1. Australian Telescope National FacilityMarsfield, Sydney

2. Current projects ASKAP 3. International SKA (Square Kilometre Array) 4. How high would a stack of 15 million ipods be?What area would all of the ipods cover when laid flat? 5. How high would a stack of 15 million ipods be?15 000 000 x 0.5 cm 100 000 = 75 kmWhat area would all of the ipods cover when laid flat?Area = 15 000 000 x 11 x 6 1002 = 99 000 m2 (9.9 ha) 6. Australian CurriculumMeasurement and geometrySolve problems involving surfacearea and volume of rightpyramids, right cones, spheresand related composite solids(ACMMG271) 7. Statistics and probabilityUse scatter plots to investigate and comment onrelationships between two continuous variables(ACMSP251) 8. Number and algebraSolve problems involving direct proportion. Explore therelationship between the graphs and equationscorresponding to simple rate problems (ACMNA208) 9. Number and algebraUse the definition of a logarithm to establish andapply the laws of logarithms (ACMNA265) 10. SKA Will generate approximately7 000 000 000 000 000 000 bytes of data inthe first week. (7 x 1018 bytes = 7 exobytes) All the words ever spoken by humanity 11. Average number of words ever spoken byall of humanity (per day)100 billion people (100 x 109) throughoutthe ages.Average number of words spoken perperson in one life time7 1018=100 109= 7 x 1077 10775 365 2600 words per dayAverage per day = 12. Facts about Parkes, Pulsarsand Pulse@Parkes 13. Fact # 1Since December 2007, over 1000 students frominterstate schools and overseas institutions have used theParkes Radio Telescope to collect data on pulsars for analysis.Students have controlled the telescope via the internet toobserve several pulsars.Frequently Asked Questions answered at:http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/pulseatparkes/teachers/teachers.html 14. Fact # 2A pulsar is a rapidly rotating neutron star. Jets of electromagneticradiation stream from the pulsar and are observed as pulses ofradio waves because of this rotation.The Parkes Radio telescope has been instrumental in discoveringnearly two-thirds of all known pulsars. 15. Fact # 3What is a Pulsar? In 1934 Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposedthe existence of a new type of star -neutron star In 1967 Jocelyn Bell discovered a pulsar(mediareported the discovery as little green men) 16. Fact # 4Properties density of 1017 Kg/m-3 thimbleful has a mass of 109 tonnes rotates once to several hundred times persecond acceleration due to gravity at surface of pulsaris ~ 1012 m.s-2 (10 m.s-2 at Earth) escape velocity ~ 50% of the speed of light. 17. Fact # 5Typical pulsar diameters are approximately 20 to 25 kilometreswith a mass roughly 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. The meandensity is approximately 6.7 x 1014 grams/cm3 which isequivalent to a single sugar cube weighing as much as all ofhumanity (approximately the weight of 7 billion people). 18. Fact # 6PSR J1023+0038, is the fastest known millisecond pulsar. Itlies 4,000 light years away in the constellation Sextantsand spins at a rate of 592 times a second. After discovery in2007 , the Parkes radio telescope was used to get the firstfull orbit observations.Astronomers have long thought that millisecond pulsarsare ordinary pulsars spun up with the help of an orbitingcompanion star. The companion dumps matter onto thepulsar, causing it to spin far faster. 19. Fact # 6 continuedSpeed == = 251592diameter = 25 km= 46,496 km/sec (15% speed of light) 20. Fact # 5The 64 metre Parkes radio telescope was built in 1961 and hasoperated continuously for over 50 years. It is a world classinstrument at the forefront of radio astronomy due to continualupgrades. It is now 10,000 times more sensitivethan when it was first built. 21. Fact # 6A pulsar map was included on the Pioneer 10 and 11 probeslaunched in 1972 and 1973 respectively. They show theposition of the Sun, relative to 14 pulsars, so that our positionin space can be calculated by extra-terrestrials that encounterthe probes. 22. Fact # 7The pulsar catalogue has over 1,900 pulsars and can be accessedelectronically at the link below. Some pulsars have two differentdesignations (B and J). The designation B indicates 1950coordinates which were used prior to 1993, whereas the Jdesignation is now used in 2000 coordinates . The J designationalso uses a more accurate declination. The example belowincludes both designations for the same pulsar.Before 1993PSR B 1919+21Pulsating source of radioAfter 1993PSR J 1919+2153Location of the pulsar (right ascension , declination)The complete pulsar catalogue can be found at:http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/psrcat/ 23. Fact # 8The line graph indicates the number ofknown pulsars from 1967 to 2011.Discovery of the first pulsarPSR B 1919+21 in July 1967by Jocelyn Bell. 24. Fact # 9The nearest millisecond pulsar (MSP)discovered in 1992 duringthe Parkes 70 cm survey is approximately 510 light years away.It is known as PSR J0437-4715 and it has a period of5.757451831072007 0.000000000000008 millisecondsIt is the most stable natural clock in the whole universe. 25. Fact # 10The Parkes radio telescope is so sensitive that a mobile phonecall from Pluto would be considered a really strong signal. 26. Australian and U.S. astronomers usedCSIRO's Parkes radio telescope tomeasure the distortion of space-timearound the pulsar J0437-4715 and itscompanion white dwarf.In this pulsar system, the pulsar's radiowaves travel through the curved space-timearound its white dwarfcompanion, and arrive on Earth a littlelater than if they had travelled throughundistorted space-time. The effect,called the Shapiro delay, was firstproposed in 1964 by Irwin I. Shapiro.The data clearly showed the predicteddelay, making this the first test ofgeneral relativity in which the geometryof the system has been used to predicta relativistic effect. This providedanother confirmation of Einstein'sgeneral theory of relativity.Fact # 11 27. Fact # 1275% of all known pulsars have a period of less than a second.In 1999, Astronomers using the Parkes radiotelescope found the pulsar J 2144-3933. This pulsar,which spins only once every eight seconds, defiedexisting theories on the upper limit for pulsar periods. 28. Fact # 13Astronomers using the Parkes radio telescope in conjunction with the 76-metre LovellTelescope in England have discovered a possible diamond planet orbiting a newly detectedpulsar, PSR J1719-1438 located 4,000 light years away. 29. Fact # 14The first confirmed exoplanets discovered several years before thefirst detections of exoplanets around normal solar-like stars,were found in orbit around a millisecond pulsar, PSR B1257+12.These planets remained for many years the only Earth-mass objectsknown outside our solar system. And one of them comparable tothat of our Moon in mass, is still today the smallest-mass objectknown beyond the solar system. 30. Fact # 17The magnetic axis of a pulsar aligned with the radio beamis usually not aligned with the rotation axis. 31. Fact # 18The hard disk drive of a computer rotates at high speed,commonly 7,200 revolutions per minute or 120 revolutions persecond. The time to complete one revolution is 8.33milliseconds. This is similar to the pulsar J1518+0204 whichhas a period of 7.9 milliseconds and hence rotates slightlyquicker at 127 revolutions per second.period = 8.33 milliseconds period = 7.9 milliseconds 32. Fact # 19Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) have rotational periods in therange from 1 to 30 milliseconds. They have been detected inradio, x-ray and gamma ray portions of the electromagneticspectrum. One theory about their formation is that they beginlife as longer period pulsars but are spun up or "recycled"through accretion of a companion star. The transfer of angularmomentum from the accretion of the companion cantheoretically increase the rotation rate of the pulsar tohundreds of times a second, as is observed in millisecondpulsars. 33. Fact # 20Two main types of pulsarsNormal pulsars Are quite young, 107 years Periods from 0.03 10seconds Mostly single (non-binary) Formed in supernova Magnetic field strengthapproximately 1012 gaussMillisecond pulsars Are very old, 109 years Periods from 1 30milliseconds Mostly binary Accretion fromcompanion spins up theneutron star to amillisecond pulsar Magnetic field strengthbetween 108 -109 gauss 34. Fact # 21The first binary pulsar was discovered by the Parkes radiotelescope in 2003. One of the pulsars has a period of 22milliseconds and the other pulsar has a period of 2.7 seconds.The orbital period for the binary pulsar system is 2.4 hours.This is a highly relativistic binary system which is a laboratoryfor testing Einsteins general theory of relativity.