CONJUCTIONS

UNIT 26

COORDINATING & CORRELATIVE

CONJUNCTIONS

CONNECTING WORDS AND

PHRASES WITH

CONJUNCTIONS

CONJUNCTIONS CONNECT WORDS OR PHRASES.

THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS;

COORDINATING CONJUNTIONS

AND

BUT

OR

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

BOTH…AND…

NEITHER…NOR….

EITHER…OR…

NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO…

CO

OR

DIN

ATIN

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NJU

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TIO

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AND, BUT, OR

U s e c o o rd in a t i ng co n ju nc t i o n s t o l i n k t w o o r mo re ;

*n o u ns “H a v e y o u e v e r ea t en p i z z a w i t h s h r imp o r o l i v es ? ”

*ge r u n ds “ I do n ’ t l i ke c o o k in g o r ba k ing . ”

*v e r bs “ I w en t o u t a n d bo ugh t s o me f r u i t . ”

*a dv e r bs “H e w a s d r i v i n g f a s t a n d c a re l e s s l y . ”

*a d jec t i v es “ Sh e w a s go o d - l o o k ing a n d a t t r a c t i v e . ”

Use the same part of the speech in linked words or phrases to create parallel structure. I like cycling and basketball.(Incorrect, a gerund and a noun.)I like cycling and playing basketball. (correct, two gerunds)

CO

OR

DIN

ATIN

G

CO

NJU

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TIO

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Use AND to add information.

There are many vegetarians in India and UK.

Use BUT to show contrast.

The food is cheap but very good. (“But” contrasts the price and the quality of the food.)

Use OR to connect related ideas or items in a negative statement or to show alternatives.

I don’t like hamburgers or pizza.

Do you want to eat at a restaurant or at home?

When you connect three or more words or phrases, use a comma between each one.

I select my food based on taste, nutritional value, and price.Would you like to have juice, milk, or water with your meal?

CORRELATIVE CONJUCTIONSCorrelative conjunctions have two parts.

Both fried foods and grilled foods are served here.

Fast food is neither delicious nor healthy.

They often emphasize equality between the words or phrases they connect

BOTH…AND…

Is used to add information.

Both the food and the atmosphere are wonderful.

***If you are connecting two subjects, use a plural verb.

Both Eda and Mert are interested in drama.

EITHER…OR...

is used to emphasize alternatives.

The verbs agrees in number with the noun that is closest to it.

Either potatoes or rice is fine with me.

Either rice or potatoes are fine with me.

is used to emphasize surprising information.The verbs agrees in number with the noun that is closest to it.

Not only two drinks but also dessert comes with this entree.Not only dessert but also two drinks come with this entree.

NOT ONLY… BUT ALSO…

is used to emphasize additional information in negative statements.The verbs agrees in number with the noun that is closest to it.

Neither my parents nor my brother wants to try eel.Neither my brother nor my parents want to try eel.

NEITHER…NOR…

AND,BUT,OR,SO,YET

CONNECTING SENTENCES WITH

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

The coordinating conjunctions and, but, or,

so, and, yet can connect independent

clauses.DEPENDENT CLAUSE: A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses may work like adverbs, adjectives, or nouns in complex sentences.

***When I was a child, I used to cry a lot.

has no meaning alone/time of the sentence (dependent) has meaning (independent clause)

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE: An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. 

Kevin doesn’t eat meat, but he eats fish.

Jennifer is a vegetarian, so we shouldn’t put meat in the lasagna.

Use a comma before the coordinating conjunction when you connect to complete sentences.

Starbucks opened in 1971, and it has become an international success.

The café sold muffins, but it didn’t sell sandwiches.

Consumers liked the food, so sales were good.

İf the subjects are the same, you do not need to repeat the subject. Also, if the auxiliary verbs or the modals the same, you do not need to repeat the modals or auxiliaries. Do not use a comma before the conjunctions.

We ate at that restaurant last week, and we really liked it. = We ate at that restaurant and really liked it.

Karen can ride with us, or she can meet us at the restaurant. = Karen can ride with us or meet us at the restaurant.

My brother has visited India, and he has eaten fast food there. = My brother has visited Indıa and eaten fast food there.

The changes to the menu attracted many new customers. And the company’s profits rose significantly.

In some writing, such as in newspapers and magazines, sentences begin with conjunctions to emphasize information. Do not do this in academic writing.

Use AND to connect an independent clause that adds information. You can also use it to show sequence of events.

*He is an excellent cook, and I love his recipes.

*This restaurant changed its chef, and now it is very popular.

Use BUT to introduce contrasting or

surprising information.

This is supposed to be a good Mexican restaurant, but my Mexican friends don’t like it.

Use SO to connect a cause and its result.*Henry doesn’t like pizza(cause), so we ordered pasta (result).

*That spice is rare in my country, so I substitute a different one.

YET has the same meaning with BUT. YET sometimes

expresses a stronger contrast than BUT.

Cathy doesn’t eat clams, yet she eats oysters.

The restaurant serves wonderful food, yet it is known more for its music.

REDUCING SENTENCES

WITH SIMILAR

CLAUSES

USE THE AUXILIARIES TO REDUCE SENTENCES

Use AND..TOO or SO to combine two affirmative(+) sentences.

I ate there yesterday. She ate there yesterday.

*and + subject + auxiliary + too

-I ate there yesterday, and she did, too.

*and so + auxiliary + subject

-I ate there yesterday, and so did she.

Use AND…NOT, EITHER or NEITHER to combine two negative sentences.

I don’t have any coffee. Kim doesn’t have any coffee.*and + subject + auxiliary +not, either-I don’t have any coffee, and Kim doesn’t, either.

*and neither + auxiliary + subject-I don’t have any coffee, and either does Kim.

Use BUT to combine an affirmative and negative sentence.The beef is dry. The chicken isn’t -The beef is dry, but the chicken isn’t.-The chicken isn’t dry, but the beef is.

You can also use too, so, either, and neither in

separate sentences in speaking and less formal

writing.Use too and so for two affirmative sentences.

Japanese food is delicious. Korean food is, too.

Japanese food is delicious. So is Korean food.

Use either and neither for two negative sentences.

The coffee isn’t warm. The tea isn’t, either.

The coffee isn’t warm. Neither is the tea.

MİHRİCAN YİĞİT