concrete technology: research and applications series...

Concrete Technology: Research and Applications Series 2

i

Concrete Technology:

Research and Applications Series 2

Editors

Shahiron Shahidan

Sharifah Salwa Mohd Zuki

Siti Radziah Abdullah


ii

Hak cipta terpelihara. Tiada dibenarkan mengeluar ulang mana-mana bahagian

artikel, ilustrasi, dan isi kandungan buku ini dalam apa juga bentuk dan cara apa

jua sama ada dengan cara elektronik, fotokopi, mekanik, atau cara lain sebelum

mendapat izin bertulis daripada Timbalan Naib Canselor (Penyelidikan dan Inovasi),

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat Johor Darul

Ta‘zim, Malaysia. Perundingan tertakluk kepada perkiraan royalti atau honorarium.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy,

recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in

writing from Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation), Universiti Tun

Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor Darul Ta’zim, Malaysia.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Concrete Technology: Research And Applications Series 2

Editor Shahiron Shahidan, Sharifah Salwa Mohd Zuki, Siti Rafziah Abdullah

Co- Editor Nur Amira Afiza Saiful Bahari, Alif Syazani Leman, Mohamad Syamir

Senin, Nor Hazurina Othman, Razaanah Mardhiyah, Siti Barkeh Yahya,

Includes index Bibliography:

ISBN 978-967-2116-33-9

Diterbitkan di Malaysia oleh / Published in Malaysia by

Penerbit UTHM Johor Darul Ta’zim, MALAYSIA.

Edisi Pertama 2018

© ShahironShahidan




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CONTENTS

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1 The Properties of Foam Concrete as Lightweight

Concrete 1 Siti Barkeh Yahya, Syazwani Zamzam, Shahiron Shahidan,

Nur Amira Afiza Saiful Bahari

CHAPTER 2 Strength of Hollow Section Filled with Foam

Polypropylene Fibre Concrete 19 Adibah Alya Shahari, Razaanah Mardhiyah Zainudin,

Sharifah Salwa Mohd Zuki, Shahiron Shahidan,

Alif Syazani Leman

CHAPTER 3 Lightweight Concrete Rubber 36 Muhamad Yushairi Mohamad, Muhammad Faiz Mokhid,

Shahiron Shahidan, Alif Syazani Leman

CHAPTER 4 Study Of Steel Fibre Reinforcement On Strenght Of

Lightweight Concrete 49

Mohd Shauqi Lutfi Ahmad, Shamim Abd Haris,

Shahiron Shahidan, Nur Amira Afiza Saiful Bahari

CHAPTER 5 Using Recycle Plastic As A Lightweight Aggregate For

Lightweight Concrete 66 Nik Mohamad Hamzah Nik Mohd Nawi,

Muhamad Zaki Muhamad Yusuf, Shahiron Shahidan,


CHAPTER 6 Effect of Sintered Fly Ash Lightweight Concrete in

Structural Concrete-An Overview 83 Khairaniizzati Amir Hamzah, Nur Zahirah Zulkifly, Sharifah

Salwa Mohd Zuki, Shahiron Shahidan

CHAPTER 7 Sheet Glass Powder (Sgp) As A Sand

Replacement In Concrete Mixture 104 Faeez Rizwan Yahya, Muhamad Faza Talib,

Shahiron Shahidan

CHAPTER 8 The Effectiveness Of Steel Slag For Aggregate

Replacement In Concrete Mixture 118 Muhammad Nazrin Mohd Lokman, Muhammad Hafiz

Lukman, Shahiron Shahidan, Alif Syazani Leman


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CHAPTER 9 Partial Replacement Of Fine Aggregate By Crump

Rubber In Lightweight Concrete 132 Siti Nurfatin Zainuddin, Izza Atira Abdul Halim,

Shahiron Shahidan

CHAPTER 10 A Review On Agricultural Waste In

Concrete Material 146 Mohamad Haikal Asyraf Norazmi, Shahiron Shahidan


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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Adibah Alya Shahari

Alif Syazani Leman

Faeez Rizwan Yahya.

Izza Atira Abdul Halim

Khairaniizati Amir Hamzah

Mohamad Haikal Asyraf Norazmi

Mohd Shauqi Lutfi Ahmad

Muhamad Faza Talib

Muhamad Yushairi Mohamad

Muhamad Zaki Muhamad Yusuf

Muhammad Faiz Mokhid

Muhammad Hafiz Lukman

Muhammad Nazrin Mohd Lokman

Muhammad Shamim Abd Haris

Nik Mohamad Hamzah Nik Mohdnawi


Nur Zahirah Zulkifly

Razaanah Mardhiyah Zainudin

Shahiron Shahidan


Siti Barkeh Yahya

Siti Nurfatin Zainuddin


Syazwani Zamzam


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PREFACE

Concrete has a long journey that through flow the construction technology

modernization. It transformed its use by engineers, architects, researchers,

contractors, manufacturers and suppliers to raise the concrete in line with the

globalization. A detail description of each chapter has been made as follows:

Technology concrete is being well – know technologies in support of creative and

effective development. Therefore, when considering the lifetime environmental

impact of a building material; the extraction, production, operation, construction,

demolition must have followed the latest technologies. A details description of each

chapter has been made as follows:

The Properties of Foam Concrete as Lightweight Concrete

This chapter explained Foamed concrete as a lightweight concrete that can be

exploited in civil engineering works. It is created by the mixture of foam agents in

mortar to produce random air-voids that are mixed with the fresh concrete. This

paper aims to review the properties of foam concrete because it can be used in a

wide variety of application. The challenges for foam concrete are to enhance

compressive strength while maintained low density and weight of the foam

concrete.

Strength of Hollow Section Filled with Foam Polypropylene Fibre

Concrete

This chapter deliberate past research that use hollow section filled with foam

polypropylene fibre concrete. This review paper is to determine the strength and

ductility of concrete filled hollow section. Composite column is formed based on

combination of steel hollow section and concrete filled foam polypropylene fiber.

Besides, with the used of foam polypropylene fiber, dead loads acting on the

structure can be reduced and thus it proved to be lightweight concrete.


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Lightweight Concrete Rubber

In this chapter, the use of recycled materials as concrete ingredients is discussing

because of environmental law increasingly stringent. The problem statement using

rubber tires for reuse in concrete can benefit from more efficient use of rubber and

beneficial to the environment and to reduce the cost of construction and it will be

a new alternative to the current construction industry.

Study of Steel Fibre Reinforcement on Strength of Lightweight Concrete

This chapter presents the use of lightweight concrete in structural concrete buildings.

The load bearing structural members can be minimized and contributes into more

economical of foundation. Previous study had shown that by using 1.2% steel fibre

increased the tensile strength of the all-lightweight concrete more than twelve times.

This chapter aims to identify the potential of adding steel fiber to enhance the

strength of lightweight concrete.

Using Recycle Plastic as a Lightweight Aggregate for Lightweight

Concrete

This chapter discuss an overviews on different type of research that has be

conducted for the potential of mechanical properties of the lightweight concrete

containing plastic waste. The material that has been selected is recycled plastic as

replace material in concrete mixture. The effect of recycled plastic for the

mechanical properties also presented in this chapter.

Effect of Sintered Fly Ash Lightweight Concrete in Structural Concrete –

An Overview

This chapter focused on sintered fly ash aggregate to produce structural lightweight

concrete. It discussed about the element parameters of the aggregate such as

physical properties of fly ash as well as binders, the palletization parameters and its

influence on the aggregate properties. This chapter also reviewed about the

physical properties of the sintered fly ash aggregates. Thus, this chapter

demonstrates that sintered fly ash aggregate concrete is one of the potential

materials for the development of structural concrete.


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Sheet Glass Powder (SGP) As a Sand Replacement in Concrete Mixture

This chapter studied on the usage of glass powder in concrete. Glasses are one of

the materials that can be used to replace sand. Recently, huge amount of sheet

glass wastage goes to waste, which are not recycled and usually delivered to

landfills for disposal. Using glass powder in concrete is an intriguing possibility for

economy on waste disposal sites and conservation of natural resources.

The Effectiveness of Steel Slag for Aggregate Replacement in

Concrete

This chapter discussed the use of steel slag for aggregate replacement in concrete.

The goal and purpose of this chapter to know the compressive strength of concrete

and the workability of concrete in the cube to replace coarse aggregate with steel

slag in the concrete mix. This chapter proved the suitability and workability properties

of aggregate mixture with steel slag in the concrete mix that can be as a substitute

aggregate in the concrete mix.

Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Crump Rubber in

Lightweight Concrete

In this chapter the use of crumb rubber as a partial replacement of fine aggregate

in lightweight concrete is being discussed as tire waste was risk to health and

environmental problem. This chapter summarizes, compare and draw general

conclusion in term of properties of physical and mechanical of partial replacement

of fine aggregate by crumb rubber in lightweight concrete. The physical properties

in this chapter is specific gravity and density while mechanical properties are

compressive strength and modulus of elasticity.

A Review on Agricultural Waste in Concrete Material

This chapter discuss the use on agricultural wastes in concrete material as

lightweight. It aims to raise the concept about using these wastes through

elaborating upon their engineering properties. This summary on existing expertise

about the successful use of agricultural wastes between the concrete industry helps

after discover other existing waste products for use in concrete making. From it

identification by means of agricultural and civil engineers, considerable

achievements can stay attained.


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Conclusion

To sum up, we would to thank all authors for their dedication and willingness to

contribute to each chapter found in this book. We are also grateful to our co-editors,

Isham ismail, Alif Syazani Ismail, Nurul Izzati Raihan Ramzi hannan Fahim Zahar, Siti

Barkeh Yahya, Syazwani Zamzam Nur Amira Afiza Saiful Bahari and Razaanah

Mardhiyah Zainudin for their kind assistance in reviewing this book. All constructive

criticisms and suggestions received have contributed immensely in the publication

of this book.

Shahiron Shahidan

Sharifah Salwa


Advanced Construction Materials

Jamilus Research Center,

Department of Structural and Material Engineering

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.

2018


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CHAPTER 5

Using Recycle Plastic As A Lightweight Aggregate For Lightweight

Concrete Nik Mohd Hamzah Nik MohNawi1*, Muhammad Zaki Muhammad Yusuf1,

Shahiron Shahidan1, Nur Amira Afiza Saiful Bahari1

1 Jamilus Research Center, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Batu Pahat, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Abstract

Lightweight Concrete is a concrete using different type of lightweight

aggregate that replace the material from normal concrete mixture. The

utilization of lightweight aggregate in concrete is mainly to reduce the self-

weight of concrete, which leads to reducing the dimension of foundation

and that results in cost saving. The material that has been selected is

recycled plastic as replace material in concrete mixture. Most research state

that the addition of plastic can affects the workability, thermal conductivity,

density and mechanical properties such as compressive strength, modulus

of elasticity, split tensile strength and slightly enhances the abrasion and

flexural strength. From previous study, reported the 28-day concrete

compressive strength from ranging 34 to 70% is significantly reduced when 20

to 100% of the conventional fly ash was substituted directly with plastic.

Similarly, replacing 30 to 80% of the conventional course aggregate directly

with plastic resulted in a substantial reduction (ranging from 65 to 78%) in the

28-day concrete compressive strength. This paper is to presents an overviews

different type of research that has be conducted for the potential of

mechanical properties of the lightweight concrete containing plastic waste.

The effect of recycled plastic for the mechanical properties also presented

in this paper.

Keywords—Recycled plastic, Lightweight concrete, Lightweight aggregate,

mechanical properties

mailto:*[email protected]


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The demand of using the alternative material in design mixture of concrete

has been a trend for researchers. The rapid development of construction is

required because of the increased in world population. This will lead to

demand for new fresh material such as Portland cement, Course aggregate

and Fine aggregate in the mixture of concrete and mortar. Production and

manufacturing of a good concrete are always being studied from time to

time. Concrete is consisting of a mixture of cement, coarse aggregates, fine

aggregates, and water. The use of the certain material as an additive in the

concrete mixture could strengthen the concrete significantly and increase

its quality. Hence, a good concrete would definitely give an impact towards

construction sector.

The quality of concrete produced depends on the ingredients used,

hence if the ingredient used is not in a good condition and of a good quality,

it would certainly affect the end product of the mixture and jeopardize the

construction that is taking place. Hence, all materials should be tested and

inspected to get approved parallel to the to the standard’s set before the

material itself can be used. The plastic that we use have has many benefits

but toward the environment, it causes a harmful impact [1]. Reported that

the negative impacts toward economy and environment because of

increasing various type of waste production. The effort toward the use these

secondary raw materials into the production of building material. All of this

raw material that also called agro-wastes as e.g. wheat straw, rice, palm oil

and so on are used. Nowadays, many researchers are paid attention to

recycled plastic waste.

The waste plastic is a serious threat to the environment in modern

civilization. This all because of the plastic able to pollute and affect soil

fertility, the permeability of the soil, blockage of the drainage system, and

contaminates the water and marine life, [2]. In Country at Saudi Arabia, that

especially at Oman the increasing of usage of plastic water bottles causes

the overflowing of landfills and plastic bottle gave impacts to its surrounding


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environment, [3, 4]. Reported that the management for plastic waste today

is a focus on landfill (about 51%) and incineration (27%), and remain the 22%

is direct to recycling processes [2]. Moreover, the building industry main

target is to reduce the weight or dead load. The report also focusses on the

advantage of lightweight concrete such as time, cost, thermal insulation,

reuse of plastic waste and reduce the main material for the production of

concrete by substituting natural aggregate with lightweight aggregate.

Today, the major challenge society is facing are the reduction of waste

produced around the world. In the year 1950, the production of plastic

worldwide was 1.7 Mt. The value increases 270 times in the year 2012 by

approximately around 288 Mt [5]. Moreover, [1] also reported that the use of

plastic has increased rapidly in the year 2014 (313 Million tonnes, Mt) to the

year 2015 (322 Mt) with the rise of 3% in two years. The report also states that

according to Plastic Association, the consumption of plastic in Europe in the

year 2014 was 59 Mt, with almost half of this amount are 25.8 Mt that waste

is disposed of.

Today main priority in the construction industry is sustainability [7]. The

prepare of course aggregate by using plastic are able to provide a

sustainable solution to the plastic waste problem. Thus, reuse of plastic waste

able to reduce environmental pollution and prevent waste of resource. The

use of plastic waste in concrete as second raw material in a mixture of

concrete has been a trend for various studies to reduce and deposing

plastics to ensure environment less harmful. The use of plastic or PET particle

as alternative aggregate in concrete has able to improved resistance

towards sulphuric acid attack in the drainage system and industrial building

[8]. Lightweight concrete is concrete mixture made with a lightweight coarse

aggregate. In some cases, the lightweight product may be used fully or a

portion of fine aggregate. Lightweight concrete has an in-place density on

the order of 90 to 115 lb/ft3 (1440 to 1840 kg/m3) compared to normal weight

concrete with a density in the range of 140 to 150 lb/ft3 (2240 to 2400 kg/m3)

and concrete strength should be greater than 2500 psi (17 MPa)


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(NRMCA,2003). The additional raw material that mainly used in production

composite material such as concrete and mortar as a filler. The additional

raw material that is used is fly ash, palm oil fuel ash, rice hush and others are

used. Recently, considerable attention is paid to the use of recycled waste

plastics [3, 9, 10, 11, 12]: e.g. recycled polystyrene and polyurethane, plastic

waste from electrical and electronic equipment, polyethene terephthalate

(PET) bottles, polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes, etc. [1].

The use of recycled plastic in concrete has expected advantage. In

Fig. 1, show a graphically about levels of embodied energy for building for

each material by TecEco. Pty.Ltd. Based on the figure, the production of

concrete is high because this material has lowest embodied energy and

usually consumed in huge quantities. For plastic and steel, the energy for the

demand also high because the demand for manufacturing and product. It

can conclude that the demand for concrete is high than plastic and steel.

But in term of waste product, the plastics gave a huge difference than other

material.

Fig. 1: Levels of embodied energy for building for each material.


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A lot of research was conducted to study the use of waste plastic as

aggregate for concrete, for example the use of lumps of plastics [9], waste

plastic flakes [10], polyethylene terephthalate particles (PET) [8; 11; 28],

Plastic coarse aggregate [13;14; 15; 16], PET waste [17], PET bottle fibers [18;

19], granulated plastic waste (20), waste plastic lightweight aggregate [8],

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe [21], and Polyethylene [7]. The Table 1 shown

the various previous study of different forms of plastics used to replace

different constituents of concrete.

In this paper, its main objective is to focus on the result obtained by

different researchers after adding the various type of plastic in concrete. In

this paper also show the result of researchers on the effect of replacement

and addition of plastic in concrete for compression strength.

Table 1: Various Previous Study of different forms of plastics in concrete.

Author Type Waste Plastic Form of plastic waste Use in Concrete

Araghi et al., 2015 Grinded PET

particles

Maximum size of

7mm, weight was 464

kg/m3 and specific

gravity was 1.11 g/m3

PET particles used as

replaced Natural

aggregate is about

5%, 10%, and 15%

Saikia and Brito,

2014

Shredded for flaky

plastic particles

(PF), Shredded

course flaky

plastic particles

(PC), and heat

treated pellet-

shaped spherical.

-

Replaced natural by

5%, 10%, 15% with all

type of waste plastic.

Rehmani et al., 2013

Ground PET

particles

Maximum size 7mm,

weight about 464

kg/m3 and specific

gravity was 1.11 g/m3

PET particles used as

replaced Natural

aggregate is about

5%, 10%, and 15%

Saikia and Brito,

2013 PET Bottle

Recycled PET

aggregate

PET aggregate used

as replaced Natural

aggregate is about

5%, 10% and 15%

Bhogayata et

al., 2013

Waste plastic

bags Plastic fibres

Add plastic fibre in

concrete by 0.5%,

1.0% or 1.5% of the

voluume concrete.


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Ramadevi

and Manju,

2013

PET Bottles Plastic Fibres

Replace fine

aggregate with plastic

fiber in concrete by

1%, 2% 4% and 6% of

PET fibers

Malagavei,

2011 HDPE Fibres

The mixture of

concrete is added

fiber by 0 to 6%.

Foti, 2013

Polyethylene

terephthalate

(PET)

PET fibers, half bottle,

and Recycled PET

aggregate

All three forms are

added at 1% of the

weight of

concrete

Rai et al.,

2012

Waste plastic Plastic Flakes Replacement of 0%,

5%, 10%, 15% of sand.

Cordoba et

al., 2013 Waste plastic Recycled PET flakes

PET particles were

considered, 1.0%,

2.5%, and 5.0 % by

volume. The PET

particles that be used

for all percentage are

0.5mm, 1.5mm, and

3mm.

Suganthy et

al., 2013 Plastic powders

Pulverized plastic as

granules of 1mm size

25%, 50%, 75% or 100

of plastic granular as a

sand replacement.

Prahallada and

parkash, 2013 Waste plastic pots Plastic fiber

Addition of fiber with

the 0.5% volume

fraction based on

distinct aspect ratios

of 30, 50, 70, 90, and

110.

Bhogayata et

al., 2012

Non-recyclable

plastic waste

Macro fiber of 60mm

x 3mm and shredded

fiber with very fine

random palettes size

Addition of

polyethylene fibers at

different proportions

(from 0.3%, 0.6%, and

0.9% to 1.2% of the

volume of concrete)

Raghatate et al.,

2012 Plastic bags Waste plastic bags

Addition of plastic at

0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%

0.8% and 1.0% in

mixture of concrete.

Fraternali et

al., 2011

Recycled PET and

virgin

polypropylene

Plastic Fibers

Both types are used

for addition of fiber by

volume with 1%.

Ahmad K. Jassim,

2016 Polyethylene Box

Cutting into small size

by special cutting

and grinding

machine into fine

particles

Concrete mix design

by replace the

portland cement and

Water with HDPE by

15%, 20%, 25%, 30%,

35%, 40%, 50%, 60%,

70%, and 80%


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Gregorova et al.,

2016

Recycle Plastic

from Cable

Ethylene Vinyl

Acetate and

Polystyrene waste

Lightweight

Aggregate

Mixture proportion

used are 100% PS, 75%

PS and 25% EVA, 50%

PS and 50% EVA, 25%

PS and 75% EVA, 100%

EVA, 75% EVA and 25

PVC, 50% EVA and

50% PVC, 25% EVA

and 75% PVC and

100% PVC

Colangelo et al.,

2016

Polyolefin Waste

Aggregate

Sand-like consistency

(particles dimension

<6mm)

Casting, compaction

and curing for each

mixture three cubes

(1=100mm) were cast.

Safinia and

Alkalban, 2016 Plastic Bottle

Concrete Blocks with

plastic bottles

8 Plastic bottles are

used to make a

concrete block (200 x

200 x 400 with 20kg

weight)

Koide, Tomon and

Sasaki, 2016 Waste plastic

Lumps of plastic

aggregates

Got 3 cases: First, Using

non-chemical

Admixture (replace

course aggregate

with lightweight

aggregate with size of

10mm to 25mm),

Second, Using non-

chemical Admixture

(replace course

aggregate with

lightweight aggregate

with size of 10mm) and

Chemical Admixture

(replace course

aggregate with

lightweight aggregate

with maximum size of

10mm)

2.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this paper, the mechanical properties of using recycle plastic as a

lightweight aggregate for lightweight concrete are focus on compressive

strength of concrete. Various previous research has discussed about the

characteristic of recycle plastic concrete. Various researcher has shown the

result of adding and replacing plastic on the properties of concrete in

mechanical properties which is the compressive strength of concrete are

discussed in this section.


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2.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

2.1.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive strength is the most important property on which the

categorization of concrete depends. Before using concrete, it is important

to know the compressive strength of the original and treated concrete when

any other material is used to replace the concrete ingredients. To

understand the effect of the addition of waste plastic in various forms, on

compressive strength of concrete, several studies carried out by researchers

are summarized below and shown in Fig. 3.

2.2.1.1 EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT/ADDITION OF PET PARTICLES.

(Rahmani et al., 2013) observed that the 5% replacement of fine aggregates

with PET particles yields better results in compression. On 5% replacement

compressive strength of concrete increases by 8.86% and 11.97% for a water-

cement ratio 0.42 and 0.52 respectively. However, with further increase in PET

particles to 10% and 15% the compressive strength of concrete decreases

due to weak cohesion between the texture and the PET particles. PET

particles act as a barrier and prevent the cement paste from adhering to

natural aggregates. As a result, concrete strength decreases gradually.

(Saikia and Brito, 2014) studied the effect of the addition of three different

shape plastic particle such as shredded fine shaped (PF), shredded coarse

shaped (PC) and heat treated pellet (PP) on the compressive strength of

concrete. The study revealed the 28 days compressive strength of concrete

with 5%, 10%, and 15% PP aggregate is more than 75% of the compressive

strength of reference concrete. The 25% strength loss occurred due to the

less interaction of PET- aggregate with cement paste and therefore weak

interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The strength achievement of PF and PC is less

than the PP aggregate.


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2.2.1.2 EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT/ADDITION OF PLASTIC FIBER.

(Bhogayata et al., 2013) indicated that the targeted mean compressive

strength of the controlled concrete was 42 MPa. The treated concrete was

prepared using fiber prepared from metalized polythene waste bags. The

average size of the fibers was 1 mm x 2 mm, with proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 1%,

and 1.5%. The compressive strength of the concrete, prepared with 1.5%

metalized polythene fiber was reduced by 56.43%. This reduction in

compressive strength likely resulted from the presence of macro fibers in the

concrete, which potentially interrupted the bonding and complete

hydration of the cement paste and aggregates. (Bhogayata et al., 2012)

investigated the effects of the addition of waste plastic in shredded form

and manual hand cut fibers to concrete on concrete strength. Overall, the

strength of the concrete, prepared using hand-cut manual fiber decreased

more than that of the concrete prepared using shredded fiber. Replacing

more than 0.6% of the concrete volume with fibers made from plastic bags

with thicknesses of less than 20 microns reduced the strength by up to 30%

relative to the control. When 1.2% of the concrete volume was replaced, the

strength decreased by up to 50% relative to the control. These authors

suggested that preparing concrete by adding polyethylene fibers with a

thickness of fewer than 20 microns could be suitable for nonstructural works

in which the strength of the concrete is not a primary concern.

(Ramadevi and Manju, 2012) observed that the compressive strength

increased when up to 2% of the fine aggregates were replaced with PET

bottle fibers and gradually decreased when 4% and 6% of the fine

aggregates were replaced. The strength of the concrete with 2% PET bottle

fiber increased by 19.23% relative to the control concrete mixture. Thus, the

replacement of 2% of the fine aggregates is reasonable. (Malagaveli, 2011)

showed that the compressive strength increased at 7 and 28 days when 3.5%

HDPE fiber was added. The compressive strength increased by 7.69% after

28 days of curing when 3.5% HDPE fiber was added. When more than 3.5%

was added, the strength of the concrete began to decrease. (Bhogayata


10

et al., 2012) indicated that the control concrete had a compressive strength

of 26.65 MPa following normal curing. The maximum compressive strength of

a sample cured in acid was 25.42 MPa, which was similar to that of the

control sample. Overall, the results showed that sulphate curing of the

concrete for up to 60 days with 0.5% metalized polyethylene fiber resulted in

the same strength pattern as that of normal curing. The addition of fibers with

combinations of fly ash showed relatively good chemical resistance without

any significant losses in strength. (Prahallada and parkash, 2013) observed

an increasing trend of compressive strength up to an aspect ratio 50. The

percentage of the compressive strength increase was 11%. Beyond an

aspect ratio of 50, a decrease in the compressive strength was observed.

2.2.1.3EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT/ADDITION OF PLASTIC

FLAKES/PELLETS/SMALL PIECES.

(Rai et al., 2012) reported the effects of adding superplasticizer on the

mechanical properties of waste plastic flakes in concrete. In this case, 15%

of the fine aggregates were replaced with waste plastic flakes, and the

compressive strength was reduced to 9.52%. The strength decreased due to

the lower adhesive property of the plastic surface relative to the cement

paste. However, after replacing 15% of the sand with waste plastic flakes in

the concrete mix, the compressive strength increased by 5%. (Cordoba et

al., 2013) reported that the optimal size of PET plastic flakes in concrete is 1.5

mm when 2.5% of the fine aggregates are replaced. The PET plastic flake

sizes used in this study were 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 3 mm, and the percentages

of replacement were 1%, 2.5%, and 5% by volume. It was also reported that

the compressive strength value of concrete made with PET depends on (a)

the PET flakes, (b) the concentration of PET flakes, and (c) the curing time.

Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the compressive

strength of concrete improves when smaller PET particle sizes are used at

lower concentrations.


11

(Raghatate, 2012) concluded that the compressive strength of

concrete is affected by the addition of plastic pieces. For concrete,

prepared with 0.20%, 0.40%, 0.60%, 0.80%, and 1.00% plastic, the strength

decreased as the percentage of plastic increased. The addition of 1% plastic

in concrete resulted in a strength reduction of approximately 20% after 28

days of curing. (Suganthy et al., 2013) concluded that a gradual decrease

in strength occurred when replacements of up to 25% were used and that

the strength rapidly decreased when replacements of 25% to 50% were

used. When more than 50% of sand was replaced with plastic materials, the

variations in the concrete strength were small. The granular pulverized plastic

used in this experiment varied from 1-1.7 mm. (Mahdi et al., 2010) concluded

that the compressive strength of concrete with a PET to glycol ratio of 2:1 is

more than that of concrete with a ratio of 1:1. Higher PET to glycol ratios was

not investigated because they would cause the polymer components to

become brittle. This experiment was conducted by three distinct groups. The

groups were divided based on the glycol ratio and the initiator used. The

initiator promoter combinations taken were Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

(MEKP) and cobalt naphthanate (CoNp) in group I while Benzoil peroxide

(BPO) and N, N-diethyl aniline (NNDA) in group II and III. The compressive

strength of the polymer concrete in group I is greater than that in group II. In

addition, the compressive strength of the polymer concrete in group III is

greater than that of group IV. This result may be caused by the presence of

phthalic anhydride in groups I and III, which provide better sites for the

formation of cross chains.


12

Fig. 2: Effect of addition/repalcement of different forms of plastic on compressive

strength of concrete.

The majority of researchers observed that addition of waste plastic in various

forms such as flakes, shredded form, pellet, polyethylene fiber, granular

pulverized plastic and PET plastic flakes results in a reduction in compressive

strength of concrete, as shown in Figure 2. (Frigione, 2010) reported that

lower adhesive strength between the plastic surface and the cement paste

is the reason for the reduction of compressive strength. However, few

researchers (Malagaveli, 2011; Ramadevi and Manju, 2012; Pelliser et al.,

2012; Rahmani et al., 2013; Prahallada and parkash, 2013) observed that

addition of PET and HDPE fiber in small amount results in an increase in

compressive strength but addition of large amount of PET particles reduce

the strength (Saikia and Brito, 2014) as shown in Fig. 2. The mechanical

property of PET and HDPE are better as compared to polyethylene fibers

which result in improvement in the strength of concrete. The aspect ratio of

fiber also plays the significant role in the performance of concrete.

H Koide et al., (2002) reported that the experiment that is used is a

lump of plastic. Fig. 3 shows the relation between temperature, and

compressive of concrete, which was obtained from the experiments at high


13

temperature. From Figure 3, it is obvious that the higher the temperature, the

lower the compressive strength. Each increase of 20°C reduced the strength

by about 10% from that at 20°C.

Fig. 3: Relationship between temperature and strength of concrete.

3.0 CONCLUSION

From the result and discussion, it can be stated that the using of plastic in

concrete does not effectively increase the compressive strength of

concrete. However, it is important to treat plastic surfaces with reactive

materials, such as iron slag, silica fume, and metakaolin (Sharma et al., 2016).

From this review, we can conclude that the reaction of the matrix and

treated surface of plastic will generate additional pozzolanic reactions.

In this paper, the concrete compressive strength decrease when the

addition of plastics to concrete. Therefore, by using proper mineral

admixtures (Ismail and Al-Hashmi, 2008; Choi et al., 2005, 2009) and

chemically treated plastic such as alkaline bleach treatment (bleach +

NaOH) (Naik et al., 1996) can improve the performance of plastic fiber

reinforced concrete. The conclusion is the expected lightweight concrete


14

has the possible to be used in construction and offers economic and

environmental benefits.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful for the financial and technical support provided by

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). The first author also

acknowledges the support received from Jamilus Research Centre, Universiti

Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for the success of this research work.

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