concept of jinn (devil) and jadu (black magic) in muslim psychiatric patients

Concept of Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients

Dr Aziz Ahmed QuadriProfessor of Psychiatry Director ofMental Health CenterPadegaon, Aurangabad, M.S. IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

MENTAL HEALTH CENTERAurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA.

Introduction

The past decade has seen a growing demand for health professionals to

take better account of patient’s religious beliefs and establish links with

faith based organizations as partners in health and welfare science. (Mental

Health Foundation National Institute for mental health England,2003).

However although psychiatry and religion share similar concerns their

relationship has seldom been harmonious with, perhaps just cause for

suspicion on both side.

There is need for dialogue and mutual understanding.

In the U.S.A. analysis of the national co-morbidity surveys conducted in the

1990 revealed continuing use of the clergy alone and alongside professional

and alternative practitioner for mental health problem (Wang et.al.2003).

It is clear that faith based organizations and their clergy

are contacted by people with mental health problems often in

preference to consulting psychiatric professionals. Broadly speaking

healing has been observed as a central function of most religions

and some people look to religion as a means of understanding

suffering and as a beneficial way of coping with it.

Studies in the U.K. indicate that culturally mediated

religious beliefs influence differential access to and engagement and

satisfaction with services (Mc cube and priebe.2004).

The clergy are popularly conceived of as knowledgeable and

trusted healers at local and personal level with respect to mental

illness. Clergy in closed, less secularized community may play a pivotal

part when people first present with psychological difficulties, there by

strengthening or challenging religious health beliefs and in effect

advocating spiritual or secular intervention (Little wood and Dien 1995).

Many clergy provide pastoral care for emotionally distressed

people they may be reluctant to move further away from spiritual

guidance towards a more secular enterprise.

Aim

1. Study the concept of Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu

(Black Magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients.

2. To Compare different diagnostic categories of

faith healers and ICD-10.

3. To study the different methods used by faith

healers to treat psychiatric disorders.

4. To know whether these methods were approved

and valid by Islam.

Setting Mental Health Center Padegaon

Aurangabad (M.S)

In our study we interviewed total 100 patients

as follows.

TOTAL NUMBER OF MALE PATIENTS : 54

TOTAL NUMBER OF FEMALE PATIENTS : 46

TOTAL : 100

Material & Method

To compare with psychiatry

diagnosis we also took the history

as per our routine history taking

method.

Data Collection

1. Structured interview containing.

a. Demographic data.

b. Religious knowledge.

c. Basic knowledge of Islam.

d. Whether follow rituals and prayers on regular basis.

e. No. of Traditional Healers visited.

f. Advices and diagnosis given by T.H

g. Method of treatment by T.H.

Admissions during April 2006 to March 2007 at MHC Aurangabad.

No. Patients Muslim Hindu % Percentage

99 32 67

87 29 58

98 57 41

107 48 59

105 41 64

97 42 55

96 35 61

104 54 50

98 48 50

90 41 49

100 42 58

90 52 38

Total - 1171 Total - 521 Total - 650

Disorder

Total No. of

pt.

Age11 – 20

Age21 – 30

Age31 – 40

Age41 – 50

Age51 – 60

Age61 - 70

Dissociative Disorder

(02)01 01

Acute & Transient Psychotic Disorder

(09)04 04 01

Manic Depressive Disorder

04 04

Schizophrenia

4212 17 10 01 02

Depressive Disorder

25

08 08 04 01 02 02

Addiction

0702 02 01 02

Mental Retardation 02 02

Epilepsy 01

01

Hypo Mania 06

03 01 01 01

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

0202

Age wise distribution of patients with different Disorders

a. At our center about 40%patients are Muslims.

b. I have essential knowledge about Islam.

c. Psychiatrist are expected to have adequate knowledge

of major religions. (.CTP.p.no.602 to 622).

1. Study the concept of jinn (ghost) and Jadu (black magic) in Muslim psychiatric patients.

2.Comparison between traditional healers diagnosis and ICD-10

Sr.No

ICD-10 Faithhealers Diagno Black Magic Jinn No Diagnosis by Faith Healer

1 F : 44.5 Dissociative Conversion

Effect of Jinn, Black Magic

01 01 00

2 F : 23 Acute Psychotic Episode

Effect of Jinn, Black Magic, In 3 patients made no diagnosis

01 04 04

3 F : 31 Manic Depressive Disorder

Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic

02 02 00

4 F : 20 Schizophrenia

Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic

12 24 06

5 F : 32 Depressive Disorder

Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic in 7 Patients Made No Diagnosis

07 13 07

6 F : 10 Addiction

Effect of Jin & Black Magic,

03 01 03

7 F : 70 Mental Retardation

Effect of Jin & Black Magic,

01 01 00

8 F : 44 Epilepsy

Effect of Jinn, 00 01 00

9 F : 30 Hypomania

Effect of Jinn, Effect of Black Magic

02 03 01

10 F : 42 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Effect of Jinn 00 02 00

Sr.No ICD-10 Traditional healers diagnosis Sex

1F : 44.5 Dissociative Conversion

Effect of Jinn, Black Magic F : M:01 01

2 F : 23Acute Psychotic Episode

Effect of Jinn, Black Magic, In 3 patients made no diagnosis

F : M:05 04

3 F : 31Manic Depressive Disorder

Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic F : M:03 01

4 F : 20Schizophrenia

Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic F : M:18 24

5 F : 32Depressive Disorder

Effect of Jinn, effects of Black Magic in 7 Patients Made No Diagnosis

F : M:12 13

6 F : 10Addiction

Effect of Jin & Black Magic, F : M:00 07

7 F : 70Mental Retardation

Effect of Jin & Black Magic, F : M:01 01

8 F : 44Dissociative Disorder

Effect of Jinn, F : M:01 00

9 F : 30Hypomania

Effect of Jinn, Effect of Black Magic F : M:05 01

10 F : 42Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Effect of Jinn F : M:00 02

Sr. No ICD-10Diagnosis

As per ICD-10

Number of Pts

Diagnosis by Traditional healer

Black Magic Jinn No Diagnosis

1 F : 44.5 Dissociative Conversion

02 01 01 00

2 F : 23Acute Psychotic Episode

09 01 04 04


04 02 02 00


42 12 24 06


25 07 13 05

6 F : 10Addiction

07 03 01 03


02 01 01 00

8 F : 44Epilepsy

01 00 01 00

9 F : 30Hypomania

08 02 05 01

10 OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

02 00 02 00

Total 100 29 52 19

Comparison of ICD – 10 Diagnosis with

Diagnosis given by Traditional Healer

Explanation by traditional healers.

Jinn effect Black Magic effect No diagnosis

56% 17% 27%

To study the different methods used by traditional healers to treat psychiatric disorders.

1. In our study we found that traditional healers used some

common methods for treatment of different

psychological disorders.

Material given by Traditional Healers to Patients for protection from Jinn (Ghost) & Effect of Jadu (Black

Magic)Sr. No

Contains

1 Taweez

2 Water of prayer

3 Lemons

4 Eye drops of Lemon juice

5 Rose water

6 Sarsoon Oil

7 Eggs

8 Abdominal organs of dead girl

9 Black cloth

10 Sugar

11 Camphor

12 Taweez made up of silver plate

To study the different methods used by traditional healers to treat psychiatric disorders

a. Commonly traditional healers (T.H) give taweez to wear in neck

or tie around waist or to burn and take smoke of it or drink

water in which Taweez is dissolved.

b. Lemon juice to use as eye drops,to throw in a particular area,

cut selected numbers of lemon over the head, to keep in

rooms, under pillows,

c. Using white cock, black crow, abdominal organs like liver,

kidney, to treat these patients.

d. Water on which they read something.

e. A material called ‘anjan’ as eye ointment.

Sr.

No. ICD–10Faith healers

Diagnosis

Different Method used by faith healers to treat

Psychiatric Disorders

No.of

PtsSexM - F

AgeAverage

QualificationAverage

1 F : 44.5Dissociative Disorders

Effect of Jinn,Black Magic

Advised Taveez for wearing,Advised Taveez for wearing,

2 1 - 1 25 years Literate Illiterate

2 F : 23Acute and transient psychotic disorder

Effect of Jinn in 4 pts, Black Magic in 1 PtsMade no diagnosis in 4 Patients

Advised Taveez for wearing, Given Glass of water on which faith healer red something, puts lemon juice in eyes, asked take bath from water of different wells, mixing rose water

9 4 – 5 20 years Tenth


Effect of Jinn in 2 pts, Effect of black magic in 2 pts

Advised Taveez for wearing, to keep Taveez below pillow, cutting lemon all over the patients body, used oil of sersoon

4 3 – 1 22 years Ninth


24 pts effect of Jinn, 12 pts Effect of Black Magic,6 pts made no diagnosis

Advised Taveez for wearing, given water for drinking, advised to take smoke of Taveez, cutting lemon all over the patients body, given boiled eggUsed Taveez to drink in milk, advised to bring Kidney of dead girl, owl, black sindoor



13 pts effect of Jinn, 5 pts effects of Black Magic, 7 pts made no diagnosis

Advised Taveez for wearing to tie on waistTo take smoke of Taveez, to drink a glass of water on which he read something, lemon to eat, eggs, black cloth, sugar for eating, bath 4 Fridays regularly


6 F : 10Addiction

3 pts effect of black magic, 3 pts made no diagnosis, 1 pts effect of Jinn

Taveez to wear, to burn, to take smoke, water for drinking, using cloths, candles



1 pts effect of Jinn, 1 pts effect of Black Magic

Taveez for wear, Taveez made of silver plate, written Arabic words, advised to bring goat, cock, eggs,

2 1 – 1 20 years Literate

8 F : 44Epilepsy

Effect of Jinn Taveez for wear, 1 0 – 1 35 years Seventh

9 F : 30 Hypo Mania

3 pts effect of Jinn, 2 pts effect of Black Magic, 1 pts made no diagnosis

Taveez for wear,Taveez used in drinking water, cutting lemon all over the body, rubs ash on body, tie Taveez on waist,

6 1 – 5 25 years Eighth

10 F : 42Obsessive compulsive disorder

Effect of JinnIn both cases

Burn Taveez, to take smoke of Taveez during night, using candle


Taweez

Metal ring and threads

Metal ring

Taweez

Types of Magic described by Amilin (T.H)

• Sahar.. Tafriq• Sahar.. Mohabat• Sahar.. Takhayul• Sahar.. Junun• Sahar.. Khamul• Sahar.. Havathif• Sahar.. Amraz• Sahar.. Istahaza

Taweez

Metal plates with written Arabic words

Contents of Taweez

• Most of the Taweez

contain numbers,

Arabic words, names

of angels, soil, grass,

plain scented papers.

Result :Among psychiatric patients 100% patients and there relatives have

faith on Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic) as a cause of mental

illness. All patients had faith on Allah, prayers and healing power

of prayers. A vast majority of patients did prayers and rituals on

regular basis. In our study all patients(100%) went to traditional

healers.

• Among these 100 patients who are

suffering from different psychiatric

disorders as per ICD-10,traditional healers

diagnosed 52 patients as Jinn effect, 29

patients under the influence of black magic

and for 19 patients no diagnosis was made.

• These results shows that there is deep rooted faith

and belief in Ghost and Black magic as a cause of

mental illness in Muslim patients, it is because in holy

Quran there are number of verses about existence of

Jinn, but after reviewing (Quran) it is not proved that a

Jinn can cause symptoms describe by faith healers in

their diagnosis, and one can get control over Jinn or

use Jinn for his desired work.

• Along with this there is a lot of literature available in Urdu

which talks about Jinn (Ghost) and Jadu (Black magic),

even in the dramas of Shakespeare there is a character of

inhuman power, most of the stories of children contain Jinn

character this is fixed in minds since childhood and

become a firm belief about Jinn and black magic.

Considering this fact I have written book in Urdu, titled

“Jinn Jadu, Ya Nafsyati Amraz” ?

“Jinn Jadu ya Nafsyati Amraz” ?

1st Edition 2nd Edition

Written by Dr. A.A.Quadri

• Black magic was done in the period of Solomon

(PBUH) and Moses (PBUH) but no definite

methodology has been described and mentioned in

holy book the Quran.

In Quran and Hadith (sayings of prophet Mohammed PBUH)

there is no method to diagnose the effect of Jinn (Ghost) and

Jadu (Black magic). Only different prayers have been

recommended by prophet if someone feels that he or his relative

is under influence of black magic. There is no place for the

methods used by traditional healers which we saw in our study to

treat black magic or to remove Jinn effect.

In my view it is very important to consider the socio-cultural

background and religious concepts of the patients for the

treatment by means of psychological methods.

Religion and Spirituality

• In 1995, instruction in religious and spiritual issue was

made mandatory for accredited psychiatric residency

programs in the United States.

Religion

1. The three great monotheistic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam

believe in a single omnipotent God and in a book, Torah, the Bible or

the Qur’an, that reveals God’s plan for believers.

2. Buddhism, a religion prevalent in China, Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka and

South Asia has differing traditions.

3. Theravada Buddhism emphasizes a spiritual quest for wisdom, where

as Mahayana Buddhism stresses compassion, the divine power of the

savior Buddhism and spiritual rituals.

4. Hinduism prevalent on the Indian subcontinent, emphasizes the many

manifestations of God, reincarnation a divine power that sustains life a

dazzling array of religious symbols, yoga and meditation.

Al-Qur’an

• Al-Qur’an is a compilation of poetical verses divided into 114

chapters, it is the sacred text of Islam. Muslims believe that in

610 AD the angel Gabriel (A.S.) confronted Mohammed

(P.B.U.H.) in a cave top mountain near Mecca, proclaimed

him the messenger of the one true God, Allah, and ordered

him to read the verses from written Scriptures that existed in

heaven.

Al Jinn

1. Adam and Ibliss2. Curse on Ibliss3. Shaitan’s Biography4. Animosity of Shaitan to Man5. Creation of Shaitan6. Activities of Shaitan 7. Promises of Shaitan8. Companion of Shaitan9. Tribe of Ibliss 10. Party of Shaitan11. Army of Shaitan12. Stealing of Information13. Worshipping of Shaitan14. Forgetting Allah15. Orders of Shaitan16. Jinns and Magic

Urdu Literature on Jinn & Jadu available in market

Protection from Shaitan (Satan)

• Fear, Loneliness and Insomnia

• Seeing a Nightmare

• Anger and Wrath

• Hearing Donkey’s Voice

• Hearing Barking of Dogs

• Matrimonial Relationship

• Entering Washroom

• Entering the House

• Going out of the house

• Traveling

• More protection from Shaitan

Exorcism

• Demanding Jinn to get out

• Cursing Jinn to get out

• Beating the Possessed

Person

• At Time of anger

• Writing of Taweez

Mesopotamian religion

• Assyrians • Babylonians Labartu - Mountains, Marshland Sedu - ambivalent evil &

guardianSuccubus (Lilitu) - Beautiful nude femaleEtimmu - Ghosts, who died by

MischanceLamassu - Ambivalent Lilitu * Source (S.G.F. Brandom, gen. ed. A Dictionary of

comparative religion, London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2nd ed., 1971) p.232)

Indian

• Non human spirits

- Asuras

- Danavas

- Daityas

- Rakshas

• Human spirits – Ghost

- Bhuta

Source (Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, (Edition burgh: T, and T.

clark, 4th ed, 1959))

Activities of Shaitan (Satan)

1) He gives order to people, and the later to listen , and follow

as close as possible.

2) he gives false promises, and people should take these

promises seriously.

3) He scares people if they don’t follow him. As long as they

dont obey Allah, it is easy for shaitan to scare them.

4) He invites people to follow him and to commit all types of

activities. he knows no Halal or Haram. Everything is

Halal.

5) He incites animosity among people. He enjoys seeing them

enemies to one another.

6) He incites hatred so that people start fighting one another.

He enjoys seeing them unhappy with one another.

7) He makes people to forget Allah by keeping them busy in

the affairs of this world. The more they are preoccupied

with this world, the more they forget Allah.


8) He pretends to be a good friend to people; otherwise, they will not

listen to him. He also pretends that he is the best advisor to them.

9) He whispers regularly to them in a sneaking way. he has no courage to

come to them face to face.

10) He makes sure that he does not revel his identity, otherwise people

may shy away from him or even run away. His name scares many

people. Hence it is better not to identify himself as Shaitan, jinn, ghost,

spirit, etc.

11) He acts as a sneaker. He waits for the moment when people forget

Allah, to jump forward, and sneaking acts as an Advisor.

12) He remains neck-to-neck around people otherwise he loses his job, or

he will be denounced by his supervisors.

13) He leads people astray from Allah, so that they will go with him to

hell, instead of him being alone.

14) He is revengeful and vindictive; when he strikes he hurts and may

abuse other physically.

15) He lets people down, because he has nothing under his property to

offer except false hopes and illusions.

16) He makes sure that the people should follow by using every possible

and logical approach to convince them.

17) He makes sure that people are to worship him. following Shaitan,

means that the person has already submitted himself to his order and

come became a slave to him.

18) He tries to control the density of people. Their future hopes and

aspirations are re-laid on his instructions, orders and false hopes.

19) He makes sure that he does not revel his name as a ghost, but as a hidden

friend wishing them the best.

20) He is a source of distraction for them from worshipping God, and

obeying Him. Even during Salat he makes sure to distract them.

21) He creates commotion otherwise his life is miserable. He enjoys seeing

people fighting one another.

22) He teaches magic. People have to pledge allegiance to him before

teaching any type of magic. The knowledge of magic is to do harm to

other people, and especially to husbands and wives.

23) He tries to steal information from outside the orbit. While trying to do

so, Allah sends meteorites to burn him and to get rid of him.

24) He pushes people to commit all typea of Haram, immorality and

Vulgarity.

Hexing: The Evil Eye• Sleepiness or fitful sleep

• Exhaustion

• Depression

• Hypochondriacs

• Spirit possession

• Impotence

• Failure to thrive

• Anorexia

• Listlessness

• Diarrhea

• Vomiting

• Disrupted social relationship

• Sudden death

Hexing: The Evil Eye

• Jews in Germany were forbidden to look at crops for fear that their

glance (Judenblick) would be damaging. Persons who are thought

most likely to possess the evil eye are those with a physical

deformity (especially a hunchback), stranger, jealous kin or

neighbors, marginal members of society, barren women, the poor

and hungry, person dissatisfied with their lot in life, children who

return to their mother’s breast after weaning (seen among Slovak

Americans)

Hexing: The Evil Eye

• Evil eye can strike anyone, but most susceptible

are wealthy, handsome and weak persons,

children and women especially when pregnant.


25) He makes sure that people should not be shy, timid, or having any type of

Hayaa. They should be bold and strong to do all types of vices without feeling

ashamed of themselves. It is on the contrary; those who commit immorality,

should accuse and blame those who don’t get involved in vices. The letter

activities are to be publicized as noble acts of life it self. They would have

enough supporters from within the human being side. Any person who is shy

and timid should go to a psychiatrist to be examined and to be treated.

The main rule of Shaitan is to create dissension between husband and wives.

In so doing, he will make sure that they hate one another.

Accordingly ,they end up into divorce. Hence, the fight will start for the

custody of the children. Therefore, a problem is created in the family.

When parents choose their love and their family ties. the cornerstone

for the foundation of the society is destroyed.

When separation or divorce takes place, children will not be raised

properly with one single parent. They will be unstable in their

personality. Shaitan finds it easier to enter the hearts and minds of the

children. He will lead them to wrong places. Hence, he makes them

criminals in the society.

Thank You

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