AGNI AMA, DEFINATIONS SAAMA,NIRAAMA LAKSHANAS OF DOSHA, DHATU AND MALA

CONCEPT OF AGNI AND AMAPRESENTER :DR . THEJASWINI. R1ST MDDEPT OF KAYACHIKITSAGAMC , MYSORE

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INTRODUCTIONAyurveda is a logical science based on basic principles.The science of Ayurveda not only depend upon the symptomatology of the patient , rather it believes in a thorough examination to find out the root cause of the ailment in the patient.

Concept of Agni : AiUqmq|hl pwerUSuumUiur; xirrw | urk Hiual-ur SWosxiu xiqr mMi pwe Szl mUi || su.su.35 || Before prescribing any therapeutic procedures. Physician should examine ayu of the patient.If he has long span then his vyadhi , rutu , agni, vaya,deha,bala,satva,satmya,prakruti,bheshaja and desha should be examined to get proper therapeutic effect.

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Therapeutic effect of panchakarma depends upon the dose of the Shodhana Oushadha.Each and every individuals in the world are individually,totally different in prakriti, dosha, agni ,koshta and such other factors.So before administering any therapeutic procedure ,it is a must to assess the agni of a person.

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qr l uruxjxi urk M os ur: Ascr SzMs c rer i Msml|| || AH.Ka.6/12 || Acharyas were aware of the limitations of mathematical calculations concerning to the bio-physiology,while dealing with a living body. So they clearly stated that the dosage totally depends on agni,koshta, vyadhi,kala,bala,vaya,desha of the individual. So individuality must be considered .

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CONCEPT OF AMA :Ama is a unique concept in Ayurveda.Impaired agni impaired digestion and metabolism incompletely processed food components and metabolites in the system threat to health It has the capacity to vitiate the doshas, thereby disturbing the homeostasis.It is considered as one of the important vyadhi ghataka responsible for the initiation of the disease process in the body.Hence amaya is rightly stated for vyadhi, which denotes the potentiality of ama.

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AMA

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AGNI INTRODUCTION :Living body is the product of nutrition.Dosha , dhatu and mala are the shareera dravyas whose source is ahara dravya.The ingested food undergoes convertion at different levels, till they ultimately become tissues of the body , which is brought about by the AGNI Thus, NO Agni NO Tissue Building NO Life Hence Agni is directly proportional to LifeDr.Thejaswini.R7

is the representative of solar energy in the living organism.It is reflected in the human body in a unique form which makes all the metabolic activities possible.Agni manifests its power through pitta dosha.It is one among the 5 mahabhuthas- Tejas , || . 1/7 ||

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KAYA AGNI

: () enlightens & moves |..| Agni is foremost ,among that which controls our body and responsible for the janma (life)

:

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Functions of normal in the body : Ch chi 15/3 All the body entities such as bala, varna, swasthya, utsaha, upachaya, prabha, ojus, shareera ushma(teja), deha pushthi , vruddhi are all the functions of agni.

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IMPORTANCE : || . || Agni and retas are the sources of strength and life . Hence one must protect them.

, , Proper functioning of agni results in sustainace of good health and life.While impraired agni causes ill health or even death.

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||CH SU 27/342||If one intakes proper food , his bala, arogya etc entities, including the metabolism will be protected as they are dependant upon the agni or else it deprives.

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TYPES OF : 13

/ -(7)

, , Chakrapani || Dr.Thejaswini.R13

- (5)

:

(Ch chi 15/13,14) Five bhutagnis bring about paka of the 5 respective attributes (respective ) in the food ingredients. Acharya Chakrapani - this action of bhutagni on respective aharaguna results in the production of certain s

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: They are named accordingly, to there Sites - 7 dhatus ( Vg ) .. As su 19/25 s are nothing but small & scattered portions of in dhatus.These agnis are responsible for the chaya & upachaya of dhatus.

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/ :It is the chief agni in the body.

Trividha Agni Bala : , , , || Ch su 5/8 ||

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Sthana :

Functions :

, , ||Ch su 21/10||Dr.Thejaswini.R17

Pradhanyatha of Jataragni among Sarvagnis :

|| Ch chi 15/39||

Jataragni is supreme among all the other types of agni because, all the remaining types of agni are dependant on it. Including the vridhi & kshaya of bhutagnis & dhatvagnis are dependant on it.

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: Due to equilibrium of all the 3 doshas

||Ch vi 6 ||When doshas are in balanced condition,the agni occurs in samavastha.

||Ch vi 6|| This balanced type of agni maintains the normalcy, as long as there is no irregularities. But it gets impaired by minor irregularities.Dr.Thejaswini.R20

: Influenced predominantly by ||Cha|| It is contrary to samagni. The function of agni may be either normal or abnormal at times.

Vishamagni - may result in , , , , , , (Susrutha)Dr.Thejaswini.R21

: Influenced predominantly by ||Ch vi 6|| Capable of sustaining all types of irregularities.

|| Ch vi 6 || In pitta prakruthi persons when aggravated pitta affects the site of agni it would result in tikshnagni Dr.Thejaswini.R22

Acharya Susrutha states that it produces , & .When it is excessively increased the condition is called .

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: Influenced predominantly by

: ||Ch vi 6|| That which gets impaired in its functioning even with small amount of irregular food and has opposite features to that of teekshnagni.

takes long time to digest even small amount of food and is stated to produce , , . ( Susrutha)

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:

||Ch Vi 4/8|| Strength of agni is assesed by its capacity to digest food.

||Ch su 5/3|| Power or condition of agni determines the quantity of food to be consumed.

| || ||Su su 35/25|| Vishamagni vata vikaras Teekshnagni pittaja vikaras Mandagni kaphaja vikaras

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FUNCTIONING OF VARIOUS AGNI AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIGESTION :

| || ||Ch chi 15/13-14, Chakrapani||

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Samana vata stimulates jataragni proper digestion process starts

ahara rasa Jataragni stimulates the panchabhutagni- digestion of respective food ingredients General circulation of Ahararasa by vyana vata Nutrient substances are accepted by concerned Dhathus by khale kapotha nyaya

Dhathvagnis convert these substances into poshya dhatus (dhathus proper)

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FACTORS INFLUENCING AGNI :Agni gets influenced by morbid doshas, season, quality &quantity of food consumed & is dependent on . (Ch vi 1/21)

(Ch chi 15/211) Agni has the special quality that it does not survive in the absence of fuel (food).

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as per & :

& - agni is powerful.

& - agni is mild in nature.

(Ch su 5/3 Chakrapani)

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:

Samaprakrithi SamagniVata prakrithi VishamagniPitta prakrithi TeekshnagniKapha prakrithi Mandagni (Ch vi 6)

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Causes : | || | || (Ch chi 15/42-44) Impaired agni is not able to digest even the Laghu anna Undigested food retains in intestine and attains (fermented/putrified)

Attains visharupa /

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Features :

| || | || (Ch chi 15/45,50)Dr.Thejaswini.R32

NEED FOR PROTECTING AGNI :

||Ch chi 5/136|| Normal functioning as well as vitiation of doshas depends upon normalcy of the agni. Thus avoidance of nidanas responsible for its vitiation helps keeping it balanced.

| || (Ch chi 15/40) One has to protect the agni, as it maintains ayu bala etc entities. Further if a person does not follow ahara vidhi vidhana , he will end up in grahani dosha.Dr.Thejaswini.R33

CONCLUSION :Agni pareeksha is the most important criteria in Ayurveda because the treatment depends on the efficiency of patients digestion & assimilation. If agni is not optimum whatever medicines given is of no use.Even in swastha the role of agni is highly emphasized for a healthy living.

||Cha Chi 5 || If the agni is in normal state and if the individual consumes maatravat ahara, there will be proper digestion of food, which forms dhathu samyatha.

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lpell MralSmri lipeli rj lUlkl uUsm uilklui: || ca.ci.15/211|| Acharya Charaka quoted a simile that, just as fire gets extinguished or smothered without fuel or with excessive fuel. Similarly the jataragni cannot be activated by absolute fasting or over eating. One should take proper quantity of food to keep the agni intact.

||AH ni 12/1|| Impaired agni is the route cause of all diseases.

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THUS, Agni vaishamya

Improper digestion of the food

Food residue

AMA Dr.Thejaswini.R37

Dr.Thejaswini.R38AMA

AMA

AMAINTRODUCTION : Ama means the substance which remains uncooked or improperly digested or not converted into the suitable material for the body.

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ETYMOLOGY :Aq : Aq = A + q A = Nearer q = Poison

Aq + bg ||zoSMsmSq|| The word ama is derived from Aq + bg mirr

l : Aqri aqri mYujq Ci Aq | ||voSMsmSq|| Aama is the outcome of Improper digestionWord Meaning: Raw, Uncooked, Unripe, Immature, Undigested.

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DEFINATION : Fwqhssmosiul kiqqmciq | Sqqvraiq Uxqq mci || A.H. Su 13/25 || Due to alpa bala of agni, adhya dhatu (rasa dhatu) is not formed properly which is retained in amashaya is called ama.

Aqzrxj MralSosrSumci| A AWU kir x Aq Ci Mii || Ma.Ni 25/1|| As a result of weakness of Jatharagni located in amashaya there is formation of avipakva ahararasa, which is said to be ama.

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Amcrql ziu rir uwmiq || Cha.Chi 15/44|| The weak action of agni resulting in immature undigested food which is not assimilated and is the prime cause for the diseases is termed ama.

AqqUx Mci, Mc qsxcrq | mjq SwS c McSq mci || ||Ma.Ni25/1-5,madhukosha|| A few scholars consider apakva ahararasa as ama while others assume ama to be the accumulation of mala and a few others consider it as early stages of dosha dushti (Vyadhi).

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Swaroopa of Ama :AumYuqxr Salk oW mcNsq |xSl xuahqq Cirpkri || Ma.Ni 25 || Incompletely digested substanceHas a foul odourSticky in natureProduces lethargy in body

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Ama Hetu: l c Zs MusqiqquWUzqqmSwMUqcNli, Am i Zs a zizwMuqp, uSzculqMs cmllqmxul Mq k sp qWwrzM qla prmimiqlx u rSmlqmreri, iSmrqqu mSwri || || Cha.vi 2/8||

Ahara karana: Abhojana, Atibhojana,ajirnabhojana, Vishmasana, Asatmyabhojana, Viruddhabhojana, Dwishta - Asuchi bhojana, Guru, Ruksa, Sita, Sushka, Vistambhi and Vidahi bhojana.

Vihara karanas: Vegavidharana, jagarana, dukha shayya.

Manasika karanas: Food consumption while afflicted with mental instability due to Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Moha, Irsya, Soka, Mana, Udvega, Bhaya etc.

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Shodhana vibhrama: Faulty administration of Virecana, Vamana, Sneha Karma. Anya karana: Desa, Kala, Ritu Vaismya and Vyadhikarshana.

DIFFERENT FORMS OF AMA:(M.N 25/1-5,Madhukosha)

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1) Apakva Anna/rasa Roopa Ama:A. Apakva Annaroopa Ama:The ingested food when improperly digested due to durbala Jatharagni, gets accumulated in the Amashaya is termed ma. This is appropriately the Apakva Anna Rupa Ama.B. Apakva Annarasa Roopa Ama:Improperly digested Anna Rasa does not participate in the dhatvagni paka while remaining in Amashaya it gains Amatva. This is known as the Apakva Annarasa Rupa Ama.Acharya Sushruta considers the Apakva Annarasa Rupa Ama as the cause of Karshya and Sthaulya, as the dhatu receive their nutrition from this Ahara Rasa.

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2) Mala Sanchaya Roopa Ama : Accumulation of Mala in the body is termed as Ama that includes : -Purisha, Mootra and Sweda, Kha malas, Aparipakwa dhatus ,Prakupita Vata, Pitta and Kapha, Other factors which are harmful to body.

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3) Prathama Doshadushti:The initial state of Dosha vitiation is also called as Ama.While elaborating the treatment of Amaja Sotha, Ach.Chakrapani has explained that the Doshas will be in apakvavastha during the first phase of vitiation. Acc to Ach.Sushrutha, Prathama Dosha dushti is Sanchayavastha . Where the Dosha gets accumulated at their own sthana.

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4) Dosha Murchana janya Ama :The Ama, formed when the highly vitiated Dosha interacts with each other, just as how the toxic substance is produced from Kodrava.

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5) Amavisha :

Cha.Vi 2/12||

The Amadosha formed by unwholesome food habits like Viruddhasana, Adhyasana, Ajirnasana is knwon as Amavisa.

Cha.chi 5/44Due to all these reasons the ingested hara will not get properly digested .It retains in the Amashaya , gets vitiated and further transforms into visha .

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Symptomatology of Amavisha closely resembles to that 3 conditions of food poisoning They are :BotulismToxic Gastro-enteritisInfective Gastro-enteritisDr.Thejaswini.R51

ROLE OF AMA IN THE PRODUCTION OF VYADHIS :

| ||M NI 25/1-5 The remnant of ahara rasa which is not digested due to weak agni becomes the root cause of all diseases.

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Ama Vyadhi Lakshana : | || Y.R || Laziness, drowsy, discomfort in chest, distress, improper urge for stools and urination, heaviness in belly , anorexia, inactivity are the features of ama vyadhi / ama avastha.

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Diseases due to Ama :

Dr.Thejaswini.R54ABHYANTRA ROGA MARGAMADHYAMA ROGA MARGABAHYA ROGA MARGAAmajirnaVishtabdhajirnaVidagdhajirnaVisuchikaVimlambikaAlasakaGrahaniChardiAtisaraHrudrogaPakshaghataArditaAmavataMedorogaPramehaUrustambhaShopha

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Sama Defination

|| Ah.hr Su 13/27|| Sama is a condition manifested due to amalgamation of dosha & dushya with ama resulting into formation of various kinds of disorders.

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SAMA DOSHA LAKSHANA :

. ||Ah su 13 || Obstruction in srotas, diminution of strength, heaviness, disturbance in the normal movements of vata, drowsiness, indigestion, excessive secretions from oral cavity, obstruction for urine and stool, lack of desire towards food, exhaustion.

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Sama - Nirama Dosha Lakshana :

Dr.Thejaswini.R58 , , , , , Aggravtes with , , , , , , with , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,: , , , , , , , ,

SAMA DHATU VIKARA : (Ch Su 28)

Dr.Thejaswini.R59Sama rasajaSama raktajaSama mamsajaSama medajaSama asthiSama majjaSama shukraJwara,Aruchi,Anga marda,Pandu ,Klaibya,Tandra Guda paka,Mukha paka,Rakta pitta,Vata rakta,Indra-Lupta,Vidradhi

Gandamala, Mamsakeela,AdhimamsaArbuda ,Alaji ,Upajihvika

Prameha Nidra ,Tandra ,Daha ,Ashta nindita purusha Asthi shoola,Asthi bheda,Dantashool,DantabhedaNakha doshaBhrama,Murcha,Tamo darshanaKlaibya,Garbha srava,Aharshana

Sama - Nirama Mala Lakshanas :

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, etc , , , , .

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MODERN CONCEPT OF AMA Ama can be understood as the intermediary products of metabolism of proteins, fats and the carbohydrates.Ama can be compared to unstable reactive, free radicals which are the main causes of numerous diseases and degenerative changes in the body.

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INCOMPLETE METABOLISM OUTCOME RESULTProteinsAccumulation of Uric acidGouty ArthritisCarbohydrate and fat Lactic acidMyalgia,Rheumatism Haemoglobin Methahaemoglobin Methahaemoglobinaemia

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Correlation of Ama & Free Radicals

Dr.Thejaswini.R64 PROPERTIES AMA FREE RADICALS DEFINITIONProduct of incomplete metabolismIt is an atom or a molecule containing one or more unpaired electron,highly unstable and reactiveEXOGENOUSCAUSESMithya ahara and viharaPollutants, dangerous chemicals ,Certain types of food productsENDOGENOUSCAUSESResultant of mandagniDue to deficiency of enzymes

PRESENTING FORMIncomplete digestionand metabolismIt contains one or more unpaired electrons, which requires neutralization by free radical scavengers. Thus it exists in an incomplete metabolic state.An inassimilable stateof Ama Free radicals are inassimilable to body components and exist in free state.Foul smell of AmaPutrefication leads to foul smell after destruction of cells by free radicals.Ama sticks to normalhealthy body tissuesdue to its pichchilataTo seek stability in their structure they quickly interact with the healthy molecules of the body thus setting chain reaction.

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Site of FormationAgni pervades in each and every cell of the body.Dhatvagnimandya in cells lead to formation of Ama. So it can be formed in any part of the body.The production of free radical can take place in any cell of the body.

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DiseaseProductionDhatvagni DaurbalyaImpaired action of free radical scavengers Sanchaya of AmaIncreased production of free radicals at the sitePrasara of AmaCirculation of free radicals Sthana samshraya atthe site of khavaigunyaStarts reaction with the weak cell membrane. Production of diseaseProduction of disease

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Dr.Thejaswini.R68DIET AND MANAGEMENT

AGNI : By following : Dincharya, rutucharya, ashta vidhaahara vidhi -visheshayatana,ahar vidhi - vidhana etc., will strengthen the agni and thus keeps the person healthy.Intake of appropriate food that is good for each constitution, which is having Shad rasa yukta, Snigdha and ushna gunas, Matravat ahara should be consumed. By understanding Agni in ones body management of health becomes easy.

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AMA :

Katu, tikta, kashaya rasa pradhana ahara should be consumed. Vegetables: steamed vegetables ,Lots of greens; No root/sweet vegetables or mushrooms Grains : Less wheat and oats. Kichadi; barley, millet, rice Fruit: No sweet fruit. lemon, lime, grape fruit can be taken.Nuts: None, some pumpkin seeds Dairy: None. No bread/ pastries Goats' milk is slightly astringent and is less Kapha forming Meat: No shellfish, fish, fats, red meat, pork, eggs Oils: None. Ghee can be taken in small quantities or mustard oil Sweeteners: None. Sugar is ama forming. Honey can be taken (2 tsp/day). Drinks: Ginger, cinnamon, cardamom , fennel

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Conclusion :Ama is formed due to mandagni.It may impair the mechanism of the GI system.Also hampers the homeostasis of dosha, dhatu, mala.Severity of a disease is understood through the theory of free radicals in the contemporary science , while in Ayurveda it is understood by the concept of Ama.

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Perhaps , we can conclude that the concept of Ama which forms the pathological basis of Ayurveda , is the original source of the free radical theory, which is the future parameter to measure the depth of the pathology.Dr.Thejaswini.R72

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Dr.Thejaswini.R74THANK YOU