condition monitering on motors and generators
TRANSCRIPT
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CONDITION MONITORING TESTS ON
HYDRO/TURBO GENERATORS AND
LARGE AC MOTORS
K.Mallikarjunappa
Central Power Research Institute Bangalore
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CONDITION MONITORING TESTS ON
HYDRO/TURBO GENERATORS AND
LARGE AC MOTORS
* GENERATORS
- unit rating up to 500 MW
− − − − rated output voltage up to 30 kV
* MOTORS
− − − − unit rating up to 40 MW
− − − − rated terminal voltage up to 15 kV
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* Reliability and life
* Stator winding
* Stator core
* Rotor winding
* Reliability and life
* Stator winding
* Stator core
* Rotor winding
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INSULATION
• Operational reliability depends to a large extent on the
condition of the insulation system
• Insulation is the weakest link
• Any unexpected failure (forced outage) in generating
stations & process industries disrupt the system & cause
heavy financial losses
• Majority of failures have been attributed to the insulation
failures
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LIFE LIMITING FEATURES
• Stator insulation
• Stator winding slot & end winding portions
• Tightness of stator bars in slots
• Stator core tightness & insulation
• Stator end winding bracing
• High levels of mechanical vibrations
• Frequent starts & stops
• Rotor winding wedging system & end winding portions
• Rotor end ring ( cracking, deformation )
• Rotor winding insulation
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STATOR INSULATION
- composite type
(i) Mica
(ii) Glass fabric or cellulose paper
(iii) Resin [Synthetic, Non-synthetic]
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STRESSES ACTING
• Stator winding is subjected to a combination
* Thermal …. High operating temp. during normal & abnormal
conditions
* Electrical…. Over Voltages during transient conditions
* Mechanical…. High levels of mechanical Vibrations
* Environmental…. Moisture, oil, dust, contaminants
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Thermal stress - Delamination, tape separation, embrittlement,
strand separation, girth cracking.
Electrical stress - Cumulative electrochemical effects of
Partial discharges.
Mechanical stress - Loosening of wedges & end winding blocks,
abrasion of the insulation
- Erosion of stress grading paint & corona shielding paint
Coil
Core
Stress grading
coating
Corona shielding
coating
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Environmental stress - Render stress grading coating ineffective.
- Electrical tracking.
• Slot discharges
• End winding discharges |
|
* Lead to rapid failure.
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CONDITION ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME
# Consists of the following steps
• Collection of the historical data
• Visual inspection & examination
• Condition monitoring tests
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HISORICAL DATA
# Can indicate problems which are generic/developed due to ageing
• Age of the machine
• Running hours
• Number of starts & stops
• Load levels
• Overloading
• Major electrical disturbances and faults
• Vibration & Temperature abnormality
• Record of repair and replacement of components etc.
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VISUAL INSPECTION & EXAMINATION
• Visible symptoms of deterioration
• Mechanical damage to stator bars & end winding, migration of edges
• Deformation of the end winding sections
• Deterioration due to thermal effects .. Embrittlement, change in colour
• Corona damage & electrical tracking.. White/brown powdering
• Loose end winding blocks, ties, lashing
• Deposit of oil, dirt. moisture ingress, salt etc.
• Powdering due to abrasion
• Loose core laminations
• Core damage due to surface discharge
• Change in colour of core surface due to hot spots
• Abrasion of the slip ring and the like.
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CONDITION MONITORING (DIAGNOSTIC) TESTS
# Conducted to
* Assess state, condition & extent of deterioration
*Assess trend in ageing
• Data logged enable to initiate appropriate remedial
measures to prevent forced outages
> Service life could be extended
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HYDRO & TURBO GENERATORSDiagnostic tests…. Stator winding
Inter turn faults Surge comparison test7
Loose or bad conductor jointsWinding resistance measurement6
Discontinuities & cracksDC leakage current5
Loose wedges & Loose stator barsWedge mapping4
Incipient faults, slot & end
winding discharges
Partial discharge test3
Dielectric lossesTan delta & capacitance test2
Index of dryness,cleanlinessPolarisation index test1
Detection capabilityTestsSl. No
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Stator core
Imperfections & hot spots in
the core
* ELCID Test
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Rotor winding
* Dominating stresses
> Thermal & mechanical
Intern turn & earth faultsRecurring surge test
Inter turn shorts in polesWinding impedance
Loose or bad jointsConductor resistance
Index of dryness, cleanliness.IR/PI
Detection capabilityTests
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IR Measurement :
- Reflects surface condition of the insulation
- Indicates surface contamination & moisture content
- PI is used as an index of dryness.
PI = 2
R
Y
BNeutral
Line Test voltage
_-
Measuring connection of stator winding
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DC Leakage current measurement
• DC voltage is increased in steps.
• At each step, voltage is maintained constant for a predetermined time interval
(100 sec.) and current is recorded
• Max. test voltage as per guidelines
• Plot current verses test voltage
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(3)
(2)
(2α)
(1)M
icro
am
ps.
DC voltage (kV)
(1) - Solid homogeneous insulation in good dry condition
(2) - Faulty insulation due to dirt & oil, ageing, mechanical damage or tape separation
(2a) - Faulty insulation - step ladder curve due to internal voids & ionisation
(3) - Insulation in wet condition
Typical curves obtained when testing insulation of large
rotating machinery.
Vdc = 1.6 x (AC test voltage level)
1.5 Vph
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Tan delta Test: Represents dielectric losses
Concept Of Tan delta
Insulation between two electrodes
Treated as Capacitor
HV
INSULATION
LV
Electrodes
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Perfect Capacitor
In a Perfect Capacitor current leads the voltage
by 900
900
Phasor Diagram
V
I
Cp
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I
V
δφ
Ic
Ir
I
Practically Phase angle is < 900
δ Loss angle
φ Phase angle
Due to dielectric losses
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Lossy Dielectric
Ic I Ir I
Ic
Cos φ = Ir / I = Sin δ
Cp
Rp δ
φ
Ir
Phasor diagram
Tan δ = Ir/Ic
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Measurement of Tan delta :
• High Voltage Schering Bridge
H.V.
Rx Cx Cn
R 4 C4 R 3
L.V
Z1
Z3
Z2
Z4
Rp +(1/jωCp)
CRO
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Tan δδδδmeasurement procedure :
* Single phase testing transformer of suitable KVA rating
* Equipment under test needs to be disconnected from the system
* Tan δ kit to be grounded to the system grounding and test voltage is
raised in steps upto the rated phase voltage
Stator
Generator
Motor
HVR
Y
B
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Tan δδδδ - Voltage characteristic.
Test voltage is raised in steps up to a maximum of rated
service voltage.
Tan δ is measured at each voltage level.
Plot Tan δ v/s Voltage.
Solid loss
Wet & contaminated
Tan δ
Voltage
Sound
Deteriorated
Gaseous loss
0
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Test parameters:
- Tan delta & capacitance at 0.2 VL
- Tan delta tip-up tan delta Vph - tan delta (0.2VL)
2
- Capacitance tip-upCap. Vph - Cap. (0.2VL)
Cap. (0.2VL)
* Changes in the above quantities with machine age
* Statistical variation of these quantities of similar machines.
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Rated line
voltage VL
(kV)
Mica with
synthetic
bond
Mica with
non-
synthetic
bond
tanδ at 0.2
VL
∆ tanδ Maximum
∆ tanδ per
0.2 VL
tanδ at 0.2
VL
∆ tanδ Maximum
∆ tanδ per
0.2 VL
6.6 0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.003
0.0025
0.0025
0.003
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.006
0.003
0.0025
0.006
0.016
0.006
0.005
0.012
11.0 0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.003
0.0025
0.0025
0.003
0.0025
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.006
0.005
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.006
0.003
0.0025
0.006
0.016
0.006
0.005
0.012
Limiting values of tan delta for new coils/new windings
a) BEAMA REM 500, 1969 (b) Balcombe and Statt (CEGB), 1973 (c) CENELEC, 1974
(d) ESI Standard 44-5, 1987 (e) VDE - 0530
a) BEAMA REM 500, 1969 (b) Balcombe and Statt (CEGB), 1973 (c) CENELEC, 1974
(d) ESI Standard 44-5, 1987 (e) VDE - 0530
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Partial discharge Test
Partial discharges
Material loss
Gaseous loss
tan d
elta
Voltage
# PD occur due to the presence of
* voids, conducting particles, de-lamination
* PD are deleterious to the insulation
* Cause chemical & mechanical destruction of the surrounding
insulation
# PD occur due to the presence of
* voids, conducting particles, de-lamination
* PD are deleterious to the insulation
* Cause chemical & mechanical destruction of the surrounding
insulation
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- Discharge process in which the gap between two
electrodes is only partially bridged.
HV Void
Conductor
Insulation
* Cause chemical & mechanical destruction of the surrounding
medium & hence premature failure.
Concept of Partial dischargesConcept of Partial discharges
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Effects of PD
PD can give rise to• Ozone
• Nascent oxygen
- strong oxidising agents
• Nitric acid in presence of moisture
• Oxalic acid in polymeric insulation
• Mechanical erosion due to ion bombardment
• Intense heat in the discharge channel
• Power loss
* PD cause chemical & mechanical destruction of
adjacent materials.
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1
2
3
Dielectric
HV
1 - Internal partial discharge (Cavity discharge)
2 - Internal partial discharge ( between metallic & dielectric surfaces)
3 - Surface discharge (outside the insulation)
Representation of a partially defective dielectric
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Cx
Cc
Cb
Ec
Detection
impedance
Test
object
Discharge
detector
Basic Partial Discharge Detection Circuit
Z1
Cb - Blocking capacitor
PARTIAL DISCHARGE TEST
IEC-60270
PARTIAL DISCHARGE TEST
IEC-60270HVHV
GG
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ANALYSIS OF PD DATA
* PD are highly stochastic in nature
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Calibration
• Effected by injecting pulses of known charge contents.
• Calibrating pulse -- PD pulse
- Magnitude & time characteristics must be comparable.
• Rise time -- 50 - 100 nano sec.
• PD magnitude, q = eq. Cq
0
V
Calibrating pulse
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PARTIAL DISCHARGE TEST
* Found to be effective
* Capable of revealing incipient faults
* By analysing the PD data it is possible to identify type
of fault in the machine
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Partial discharge test continued….
• Hydro & Turbo generators
* Internal discharges ….. Occur in voids / cavities
* Surface discharges…… Highly deleterious
> Slot discharges ….. Between coil surface & iron core
• > End winding discharges ….. Junctions of corona shielding
• & Stress control coatings
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PD AnalysisContinued…..
• Need to be analysed statistically
• PD Quantities
* Magnitude (q)
* Number density (n)
* Polarity
* Phase angle of occurrence (ø)
* Quadratic rate
# Distribution profiles
* Magnitude - Number density distribution (q-n)
* Magnitude - Phase angle distribution (q- ø)
* Number density - Phase angle distribution (n-ø) and
* 3D patterns of ( q-n- ø )
# Finger prints and temporal changes can be used to characterize
defects
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Comparison of PD patterns
Int. Void Void facing the Void facing the
HV electrode grounded electrode
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Comparison of PD Patterns
Int. Void Void facing the Void facing the
HV electrode grounded electrode
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On-line Condition monitoring of Turbo & Hydro
Generators Using P.D Testing
On-line Condition monitoring of Turbo & Hydro
Generators Using P.D Testing
• Deterioration mechanisms result in P.Ds caused by• Deterioration mechanisms result in P.Ds caused by
* Voids in the Insulation
* Electrical tracking on the end windings
* Sparking between the stator core and loose stator coils
* Voids in the Insulation
* Electrical tracking on the end windings
* Sparking between the stator core and loose stator coils
• Insulation deterioration can be detected by monitoring P.Ds • Insulation deterioration can be detected by monitoring P.Ds
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How to detect PD in Generators ?How to detect PD in Generators ?
• Three Types of PD sensors• Three Types of PD sensors
* Capacitive couplers
* HFCT
* Stator slot couplers
* Capacitive couplers
* HFCT
* Stator slot couplers
• Sensors are permanently installed in the stator
winding during planned outage or during
manufacturing stage.
• Sensors are permanently installed in the stator
winding during planned outage or during
manufacturing stage.
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1. Capacitive couplers (80 pF - 1000 pF) 1. Capacitive couplers (80 pF - 1000 pF)
• Coupled to the stator winding at
* Generator bus bars.
* Stator winding connecting rings at the
overhang portions
* Can be retrofitted to old generators.
• Coupled to the stator winding at
* Generator bus bars.
* Stator winding connecting rings at the
overhang portions
* Can be retrofitted to old generators.
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2. HF CTs :- Can be incorporated at2. HF CTs :- Can be incorporated at
• Neutral end
• Frequency range 0.3 - 100 MHz
• can be retrofitted to old generator
• Neutral end
• Frequency range 0.3 - 100 MHz
• can be retrofitted to old generator
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3. SSC :-3. SSC :-
•SSC is a broad band antenna (UHF Band)
•SSCs are installed under the wedges in the stator
• Coaxial cables are routed to a point outside the
generator.
•SSC is a broad band antenna (UHF Band)
•SSCs are installed under the wedges in the stator
• Coaxial cables are routed to a point outside the
generator.
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Interpretation of PD quantities
* Still a challenging task
* Often subjective
* Depends on experience and
expertise
* Subject of intense research
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WEDGE TIGHTNESS TEST
> Important test specified for RLA studies on Generators
# Stator wedges may be slackened due to
* Shrinkage of slot packing materials
* High mechanical stresses
* Vibration
^ Loose wedges cause
* Loosening of stator bars
* Excessive vibrations
* Erosion of corona shielding & stress grading coatings
* Abrasion of insulation
$ EVENTUALLY LEAD TO FAILURE OF STATOR WINDING.
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ELECTRONIC WEDGE TIGHTNESS
EVALUATION
# Electronic method
* Sophisticated
* Provides map of wedge tightness
* Data can be stored for accurate trending of WT data
* Hand tapping method with a hammer
> Crude method
> Highly subjective
> No data can be generated
> Trend analysis is not possible.
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WTD Methodology
* Each wedge is tapped automatically by a magnetic hammer
> Tapping force is constant
* Accelerometer picks up the signals
* Signals are processed & stored
* Software provides a map of relative tightness of the wedges.
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STATOR CORESTATOR CORE
Made up of thousands of thin steel Laminations
(typically 0.5 mm)
Laminations are coated with a thin layer of electrical insulation
to prevent eddy currents.
Laminations are frequently shorted together at the back by
support bars
Made up of thousands of thin steel Laminations
(typically 0.5 mm)
Laminations are coated with a thin layer of electrical insulation
to prevent eddy currents.
Laminations are frequently shorted together at the back by
support bars
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DEGRADING FACTORSDEGRADING FACTORS
* Mechanical damage to the stator bore surface or top slot walls
* Vibrations in the core may cause abrasion of inter laminar
insulation & short circuits
* Shorts between adjacent laminations cause eddy currents to be
induced by the rotating magnetic flux.
* These currents can produce dangerous local overheating/hotspots
in the damaged areas
* In extreme cases sufficient heat is generated to locally melt small
parts of the core
* Hot spots may lead to premature failure of stator winding
insulation
* Mechanical damage to the stator bore surface or top slot walls
* Vibrations in the core may cause abrasion of inter laminar
insulation & short circuits
* Shorts between adjacent laminations cause eddy currents to be
induced by the rotating magnetic flux.
* These currents can produce dangerous local overheating/hotspots
in the damaged areas
* In extreme cases sufficient heat is generated to locally melt small
parts of the core
* Hot spots may lead to premature failure of stator winding
insulation
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DEGRADING FACTORS
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Vibrations
Erosion of corona
shielding coating
Erosion of stress
control coatingAbrasion, fretting of
core laminations
End winding
DischargesSlot Discharges Short circuiting of
adjacent laminations
* Pittings on statorbar insulation
* Fusion of core
laminations
(short circuiting)
* Damage to core
end portion
* fusion of core
lamination
CPRI
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CPRI
Eddy currents induced
circulate (Hot spots)
Local burn out of
the core
Extensive damage
to the core
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Conventional Test on Core
* Core loop test- to detect hotspots in the core
Core
Cable loop
CPRI
High current
source Water
RheostatCT
Schematic diagram of Core Loop Test
Voltmeter
TESTING OF STATOR CORETESTING OF STATOR CORE
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* A no. of turns of heavy cable is wrapped toroidally
around the core & frame.
* Very high AC current (hundreds of amps.)
sufficient to produce flux density almost equal to
operating level.
* Core gets heated up.
* Temp. is measured at several points on the core surface.
* Infra red scanning to detect hotspots.
CPRICore loop test …. continuedCore loop test …. continued
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ELCID TESTELCID TEST
* Induce only about 4 % of the flux in the core by passing an AC
current (5 - 15 Amps) through a excitation winding looped
toroidally around the stator frame.
• Small pick coil senses the fault current induced at the defective
core section
> Excitation current
* Single turn voltage of the generator,Vp
Vp= V ph/ ( ktp) where V ph=Phase voltage
k = pitch factor,0.92
tp = Number stator bars per
phase
# For ELCID test, single turn voltage=4%Vp
* Induce only about 4 % of the flux in the core by passing an AC
current (5 - 15 Amps) through a excitation winding looped
toroidally around the stator frame.
• Small pick coil senses the fault current induced at the defective
core section
> Excitation current
* Single turn voltage of the generator,Vp
Vp= V ph/ ( ktp) where V ph=Phase voltage
k = pitch factor,0.92
tp = Number stator bars per
phase
# For ELCID test, single turn voltage=4%Vp
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Schematic diagram of ELCID test ing
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ELCID Test on 27Mw Hydro generator
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A view of ELCID test set up
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A view of ELCID testing in progress
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TYPICAL ELCID DATATYPICAL ELCID DATA
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DEFECTIVE COREDEFECTIVE CORE
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Rotor winding
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Rotor Winding (Turbo generator)
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ROTOR WINDINGROTOR WINDING
* Dominating stresses
* Thermal
* Mechanical
* Dominating stresses
* Thermal
* Mechanical
TESTSTESTS
* IR/PI Deterioration, dampness, Contamination (cleanliness)
* Field Impedance Interturn faults
* Conductor Resistance Bad conductor joints
* IR/PI Deterioration, dampness, Contamination (cleanliness)
* Field Impedance Interturn faults
* Conductor Resistance Bad conductor joints
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SURGE TESTSURGE TEST
* Rotor winding -- RLC circuit
* LV Surge ( ≈≈≈≈ 250 V) is applied
* Resultant waveform is recorded
* Both the waveforms are super imposed
* Waveform coincide each other and appear as a single
waveform if there is no interturn fault
* Rotor winding -- RLC circuit
* LV Surge ( ≈≈≈≈ 250 V) is applied
* Resultant waveform is recorded
* Both the waveforms are super imposed
* Waveform coincide each other and appear as a single
waveform if there is no interturn fault
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CASE STUDIES
• 1) 11 kV, 144 MVA Hydro generator
Stator winding:
• IR = 700 MΩΩΩΩ
• tan δδδδ = 0.87%
• ∆∆∆∆T = 0.29%
• ∆∆∆∆ C = 0.36%
• IDE = 1.01 µµµµJ/pF/cycle
• Vi = 5.3 kV
• Qc = 3600 pC
• Assessment:
* Low dielectric losses * Low void content
* Insulation condition of stator winding healthy
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Rotor winding
• Pole impedance
• Varied from 4.82 Ω to 10.67 Ω
• Visual inspection revealed migration of turn insulation of
02Nos. of poles
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Migration of turn insulation
at the top of the poles
Migration of turn insulation
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Migration of turn insulation
at the bottom of pole
Migration of turn insulation
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13.8kV 100Mw Hydro Generators
* Operating in a Hydro power station
• Age varying from 19 years to 26 years
• Conducted Tan delta & PD tests
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PD Patterns
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13.8kV 100Mw Hydro Generators
3.448,9430.260.141.25G8
3.2511,5020.280.141.89G7
3.968600.270.171.14G6
3.269,3850.740.291.48G5
3.2111,7550.930.371.4G4
3.3111,6290.760.311.30G3
3.2273630.410.181.40G2
3.9653001.780.682.81G1
Vi (kV)PD mag.(pC)∆C (%)∆T (%)Tan ∂ (%)Generator
* Low dielectric losses * Low void content
* Stator windings are in healthy condition
* Low dielectric losses * Low void content
* Stator windings are in healthy condition
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11kV, 115Mw Hydro GeneratorsSalal Power Station
4.440000,08440.03150.8764.216
3.9615000.0640.0350.9252.695
4.440000.0530.0210.883.744
4.020000.0250.0581.0494.843
4.025000.190.181.022.542
3.2111000.220.230.414.151
DIV (kV)PD Level
(pC)
∆C (%)∆T (%)Tan delta
(%)
PIGenerator
* Low dielectric losses * Low void content
* Stator windings are in healthy condition
* Low dielectric losses * Low void content
* Stator windings are in healthy condition
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2) 11kV, 7.2Mw Turbo generator
• 18 years old class-F machine installed in a Polyfibres industry
• PI = 2.9
• tan δδδδ = 1.85%
• ∆∆∆∆T = 0.22%
• ∆∆∆∆ C = 0.40%
• IDE = 0.92 µµµµJ/pF/cycle
• Vi = 4.8 kV
• Qc ~ 40,000 pC. Discharges of very high magnitude in R & Y phase
sections
* Slot / end winding discharges were suspected.
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11kV, 7.2Mw Turbo generatorcontinued…..
• Decision was taken to visually inspect the stator winding and
• Conduct inductive probe test to locate the sites slot/end winding discharges
• Results of visual inspection & inductive probe test
• Presence of white powder at the end winding regions of several bars
• Visible sparking was observed at the end winding regions two bars bearing No.2
& 22 ( Line end of R & Y phases )
• Deposits of white powder were found both on exciter & turbine ends.
• Deposits of white powder are a symptoms of end winding discharges
• Inductive probe test indicated presence of slot discharges—900mV
• Recommended for re-wedging.
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11kV, 7.2Mw Turbo generatorcontinued…..
• Company accepted the recommendation & initiated action
• Tests were conducted after re-wedging with side packing materials &
varnishing
• PI = 2.8
• tan δδδδ = 0.93%
• ∆∆∆∆T = 0.087%
• ∆∆∆∆ C = 0.26%
• IDE = 0.21 µµµµJ/pF/cycle
• Vi = No discharges up to 6.35 kV
• Generator is in healthy condition.
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1). 11kV, 2700kW Synchronous motor
* Class - F, 10 years old
* Fertilizer Company
tan δδδδ = 2.51%
∆∆∆∆T = 2.64%
∆∆∆∆ C = 9.28%
IDE = 6.96 µµµµJ/pF/cycle
Vi = 3 kV
1). 11kV, 2700kW Synchronous motor
* Class - F, 10 years old
* Fertilizer Company
tan δδδδ = 2.51%
∆∆∆∆T = 2.64%
∆∆∆∆ C = 9.28%
IDE = 6.96 µµµµJ/pF/cycle
Vi = 3 kV
* Indicate high level of deterioration
# Recommended for rewinding
# Failed after a year
* Indicate high level of deterioration
# Recommended for rewinding
# Failed after a year
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2). 6.6kV, 5.1MW Synchronous motor
* Class B, 12 years old
* Petrochemical Plant
∆∆∆∆T = 3.38%
∆∆∆∆ C = 11.6%
Vi = 2.10 kV
* DLA pattern indicated presence of end winding discharges
(unstable pattern)
# Recommended for rewinding
# Failed after two months
2). 6.6kV, 5.1MW Synchronous motor
* Class B, 12 years old
* Petrochemical Plant
∆∆∆∆T = 3.38%
∆∆∆∆ C = 11.6%
Vi = 2.10 kV
* DLA pattern indicated presence of end winding discharges
(unstable pattern)
# Recommended for rewinding
# Failed after two months
* High value* High value
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3). 6.6kV, 1750KW, Induction motor
* Class - F, 1 year old
* Cement Industry
IR = 700 MΩΩΩΩ
tan δδδδ = 2.81%
∆∆∆∆T = 0.39%
∆∆∆∆ C = 1.29%
IDE = 0.175 µµµµJ/pF/cycle
* Due to intense slot or end-winding discharges
# loop trace distorted & unstable
# wavy unstable pattern appeared beyond 2kV
* Failed after a week
3). 6.6kV, 1750KW, Induction motor
* Class - F, 1 year old
* Cement Industry
IR = 700 MΩΩΩΩ
tan δδδδ = 2.81%
∆∆∆∆T = 0.39%
∆∆∆∆ C = 1.29%
IDE = 0.175 µµµµJ/pF/cycle
* Due to intense slot or end-winding discharges
# loop trace distorted & unstable
# wavy unstable pattern appeared beyond 2kV
* Failed after a week
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CONCLUSIONS
• Condition monitoring tests are Non-destructive type
• * Defective components can be identified
• * Premature failures can be avoided
• * State & condition of the equipment can be
assessed
• * Impending problems or deteriorating factors can be
detected
• Systematic diagnosis programme and periodic monitoring
enable life extension
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THANK YOU
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11kV/220kV, 43.33MVA Generator Transformers (18 Nos.)
GT1
0.3141.89720HV/LV(B)
0.3411.836000LV/HV+G(B)
2250<2.00.3381.814580HV/LV+G(B)
0.3581.516400HV/LV(Y)
0.3531.579750LV/HV+G(Y)
30002.540.361.566200HV/LV+G(Y)
0.3621.763580HV/LV(R)
0.3572.072100LV/HV+G(R)
24003.180.3672.191680HV/LV+G(R)
PD Level (pC)Moisture level
(%)
Tan delta (%)PIIRInsulation
section