congressional reconstruction us history. objectives b3d -evaluate different reconstruction plans and...
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Congressional Reconstruction
US History
Objectives
• B3d -Evaluate different Reconstruction plans and their social, economic, and political impact on the South and the rest of the United States
• B3e- Analyze the immediate and long-term influences of Reconstruction on the lives of African Americans and U.S. society as a whole
I. Lincoln
A. Ten Percent Plan/Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
1. Reconciliation instead of punishmentA. Amnesty to those who took an oath of alliegence to
the UnionB. Once 10% of population took oath a new state govt
could be organized.1. Exception – confederate govt officials and those who had left their posts during war
I. Lincoln
B. Resistance1. Radical Republicans
A. Thaddeus Stevens and others did not want to reconcile with the South
B. Wade Davis Bill – 1. Required an ironclad oath of alliegience2. Punished former Confederate govt officials 3. Congress passed, was vetoed by Lincoln
I. Lincoln
C. Freedman’s Bureau1. Federal agency to help with crisis in the South2. Feeding, clothing and supporting war refugees in
the South.3. Negotiated labor contracts4. Worked to educate former slaves
II. Problems with Johnson
A. Johnson’s Plan1. Closely resembled Lincoln’s plan
A. Pardon those who took oathB. Return their propertyC. Required ratification of 13th amendmentD. Southern voters had elected dozens of Confederate
leaders to Congress
II. Problems with Johnson
B. Black Codes1. New Southern state legislatures passed laws
known as black codes to limit the rights of African Americans in the South.
2. This leads to more Republicans joining the radicals and challenging Johnson.
II. Problems with Johnson
C. Veto1. Congress enacted two bills designed to help
former slaves. Both of these bills were vetoed by President Johnson
A. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – equal benefit of all laws
B. Extending the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau
Johnson
II. Problems with Johnson
D. 14th Amendment1. Defines citizenship as anyone who is born or
naturalized in the United States.2. Prohibits any state from denying citizens due
process or equal protection of the law. 3. Johnson adamantly spoke against the
amendment
14th Amendment
III. Congressional Reconstruction
A. Military Reconstruction Act1. Divided the confederacy into 5 districts2. A Union general was placed in charge of each
district. 3. New state constitutions had to give the right to
vote to all male citizens. 4. States had to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Military Reconstruction
IV. Johnson’s Impeachment
A. Congressional Power1. In the election of 1866, Congress had won
enough power to override any presidential veto.2. Congress passed 2 new laws to prevent Johnson
from interfering with reconstructionA. Command of the Army Act – required all orders to go
through the headquarters of the armyB. Tenure of Office Act – require the Senates approval
of the removal of any government official
Military Reconstruction Act
III. Johnson’s Impeachment
A. Congressional Power3. Johnson fired a key government official without
the permission of the Senate.4. Congress immediately votes to impeach
Johnson. 5. In May of 1868, Senate voted that Johnson was
guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors, but was one vote short of impeachment.
Johnson’s Impeachment
IV. Election of 1868
A. Grant1. Johnson remained quietly in office until the
election of 1868.2. Republicans nominated Grant. Who was well in
favor of African Americans in the South3. Grant’s victory led to the expansion of
reconstruction in the South and the passage of the 15th Amendment.
A. 15th Amendment – the right to vote shall not be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
V. Republican Rule in the South
A. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags1. Large number of Northerners traveled to the
south. Southerners referred to these newcomers as Carpetbaggers.
2. Southerners who worked with Republicans and supported Reconstruction were called scalawags
3. Both were not welcome by former confederates.
Carpetbagger
V. Republican Rule in the South
B. Reform1. African Americans worked to improve their lives
through education. 2. Many Southerners had a difficult time adjusting.
Secret organizations were formed to undermine republican rule.
A. Ku Klux Klan – rode in bands at night terrorizing teachers, carpetbaggers, freed men, and those who supported Republican rule
Grant
VI. Reconstruction Ends
A. Grant Administration1. Lack of political experience helped to divide the
political party. 2. Series of scandals helped to damage his
reputation.3. Nation’s economic depression was deepening
and the North grew tired of Reconstruction in the south.
VI. Reconstruction Ends
B. Compromise of 1877A. Disputed electoral votes eventually lead to a
compromiseB. Rutherford B. Hayes received disputed votes
and becomes president and in return he agreed to removed federal troops form the South.
Compromise of 1877
VII. New South
A. African Americans lose ground1. South soon returned to the white mans rule2. African American schools were closed due to lack
of funding3. Freed men were forced in labor contracts
A. Sharecropping Tenant Farming
4. States passed Jim Crowe laws with further segregated blacks and whites
A. Poll taxB. Literacy tests