conception to birth - tracy unified school district documents...from conception to birth period of...
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What are some early signs of pregnancy?
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From Conception to BirthPeriod of the Zygote Period of the EmbryoPeriod of the Fetus
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Period of the Zygote
Begins when egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube.Period of rapid cell divisionEnds 2 weeks later when the zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus
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Period of the Zygote
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Period of the EmbryoFrom 3 to 8 weeks after conceptionBody parts are formed during this periodEmbryo rests in the amnion filled with amniotic fluidUmbilical cord joins embryo to placenta
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Prenatal Structures
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Period of the Fetus
From 9 weeks after conception to birthIncrease in size and systems begin to functionAge of viability: 22 to 28 weeks
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First Month By the end of the
first month, the embryo is about 1/10 of an inch long. The heart, which is no larger than a poppy seed, has begun beating.
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First Month
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Two Months The embryo is about
1 inch long and has distinct, slightly webbed fingers. Veins are clearly visible. The hearthas divided into right and left chambers.
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Two Months
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Three Months By now the fetus is 2 1/2
to 3 inches long and is fully formed. He has begun swallowing and kicking. All organs and muscles have formed and are beginning to function.
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Four Months Your baby is covered
with a layer of thick, downy hair called lanugo. His heartbeat can be heard clearly. This is when you may feel your baby's first kick.
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4 months
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Five Months
A protective coating called vernix caseosabegins to form on baby's skin. By the end of this month, your baby will be nearly 8 inches long and weigh almost a pound.
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Six Months Eyebrows and
eyelids are visible. Your baby's lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, and he has started breathing motions. If you talk or sing, he can hear you.
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6 Months
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Seven Months By the end of the
seventh month, your baby weighs about 3 1/2 pounds and is about 12 inches long. His body is well-formed. Fingernails cover his fingertips
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Eight Months Your baby is gaining
about half a pound per week, and layers of fat are piling on. He has probably turned head-down in preparation for birth. He weighs between 4 and 6 pounds.
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Nine Months Your baby is a hefty
6 to 9 pounds and measures between 19 and 22 inches. As he becomes more crowded, you may feel him move around less.
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Influences on Prenatal DevelopmentGeneral Risk FactorsTeratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental HazardsHow Teratogens Influence Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
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General Risk FactorsNutrition: adequate amount of food, protein, vitamins, & mineralsStress: decreases oxygen to fetus and weakens mother’s immune systemMother’s Age: neither too young, nor too old
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Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
• Many diseases pass through the placenta directly and attack the fetus
• Potentially dangerous drugs not limited to cocaine but include alcohol and caffeine
• Environmental hazards are treacherous because we’re often unaware of their presence
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How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
Not universally harmfulHarm particular structures at a particular point in development in particular animals
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Effects of Teratogens
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Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis: ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling can detect physical deformities and genetic disordersTreatment: fetal medicine and genetic engineering are experimental
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Prenatal Diagnosis
Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling
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Labor and DeliveryStage 1: starts when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged (about 10 cm)Stage 2: baby is pushed down the birth canalStage 3: placenta is expelled
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Three Stages of Labor
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Approaches to Childbirth• Childbirth classes provide information about pregnancy and childbirth
• Childbirth classes teach pain control through deep breathing, imagery, and supportive coaching
• Mothers who attend classes use less medication during labor and feel more positive about labor and birth
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Birth Complications• Lack of oxygen (anoxia): Often leads to surgical removal of the fetus (C‐section)
• Premature and Small‐for‐dateinfants
• Prematurity is less serious than small‐for‐date
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The Newborn• Assessing the newborn: Apgar to assess newborns’ health; NBAS for a comprehensive assessment of infants
• 4 primary states: alert inactivity, waking activity, crying, sleeping
• Half of newborns’ sleep is REM (deep sleep)
• Putting the baby to sleep on their back may prevent SIDS
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Postpartum DepressionHalf of all new moms feel some irritation, resentment, and crying10‐15% feel more severe postpartum depressionPostpartum depression affects warmth and enthusiasm of mothering
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Happy Birthday!!!