concurrentvalidityofthestepwatch -and-ac&graph ... ·...

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Objec&ve: Accurate measurement of habitual physical ac5vity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is essen5al to quan5fy ac5vity levels in this popula5on. This study aimed to inves5gate the concurrent validity between two commonly used ac5vity monitors, the StepWatch TM and Ac5Graph ® GTIM accelerometer in ambulant children with CP. Study par&cipants and se4ng: 29 children with CP (15 male; mean age 7.3 ± 2.9 years, range 216 years), classified at Gross Motor Func5onal Classifica5on System (GMFCS) I=5, II=17, III=7, aUending assessment of gait at a ter5ary mo5on analysis laboratory. Motor type and distribu5on were spas5c hemiplegia (n=15) or diplegia (n=14). Anklefoot orthoses (AFOs) were worn by 22 par5cipants (76%)(unilateral=9, bilateral=13). 28 children completed barefoot and 19 completed AFO walking tasks. Methods: Par5cipants walked at selfselected speed for 20 laps of a 10m oval track, with and without AFOs, wearing a StepWatch TM (SW) on the ankle and Ac5Graph ® (AG) over the 45th lumbar spine while video recording. Both devices were ini5alised to record in 3 second epochs. Video recordings were 5me coded and synchronized with both devices for comparison using BEST Analysis So‘ware. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing step counts and classifica5on of ac5vity intensity, between both devices and BEST counted steps. Paired and Independent ttests were calculated between walking condi5ons and devices. Correla5ons were calculated using Pearson or Spearman correla5ons depending on data distribu5on. Bland and Altman ‘limits of agreement’ were calculated (mean difference(d)±2 standard devia5ons). Percentage agreement compared the ability both devices to discriminate physical ac5vity intensity. Data are mean difference (95% confidence interval), p<0.05. Concurrent validity of the StepWatch and Ac&Graph ® in ambulant children with cerebral palsy E. McGuire 1 , L.E. Mitchell 1 , R.N. Boyd 1 1 Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilita5on Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, AUSTRALIA. Results: Both devices underes5mated step counts (Table 1). The SW was strongly correlated to BEST in barefoot and AFO walking. In contrast, the AG was only moderately correlated to BEST for barefoot and weakly correlated during AFO walking (Table 2). Table 2. Difference in measured versus observed step counts and correla5ons between measures for StepWatch TM and Ac5Graph® compared with the criterion measure (BEST) under barefoot and AFO walking condi5ons Bland Altman limits of agreement demonstrate poor agreement for the AG and beUer agreement for the SW (Figure 1). There was good agreement (76%) between measures when classifying ac5vity intensity, though the SW appeared to overes5mate ac5vity intensity 15% of the 5me. Figure 1. Comparison between measures of step counts using BlandAltman plots Conclusion: The StepWatch™ demonstrated strong concurrent validity. Both devices are useful measures of physical ac5vity performance, and can be used to inves5gate habitual physical ac5vity in school aged children with CP. The StepWatch TM is more accurately able to measure the frequency and intensity of steps however the Ac5Graph ® may be more useful when classifying ac5vity intensity. Key: *p<0.05, **p<0.001, p=significance value, d= mean difference, SE= standard error of mean (SD/), r= Pearson correla5on, ρ=Spearman correla5on, BEST = BEST Analysis So‘ware, GMFCS = Gross Motor Func5onal Classifica5on System. Table 1. Walking 5me and steps measured by the Ac5Graph ® , StepWatch TM compared to BEST so‘ware walking barefoot and with AFOs Barefoot N=28 d (95%CI) AFO N=19 d (95%CI) Time ± SD (s) 116.8 ± 73.0 123.2 ± 76.7 BEST ± SD (steps) 163 ± 48 146 ± 56 Ac&Graph ® ± SD (steps) 98 ± 40 65 (47 83)** 87 ± 38 58 (30 86)** StepWatch TM ± SD (steps) 137 ± 49 26 (16 37)** 119 ± 56 26 (9 43)* -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 Difference in steps Mean steps a) Barefoot ActiGraph vs BEST -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 Difference in steps Mean steps b) AFO ActiGraph vs BEST -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Difference in steps Mean steps c) Barefoot StepWatch vs BEST -50 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Difference in steps Mean Steps d) AFO StepWatch vs BEST Sample Comparison (versus BEST) Barefoot AFO d(Limits of agreement) Correla5on(r) d(Limits of agreement) Correla5on(ρ) Whole Sample Ac5Graph 65 (30.2 155.9) 0.47* 58 (71.2 147.4) 0.39 StepWatch 26 (42.9 – 103.2) 0.85** 26 (44.8 – 81.7) 0.80** <8 years Ac5Graph 83 (15.9 – 138.4) 0.60* 54 (77.7 – 194.4) 0.264 StepWatch 43 (41.5 – 130.1) 0.84** 28 (46.2 – 102.8) 0.845** > 8 years Ac5Graph 38 (27.1 – 102.6) 0.90** 21 (39.6 – 81.3) 0.46 StepWatch 17 (32.5 – 66.8) 0.91** 7 (32.8 – 47.4) 0.29 GMFCS I & II Ac5Graph 55 (36.4 – 146.6) 0.42 55 (64.8 – 175.5) 0.77** StepWatch 19 (25.5 – 63.6) 0.90** 20 (22.4 – 63.6) 0.98** GMFCS III Ac5Graph 96(26.1 – 166.8) 0.76* 66 (53.4 – 185.0) 0.42 StepWatch 52 (5.3 – 109.9) 0.90** 55 (48.1 – 158.9) 0.44

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Page 1: ConcurrentvalidityoftheStepWatch -and-Ac&Graph ... · children"completed"barefootand"19"completed"AFO"walking"tasks. "Methods: ... BEST-±SD-(steps) - 163"±48 " " 146"±56 " "Ac&Graph

Objec&ve:  Accurate  measurement  of  habitual  physical  ac5vity  in  children  with  cerebral  palsy  (CP)  is  essen5al  to  quan5fy  ac5vity  levels  in  this  popula5on.  This  study  aimed  to  inves5gate  the  concurrent  validity  between  two  commonly  used  ac5vity  monitors,  the  StepWatchTM  and  Ac5Graph®GTIM  accelerometer  in  ambulant  children  with  CP.    

Study  par&cipants  and  se4ng:  29  children  with  CP  (15  male;  mean  age  7.3  ±  2.9  years,  range  2-­‐16  years),  classified  at  Gross  Motor  Func5onal  Classifica5on  System  (GMFCS)  I=5,  II=17,  III=7,  aUending  assessment  of  gait  at  a  ter5ary  mo5on  analysis  laboratory.  Motor  type  and  distribu5on  were  spas5c  hemiplegia  (n=15)  or  diplegia  (n=14).  Ankle-­‐foot  orthoses  (AFOs)  were  worn  by  22  par5cipants  (76%)(unilateral=9,  bilateral=13).  28  children  completed  barefoot  and  19  completed  AFO  walking  tasks.  

Methods:  Par5cipants  walked  at  self-­‐selected  speed  for  20  laps  of  a  10m  oval  track,  with  and  without  AFOs,  wearing  a  StepWatchTM  (SW)  on  the  ankle  and  Ac5Graph®  (AG)  over  the  4‑5th  lumbar  spine  while  video  recording.  Both  devices  were  ini5alised  to  record  in  3-­‐second  epochs.  Video  recordings  were  5me  coded  and  synchronized  with  both  devices  for  comparison  using  BEST  Analysis  So`ware.    

Concurrent  validity  was  determined  by  comparing  step  counts  and  classifica5on  of  ac5vity  intensity,  between  both  devices  and  BEST  counted  steps.  Paired  and  Independent  t-­‐tests  were  calculated  between  walking  condi5ons  and  devices.  Correla5ons  were  calculated  using  Pearson  or  Spearman  correla5ons  depending  on  data  distribu5on.  Bland  and  Altman  ‘limits  of  agreement’  were  calculated  (mean  difference(d)±2  standard  devia5ons).  Percentage  agreement  compared  the  ability  both  devices  to  discriminate  physical  ac5vity  intensity.  Data  are  mean  difference  (95%  confidence  interval),  p<0.05.    

 

 

Concurrent  validity  of  the  StepWatch™  and  Ac&Graph®  in  ambulant  children  with  cerebral  palsy    

E.  McGuire1,  L.E.  Mitchell1,  R.N.  Boyd1  1  Queensland  Cerebral  Palsy  and  Rehabilita5on  Research  Centre,  The  University  of  Queensland,  Herston,  Qld,  AUSTRALIA.  

Results:  Both  devices  under-­‐es5mated  step  counts  (Table  1).  

The  SW  was  strongly  correlated  to  BEST  in  barefoot  and  AFO  walking.  In  contrast,  the  AG  was  only  moderately  correlated  to  BEST  for  barefoot  and  weakly  correlated  during  AFO  walking  (Table  2).    

Table  2.  Difference  in  measured  versus  observed  step  counts  and  correla5ons  between  measures  for  StepWatchTM  and  Ac5Graph®  compared  with  the  criterion  measure  (BEST)  under  barefoot  and  AFO  walking  condi5ons  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bland  Altman  limits  of  agreement  demonstrate  poor  agreement  for  the  AG  and  beUer  agreement  for  the  SW  (Figure  1).  There  was  good  agreement  (76%)  between  measures  when  classifying  ac5vity  intensity,  though  the  SW  appeared  to  over-­‐es5mate  ac5vity  intensity  15%  of  the  5me.      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure  1.  Comparison  between  measures  of  step  counts  using  Bland-­‐Altman  plots  

Conclusion:  The  StepWatch™  demonstrated  strong  concurrent  validity.  Both  devices  are  useful  measures  of  physical  ac5vity  performance,  and  can  be  used  to  inves5gate  habitual  physical  ac5vity  in  school  aged  children  with  CP.    

The  StepWatchTM  is  more  accurately  able  to  measure  the  frequency  and  intensity  of  steps  however  the  Ac5Graph®  may  be  more  useful  when  classifying  ac5vity  intensity.  

Key:  *p<0.05,  **p<0.001,  p=significance  value,  d=  mean  difference,  SE=  standard  error  of  mean  (SD/√𝑛 ),  r=  Pearson  correla5on,  ρ=Spearman  correla5on,  BEST  =  BEST  Analysis  So`ware,  GMFCS  =  Gross  Motor  Func5onal  Classifica5on  System.  

Table  1.  Walking  5me  and  steps  measured  by  the  Ac5Graph®,  StepWatchTM  compared  to  BEST  so`ware  walking  barefoot  and  with  AFOs  

 

 

 

 

 

    Barefoot  N=28   d  (95%CI)  

AFO  N=19   d  (95%CI)  

Time  ±  SD  (s)   116.8  ±  73.0       123.2  ±  76.7      BEST  ±  SD  (steps)   163  ±  48       146  ±  56      Ac&Graph®  ±  SD  (steps)   98  ±  40   65  (47  -­‐  83)**   87  ±  38   58  (30  -­‐  86)**    StepWatchTM    ±  SD  (steps)   137  ±  49   26  (16  -­‐  37)**   119  ±  56   26  (9  -­‐  43)*  

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Sample  Comparison  (versus  BEST)  

Barefoot   AFO  d(Limits  of  agreement)   Correla5on(r)     d(Limits  of  agreement)   Correla5on(ρ)  

Whole  Sample  Ac5Graph   65  (-­‐30.2  -­‐  155.9)            0.47*   58  (-­‐71.2    -­‐  147.4)            0.39  StepWatch   26  (-­‐42.9  –  103.2)            0.85**   26  (-­‐44.8  –  81.7)            0.80**  

<8  years  Ac5Graph   83  (-­‐15.9  –  138.4)            0.60*   54  (-­‐77.7  –  194.4)            0.264  StepWatch   43  (-­‐41.5  –  130.1)            0.84**   28  (-­‐46.2  –  102.8)            0.845**  

>  8  years  Ac5Graph   38  (-­‐27.1  –  102.6)            0.90**   21  (-­‐39.6  –  81.3)            0.46  StepWatch   17  (-­‐32.5  –  66.8)            0.91**   7  (-­‐32.8  –  47.4)            0.29  

GMFCS  I  &  II  Ac5Graph   55  (-­‐36.4  –  146.6)            0.42   55  (-­‐64.8  –  175.5)            0.77**  StepWatch   19    (-­‐25.5  –  63.6)            0.90**   20      (-­‐22.4  –  63.6)            0.98**  

GMFCS  III  Ac5Graph   96(26.1  –  166.8)            0.76*   66  (-­‐53.4  –  185.0)            0.42  StepWatch   52  (-­‐5.3  –  109.9)            0.90**   55  (-­‐48.1  –  158.9)            0.44