CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS

CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS

Prepared by : Bhavin K. Vekariya B.Sc.(IC)

Guided by : Prof. Govind Vagadiya (Dept. of Industrial Chemistry) Shree M. & N. Virani science collegeReaccredited at the level A (CGPA = 3.28) by NAAC, STAR college Department status by MST-DBTA College with Potential for Excellence-CPE (phase ||) by UGCAccredited at the level G-AAA A-1Level by KCG Government of Gujarat.Rajkot 360 0051

OutlineABSTRACTWHAT IS POLYMERINTRODUCTION TO CONDUCTIVE POLYMERPREPARATION OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMERUSES AND APPLICATIONADVANTSGES AND DISADVANTAGESCURRENT VISIBILITY FUTURE ASPECTSREFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHY2

1) ABSTRACT Conductive polymers may have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors. Conductive polymers are generally not thermoplastics.

The conductivity of such polymers is the result of several processes like doping, self doping, oxidation, reduction etc.

Nowadays Conductive polymer is used in many field like, Technology, Biomedical, Drug release systems, Energy storage, Molecular electronics, Electrostatic Material, Conductive Adhesive etc.

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2) WHAT IS POLYMERLong chain like molecular structure where repeated molecular units are connected by covalent bonds.

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Classification based on temperatureThere are Two types of Polymer

Thermoplastic polymers these are Biodegradable and Echo friendly.

Thermosetting polymers these are Non-biodegradable and these creates the pollution.5

1) Thermoplastic - soft and deformable upon heating , heating process is reversible , e.g. : linear polymers like PVC.

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2) Thermosetting - becomes hard and rigid upon heating , heating process is irreversible , eg : Bakelite, Malemine, network polymers like phenol formaldehyde e.g. Cook wares

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Properties of polymergood chemical resistivity at room temperature.

low density and Youngs modulus.

brittleness at low temperatures.

can be stretched to form films.8

3) INTRODUCTIONDiscovery of Conductive Polymer

Discovered in the late seventies (1977) by Dr. Hideki Shirakawa , Alan Jay Heegar , and Alan Graham Macdiarmid.

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Hideki ShirakavaBorn: August 20,1936(age 79), at Tokyo, Japan

Profession : Professor, Japanese Chemist

Worked at : University of Pennysylvania University of Tsukuba

Finder of Conductive Polymer at university of pennysylvania in year1977.

Notable awards: Noble prize of chemistry in 2000 for discovery of conductive polymer.10

Allan Jay HeegarBorn: January 22, 1936, (age79) , at Sioux, USA.

Profession: Professor, American Physicist.

Worked at: University of pennysylvania University of California

Co-Finder of Conductive Polymer at university of pennysylvania in year 1977.

Notable Awards: Oliver E Buckley prize of the American physical society in 1983. : Balzan prize for science of non biological material In 1995.11

Alan Graham MacdiarmidBorn: 14 April, 1927 , at masterton, New-zealand, USA.

Profession: Professor , American Chemist.

Worked at: University of pennysylvania University of St. Andrews

Co-Finder of Conductive Polymer at university of pennysylvania in year 1977.

Notable Awards: The Francis J. Clamer medal in 1993.12

Advantages over conductors.

Before the discovery of CP the polymers were used as insulators in the electronic industry.

Chemical property CP - ion transport possible , redox behavior , catalytic properties, electrochemical effects, Photoactivity, Junction effects.

Mechanical property - light weight , flexible , non metallic surface properties.

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Conductive polymers or, more precisely, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are organic polymers that conduct electricity.

Such compounds may have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors, Due to their poor process ability, conductive polymers have few large-scale applications.

They have been incorporated into commercial displays and batteries.

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4) PREPARATION OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMERConductive polymers are prepared by many methods. Most conductive polymers are prepared by oxidative coupling of monocyclic precursors. Such reactions entail dehydrogenation. n H[X]H H[X]nH + 2(n1) H+ + 2(n1) e

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Condition to make polymer conductive

1-The first condition for this is that the polymer consists of alternating single and double bonds, called conjugated double bonds.

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In conjugation, the bonds between the carbon atoms are alternately single and double. Every bond contains a localised sigma () bond which forms a strong chemical bond. In addition every double bond also contains a less strongly localised pi () bond which is weaker.

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2-The second condition is that the plastic has to be disturbed - either by removing electrons from (oxidation), or inserting them into (reduction), the material. The process is known as DOPING.

There are two types of doping:

1-oxidation with halogen (or p-doping).

2- Reduction with alkali metal (called n-doping).

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1-oxidation with halogen (or p-doping)

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2- Reduction with alkali metal (called n-doping)

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How Doping worksThe game offers a simple model of a doped polymer. The pieces cannot move unless there is at least one empty "hole". In the polymer each piece is an electron that jumps to a hole vacated by another one. This creates a movement along the molecule - an electric current.

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The low solubility of most polymers presents challenges. Some researchers have addressed this through the formation of nanostructures and surfactant-stabilized conducting polymer dispersions in water.

These include polyaniline nanofibers and (poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)), formally known as PEDOT etc.

These materials have lower molecular weights than that of some materials previously explored in the literature.22

5) USES AND APPLICATIONnowadays Conductive polymer is used in many field like.TechnologyBiomedicalDrug release systemsEnergy storageMolecular electronicsElectrostatic MaterialConductive AdhesiveArtificial nerves Aircraft structures

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Arificial muscels

Micropatterned bioelectrodes can be made by conductive polymer. conductive polymer can be use to make biosensors.

Very useful to reduce electricity wastage.

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These can be use in drug delivery devices.

It is very useful in making neural electrodes. These polymer are very important in tissue engineering.

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To make conductive adhesive which not required any wiring to connect electronics.

To make Biosensors

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Artificial Neurons

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To make flexible and transparent displays.

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Wearable Electronics29

Electrical devices like capacitors, semiconductors, amplifiers, transistors , batteries, ICs etc.

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In production BioelctrodesTissue Engineering

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To make Transparent Displays

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Another use is for microwave-absorbent coatings, particularly radar-absorptive coatings on stealth aircraft and on stealth weapons.

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6) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES The conductive polymers are used because of either their light weight, biological compatibility.

Increase speed and reduce power consumption.

By this we can make flexible transparent displays.34

Some electrical properties can be fine-tuned using the methods of organic synthesis and by advanced dispersion techniques. junctions and connecting lines are finer and closer together.

With the availability of stable and reproducible dispersions like PEDOT(poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)) and polyaniline.

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DISADVANTAGES

Here the limitations due to, the manufacturing costs is very high , material cost of conductive polymer is high.

material of conductive polymer may be become toxic after process.

conductive polymers have poor solubility in solvents and required suitable dispersion medium.

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conductive polymer have inability to directly melt process.

if we make a integrated circuits by conductive polymer than the resulting integrated circuits are more sensitive and can be easily damaged by static discharge at a very low voltage.

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7) CURRENT VISIBILITY

Most recent emphasis is on organic light emitting diodes and organic polymer solar cells.

The Organic Electronics Association is an international platform to promote applications of organic semiconductors.38

Conductive polymer products with embedded and improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection have led to both prototypes and products.

Typical conductive polymers must be "doped" to produce high conductivity.

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8) FUTURE ASPECTSIf we can produce conductive polymer at very low cost then we can reduce electrical energy wastage during energy transportation.

The increased conductivity of modern conductive polymers means enough power can be put through the device at low voltages to generate practical amounts of light.

To make programmable floors for robotics and AGV's(Auto Guided Vehicles).

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Due to the biocompatability of some conducting polymers they may be used to transport small electrical signals through the body, i.e. act as artificial nerves.

By coating aircraft with a conducting polymer the electricity can be directed away from the vulnerable internals of the aircraft. This property has led to the development of flat panel displays using organic LEDs, solar panels, and optical amplifiers.

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Conductive Polymer

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9) REFERENCES H. Shirakawa, E.J. Louis, A.G. MacDiarmid, C.K. Chiang and A.J.

"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000".

Heeger, J Chem Soc Chem Comm (1977) 5791

T. Ito, H. Shirakawa and S. Ikeda, J.Polym.Sci.,Polym.Chem. Ed. 12

C.K. Chiang, C.R. Fischer, Y.W. Park, A.J. Heeger, H. Shirakawa,

Inzelt, Gyrgy (2008). "Chapter 1: Introduction". In Scholz, F. Conducting Polymers: A New Era in Electrochemistry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conductivepolymer,

http:// en.Youtube.com/conductivepolymer

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10)BIBLIOGRAPHY"Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: Halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH) x". Diaz, A; Logan, J (1980). "Electroactive polyaniline films". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry ". Journal of the American Chemical Society 95 (3): "Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers". Nature 347 H. Shirakawa, E.J. Louis, A.G. MacDiarmid, C.K. Chiang and A.J.T. Ito, H. Shirakawa and S. Ikeda, J.Polym.Sci.,Polym.Chem. Ed. 12C.K. Chiang, C.R. Fischer, Y.W. Park, A.J. Heeger, H. ShirakawaConducting Polymers: A New Era in Electrochemistry. Monographs in ElectrochemistryHandbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology;2000; Volume 5, pp.501575https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conductivepolymer, http:// en.Youtube.com/conductivepolymer

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