conservation agriculture as a tool to enhance resilience in changing environmental conditions
DESCRIPTION
Conservation agriculture as a tool to enhance resilience in changing environmental conditions. Alim Pulatov Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration WUR and TIIM EcoGIS Center. Tashkent 19th May 2008. Content. Outline Introduction Carbon sequestration - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Conservation agriculture as a tool to enhance resilience in changing environmental conditions
Tashkent 19th May 2008
Alim PulatovTashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration
WUR and TIIM EcoGIS Center
Alim PulatovTashkent Institute of Irrigation and Melioration
WUR and TIIM EcoGIS Center
Content
Outline
• Introduction
• Carbon sequestration
• Soil moisture management
• Salinity management
• Application of conservation agriculture in
Uzbekistan
• Conclusions
Conservation Agriculture
The FAO or Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations have determined that CA has three key principles:
Minimal soil disturbance Surface crop residue retention Crop rotation
Reduced greenhouse gases emissions Saving in water use Salinity management improved Reduced erosion Improved soil quality characteristics Reduced fuel consumption in field works Less cost of crop production Reduced labor work and time in for
production Improved crop turn-around times Increased land-use efficiency
Advantages of Conservation Agriculture
World wide No-tillage adoption
47.0%
North America 37.0%
13.0%
2.6%
Latin America = 32 Mill. ha
Australia
Rest of theWorld
(R. Derpsch, 2002)
Atmospheric concentrations of the major greenhouse, their rise, residence time and contribution to the global
warming Type
ТипResidence
time(years)
Annual Rise (%)
1985 concentration
Radiative
absorption
potential
Contribution to greenhouse warming (%)
CO2 100 0.5 345 ppm 1 50
CO 0.2 0.6-1.0 90 ppb n.a. n.a.
CH4 8-12 1 300 ppm 32 19
N2O 100-200 0.25 300 ppb 150 4
O3 0.1-0.3 2.0 n.a. 2,000 8
CFCs 65-110 3.0 0.18-028 ppb >10,000 15
Bouwman, 1990
Terrestrial carbon
cycle
SOILS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Soils are the largest carbon reservoir of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The quantity of C stored in soils is highly significant; soils contain about three times more C than vegetation and twice as much as that which is present in the
atmosphere (Batjes and Sombroek, 1997). Soils contain much more C (1 500 Pg of C to 1 m depth and 2 500 Pg of C to 2 m; 1 Pg = 1 gigatonne) than is contained in vegetation (650 Pg of C) and twice as much C as the atmosphere (750
Pg of C)
No. 1 Environmental Enemy in Production Agriculture
Don Reicosky, 2002
Kern and Johnson, 1993
Impact of tillage systems on fate of carbon by 2020
Carbon sequestration
Changes in cropping practices, such as from conventional to conservation tillage, have been shown to sequester about 0.1 – 0.3 metric tons of carbon per acre per year (Lal et al. 1999; West and Post 2002).
However, a more comprehensive picture of the climate effects of these practices needs to also consider possible nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions.
Lal’s (2004) estimates of the potential of soil C sequestration in the Central Asian countries indicate a range of 10 to 23 Tg C yr-1 over 50 years.
Results and discussions
Soil CO2 flux from different soil tillage methods
Почвенный CO2 поток из разных методов вспашки почв.
Cumulative CO2 flux from different soil tillage methods
Совокупный CO2 поток от разных методов вспашки
00,05
0,10,15
0,20,25
0,3
0,350,4
CO
2 f
lux (
g C
O 2 m
-2 h
-1)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time after tillage (hours)
MP CT NT
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
Cum
. CO
2flu
x (g
CO
2 m
-2)
Technology
MP CT
NT
Treatments Treatments MaximumMaximum MinimumMinimum
СОСО22 fluxflux, , g COg CO22 m-2 h-1 m-2 h-1
Moldboard PlowMoldboard Plow 0.3540.354 0.0040.004
Minimum tillage (Chisel Minimum tillage (Chisel Plow)Plow)
0.3480.348 0.0020.002
Zero tillageZero tillage 0.0770.077 0.00060.0006
Results and discussions
Effect of tillage and residue management on soil organic matter, averaged over the years (2002-2006)
Without crop residue
With crop residue
LSD (0.05)=0.02 %
0,640
0,660
0,680
0,700
0,720
0,740
0,760
0,780
0,800
0,820
CT IT PB ZT
Tillage
0-30
cm s
oil
dep
th,
%
Water use efficiency
CA with residue mulch can increase the available water storage in the root zone by increasing infiltration and decreasing soil temperature, reducing evaporation losses and improving water use efficiency.
Soil moisture content before tillage
Soil moisture content after tillage
0
50
100
1кв
2кв
3кв
4кв
Восток
Запад
Север
0
5
10
15
CT MP NT CT NT MP CT NT MP
Experimental plots
mo
istu
re, %
Point1 Point2 Point3
0
24
6
8
1012
14
CT MP NT CT NT MP CT NT MP
Experimental plots
So
il m
ois
ture
, %
Point1 Point2 Point3
CA experimental data with soil
moisture
Soil moisture measuring on cotton field at TANO (12 cm
depth)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
09,05,05 17,05,05 29,05,05 13,06,05 25,06,05 08,07,05 14,07,05 23,07,05 12,08,05 21,08,05 13,09,05
Mo
istu
re,
%
Control No-tillage
Soil moisture measuring on corn field at TANO (12 cm
depth)
05
101520253035404550
09,05
,05
17,05
,05
29,05
,05
13,06
,05
25,06
,05
08,07
,05
14,07
,05
23,07
,05
12,08
,05
21,08
,05
13,09
,05
Mo
istu
re,
%
Control No-tillage
Soil salinization is a naturally occurring process in drought-prone regions of the country, affecting a huge area in the midstream and downstream Amudarya and Syr-Darya basins. More then 58% of land reserve suitable for irrigation is subjected to natural salinization
Comparative analysis shows that the trend of soil salinization over a 10 year period has a stable nature: the area of saline lands has increased by 0.574 million hectares, more than 45% of which are soils of moderate and high degree of salinization
Secondary salinization takes place in conditions of high groundwater levels and poor drainage. Over-irrigation and high water loss from canals and irrigated fields produces a fast rise of the groundwater table and salt accumulation in the root zone. At present areas of secondary salinization are more than 2,279,000 hectares, i.e. 53% of irrigated lands of which 47% (1.08 million hectares) falls at moderate and high salinization
Salinized lands require substantial water for leaching, which makes up 20% of all water used in the fields
Land degradation is a serious economic, social, and environmental problem in Uzbekistan and the rest of Central Asia. It directly affects the livelihood of the rural population by reducing land productivity, and by causing agricultural production losses estimated at $2 billion a year for the region.
Salinity issues in Uzbekistan
Conservation agriculture technology
Effect of tillage and residue management on soil salinity, averaged over the years (2002-2006)
Without crop residue
With crop residue
LSD (0.05)=0.045 %
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
CT IT PB ZT
0-30
cm s
oil d
epth
(%)
LSD (0.05)=0.02 %
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
CT IT PB ZT
30-5
0cm
soi
l dep
th (%
)
Adoption steps of CA in irrigated fields UzbekistanAdoption steps of CA in irrigated fields Uzbekistan
1989-1998 CA experiments with TAMU and ISU in TIIM research farm. Rotation cycles of cotton with maize and alfalfa and 8 years no tillage!
CA experiences with Massey University (New Zealand) in Tashkent region, 3 years of wheat – wheat system 2000-2003
2002 of FAO CA workshop in Tashkent
2002 UNESCO-ZEF project started region 2002 UNESCO-ZEF project started region Ecological Landscape Restoration Ecological Landscape Restoration in Khorezm in Khorezm regionregion 5 years 5 years
2003 Case New Holland 2003 Case New Holland ((CNHCNH) ) started adopt CA on their model farmstarted adopt CA on their model farm
2004-2006 FAO2004-2006 FAO//TCPTCP//UZBUZB-2902 -2902 project in Karakalpakstanproject in Karakalpakstan
2005-2007 FAO2005-2007 FAO//TCPTCP//UZBUZB/3001 /3001 project in Tashkent region project in Tashkent region
2005 ADB Grain productivity improvement project2005 ADB Grain productivity improvement project
2008 ADB Land Improvement Project loan2008 ADB Land Improvement Project loan
2010 GEF grant to support LIP 2010 GEF grant to support LIP
Filed preparation for permanent bed cropping system
black oat, pea and triticale
Application of Roundup on cover crop
Knife roller helping to lay down black oath, pea and
triticale
Planting cotton under the permanent beds cropping system
Local machinery developed for conservation
agriculture
2003 (I версия) 2004 (II версия) 2004 (III версия) 2005 (IV
версия)
Emergence of cotton seedlings after no tillage
planting
Cotton plant development under CA
Maize plant development on 8th of July,
2005
Effect of tillage and residue management on crop yield
Without crop residue With crop residue
Cotton yield 2004
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
CT IT PB ZT
Tillage
kg/h
a
Cotton yield 2006
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
CT IT PB ZT
kg/h
a
without crop residue
with crop residue
Wheat grain yield 2005
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
CT IT PB ZT
kg/h
a
Conservation agriculture can enhance resilience of system in changing environmental conditions
CA can help with soil carbon sequestration
Significant effect on soil moisture maintenance and storage
CA improve of soil salinity management on irrgated areas
Conclusion
Thanks for your attentionThanks for your attention