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Conodonts of the Haast Schistand Torlesse Groups of NewZealandT. B. H. Jenkins a & D. Graham Jenkins ba Department of Geology and Geophysics , SydneyUniversity , Sydneyb Department of Geology , University ofCanterbury , ChristchurchPublished online: 24 Jan 2012.

To cite this article: T. B. H. Jenkins & D. Graham Jenkins (1971) Conodonts of theHaast Schist and Torlesse Groups of New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geologyand Geophysics, 14:4, 782-794, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1971.10426334

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1971.10426334

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782 VOL. 14

CONODONTS OF THE HAAST SCHIST AND TORLESSE GROUPS OF NEW ZEALAND

PART I-BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TRIASSIC CONODONTS FROM THE MOUNT MASON AND OKUKU

LIMESTONES

T. B. H. JENKINS

Department of Geology and Geophysics, Sydney University, Sydney

and

D. GRAHAM JENKINS

Department of Geology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch

(Received for publication 1 April 1971)

ABSTRACT

Nine species of discrete conodonts from the Mount Mason limestone and five from the Okuku Limestone are recorded and briefly described. They indicate a Carnian to early Norian age for the Mount Mason limestone and a late Norian age for the Okuku Limestone.

Foraminiferal and fish remains are also recorded.

INTRODUCTION

The presence of conodonts in the Okuku Limestone of the Torlesse Group in the Lees Pass area of North Canterbury was noted recently by one of us as the first record of Triassic conodonts in New Zealand (Jenkins, 1968). Subsequently conodonts have been recovered also from the Mount Mason limestone and from another limestone block at Okuku. The present paper gives an account of these conodonts from the standpoint of their significance as chronological indicators in the light of what has been discovered in recent years of conodont distribution in the Triassic, especially of Europe and North America. These distributions have recently been formulated by Mosher (1968; 1970) as schemes of zonation by conodonts for the Triassic. Some of the conodont zones are recognized in both Europe and western North America.

Most of the New Zealand Triassic conodonts are either identifiable with northern hemisphere species or show seemingly significant resemblances to northern species. The Okuku fauna includes several new species which one of us (T.B.H.J.) proposes to describe formally in a later taxonomic paper.

Current work on other limestones of. the Haast Sch~st and. Torlesse Groups suggests that conodonts may prove partIcularly useful m solvmg some of their many difficult problems of correlation. The presence of identifiable conodonts in the Kakahu marble in the Chlorite 2 Subzone near Geraldine, South Canterbury (Fig. 1), is an indication of the survival of conodont remains

N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 14 (4): 782-94

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No.4 JENKINS & JENKINS - TRIASSIC CONODONTS

34°

42°

• Main cities

• Triassic Monotis limestones

o Possible Triassic limestone

.. Upper Carboniferous marble

SCALE

5.~0;:::;:=SO~~~1:00:::;~150 Miles 100 "b 100 200 Kilometres

Valley Creek Zi -zag Stream·- eMt Mason

·Oku.c

Adams Quarry 0

Kakahu ..

FIG. I-Locality map.

783

38°

42°

178°W

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784 N.z. JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS VOL. 14

where nearly all other fossils are obliterated by metamorphism and, conse­quently, of the possibly wide distribution of conodonts in the older rocks of the New Zealand Geosyncline. The Kakahu conodonts (Idiognathodus, Cavusgnathus, etc.) indicate a Carboniferous age, a period previously unrepresented in New Zealand by diagnostic fossils (Jenkins and Jenkins, 1971).

At the time of writing, further Triassic conodont faunas have been recovered from limestones located at Valley Creek and Zig-Zag Stream in Canterbury, and Kiritehere, South Auckland and also from a possible Triassic limestone at Adams Quarry, Canterbury (Fig. 1).

The illustrated specimens of conodonts, a fish tooth and one foraminifera have been deposited in the fossil collections of the N.Z. Geological Survey, Lower Hutt.

STRATIGRAPHIC SETTING OF THE LIMESTONES

Limestones are very rare in the Torlesse Group, occurring occasionally as isolated blocks, e.g., the main Okuku Limestone (Fig. 2), or as bedded limestone, e.g., near Mount Mason (Fig. 3). Due mainly to structural complexity the sequence of limestones and other formations in much of the Torlesse Group is, in general, not known.

Mount Mason Limestone

Campbell and Warren (1965, p. 117) recorded Mono!is richmondiana Zittel from a limestone west of Mount Mason. 1be locality is about 45 miles north of Christchurch and 11 miles north-east of the Okuku Limestone. Fossilloc. no. S60/f520*, grid ref. 871328t (Fig. 1). Gregg (1964) showed the fossil locality to be close to a volcanic band in Triassic.greywacke of the Torlesse Group and the limestone outcrop is shown in Fig. 3. The limestone is red to pink in colour and weathered surfaces show net-like veining of calcite. This fracturing of the limestone in part explains the rather poor preservation of the conodont fauna. There is considerably more insoluble material, mainly red iron-oxide, and far fewer Monotis than in the main block of Okuku Limestone. Bradshaw (in press) has estimated a thickness of 48 feet for the limestone.

Okuku Limestone

McKay (1877, pp. 39-40) recorded the discovery of the Okuku Limestone which he had located in 1874. It was re-Iocated by Campbell and Warren (1955) who described the main limestone block as follows: "The rock is a grey-white limestone composed in the main of shells of Monotis richmond­iana Zittell, and contains less than 0'5% insoluble matter. It occurs as a

*New Zealand fossil record number. S60 is the NZMS 1 sheet district number. tGrid reference based on sheet district of the 1 : 63,360 topographical map series

(NZMS 1) and the National Thousand Yard Grid shown on that series.

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FIG. 2--View looking south towards outcrop of main isolated block of Okuku Limestone which is underlain by volcanic rock.

FIG. 3-View looking north-east towards the Mount Mason limestone which 1S

underlain by volcanic rock.

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single mass, lensoid in outline, at least 20 ft thick and 40 ft long. At several places on two sides the mass is seen to be in contact with vesicular basalt". The Okuku Limestone is about 38 miles NNW of Christchurch, fossil locality number S67/ f513, grid ref. 783159 (Figs. 1, 2).

Warren (in Fleming, 1959, p. 276) recorded seven masses of Okuku Limestone; conodont fragments have been obtained from one of the smaller limestones, fossil locality number S67/ f515, grid ref. 782168, in addition to the large fauna from the main block.

The small amount of insoluble material in the Okuku Limestone suggests that the area of deposition was far from land-source, in fairly deep water Or on a local rise, above the general level of terrigenous sedimentation. Campbell and Warren (1955) have noted that "the disposition of the shells in the limestone suggests that the beds may be overturned" (see Fig. 4).

AGE OF Monolis BEARING ROCKS IN NEW ZEALAND

Conodonts reported herein contribute some evidence on the age equivalence of New Zealand Monotis bearing rocks and that of some New Zealand Triassic stages.

The New Zealand Upper Triassic stages, Otamitian, Warepan, and Otapirian are believed to correspond broadly (Marwick, 1951; 1953), if not exactly (cf. Fleming, 1970, p . 131), with the European stages, Carnian,

D. J. Jon es, photo

FIG. 4-Weathered surface of Okuku Limestone showing cross-sections of uniformly oriented Monolis (coin size is 2·10 em diameter) .

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No.4 JENKINS & JENKINS - TRIASSIC CONODONTS 787

Norian and Rhaetian, respectively. Correlation is based partly on the reported restriction of Monotis richmondiana and M. calvata to Warepan rocks (Campbell, 1959, p. 204) and the restriction, according to some authors, of the genus Monotis to the Norian (e.g., Tozer, 1967 restricts Monotis to middle and upper Norian). Other workers have, however, extended the range of Monotis downwards to include the upper Carnian and lower Norian (se'e Stevens, 1970).

Association of Monotis richmondiana with the upper Norian conodont Paragondolella steinbergensis in the Okuku Limestone is in accord with the reported restriction of the former species to Warepan rocks and the equivalence, at least in part, of Warepan and Norian. Conodonts associated with Monotis richmondiana in the Mount Mason limestone indicate an age of Carnian to lower Norian, and thus allow the possibility that M. richmond­iana appears earlier than the Norian in New Zealand. On this evidence the Warepan may be partly equivalent to the Carnian, but more precise correla­tions than those here suggested will be necessary to either prove or disprove that possible partial equivalence.

CONODONTS

Mount Mason Limestone Fauna

Over 1 200 conodont specimens were recovered from the Mount Mason limestone but the proportion of broken specimens is very high. Preservation of detail is generally only fair. The conodont fauna consists of the follow­ing species:

Cratognathus cf. kochi (Huckreide) Cypridodella mediocris (Tatge) Diplododella cf. magnidenlata (Tatge) Enantiognathus sp. Hindeodella (Metapfjoniodus) suevica (Tatge) Hindeodella (Neohindeodella) uniforma Mosher Paragondolella navim/a nat,icu!a (Huckreide) Prioniodina lalidentala Tatge sensu Mosher Prioniodina n. sp. A

The only platformed conodont present is Paragondolella navicula, repre­sented by the nominate subspecies (Fig. 5, No. 11-15); many specimens show a bluntly rounded or truncated posterior end, a characteristic of the subspecies which is recorded (Budurov and Stefanov, 1965, pI. 3, fig. 9, 10; Huckreide, 1958, pI. 14, fig. 28-31) throughout its range, Anisian to lower Norian.

Only one specimen of Cratognathus cf. kochi was recovered (Fig. 5, No. 29); though incomplete it corresponds fairly closely to previously figured specimens of the species. C. kochi is mainly a Middle Triassic species but is also recorded from Carnian and lower Norian strata in Austria.

Three specimens are referred to Cypridodeila mediocris (Tagte), (Fig. 5, No. 19, 20). They resemble more closely the forms described and figured as this species by Mosher (1968, pp. 920-1, pI. 113, fig. 26) than Tatge's type or other specimens figured from the Muschelkalk (e.g., Kozur, 1968,

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pI. 3, fig. 1, 2, 5, 6, 9). It seems to us that Mosher's specimens may well belong to a distinct species intermediate between Tatge's species and C. detieatuta Mosher, and restricted to the Upper Triassic as were Mosher's specimens. A very different and wider interpretation of C. medioer;s and related species, with a corresPO'ndingly longer time range, is proposed by Kozur (1968, p. 1082) on the basis of well preserved material from the Muschelkalk.

The few recovered specimens of Diptododella belong to' a species having a flat faced denticle directly in front of the main cusp. D. magnidentata is so characterised but Our specimens differ from this species by having a basal cavity which extends under the anterior bars.

FIG. 5-Specimens are lightly coated. Magnilication X60. No. 1-8 Paragondolella steinbergensis Mosher. Okuku Limestone.

1, 2, side and oral views of CNP 1001, an average specimen with characteristically narrow platform ending posteriorly at main cusp. 3, side view of CNP 1002, showing posterior termination of platform against base of main cusp. 4, 5, oral and side views of CNP 1003, showing line pitting of platform surface. 6, 7, side and oral views of CN? 1004, a gerontic specimen showing fused carinal dentic\es and great aboral extension of the deeply divided keel. 8, side view of CNP 1005, an unusual variant having a bilid main denticle.

No. 9 Paragondolella sp. Mount Mason limestone. Side view of CNP 1006, showing platformless three·denticle growth stage.

No. 11-15 Paragondolella nat'icu/a navicula Huckreide. Mount Mason limestone. 11, oral view of CNP 1007, an incomplete specimen at a mature growth stage, showing platform characteristically extending around the main cusp. 12, oral view of CN? 1008. 13, oral view of CNP 1009. 14, 15, oral and side views of CN? 1010, showing platform extending around main cusp at nine·denticle growth stage.

No. 10, 16, 17 Enantiognathus sp. 10, side view of CNP 1011. Okuku Limestone. 16, side view of CNP 1012. Mount Mason limestone. 17, side view of CNP 1013. Okuku Limestone.

No. 19, 20 Cypridodella mediocris (Tatge). Mount Mason limestone. 19, side view of CNP 1014. 20, s'de view of CNP 1015.

No. 21, 22 Diplododella sp. nov. Okuku Limestone. Antero·lateral and postero­aboral views of CNP 1016. Showing main denticle at crest of arch of the posterior bar, and excavation of aboral surface of all three bars.

No. 18, 23, 24 Gen. nov. (?) et sp. nov. Okuku Limestone. 18, side view of CNP 1017. A straight bar with evenly sized, laterally curved d~nticles. 23, aboral view of CNP 1018. A bar bifurcated in the anterior direction. 24, side view of CN? 1019. Main cusp with notched aboral margin and short portions of adjacent anterior and posterior bars.

No. 25, 27 Prioniodina n.sp. A. Mount Mason limestone. 25, side view of CNP 1020. 27, side view of CNP 1021.

No. 26 Prioniodina n. sp. B. Okuku Limestone. Side view of CNP 1022. No. 28 Cf. Nure'la sp. Okuku Limestone. No. 29 Cratognathus cf. kochi (Huckreide). Mount Mason limestone. Side view of

CNP 1023. No. 30 Hindeodella (Neohindeodella) uniforma Mosher. Mount Mason limestone.

Side view of CNP 1024. No. 31 Robulus sp. Side view of FP 2157; internal cast. Okuku Limestone.

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At least seven specimens of Enantiognathus sp. (Fig. 5, No. 16) occur in our collection but in every case the long, thin denticles and the main branch are broken.

Hindeodella (Neohindeodella) uniforma Mosher (Fig. 5, No. 30) is also fairly common: its extreme fragility has resulted in every single specimen being incomplete, but the very distinctive arrangement of radiating, partly fused denticles forming the anterior end of the un.it allows confident allocation of the fragments to this species.

Segments of the posterior bar of the species described by Mosher as Hindeodella suevica (Tatge) occur in the Mount Mason fauna. The uniformly sized and laterally curved denticles on the essentially straight, aborally excavated bar suffice to discriminate the species. KO!lur (1968, p. 1076) regards suevica as a subspecies of Prioniodina latidentata Tatge, which Mosher (1968, p. 934) considers to be a different species lacking the basal excavation of suevica. We have one specimen of latidentata sensu Mosher.

In our collection are eight essentially complete specimens of a distinctive new species of Prioniodina in which the posterior bar is either not developed at all or is represented by only a single denticle adjacent to the main denticle (Fig. 5, No. 25, 27). The base is excavated over its entire length and the basal pit is marked by a deepening of the excavation under the main denticle and a flaring of that denticle's aboral extension on the outer side of the conodont. Basally excavated prioniodinids are known from the Carboniferous and one species, P. excavata Mosher, has been found only in Upper Triassic strata of Europe. The latter differs from the Mount Mason species in dentition and its possession of a well developed posterior bar. P. kotlensis Budurov 1960 resembles our species in its lack of a posterior bar but it is not described as aborally excavated.

Okuku Limestone Fauna

Some 1 500 conodont specimens have been recovered from the Okuku Limestone, the great majority being obtained from the main outcropping block (Fig. 2). Detail of preservation is excellent but the proportion of broken specimens among the bar-type elements is high, presumably due to the fragility of these forms.

The number of discrete species is small despite the large number of individual specimens:

Paragondolella steinbergensis Mosher Diplododella sp. nov. Enantio gnathus sp. Prioniodina spp. nov. Gen. nov. (?) et sp. nov.

The prevalence of excavated bases and "white matter" within the denticles is characteristic of all the discrete taxa.

Paragondolella steinbergensis is represented by some hundreds of speci­~en~, ~a~y seemi~gly identical with those figured by Mosher (1968) m hIS ongmal descnphon of the taxon. Some of our specimens (Fig. 5, No. 1-8), however, differ in two respects from Mosher's descriptions and illustra­tions: (i) a fine pitting of the platform surface is present at a mature

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No.4 JENKINS & JENKINS - 'TRIASSIC CONODONTS 791

growth stage, and (ii) at a very advanced growth stage the bifid "keel" becomes so deeply divided by the median excavation that the term keel loses all aptness, the aboral margin being then formed by two fragile longitudinally subparallel but abarally diverging laminated sheets of skeletal material (Fig. 5, No.6).

The Okuku species of Diplododella (Fig. 5, No. 21, 22) differs fram all described species of the genus in its possessian of deeply excavated aboral edges for all three branches of the unit. Of named Triassic species it is closest to D. magnidentata (Tatge).

Enantiognathus sp. exhibits an excavated abaral margin and a basal pit occupying the aboral end of the main denticle (Fig. 5, No. 10, 17).

Prioniodina is seemingly represented by at least twO' new species, both having deeply excavated abaral margins but differing fram P. excavata in other features. The mO'st common species of Prioniodina in the Okuku Limestone is illustrated (Fig. 5, NO'. 26).

Another new species, belO'nging to a pO'ssibly new genus related to Hindeodetla, is abundant in the Okuku residues. Distinguishing character­istics are the laterally branched anterior bar and the notched margin of the basal cavity (Fig. 5, No. 18, 23, 24). Unfortunately we have not been able to recaver any camplete specimens of this form.

OTHER MICROFOSSILS

Foraminiferida

Internal maulds of benthonic foraminifera were found in residues of dissalved Okuku Limestane. Identified moulds of O'riginally calcareaus tests belong to the family Nodosariidae; the following genera are represented: Lingulina (Permian-Recent), Nodosaria (Permian-Recent) and Robulus (Triassic-Recent). Same O'f the specimens resemble species described by Tappan (1951) frO'm the Upper Triassic of Alaska. Hornibraok (1968, p. 41) recorded that a few Lagenidae had been faund in New Zealand Triassic rocks, cancluding that "unsuitable facies and a high degree of induration make the Triassic rocks an unlikely source af Foraminifera". According to' Laeblich and Tappan (1964, p. C136) the knO'wn Triassic foraminiferal faunas are dominated by Nodosariidae.

One specimen with an originally non-calcareous test has been tentatively assigned to' Glomospira (Silurian-Recent). .

Fish

Fish scales and teeth are numerous in some Okuku Limestone residues. Included are many highly distinctive specimens (e.g., Fig. 5, NO'. 28) which may be related to Nurrella Cherchi.

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AGES OF THE MOUNT MASON AND OKUKU LIMESTONES

The conodont fauna from Mount Mason includes ParaKondolella navicula navicula whose time-range in Europe extends upwards from the middle Triassic into the lower Norian and ends before the upper Norian.*

A form which resembles a Mount Mason specimen quite closely, Cratognathlls kO'chi, also ranges up into but not through the lower Norian in Austria. The presence of these conodonts thus points to an age no younger than lower Norian for the limestone near Mount Mason. Cypridodella mediocris (Tatge) sensu Mosher appears to indicate an Upper Triassic age, and, as noted above, Prioniodina n. sp. A. seems to be closest to two species recorded only from the Upper Triassic (P. excavata and P. kotlensis). The Mount Mason conodonts thus strongly suggest a Carnian to lower Norian age.

The Okuku conodont fauna includes the short-ranged Paragondotetta steinbergensis which is known only from the upper Norian. The Okuku species of DiplO'dO'della and Pl'ioniodina are new but the seemingly closest forms of the latter genus belong in the Upper Triassic. Absence of P. navicula navicula, abundant in the Mount Mason fauna, is fully consistent with the upper Norian allocation based on P. steinbergensis.

Association of EnantiO'gnathlls with Paragondolella steinbergensis in the Okuku fauna proves a previously unrecorded overlap of the time-ranges of these taxa. In North America EnantioKnathus is recorded by Mosher as ranging up to the base of the Norian, whereas in Europe it persists through the lower Norian. In view of these differences in the times of its last appearances in different provinces much weight cannot be attached to the presence of EnantioKnathlls in the Okuku limestone when attempting to assess its age. We judge the abundance of P. steinbergensis, of which we have several hundred specimens, to be more significant than the presence of EnantioKnathus sp., with 18 specimens.

Absent from the two faunas here discussed are the widely distributed and often short-ranged gondolellids belonging especially to EpiKondolelta on whose relatively rapid evolution the conodont zonation of the Upper Triassic is largely based. EpigO'ndolella is represented in conodont faunas from West Africa, Japan and the island of Timor as well as in Europe and North America. Its absence from the investigated New Zealand Triassic faunas seems noteworthy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the following persons for helping to collect the Okuku Limestone: G. Warren, N.z. Geological Survey; D. J .. Jones an~ M. Reid, Geology Department, University of Canterbury; and also DaVId G. Jenkms. The Mount Mason limestone was collected by Dr J. Bradshaw; Miss 1. Fiddes and M. Reid processed some of the limestone samples in the Geology Department, University of Canterbury. Miss 1. Foristal, K. M. Robinson. and A. Jones. assi~ted with processing at the Department of Geology and Geoph~slCS,. Sydney UnIvers~ty. The research has been supported in part by a Canterbury University Grants Committee Research Grant, a Sydney University Research Grant, and a Nuffield FoundatIOn Research Grant.

*The terms upper Norian and lower Norian are here used (except where otherwise indicated) in the informal sense of Mosher .(196~), each denoting a bipartite division of the Nori~ Stage. Some authors (e.g., SIlberlmg and Tozer 1968) use a tripartite division of thiS stage.

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ApPENDIX

LIST OF MACRO-FOSSIL LOCALITIES

Number Locality Recorded Macro-Fossils Reference

S67/f513 Lees Pass "T erebratula" sp. Campbell and (grid ref. 783159) (Okuku Lime- Monolis richmondiana Warren

stone) ? Monolis calvala (1965) S67/f515 Lees Pass Polvzoans Campbell and

(grid ref. 782168 ) "T erebralula" sp. Warren Monolis richmondiana Monolis calvata

(1965)

S60!f520 West of Mount Monolis richmondiana Campbell and (grid ref. 871328) Mason Warren

(1965)

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