding Thoughts 191
8 Theoretical Sampling, Saturation, and Sorting 192 Box 8.1 Excerpt from Jennifer Lois's Reflection on
Constructing an Emergent category 195 Considering Theoretical Sampling 197
Distinguishing Theoretical Sampling from Other Types of Sampling 197 The Logic of Theoretical Sampling 199 Theoretical Sampling and Abductive Reasoning 200 Box 8.2 Sequencing: Eliciting Nostalgia and Anticipating Regret 203 Using Theoretical Sampling 204 Discovering Variation 207 Box 8.3 Example of a Memo on Variation 208 Problematics of Theoretical Sampling 208 Benefits of Theoretical Sampling 212
Saturating Theoretical Categories 213 Theoretical Sorting, Diagramming, and lntegrating 216
Theoretical Sorting 216 Diagramming 218 Figure 8.1 Losing and Regaining a Valued Seif 219 Figure 8.2 Friese's Messy Map of the Gaur and Banteng
Cloning Situations 221 lntegrating Memos 221 Figure 8.3 Friese's Neat Map of the Gaur and Banteng
Cloning Situations 222 Figure 8.4 Friese's Relational Map of Banteng 223
Concluding Thoughts 224
9 Reconstructing Theorizing in Grounded Theory Studies 225 What ls Theory? 227
Positivist Definitions of Theory 229 lnterpretive Definitions of Theory 230 Table 9.1 Epistemological Underpinnings of
Grounded Theory 232 The Rhetoric, Reach, and Practice of Theorizing 232
Objectivist and Constructivist Grounded Theory 234 Objectivist Grounded Theory 235 Figure 9.1 Ojectivist and Constructivist Grounded Theory:
Comparisons and Constrasts 236 Constructivist Grounded Theory 239
Theorizing in Grounded Theory 241 Critique and Renewal 241 Developing Theoretical Sensitivity through Theorizing 244
X
CONTENTS
Scrutinizing Grounded Theories Developing a Category for Substantive Theorizing:
Elaine Keane Box 9.1 Elaine Keane's Reflection an Distancing/Distancing
to Self-Protect Figure 9.2 The Logic of Distancing to Self-Protect -
Haine Keane Extending Extant Theory with a New Concept:
Michelle Wolkomir Challenging Extant Theory: Susan Leigh Star
Concluding Thoughts
10 Symbolic lnteractionism and Grounded Theory The Symbolic lnteractionist Tradition Pragmatism and the Chicago Heritage of Symbolic lnteractionism Symbolic lnteractionism as a Theoretical Perspective
lnteraction, Interpretation, and Action Premises of Symbolic lnteractionism Defining the Situation, Naming, and Knowing
The Dramaturgical Approach Symbolic lnteractionism and Grounded Theory as a
Theory-Methods Package Box 10.1 Anne R. Roschelle's Reflection an Using
Symbolic lnteractionism Symbolic lnteractionism in Grounded Theory Studies Concluding Thoughts
11 W riting the Draft Figure 11.1 Writing the Report
Regarding Writing Making Your Mark Drafting Discoveries
Revising Early Drafts Pulling the Pieces Together Constructing Arguments Box 11.1 Draft: Stories and Silences: Disclosures and
Seif in Chronic lllness Box 11.2 Final Manuscript: Stories and Silences: Disclosures
and Self in Chronic lllness Scrutinizing Categories Box 11.3 Excerpt from an Early Memo an Disclosure Box 11.4 Published Version of the Memo an Disclosure
Preparing Your Manuscript for Publication Planning for Publication Titles Talk lnstructive Abstracts and Keywords
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301 303
CONSTRUCTING GROUNDEO THEORY
Returning to the Library: Literature Reviews and Theoretical Frameworks The Disputed Literature Review Box 11.5 Writing the Literature Review
Writing the Theoretical Framework Box 11.6 Example of a Theoretical Framework
Rendering Through Writing
Concluding Thoughts
12 Reflecting on the Research Process The Core ot Grounded Theory: Contested Versions and Revisions
Emerging Constructions of Grounded Theory Methods and Grounded Theories as Emergent Constructions
The Union of Comparative Methods and lnteraction in Grounded Theory
What Defines a Grounded Theory? Grounded Theory and Recent Methodological Developments
Considering Mixed Methods Research Turning toward Social Justice lnquiry
Grounded Theory in Global Perspective The Effects of Post-colonialism Collecting Data and Cultural Contexts The Centrality of Language Points of Cultural Convergence lssues in Using Grounded Theory
Evaluating Grounded Theory
Criteria for Grounded Theory Studies Credibility Originality Resonance Usefulness
Grounded Theory or the Past, Present, and Future
A Constructive Return to Grounded Theory Origins Transforming Knowledge
Glossary Bibliography Index
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341 346 379