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● Computer programming is the process of creating software through the use of logic, algorithms, and programming language

● Programmers use a program code to make software

● Program code : a set of instructions that signal the CPU to perform circuit witching operations

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● A language designed for writing system software

● It offers more direct access to the physical hardware of the machine

● System Software : Operating System, Language Processor & System Utilities

● Major System Programming Languages○ C, C++, ESPOL, PL/I, BLISS

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● A language designed for writing application software

● Application Software : Payroll system, Inventory System, Attendance System etc.

● Major Application Programming Languages○ C, C++, VB.NET, Java, etc.

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● Procedural Programming Languages

● Procedural programming specifies a list of operations that the program must complete to reach the desired state.

● Each program has a starting state, a list of operations to complete, and an ending point. This approach is also known as imperative programming.

● Integral to the idea of procedural programming is the concept of a procedure call. Procedures, also known as functions, subroutines, or methods, are small sections of code that perform a particular function.

● Procedural programming can be compared to unstructured programming, where all of the code resides in a single large block.

● It splits the programmatic tasks into small pieces, procedural programming allows a section of code to be re-used in the program without making multiple copies.

● It also makes it easier for programmers to understand and maintain program structure.

● Two of the most popular procedural programming languages are FORTRAN and BASIC.

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● Structured Programming Languages

● Structured programming is a special type of procedural programming. It provides additional tools to manage the problems that larger programs were creating.

● Structured programming requires that programmers break program structure into small pieces of code that are easily understood.

● It also frowns upon the use of global variables and instead uses variables local to each subroutine.

● One of the well known features of structural programming is that it does not allow the use of the GOTO statement. It is often associated with a “top-down” approach to design.

● The most popular structured programming languages include C, Ada, and Pascal.

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● Object-Oriented Programming Languages

● Object-oriented programming is one the newest and most powerful paradigms.

● In object oriented programs, the designer specifies both the data structures and the types of operations that can be applied to those data structures.

● This pairing of a piece of data with the operations that can be performed on it is known as an object.

● A program thus becomes a collection of cooperating objects, rather than a list of instructions.

● Objects can store state information and interact with other objects, but generally each object has a distinct, limited role.

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● Low Level Programming Language○ Machine Language○ Assembly Language

● High Level Programming Language

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● Low Level �Machine Language● Computer understand only a language that is

known as “Machine Language”● It consists of set of instructions in form of ‘1s’

and ‘0s’● Example of Machine Instruction

○ 1110001110000● It is difficult for human to read and write machine

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● i) It makes fast and efficient use of the computer.

● ii) It requires no translator to translate the code i.e.Directly understood by the computer

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● i) All operation codes have to be remembered

● ii) All memory addresses have to be remembered.

● iii) It is hard to amend or find errors in a program written

● In the machine language● iv) These languages are machine dependent

i.e. a particular ● Machine language can be used on only one

type of computer

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● Inconveniences of machine language. ● Assembly language in which operation codes

and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s.

● These alphanumeric symbols will be known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combination

○ e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START,LABEL etc.

● Because of this feature it is also known as ‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to master it because very small

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● Advantages of Assembly Language i) It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language. ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors.

iii) It is modified easily● Disadvantages of Assembly Language

i) Like machine language it is also machine dependent. ii) Knowledge of hardware required

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● High level computer languages give formats close to English language and the purpose of developing.

● It enables people to write programs easily and in their own native language environment (English).

● High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes.

● Each instruction in the high level language is translated into many machine language instructions thus showing one-to-many translation

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● Readablity● Portability● Easy Debugging● Easy Software Development

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