CONCEPTS OF SURGERY

Hippocrates (460 BC) Father of Medicine Asepsis = use of wine/ boiling H20 for

irrigating wounds

Galen (AD 131-120) Greek surgeon Boiling of instruments in the care of

wounded gladiators

Vesalius (16th century) Chief founders of modern anatomy Animal experimentation Suppuration = essential part of healing

process

Dr. McDowell 1st ovariotomy in 1809 Px survived for 31 yrs

Soranus of Ephesus Founder of gynecology 1st vaginal hysterectomy (1818)

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) Handwashing Purpural fever in Vienna

Oliver Wendell Holmes Puerperal fever “anesthesia” (Greek for (-) sensation)

Philadelphia obstetrics Infxn = act of providence or accident

Louis Pasteur (1860) Fermentation = use of heat

Reverdin (1869) Pinch grafts

Robert Koch (1879) TB bacilli Koch infxn Bichloride of mercury as antiseptic

Bigelow (1878) Method of crushing bladder stones and

washing of fragments from bladder

Earnest Von Bergmann (1886) Steam chloride Bichloride soln for sterilization of

instruments and linens

Roentgen (1985) X-ray

Madam Curie Radium (1898)

Ambroise Pare Military surgeon = dressing wounds and

artificial limbs Dulled pain by compressing bld vessels

and nerves near the area

Joseph Lister Use of carbolic soln on dressing Sutures soaked in antiseptic (prevent

infxn)

Sr. James Young Simpson Chloroform Oppose technique of Lister

Dr. William Stewart Halsted Use of rubber gloves from harsh

antiseptic Px skin should be scrubbed Mask

Dr. Phillip Syng Physick (19th century) Body absorbs sutures made from

animal tissues (cow intestines)

*Lister’s antiseptic technique Suture and ligature Contribution – sterilization and

popularization of surgical gut

Egaz Moniz Portuguese physician 1st cerebral angiography (1927) Visualize R chamber of heart and

pulmonary vessels using Forsmann technique

Forsmann (1929) Characterized R atrium by passing

urethral catheter into veins of R arm Not successful in injecting radiopaque

substance to visualize pulmonary vessels

Walter E. Dundy Replacing fluid in ventricles with air and

subject to radiography

Greek and Roman surgeons Wine and vinegar mixture “potion of the condemned” – used to

relieve anguish/ pain Carbonated stone and vinegar –

numbing sensation = CO2 formed

*cesarian section – from Julius Cesar (1st baby born)

Arabian surgeons Harp strings for sutures from sheep

intestines (twisted and sun dried)

Hindus Grafting on tissues to form noses

Joseph Priestly O2 and nitrous oxide in operation

Morton and Wells (1846) Dentists Nitrous oxide for tooth extraction Morton – ether for surgical anesthesia

Dr. Chavalier Jackson Developed laryngoscope as aid in

intubation

Dr. Heidbrink and Dr. Boothy Gas machines and face masks

Dr. George Crule and Harvey Cushing Importance of keeping accurate records

of px’s condition during surgery (anesthesiologist)

Hetenerant Lithotomist Removal of stones from bladder thru

incision Earliest known operations

Harvey Cushing Sphygmomanometer invented in Italy

and brought to America (1959) 1st clnical use of EEG