congenital brain malformations
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Imaging of Congenital Imaging of Congenital Brain MalformationsBrain Malformations
![Page 2: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Moment of embryology
![Page 3: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Neurulation Neurulation
![Page 6: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ventral induction
![Page 7: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Man
tlM
antl
ee
ProliferationProliferation
MigrationMigration
OrganizationOrganization
![Page 8: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Myelination PNS CNS
![Page 10: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Normal myelinationAt birth 1 year6 month 2 years
![Page 11: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CephalocelesCephalocelesHerniation of intracranial contents through a
congenital defect in the dura and skull- Usually located at the midline.
![Page 16: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Occipital Meningoencephalocele
![Page 20: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Parietal Meningoencephalocele
![Page 21: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Atretic occipital cephalocele
![Page 22: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Chiari malformation type I
![Page 23: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Basilar invagination
![Page 24: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Posterior fossa decompression
![Page 25: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Chiari malformation type III
![Page 28: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhomboencephalon
![Page 30: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Classification of holoprosencephaly
![Page 32: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Classification of holoprosencephaly
![Page 33: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Septo-optic Dysplasia
![Page 35: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
DWM DWV Persistent Blake’s pouch
Mega cisterna magna
Anterior membranous area anomaly Posterior membranous area anomaly
Retro-cerebellar cyst
Vermis Hypo-plasticRotated upwards
Hypo-plastic No or mild hypoplasia
No or mild hypoplasia
4th ventricle Markedly dilated Dilated Dilated Normal
Posterior fossa Expanded Normal size Normal size Normal size
hydrocephalus 75 % of cases 25% of cases Present No
![Page 37: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Dandy-Walker Malformation Dandy-Walker Malformation
![Page 40: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dandy-Walker Variant
![Page 42: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mega Cistern Magna
![Page 44: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Posterior Fossa Arachnoid Cyst
![Page 46: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Corpus callosum genesis
![Page 47: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Corpus callosum develpment
![Page 48: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Corpus Callosum genesis• Genu body splenium rostrum
![Page 49: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Corpus Callosum Agenesis
![Page 50: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Corpus Callosum Agenesis Absent cingulate gyrus
High riding 3rd ventricle
Parallel lateral ventricles
Colpocephaly
frontal horns small & pointed
Radiating medial surface gyri
![Page 51: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Partial corpus Callosum Agenesis
![Page 52: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Corpus Callosum Agenesis Interhemispheric cyst
![Page 53: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Corpus Callosum Agenesis Pericallosal lipoma
![Page 54: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Focal cortical dysplasia
![Page 59: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Focal cortical dysplasia
![Page 61: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Focal cortical dyspalsia
![Page 62: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Tuberous sclerosis
• Cortical tubers.• White matte lesions.• Subependymal nodules.• SGCA.
![Page 63: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Ganglioglioma
![Page 64: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
DNET
![Page 65: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Type 1 lissencephaly(agyria / pachygyria complex)
![Page 67: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Type 2 (cobblestone) lissencephaly
![Page 68: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Heterotopia
![Page 69: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Heterotopias
• Normal neurons at abnormal sites• Result from arrested neuronal migration from
periventricular germinal zone to the cortex.• Heterotopias are isointense to normal gray
matter in all pulse sequences and do not enhance on administration of IV contrast.
![Page 70: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Hetertopia
• Isointense to grey matter on all pulse sequences
No enhancement. No associated mass effect.
![Page 71: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Band hetertopia
![Page 73: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Sucortical curvilinear nodular hetertopia
![Page 74: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Subcortical focal nodular heterotopia
![Page 75: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Subependymal diffuse nodular heterotopia
![Page 76: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
subependymal focal nodular hetertopia
![Page 77: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Polymicrogyria
![Page 79: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Polymicrogyria
![Page 80: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Schizencephaly
• CSF cleft , lined by grey matter, between the ependymal surface of the ventricle to the pial surface of the cerebral hemisphere.
![Page 82: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Vascular theory of Schizencephaly
![Page 83: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Myelination disorders
![Page 86: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
![Page 87: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Dys-myelination Vs hypo-myelination
![Page 89: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Dys-myelination
Hypo-myelination
![Page 90: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Delayed myelination Vs hypomyelination
• Repeat MRI after 6 months.• Delayed myelination myelination progression.• Hypomyelination no myelination progression.• DD in these 2 conditions is quite different.
![Page 91: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Delayed myelination
• Delayed myelination is a non specific finding associated with global developmental delay.
Causes:• Chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. trisomy 21).• Metabolic disorders (e.g. phenylketonuria).• Acquired causes (e.g. HIE).
![Page 92: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Special features
![Page 93: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
DD of leukodystrophies
![Page 94: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Congenital brain malformations](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062904/58779a2b1a28ab0f778b6b3d/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)