constitutional law i syllabus-prof. gwen de vera

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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I First Semester, AY 2006-2007 Prof. Gwen G. de Vera On first session, please be sure to have read: · M. Feliciano, "The Philippine Constitution: Structure, Operation and Processes" in ASEAN Constitutional/Legal Systems (copies available for photocopying, Library, 3" Floor Reserve Section); and · Tile 1987 Constitution (in its entirety). I. SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION A. Fundamental law as overriding standard of validity in case of repugnancy Marburg v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 B. Supremacy of the constitution enforced through judicial review Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 Tanacla v. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051 C. AcL , of government must conform to the norms of the constitution MUtUC V. COMELEC, 36 SCRA 228 Osmena v. COMELEC, 199 SCRA 752 Ii. JUDICIAL REVIEW A. Principles B. Justiciability v. Political Question Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 Miranda v. Aguirre, 314 SCRA 603 C. Standing oI Party David v, Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396 (PP 1017) Pascual v. Secretary, 110 Phil. 331 Joya v. PCGG, 225 SCRA 568

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Page 1: Constitutional Law I Syllabus-Prof. Gwen de Vera

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IFirst Semester, AY 2006-2007

Prof. Gwen G. de Vera

On first session, please be sure to have read:

· M. Feliciano, "The Philippine Constitution: Structure, Operation and Processes" in

ASEAN Constitutional/Legal Systems (copies available for photocopying, Library, 3"

Floor Reserve Section); and

· T i l e 1 9 8 7 C o n s t i t u t i o n ( i n i t s e n t i r e t y ) .

· Selected Introductory Readings

I. SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION

A. Fundamental law as overriding standard of validity in case of repugnancy

Marburg v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137

B. Supremacy of the constitution enforced through judicial review

Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 Tanacla v. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051

C. AcL, of government must conform to the norms of the constitution

MUtUC V. COMELEC, 36 SCRA 228 Osmena v. COMELEC, 199 SCRA 752

I i . JUDICIAL REVIEW

A. Principles

Kilosbayan, Inc. v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 PHILCONSA ~. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 ~ I

B. Justiciability v. Political Question Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 Miranda v. Aguirre, 314 SCRA 603

C. Standing oI PartyDavid v, Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396 (PP 1017) Pascual v. Secretary, 110 Phil. 331Joya v. PCGG, 225 SCRA 568

I I I . POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AND CONS I I I UENT POWER

A. Popular sovereignty and its collective powers

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1. Constituent power

1. Electoral power

2. Legislative power through initiative and referendum3. Power of Recall

B. Amending or Revisionary Process

1. In general

Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28 Santiago v. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106

2. Proposals

a. Through the Legislature

Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69 Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil, 1 Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774

b. Through a Constitutional Convention Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677

c. Through the President During Emergency Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33

3. Submission of Proposed Amendments

- Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 Planas v. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105 UNIDO v. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17

4. R a t i f i c a t i o n Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 -

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

Review: M. Feliciano, "The Philippine Constitution: Structure, Operation and Processes" in ASEAN Constitutional/Legal Systems (copies available for photocopying, Library, 3r, Floor Reserve Section)

I I , The 1987 Constitution

A. The Provisional Constitution

Proclamation No. 1, February 25, 1986 (Provisional Government)

Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986 (Provisional Constitution)Lawyers League for a Better Philippines v. Pres. Aquino, G.R. Nos. 73748, 73972 & 73990, May 22, 1986

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In Re Saturnine Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986) Phil. Bar Assn. v. COMELEC, 140 SCRA 455 (1986)

B. Adoption and Effectivity of the 1987 Constitution

Provisional Const., Art. V1987 Const., Art. XVIII, §27Proclamation No. 58 (Proclaiming the ratification of the 1987 Constitution) De Leon v. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 (1987)

III. The Philippines as a State

A.Concept aria Definition

See CIR v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 (1971)

A. Elements

1. Territory

The Philippine Archipelago Article I

See Treaty Limitsa.Article III, Treaty of Parisb.The US-Spain November 7, 1900 Treatyc. The US-Great Britain January 2, 1930 Treaty

Determination of the National Territory See-

a.R.A. 3046 (June 17, 1961)a. R.A. 5446 (September 8, 1968)b.P.D. No. 1596, June 11, 1978 (other territories)b. P.D. No. 1599, June 11, 1978 (200 Mile Exclusive Economic Zone)c. U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea

2. People

a.As InhabitantsArticle III, Sections 1 & 2 Article II Sections 15 & 16

b.As ElectorsArticle VII, Section 4 Article XVI, Section 2 Article XVIII, Section 25

c. As CitizensArticle II, Sections 1 & 4 Article III, Section 7

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U.S. vs. Dorr, 2 Phil. 332, at 339 (1903)

a. Government of the Rep. of the Philippines defined Section 2 (1) Administrative Code of 1987People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 145951, August 12,

2003 (read relevant portions only)

b. Constituent and Ministrant Functions of Government ACCFA v. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 649 (1969)Valmonte vs. Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989)

c. Parens Patrice

d. De Jure and De Facto GovernmentsSee Co Kim Cham v. Valdez, 75 Phil 113 (1946) Lawyer's League v. Pres. Aquino, supra.

4. Sovereignty

Doctrine of State Immunity Article XVI, Section 3 -

a. When is a suit against a State?

i. Money claims arising from contract Sayson v. Singson, 54 SCRA 282 (1973) -Republic v. Purisima, 78 SCRA 470 (1977)

i. Torts committed by special agents See New Civil Code Article 2180

Meritt v. Government of the Phil. Island, 34 Phil. 311 (1916)

ii. Incorporated Government Agencies PNB v. CIR, 81 SCRA 314 (1978) SSS v. CA. 120, SCRA 707 (1983) Rayo v. CFI, 110 SCRA 450(1981) Farolan v. CTA, 217 SCRA 298 (1993)

c. Implied Consent

i. When government submits itself to the court's jurisdiction

i. When the State itself files a complaintRepublic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 85384, Feb. 28, 1990 Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., 95 Phil. 905 (1954)

i. Government entering into business contracts Malong v. PNR, 138 SCRA 63 (19850

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iv. When unequitable for government to claim immunity Santiago vs. Republic, 87 SCRA 294 (1978)

Amigable vs; Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360 (1972)

d. Suits against Public Officers

United States v. Reyes, G.R. No. 79233, March 1, 1993 Lansang v. CA, G.R. No. 102667, February 23, 2000 Shaul v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 713 (1990) Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124 (1993)

e. Consent to executionPNB vs. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595 (1978)

Municipality of Makati v. CA, 190 SCRA 206 (1990)Nessia v. Fermin, 220 SCRA 615 (1993)City of Caloocan v. Allarde, G.R. No. 107271, September 10, 2003

IV. C1 I 1ZFNSHIP

A. Definition

B. Importance of Citizenship

Elizabeth Lee. V. Director of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001

C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship

D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitutiona) Citizens under the 1935 Constitution-The Caram Rule-Those whose fathers were citizens-Those who elected upon reaching majority age-Those who were naturalized

b) Citizens under the 1973 Constitution-Those already citizens-Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens-Those who elected-Those who were naturalized

2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

E. Natural Born Citizens Article IV, Section 2

Advantages of natural born citizens

Article XII, Section 8Article VII, Sections 2 & 3 Article VI, Sections 3 & 6 Article VIII, Section 7 (1) Article XI Section 8

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Art. IX-B Section 1(1) Art. IX C Section 1(1) Art. IX D Section 1(1) Article XII, Section 20 Article X111, Section 17 (2)

I. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens.2.Those who elect Filipino citizenship2.Former natural born citizens who reacquire citizenship by repatriation

Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Bengzon v. HRE f, 357 SCRA 545In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692 (1991)

F. Naturalization1. By Judicial Proceedinga)Com. Act No. 473 (Revised naturalization

Law) Sections 2,3,4,5,7,8,15 & 18b)R.A. No. 530, Section 1 - effect on the wife and children

Republic v. De La Rosa, G.R. No. 104654, June 6, 1994 Republic v. Liyao, 214 SCRA 748 (1992)Moya Lim Yao v. Commissioner, 41 SCRA 292

2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138)3. By Direct Act of Congress4. Denaturalization

G. Loss o, Citizenship Article IV, Section 3

Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002

H. Reacquisition of CitizenshipSee Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2) Yu v. Santiago, 169 SCRA 364 (1989) Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999Jao v. Republic 121 SCRA 358 (1983) People v. Avengoza

I. Dual Citizenship

J. Dual AllegianceArticle IV, Sections 4 & 5(See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code)Aznar vs Comelec, G.R. No. 83820, May 25, 1990 Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 V. Suffrage

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A r t i c l e V

Material points

of:

Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013 Akbayan-Youth v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318

VI. Principles and Policies of the Philippine Government

A. PreambleNature, purpose and aims

B. Principles

1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanisma. Direct and Indirect Democracyb. Representation and renovationa. Accountability to the peoplec. Rule of the Majorityd. The Rule of LawArticle II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people) Article V

2. Adherence to International LawArticle II, Section 2, 7 & 8(independent foreign/nuclear-free policy)a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1)b. Adoption of International Lawa.Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity

3. Supremacy of Civilian AuthorityArticle II, Section 3Article VII, Section 18 Article XVI, Section 5(4) Article XVI, Section 5(2)

4. Government as protector of People & People as Defenders of the State Article II, Sections 4 and 5

5. Separation of Church and StateArticle II, Section 6Article III, Section 5 (freedoni of religion clause)Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects)Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral representation from religious sector) Exceptions : Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exemption of churches) Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions)Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction)Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, exceptreligious groups and mission boards)

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Article II, Sections 7-8Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25 (on foreign military bases)Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000 Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002

2. A just and dynamic social order PreambleArticle II, Section 9

a. The promotion of social justiceArticle II, Section 10 Article XIII, Section 1-2 Article II, Section 26Article VII, Section 13 par. 2

b. Respect for human dignity and human rights Article XIII, Sections 17-19Article II, Section 11Article XVI, Section 5(2)

c. Fundamental equality of women and men Article II, Section 14Article III, Sections 14

d. Independent people's organization Article II, Section 23Article XIII, Sections 15-16

a. The priority of education, science, technology, arts, culture & sports Article II, Section 17Article XIV, Section 2

e. Urban land reform and housing Article XIII, Section 9-10

b. Reform in agriculture and other natural resources Article II Section 2Article XIII, Sections 4-8

c. Protection of Labor Art ic le I I , Sect ion 18 Article XIII, Section 3 The right of government workers to form unions

Article III, Section 8 Article IX-B, Section 2(5)

f. Promotion of health and ecology. Article II, Sections 15-16

Article XIII, Sections 11-13

Laguna Lake Development Authority v. Court of Appeals, December 7, 1995 Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792

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3. The family as basic autonomous social institutionArticle II, Section 12 Article XV (The Family) Article II, Section 13 Family Code, Article 1

a. Protection of the Unbornb. Natural Right and Duty of Parents

4. A self-reliant and independent economic order Article II, Sections 19 - 20Article XII (National economy and patrimony)

5. Communication and information in nation-building Article II, Section 24Article XVI, Sections 10 - 11Article XVIII, Section 23

6. Autonomy of local governmentsArticle II, Section 25Article X (See Local Government Code of 1991 [R.A. No. 7160])

7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communitiesArticle II, Section 22 Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XII, Section 5 Article XIII, Section 6 Article XIV, Section 17 Article XVI, Section 12See R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure Article II, Section 27Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman)Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure)Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities) Article VII, Section 12 (president's health)Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications) Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans) Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups)Article VII, Sections 12,20 (conflict of interest/books of account) Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report)Article III, Section 7 (right to information)Valmonte v. Belmonte, supra.

THE STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

VII. Inherent Powers of the State

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Rubi v. Provincial Board, 39 Phil. 660

Roxas & Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 321 SCRA 106

2 . Na t iona l secur i t y Lao Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155

3 . P u b l i c o r d e r U.S. v. Pompeya, 31 Phil. 245

4 . P u b l i c s a f e t y Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195

5 . Pub l i c hea l th U.S. v. Gomez Jesus, 31 Phil. 218

6 . P u b l i c m o r a l s

Ermita-Malate Motel and Motel Operators Assn. v. City Mayor, 20 SCRA 849

7 . Public welfare and advancement Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200

8 . The national economy

Rutter v. Esteban, 93 Phil. 68 U.S. v. Toribio, 15 Phil. 85

B. Eminent Domain

1. In general I.M. Tuason v. LTA, 33 SCRA 882

1. What constitutes taking U.S. v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256 U.S. v. Caltex, 344 U.S. 149

2. Public use Heirs of Juancho Ardona v. Reyes, 125 SCRA 320

3. Eminent domain and police power Guido v. Rural Progress, 84 Phil. 847

4. Just compensation

Republic v. Juan, 92 SCRA 26 EPZA v. Dulay, 149 SCRA 305

Manotok v. NHA, 150 SCRA 89

C. Taxation

1. In general Commissioner v. Botelho Corp., 20 SCRA 487

1. Taxation for police purposes

It)

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Lutz v. Araneta, 98 Phil. 148Republic v. Bacolod-Murcia Milling, 17 SCRA 632

VIII. Three Great Departments of Government

A. Congress

1. Composition, Qualifications, and Term of Office

a . S e n a t e Art. VI, §§2-4

b . House of RepresentativesArt. VI, §§5-8 Art. IX-C, §§6-8 Art. XVIII, §7Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779 (1991)'

ReapportionmentA Mariano v. COMELEC, 240 SCRA 211

(1995) Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400 (1995)

2. Election

a. Regular election Art. VI, §8

b. Special election Art. VI, §9

3. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualification

a. SalariesArt. VI, §10Art. XVIII, §17PHILCONSA v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300 (1966) Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974)

b. Freedom from arrestArt. VI, § 11

Revised Penal Code, Art. 145Martinez v. Morfe, 44 SCRA 22 (1972)

c. Spe-ec4,ancl Debate Clausert V I, § 1 t_'Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876

(1966) - Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960)

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e. Duty to discloseArt. VI, §§12 and 20 Art. XI, §17

4. Internal Government of Congress

a. Election of OfficersArt. VI, §16 (1)See Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998

b. QuorumId., §16(2)Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 (1949) t"

c.Rules of proceedings Id.,

§16(3)Id., §21Pacete v. Sec. of the Commission on Appointments, 40 SCRA 58 (1971) /Arroyo

v. De Venecia, August 14, 1997,EOsmena v. Pendatun, supra.

d. Power over members and right to sit Vera v. Avelino, 77 Phil. 193 (1946)

e. Discipline of membersid., §16(3),/Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83 (1924)Paredes v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 11836, August 10, 1995 I

Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, April 19, 2001De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan, February 2, 2002

`.,,Osmena v. Pendatun, supra.

f. Journal and Congressional Records Art. VI, §16(4)

1. The Enrolled Bill TheoryMabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 (1947)

Casco (Phil.) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)

1. Probative value of the Journal United States v. Pons, supra.

2. Journal Entry Rule v. Enrolled Bill Theory Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974) Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131 (1969)

3. Congressional Record Art. VI, §16(4), par. 2

q. SessionsArt. VI, §§15 and 16(5)Art. VII, §§10-11 and 18, par. 3

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;40

J. Electoral Tribunals Art. VI, §§17 and 19

a. CompositionTanada v. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051 (1957)

· Abbas v. SET, 166 SCRA 651 (1988)

b. Nature of Function Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)

c. Independence of Electoral Tribunals Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 (1991)

d. P o w e r s Angara v. Electoral Commission, supra.

e. Judicial review of decisions of Electoral Tribunals , Co v. Electoral Tribunal, supra.

1. Commission on AppointmentsArt. VI, §§18-19Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989) Coseteng v. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377 (1990) Guingona v. Gonzalez, 214 SCRA 789 (1992)

2. Powers of Congress

a. General plenary powersArt. VI, §1Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. at 45-46

b. Limitations on the legislative

power (1) Substantive

limitations

(a) Express substantive limitations Art. IIIArt. VI, §§25 and 28Art. XIV, §4(3)Art. VI, §§29-31

(b) Implied substantive limitations - Prohibition

against delegation of legislative powers

Criterion of valid delegation

ABAKADA Guro Party List v. Secretary Purisima, <Pimentel v. Executive Secretary

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Undue Delegation of Legislative Power

Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 596 (1965)

Proper Delegation

(by express authority of the Constitution)Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256 (1992) Art. VI, §23(2) (delegation to the President)Art. Art. X, §§2-3 (delegation to local governments)

(delegat ion of power to carry out def ined pol icy according prescribed standards)Osmena v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (1993)Rafael v. Embroidery Board, 21 SCRA 336 (1967)

(rules and regulations)Vda. de Pineda v. Pena, 187 SCRA 22 (1990)

Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws

(2) Procedural limitations Art. VI, §26-27

c. Quest ion hour A r t . V I , § 2 2 Senate of the Philippines v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777 (EO 464)

e l ~fpkfc. Legislative investigations

,-Art. VI, §21A-Arnault v. N azareno, 87 Phil. 29 (1950)

Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955)Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767 (1991) E.O. 464 Case -

d. Act as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections

Art. VII, §4, par. 4Rep. Act No. 7166, §30

e. Call special election for President and Vice President Art. VII, §10

9. Revoke or extend suspension of privilege of habeas corpus and Declaration of martial lawArt. VII, §18

h. Approve presidential amnesties Art. VII, §19

Confirm certain appointmentsArt. VIII, §9 (by Congress)Id., §16 (by the Commission of Appointments)

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Concur in treatiesArt. VII, §21 (through the Senate)

k. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers Art. VI, §23

I. Be judge of the President's physical fitness Art. VII, §11, par. 4

m. Power of impeachmentRomulo v. Yniguez, 141 SCRA 263 (1986) - Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, 128 SCRA 324 (1984)

n. Power with regard to utilization of natural resources Art. XII, §2

o. Amendment of the Constitution Art. XVII, §1-2

3. Legislative process

a. Requirements as to billsI

(1) As to titles of billsArt. VI, §26(1)

— Cruz v. Paras, 123 SCRA 569 (1983)Lidasan v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496 (1967)

(2) Requirements as to certain laws

Appropriation lawsArt. VII, §22Art. VI, §§24-25 and 29Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221

(1991) Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance,

supra. - Tax laws

Art. VI, §28Art. XIV, §4(3-4)Tan v. del Rosario, 237 SCRA 324Garci v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 LP..

(iii) Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

b. Procedure for the passage of billsArt. VI, §26(2)Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, supra. Arroyo v. De Venetia, supra.

c. The President's veto power

Qualified v. Absolute Veto

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Messaged Veto v. Pocket Veto No pocket veto in the Philippines

Art. VI, §27

Compare 1935 Const., Art. VI, §20Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486 (1964) -

Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452 (1990)Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992) '-

PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 (1994)

d. Legis la t ive vetoes Miller v. Marco, 2 SCRA 898 (1961)

e. Effectivity of laws

Civil Code, Art. 2Tanada v. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985); Res., 146 SCRA 446 (1986) Exec. Order No. 200, June 18, 1987

B. Executive Department

1. The Presidenta. Singular Executive

Planas v. Gil, 67 Phil. 73 (1938)Villena v. Secretary, 67 Phil. 451 (1939)Ang-Angco v. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619 (1963) fIr

b. Qualifications, election, term and oath. Art. VII, §§2,4 and 5

PBA v. COMELEC, supra.

c. Privilege and salary Art. VII, §6

d. ProhibitionsArt. VII, §13CLU v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)

e. Powers and Functions of the President

(1) Executive PowerArt. VII, §§1 and 17Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 (1989); 178 SCRA 760

(1989) A Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141

(2) Control of Executive Departments Art. VII, § 17

(3) General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions Art. X, §§4 and 16

Pimentel v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201Ganzon v. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271 (1991)

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(4) Power of appointment

With consent of Commission on AppointmentsI, armiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 (1987)[Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)]Quintos-Deles v. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254 (1989)]Manalo v. $stoza, August 11, 1999

Limitations on appointing power of the President Art. VII, §§13 and 15Aytona v. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1 (1962)Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331 (1964)

~Quimsing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446 (1964)

Interim or recess appointments Art. VI, §19Art. VII, §16

Temporary designationsAdm. Code of 1987, Bk. III, §17

Limitations on appointing power of the Acting President

(5) Executive clemenciesArt. VII, §19 Art. IX-C, §5

a. Pardon distinguished from probation ,< People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56 (1917)

b. Pardon distinguished from paroleTesoro v. Director of Prisons, 68 Phil. 154 (1939) Torres .,. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 272 (1987)

c. Pardon dist inguished from amnesty Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, 82 Phil. 642 (1949)

d. Effect of PardonLacuna v. Abes, 24 SCRA 780 (1968)Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989)Overruled partly, See People v. Salle, Jr., 250 SCRA 581 (1995)

e. Sanctions for violations of conditional pardons Torres v. Gonzales, supra.

a. Pardon in administrative cases Llamas v. Executive Secretary, 202 SCRA 844 (1991)

f.Who may avail of amnesty?Tolentino v. Catoy, 82 Phil. 300 (1948) Macaga-an v. People, 152 SCRA 430 (1987)

l -

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(6) Powers as Commander-in-Chief Art. VII, §18Art. III, §13Art. VIII, §1, par. 2

AffirmedLansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 (1971)IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Lacson v. Perez, G.R. 147180, May 10, 2001SANLAKAS v. Executive Secretary, G.R. - No. 159085, February 3,1 2004David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, supra.

-f7) Emergency powersArt. VI, §23(2)David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, supra.Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 (1949) Rodriguez, Sr. v. Gella, 92 Phil. 603 (1953)

(8) Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans Art. VII, §20

Art. XII, §21Rep. Act No. 4860

(9) Power over foreign affairs

a. Recognition of foreign states x U.S. v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324

b. Conduct of foreign relationsU.S. v. Curtis Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 204Phil. International Trading Corp. v. Angeles, 263

SCRA 421 (1996)

c. Settlement of disputes with foreign powers

d. Treaty-makingArt. VII, §21

X People's Movement v. Manglapus, September 18, 1988e. Executive Agreements -Comissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading, 3 SCRA 351 (1961)— Gonzales v. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 230 (1963) _-PLt,

USAFFE Veterans v. Treasurer, 105 Phil. 1030 (1959)CIR v. John Gotamco & Sons, Inc., 148 SCRA 36 (1987)

f. Deportation of undesirable aliensGo Tek v. Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1976)

(10) Power over legislation

1I

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(11) Immunity from suitsIn re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986) Beltran v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 (1988) Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731

Clinton v. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636

(12) Executive Privilege U.S.

v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683

2. The Vice PresidentArt. VII, §§3-5, §6 and §9 Art. XI, §2-3

Right of succession and membership in Cabinet Art. VII, §§8, 11, and 3, par. 2

Estrada v. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452, 356 SCRA 108

C Judicial Department

1. The Supreme

Court

a. Composition A r t . V I I I , § 4 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297 (1948)

a. Appointment and qualifications Art. VIII, §7(1), §8(5), §9

b. SalaryArt. VIII, §10 Art. XVIII, §17

c. Security of TenureArt. VIII, §2, par. 2 and §11De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 (1982)

d. RemovalArt. VIII, § 11 Art. XI, §2

9. Jurisdiction

(1) The Power of Judicial ReviewJudicial review and political

questions Art. VIII, §§1 and 5(2)(a)Angara v. Electoral Commission, supra.

(a) Conditions for exercise of judicial review

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I.

People v. Vera, supra.PBA v. COMELEC, supra.Dumlao v. COMELEC; Igot v. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 302 (1980)

(b) All courts can exercise power of review Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 (1987)

(2) Jurisdiction over criminal cases where penalty imposed is reclusion peg petua

Id., §5(2)(d)

(3) Art. VII, §18, par. 3

(4) Art. VII, §4, par. 7

(5) Art. IX-A, §7

h. Congressional power over jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Art. VIII, §2, par.1Art. VI, §30

Administrative powersArt. VIII, §§5(3)(4)(6) and 11

(1) Supervision over lower courtsMaceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 (1993)In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001

(2) Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest(3) Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice

Rule-making Art. VIII, §5(5) Art. XVIII, §10Art. XII, §14, par. 2Art. VII, §18k. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for

judges Art. VIII, §12Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 (1932) In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246 (1988)

I. Report on the judiciary Art. VIII, §16

m. Manner of sitting and votes required Art. VIII, §4

n. Requirements as to decisionsArt. VIII, §§13-14Oil & Gas Nature Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 315 SCRA 296, at 307-

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o. Mandatory period for deciding cases Art. VIIIJ, §15Art. VII, §18, par. 3Art. XVIII, §12-14

2. Lower Courts Ynot v. IAC, supra.

3. The Judicial and Bar Council Art. VIII, §8

4. Automatic release of appropriations for the judiciary Art. VIII, §3

IX. Distribution and Separation of Powers System of Checks and Balances

Government v. Springer, 277 U.S. 189 Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 A. Legislative Intrusion Into Executive Domain

Concepcion v. Paredes, 42 Phil. 599 (1922)—

B. Legislative Intrusion Into Judicial Domain In Re Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954) -

C. Executive Intrusion Into Legislative DomainAraneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 (1949) Youngstown Tube and Sheet Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579

D. Executive Intrusion Into Judicial Domain Zaballero v. NHA, 155 SCRA 224 (1987)

A. Civil Service Commission

1. Scope of the civil service Art. IX-B, §2(1)Art. XII, §16

a. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service(1) Oath of allegiance

Art. IX-B, §4Art. XI, §18

(2) Merit System

a. Appointment of larneducksb. Ban on partisan political activities

Art. IX-B, §7

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Art. VII, §13 Art. VI, §13Art. VIII, §8(1)(3) and (12)Art. IX-A, §2CLU v. Executive Secretary, supra.Flores v. Drilon, supra.

(3) Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation Art. IX-B, §§5 and 8

Rev. Adm. Code of 1987, §17(2)

(4) Ban on partisan political activitiesArt. IX-B, §2(4)Compare Art. XVI, §5(3) as to members of the AFP

(5) Removal or suspension only for cause Art. IX-B, §2(3)

(6) Right of self-organization Art. III, §8

Art. IX-B, §2(5)

(7) Right to strike

2. Review of decisions of the CSC Art. IX-A, §7

3. Fiscal autunomy Art. IX-A, §5

B. Commission on ElectionsSee Macalintal v. COMELEC, supra. (on scope of power of Congressional committee)

1. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners Art. IX-C, §1(1)Art. VII, §13, par. 2See Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 (1991)

1. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners; Rule against reappointment Art. IX, §1(2)Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 (1990)

2. Powers and functions of the COMELEC Art. IX-C, §2

a. Enforce election lawsArt. IX-C, §2(1)Sanchez v. COMELEC, 114 SCRA 454 (1982)

b. Decide administrative questions pertaining to election, except the right to vote

c. Petition for inclusion and exclusion of voters

I I

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Art. IX-C, §2(6)

d. Prosecute election law violators

Art. IX-C, §2(6)

e. Recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election l a w v i o l a t o r s Art. IX-C, §5

f. Deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal Art. IX-C, §2(4)(8)Tan v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 353 (1994)

9. Registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of citizens' arms

Art. IX-C, §2(5)

Registration under party-list system Art. IX-C, §§6-8Art. VI, §5(2)Art. XVIII, §7

h. Regulation of public utilities and media information Art. IX, §§4 and 9

i. Decide election contests Art. IX-C, §§2(2) and (3) Rep. Act No. 7166, §22

4. Rule-making Ark. IX-A, §6 Art. IX-C, §3

5. Other functions Art. IX-A, §8

6. Act as National Board of Canvassers for senators EO No. 144, §1, March 2, 1987

7. Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions Art. IX-C, §2(2)Art. IX-A, §7

8. Fiscal autonomy Art. IX-A, §5

C. Commission on Audit Art. IX-D

Art. VII, §12, par. 2 Art. VII, §12, par. 2 Art. XVIII, §17Art. IX-A, §§2, 5-8 Art. XI, §2

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Art. VI, §20

XI. OTHER AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT

A. SandiganbayanArt. XI, §4PD 1606, December 10, 1979Nunez v. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433 (1982)

B. Office of the OmbudsmanSee also PD 1630, July 18, 1979Rep. Act No. 6770, November 17, 1989 Quimpu v. Tanodbayan, supra.

C. Office of the Special ProsecutorArt. XI, §7Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843 (1988) See PD No. 1630, §§10, 12-15 and 17

D. Central Monetary Authority Art. XII, §§20-21

Rep. Act No. 7356

E. Economic and Planning Agency Art. XII, §§9-10

F. National Commissions

XII. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

A. Local government units Art. X,§1

B. Autonomy of local governmentsArt. II, §25Art. X, §2See Dadole v. COA, December 3, 2002 PVif,t

1. General supervision of local governments by the President Art. X, §4 and §16

2. Local Government CodeArt. X,§3Local Government Code of 1991 (Rep. Act No. 7160) Tan v. COMELEC, 142 SCRA 727 (1986)

1. Power of local governments

3. The two autonomous regionsa. Creation

Art. X, §§ 13, 18-19

a. Powers of autonomous regions

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Art. X, §§ 17, 20-21

c. General supervision by the President Art. X, § 16.

5. Recall

XIII. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

A. Public office as a public trust

Art. XI, § IId., § 18Art. IX-B, §4See Rep. Act No. 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees)

B. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth Art. XI, §17

C. Ban on financial accommodations Id., § 16

D. Agencies for insuring public accountability

1. Congress-Impeachment

Art. XI, §§2-3Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, supra.

2. Sandiganbayan Art. XI, §4

3. O m b u d s m a n Art. XI, §§5-6, 8-14

4. Office of Special Prosecutor Art. XI, §7

E. Actions to recover unlawfully acquired property do not prescribe Art. XI, §15

XIV. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

Art. XII, § I

Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997

A. Natural ResourcesArt. XII, §§2-5 and 7La Bugal-B'Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, January 27, 2004

B. Private lands

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1. Citizenship requirementArt. X11, §71973 Const., Art. XVII, §11 Lee v. Republic, 366 SCRA 524

2. Exception

(a) Acquisition by legal succession Ramirez v. Vda. de Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704 (1982)

(b) Acquisition by former natural born citizen Art. XII, §8

3. Agrarian reform Art. XIII, §§4-8

4. Urban land reform and housing Art. XIII, §§9-10

C. Lease to foreigners of private lands validSmith, Bell & Co. v. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil. 53 (1954) Civil Code, Art. 1643

D. Regulation of economic activities

1. Rationale Art. XII, §§6 and 12-13

2. The NEDA and development program Art. XII, §9-10Manila Prince Hotel, 267 SCRA 408 (1997)

3. Organization and regulation of private corporations Art. XII, §16

4. Operation of public utilities Art. XII, §§11 and 17

5. On mass media and advertising industry Art. XVI, §§10-11

1. Practice of professions Art. XII, §14

2. State operation of private enterprisesArt. XII, §§17-18Agan v. PIATCO, May 5, 2003Marine Radio Communication Association v. Reyes, November 6, 1990 (optional)

3. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair

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9. Money, banking and credit Art. XII, §§20-21

9. Cooperatives Art. XII, §15

XV. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

A. Social justice definedArt. XIII, § ICalalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940)

B. Aspects of social justice

1. Labor Art. XIII, §3

2. Agrarian and natural resources reformArt. XIII, §4-8See Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Rep. Act No. 6657 and Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987)Assn. of Small Landowners in the Philippines v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343 (1989)

3. Urban land reform and housing Art. XIII, §§9-10

See P.D. No. 1517, June 11, 1978

4. Health Art. XIII, §§11-13

5. Women Art. XIII, §14

C. People's organizations Art. XIII, §15

D. Human rightsArt. XIII, §§17-19

XVI. ESTACS

A. Education

1. Right to educationArt. XIV, § IVillar v. TIP, 135 SCRA 706 (1985)Tangonan v. Cruz-Pano, 137 SCRA 245 (1985)

2. Educational mandate of the state

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Art. XIV, §§2 and 5

Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 ( 1987)University of the Philippines v. Ayson, 176 SCRA 571 (1989) Alcuaz v. PSBR, 178 SCRA 135 (1989)

3. The educational system Art. XIV, §§3-4

B . L a n g u a g e Art. XIV, §6-9

C . Science and technology Art.. XIV, §§10-13

D . Arts and culture Art. XIV, §§14-18

E . S p o r t s Art. XIV, §19

XVII. GENERAL PROVISIONS

A. On the flag

Art. XVI, §1See Act No. 2928, March 26, 1920Ebralinag v. Division Supt. of Schools, 219 SCRA 256 (1993)

B. On the name, anthem and seal

Art. XVI, §2Com. Act No. 382, September 5, 1938

C. On the Armed Forces of the Philippines Art. XVI, §§4 and 5

Art. XVIII, §24

D. On the national police Art. XVI, §6

E. On retirement and other benefits Art. XVI, §§7 and 8

F. On consumer protection Art. XVI, §9

I. THE AMENDING PROCESS

A. Proposal

Art. XVII, §§1-2Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 (1967)

1. By Congress Art. XVII, §1

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1 9 3 5 C o n s — A r t . X V Gonzales v. COMELEC, supra.

2. By Constitutional Convention Art. XVIII, §3

3. By the people through initiative Art. XVIII, §2Rep. Act No. 6735, §§5 and 9(b)

B. Ratification

1. In case of amendments proposed by Congress or Convention Art. XVII, §4, par. 1

2. In case of amendments proposed through initiative Art. XVII, §4, par. 2

3. Plebiscite to be called by Congress and supervised by COMELEC, but the initiative on Constitution will be called by COMELEC

C. Theories regarding the position of a constitutional convention in our system of government

I. Cruz, Constitutional Law, 13-14 (1995)See Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)

D. Judicial review of the amending process

Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 (1967)Tolentino v. COMELEC, supra.Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973) Art. VIII, §1, par. 1

E. When will proposed amendments take effect? Compare Art. XVII, §4 with XVIII, §27.Recall De Leon v. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 (1987)

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