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Jackquero Dat inguinooDe La Sal le Araneta U nivers i ty

CONNECTIVETISSUES

connect and bind parts togetherprovide support and form the framework

for various organsaid in the defense against invading

microorganisms and in the disposal ofdisintegrating body cells loose connective tissues furnish cells for

regeneration of any injured or damagedconnectives tissues

FUNCTIONS

originate from the mesenchymefound to all connective tissues are cells,

matrix and intercellular fibersscattered cells and widely separated

from each other (few cells with greatlyincreased matrix)matrix may be fluid, mucoid (jelly-like),

rubbery, tough fibrous, dense or hard

CHARACTERISTICS

connective tissue proper cartilages bone or osseous tissue blood or vascular tissues

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

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always contain fibers in its matrix intercellular fibers are irregularly shaped

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

LOOSE CONNECTIVETISSUE

DENSE CONNECTIVETISSUE

mucous elastic t issue adipose tissue reticular t issue

fi lls the spaces between organs andpacking materials surrounding theelements of other tissues

the matrix forms the main bulk of thetissue where three kinds of intercellularfibers are embedded

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER(LOOSE CONNECTIVE T ISSUE)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER(LOOSE CONNECTIVE T ISSUE)

INTERCULLAR FIBERS CHARACTERISTICSCollagenous fibers Colorless, fine and flexible fibers; unbranched fibers

but grouped in bundles; resistant to pull or stretching;when boiled yields to collagen, similar to gelatin

Elastic fibers Homogenous and assembled together appear yellow;not fibrillar nor bundles; branched; easily stretched butreturn to normal length when tension is released;contain elastin; an albuminoid substance

Reticular fibers Extremely fine and highly branched; less affinity toordinary stain; continuous with collagenous fibers;yield substance reticulin

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER(LOOSE CONNECTIVE T ISSUE)

CELL TYPES CHARACTERISTICSFibroblasts Connective tissue cells; large, irregular, stellate cells; important in

the regeneration of connective tissuesHistiocytes Macrophages due to their phagocytic actionMast cells Large, irregularly oval or round cells capable of slow amoeboid

movement; related to fat formationPlasma cells Rare but occur frequently in the serous membranes and

lymphatic tissuesPigment cells Rare but occur frequently in the dense connective tissue of the

skin containing melaninWandering cells Blood and lymph cells; wander in connective tissues like

lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils; do not specificallybelong to LCT

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mainly in the dermis of the skin andsubmucous layer of the intestine and urinarytract collagenous bundles are thicker thick, closely packed, parallel fiber bundles,

predominantly collagenous with fine elasticnetworks between cells appear as dark compressed cells

between the fiber bundles occur in tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

and capsules

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER(DENSE CONNECTIVE T ISSUE)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER(LOOSE CONNECTIVE T ISSUE WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES)

TYPES PROPERTIES OCCURENCEMucousconnectivetissue

Cells are large, stellatefibroblasts and the matrix is soft,homogenous and jelly-like

Found in many parts ofembryo

Elasticconnectivetissue

Contain elastic fiberspredominantly found in thetissue, hence yellow in color;elastic fibers are thick, branchedand fused together wherein itsspaces are filled withcollagenous fibers and fewfibroblasts

Forms the wall of holloworgans (arteries,trachea, bronchi andlungs); true vocal cordsand ligaments

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER(LOOSE CONNECTIVE T ISSUE WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES)

TYPES PROPERTIES OCCURENCEAdiposetissue

Fat cells form the main bulk of thetissue

Found in many parts ofembryo; forms layers onsubcutaneous tissue of theskin, around the kidney,furrows of the heart, bonemarrow & in the mesenteries

Reticulartissue

Meshwork of cells; cells are primitiveand phagocytic;

Framework of lymphoidorgans, liver and bonemarrow; stroma of the lungs,kidney and other organs

CARTILAGES

made up of cel ls, matrix and intercellular fibers matrix is firm to resist tension and pressure there are forms of cartilages based on the

intercellular fibers predominantly present in thematrix, hyaline, elastic and fibro-cartilage

Chondrocytes – carti lage cells Lacunae – spaces or cavities between

chondrocytes Cartilage capsule – encloses each chondrocyte

and form its outer wall

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CARTILAGES(FORMS)

FORMS PROPERTIES OCCURENCEHyalinecartilage

Specialized fibrous connective tissue;enveloped by perichondrium (layer ofdense fibrous connective tissue); thinfibers are embedded in the matrixmaterial; matrix is homogenous, clear,translucent and white where individualcells or group of two of three cells aredispersed (isogenous group); mostwidely distributed

Found in the nose, larynx,trachea, bronchii, ends of ribs,surfaces of bones withincavities and in the embryowhere it may be replaced bybone in the later stages ofdevelopment

CARTILAGES(FORMS)

FORMS PROPERTIES OCCURENCEElasticcartilage

Has component cells and matrix similarwith hyaline cartilage but differs inyellow color, greater flexibility andelasticity; branched elastic fibers

Found in the external ear,Eustachian tube, epiglottis,vocal processes of thearytenoid cartilages of thelarynx

Fibro-cartilage

General appearance resemblestendon; develops the same as ordinaryconnective tissue; collagenous fiberbundles follow a wavy course throughthe transparent matrix

Found in invertebral disc,bordering articular cavities,symphysis pubis and inmandibular joints

BONE (OSSEOUS TISSUE)

Bone – hard specialized connective tissue withits collagenous matrix greatly impregnated withmineral salt deposits specially calcium

Osteocytes – cel ls in the bones The masked collagenous fibers are embedded in

a matrix containing ostein (mucoid andalbuminous substance)

All bones are covered with a modified fibrousconnective tissue called periosteum

the endosteum l ines the bone marrow cavity

BONE (OSSEOUS TISSUE)

Osteoblast (bone-forming cells) – derived frommesenchymal cells and arranged regularly close tothe bone surface where growth and developmentoccurs. After bone growth has ceased, osteoblastsare transformed into fibroblast

Osteoclast (bone-destroying cells) – mult inucleatedgiant cells closely associated with the areas whereresorption of the bone is taking place

two type of bone tissue may be formed in nearly allbones Compact osseous tissue – outer bony part Cancel lous or spongy tissue – inner part

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OSSEOUS TISSUE(TYPES)

TYPES CHARACTERISTICS OCCURENCESpongy bone Simple in structure; formed by

anstomosing trabeculae of numerousclosely adjoining bony plates orlamellae; osteocytes within lacunae areembedded in the lamellae which arelayers of calcified matrix

Form the inside of thecompact bone tissue layer,the bodies of irregular bones,ribs and skull and ends oflong bones

Compactbone

Form the diaphysis of long bonesconsists of Haversian systems as itsstructure and lamellae which are thinlayer of calcium deposits in the matrix

Blood vessels, lymphaticsand nerves distributedthroughout the bone

SPONGY BONE

COMPACT BONE COMPACT BONE

OSSEOUS TISSUE(ARRANGEMENT OF LAMELLAE)

TYPES CHARACTERISTICS OCCURENCEPeriosteal Few layers laid down in the periosteum

and extended around the entire of thebone

Forms the osteogenic layermade up of osteoblasts

Concentricor Haversianlamellae

Bony plates arranged concentrically Haversian canal

Interstitiallamellae

Bony plates arranged filling the angularspaces Haversian system

Haversian system

Endosteal Similar in arrangement and apperancewith periosteal lamellae

Innermost aspect of the boneand laid down endosteumlining the bone marrow cavity

FORMATION OF THE BONE (OSTEOGENESIS)

Bone develops by the transformation of anembryonic or adult connective tissue into a hard orcalcified tissue

Two type of development Ossif ication – process by calcium and other

inorganic salts are deposited within the matrixmaterial (Intramembranous development)

Two distinct processes occur when bone is formed : Production of ostein Deposition of within the ostein of calcium and inorganic

salts (Intracrtilaginous development) Epiphysis - ends or extremities of a typical long

bone; made up of cancellous bone Diaphysis – middle shaft; made up of compact bone

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BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE

The cel lular elements of blood includes erythrocytes (redblood corpuscles), leukocytes (white blood corpuscles) andthrombocytes (blood platelets) (al l originate from themyeloid or bone marrow and l ymphatic tissue)

Pl asma – matrix component of bl ood Fibrogen – fiber component of the blood in solution with

plasma which become evident f ibers when precipitated inthe form of insoluble f ibrin

Functions in transporting gases and substances to and fromthe different parts of the body, in blood clotting and in thedefense of the body

Blood plasma contains numerous blood cel l s, organic andinorganic sal ts, hormones, nitrogenous wastes and othersubstances l ike prothrombin, f ibrinogen, heparin etc.

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(ERYTHROCYTES)

Highly di fferentiated cel l s; oxygen carrier made possible byhemoglobin ; mammal s – RBC during maturation lose thei r nuclei ;lower vertebrates – retain the nuclei

F lattened, non-motile, b iconcave di scs w ithout nuclei Corpuscles show thinner central port ion and thickened marginal

port ions I n fresh smear of RBC – appear pale greeni sh yel low but turn to i ts

character i st ic red color w hen crow ded together Tend to adhere together to one another by thei r thin flat or broad

surfaces (Rouleaux formation) Most numerous cel l s in the blood (5M as normal count in male;

4.5M/cubic mm of blood) Average l i fespan i s 120 days Hemolysis – when the osmotic pressure decreases, water enters

the cel l Crenat ion – w hen osmotic pressure w ater i s given up by the cel l s

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(ERYTHROCYTES)

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(LEUKOCYTES)

Function actively in the body defense againstmicroorganisms by their phagocytic action andantibody production

Originate from the bone marrow, spleen and lymphatictissues

Generally larger, amoeboid, nucleated, withouthemoglobin and fewer in number

Normal human blood – WBC averages 8000/cubic mmblood

More resistant to changes of the surrounding medium No crenation nor Rouleaux formation Average l ife span is 12-13 days

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES)

TYPES CHARACTERISTICS OCCURENCEAgranulocytes(non-granularWBC)

Includes lymphocytes and monocytes;lymphocytes – formed by thelymphatic tissue, produce theantibodies that prepare themicroorganisms through precipitationor dissolution for phagocytosis;smallets WBC; monocytes –phagocytic which engulfs bacteria thatmay invade the body; eccentricallocated nucleus and abundantcytoplasm devoid of granules;subsequently transgformed into largephagocytic cells called macrophage

Mucous membrane ofthe digestive andrespiratory tracts, lymphnodes and spleen;monocytes – liver,spleen and bone marrow

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES)

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BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES)

TYPES CHARACTERISTICSGranulocytes (granularWBC)

Phagocytes; identified based on the shape of the nucleusand the form of the specific cytoplasmic granules;cytoplasm filled with numerous granules that differ insize, refractive property and affinity to acid or basic dyes:1. acidophil (eosinophile) – 2 lobed nucleus and coarsegranules are spherical and stained with acidic dyes;2. basophile – elongtaed S-shaped nucleus and granulesthat stain with basic dyes; 3. neutrophil – most numerousWBC; nucleus consisting of 3 – 5 lobes

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES)

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(THROMBOCYTES)

Small , non-nucleated, colorless, round or oval , non-motile corpuscles

Number varies because they tend to adhere to oneanother

Normal count – averages to 250,000/cubic mm blood Life span – 8-10 days Produced by megakaryocytes found in the bone

marrow Functionally related to blood clotting

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE(THROMBOCYTES)

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