Rajasthan College of Engineering for Women

A Seminar Report On

Computer Networking

Academic Session

2006-2010

Branch: Information Technology

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Prof. Sushma Rani Mainra Ms. Disha Goyal

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CERTIFICATE

Name: Disha Goyal Semester: VII Sem

Roll No: 06ERWIT015

College: Rajasthan College of Engineering for Women

This is certified to be the bonafide work entitled “COMPUTER NETWORKING” has

been convincible & performed by Ms. Disha Goyal. She is a student of RCEW pursuing

B.Tech here. She is at present in final year with her branch Information Technology. This

project has been prepared as a part of her learning expressly practical learning. The

practical session came into effect in the period of May-June (2009) as announced by the

Rajasthan Technical University. This project covers the entire facets of her analyzing and

reviewing work that she has done in her 35 days training work at a presumed corporation.

This corporation has made her learn the working outs and the processes taking place there

in relation to her learning stream.

Teacher’s Signature

( )

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great leisure and complete pleasure supplemented with full experience, I fail to

find words that would compile a sentence to express my profound gratitude to the college

Rajasthan College of Engineering for Women for providing valuable inputs at the diverse

stages of my practical learning.

I am ever grateful and eternally indebted to the I.T. department for finding the time out

of their busy schedule and extending was also instrumental in providing me with the right

perspective for my training. I am ever grateful to the H.O.D. of I.T department for all the

encouragement that is provided to me for this training.

I am highly gratified with thoughtful assistance of Mr. C.J Patel (Training Head) for

concluding the time out of his busy program that was influential in providing me with the

appropriate perception and outlook for my training. I am ever grateful to him for all the

support that he had given me during the training. This also takes an account of the

superior, virtuous and respectable firm that permitted me to accomplish my training

productively and lucratively.

Conclusively, I admit that it was enormously blissful and exultant experience on

working this project and exploring fresh knowledge. It has helped me to achieve

confidence and maturates me during the problems I faced in the fabrication of my project.

This contributory project has facilitated me to provide liable and accountable contribution

to the manufacture of merchandise. Fair suggestions are summoned for the improvement

of this project.

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PREFACE

Communication is at the core of almost all aspects of modern life. Education and health

care rely upon it, as do everyday work and community life, and democratic governance.

Since new communication technology does offer significant opportunities—as well as

grave risks—and because the form of the communication infrastructure of tomorrow is

being shaped today, it is critical that people from all walks of life play more active roles in

this crucial transition period.

New computer-networking technology currently has many attributes that could

undergird communication and technology that is truly democratic. Since it supports

"many-to-many" communication, community, regional, national, and even international

"conversations" on any topic are possible. This new media is unlike traditional media like

newspapers and television that are "one-to-many" (broadcast) or telephones, and letter

writing that are usually "one-to-one."

Although I argue for the development of democratic technology in general, this is

focused on the development of community computer networks, a concrete manifestation of

democratic technology that demands our attention right now. These systems are not

utopian pie in the sky. Five hundred thousand people currently use community networks

and people have launched projects in hundreds of cities and regions in the United States

and around the world.

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ABOUT THE WORKING CORPORATION

ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited) is India's leading oil & gas

exploration company. ONGC has produced more than 600 million metric tonnes of crude

oil and supplied more than 200 billion cubic metres of gas since its inception.

Today, ONGC is India's highest profit making corporate. It has a share of 77 percent

in India's crude oil production and 81 per cent in India's natural gas production.

The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore were

largely unexplored.

In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources

in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector development.

To achieve this objective an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up in1955, as a

subordinate office under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific

Research.

The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 placed mineral oil industry among the

schedule 'A' industries. In August 1956, to ensure efficient functioning of the Oil

and Natural Gas Directorate, the Directorate was raised to the status of a

commission with enhanced powers.

In October 1959, the Commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of

the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further.

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In 1960s, ONGC found new resources in Assam and established new oil province in

Cambay basin (Gujarat). In early 1970s went offshore and discovered a giant oil

field in the form of Bombay High.

After liberalization in 1991, ONGC was re-organized as a limited Company under

the Company's Act, 1956 in February 1994. Today, ONGC has grown into a full-

fledged horizontally integrated petroleum company.

Recently, ONGC has made six new discoveries, at Vasari West (oil and gas) in

Western Offshore, GS-49 (gas) and GS-KW (oil and gas) in Krishna-Godavari

Offshore, Chinnewala Tibba (gas) in Rajasthan, and Laipling-gaon (oil and gas) and

Banamali (oil), both in Assam.

Major Achievements of ONGC:

i. Judged as Asia’s best Oil &Gas Company, as a recent survey conducted by US-

based magazine ‘Global Finance’.

ii. Ranked as the 2nd biggest E&P company as9and 1st in terms of profits0, as per the

Platts Energy Business Technology (EBT) Survey 2004.

iii. Leads the list of Indian companies listed in Forbes 400 Global Corporate and

Financial Times Global 500 by Market Capitalization.

iv. Only fully-integrated petroleum company in India, operating along the entire

hydrocarbon value chain.

v. Holds largest share of hydrocarbon acreages in India.

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Initiatives of ONGC:

Water Management Biodiversity CDM Project Activity Methane to Market Carbon Dioxide Capture and Sequestration Carbon Disclosure Project GHG Accounting QHSE Accreditation Corporate Policy on Climate Change and Sustainability Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Coal Bed Methane (CBM)

Other Initiatives:

Besides the above, OEC is scanning other projects not only on clean energy sources

but also projects to conserve energy and promote energy efficiency. Examples are

Solid state (LED).

Lighting, biological production of value added products from low rank coals,

alcohols from agriwaste.

OTBL. ONGC-TERI Biotech Ltd. A joint venture has been formed to exclusively

explore the option of Bio-remediation for Enhanced Oil Recovery, Oil spills,

treatment of waste drilling fluids etc.

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LIST OF AREAS

Introduction To Networking And Its Types.

Peer-to-Peer Networking

Client-Server Networking

Types Of Networks

LAN

MAN

WAN

Network Devices And Connectivity Components

Routers

Repeaters

Bridges

Switches

Gateways

Modems

Network Cards

Servers

Network Topologies

Concept Of Ethernet Cabling

Satellite Communication

SCADA System

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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

A computer network can be two computers connected:

A computer network can also consist of, and is usually made for, more than two computers:

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FEATURES OF COMPUTER NETWORKING

A computer network is a collection of interconnected computing devices which

allows sharing information & resources.

Exchanging information through computer networks have become important

phenomenon in day to day activities.

The connection can be done as peer-to-peer or client/server.

A computer network allows computers to communicate with many other computers

and to share resources and information.

Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication

between computer systems or devices.

Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet

have their specifications defined in documents called RFCs.

Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of

these scientific and engineering disciplines.

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TYPES OF NETWORKING

1. Peer-to-Peer: A network is referred to as peer-to-peer if most computers are similar and

run workstation operating systems:

In a peer-to-peer network, each computer holds its files and resources. Other computers

can access these resources but a computer that has a particular resource must be turned on

for other computers to access the resource it has. For example, if a printer is connected to

computer A and computer B wants to printer to that printer, computer A must be turned

on.

2. Client-Server :

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A computer network is referred to as client/server if (at least) one of the computers is used

to "serve" other computers referred to as "clients". Besides the computers, other types of

devices can be part of the network:

In a client/server environment, each computer still holds (or can still hold) its (or some)

resources and files. Other computers can also access the resources stored in a computer, as

in a peer-to-peer scenario. One of the particularities of a client/server network is that the

files and resources are centralized. This means that a computer, the server, can hold them

and other computers can access them. Since the server is always on, the client machines

can access the files and resources without caring whether a certain computer is on.

Another big advantage of a client/server network is that security is created, managed, and

can highly get enforced. To access the network, a person, called a user must provide some

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credentials, including a username and a password. If the credentials are not valid, the user

can be prevented from accessing the network.

The client/server type of network also provides many other advantages such as centralized

backup, Intranet capability, Internet monitoring, etc.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

1. LAN (Local Area Network): A local area network is a computer network covering a

small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or

an airport.

o Early LAN cabling had always been based on various grades of co-axial cable,

but IBM's Token Ring used shielded twisted pair cabling of their own design

o In 1984 starlan showed the potential of simple Cat3 unshielded twisted pair—the

same simple cable used for telephone systems.

o This led to the development of 10Base-T (and its successors) and structured

cabling which is still the basis of most LANs today.

o In addition, fiber-optic cabling is increasingly used. New LAN cabling is more

efficient.

o Switched Ethernet is the most common Data Link Layer implementation on the

local area networks.

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o At the Network Layer, the Internet Protocol has become the standard.

o Other options have been used in the history of LAN development and some

continue to be popular in niche applications.

2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A metropolitan area network is a large computer

network that usually spans a city or a large campus.

o A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a

high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link

services to wide area networks and the Internet.

o MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several

blocks of buildings to entire cities.

o MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates.

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o A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will

be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and

operated as public utilities.

o They will often provide means for internetworking of local networks. Metropolitan

area networks can span up to 50km, devices used are modem and wire/cable.

o Some technologies used for this purpose are Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),

FDDI, and SMDS.

o These technologies are in the process of being displaced by Ethernet-based

connections (e.g., Metro Ethernet) in most areas.

o MAN links between local area networks have been built without cables using either

microwave, radio, or infra-red laser links.

o Most companies rent or lease circuits from common carriers due to the fact that

laying long stretches of cable can be expensive.

2. WAN (Wide Area Network): A wide area network is a computer network that

covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross

metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).

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o This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs),

campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are

usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area.

o Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are

often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was

an important early WAN protocol.

o WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router

connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other.

o Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be

built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods.

o Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions.

o WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users

and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other

locations.

o Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built

by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to

the Internet.

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NETWORKING COMPONENTS

Network devices are components used to connect computers or other electronic

devices together so that they can share files or resources like printers or fax

machines.

Devices used to setup a Local Area Network (LAN) are the most common type of

network devices used by the public.

A LAN requires a hub, router, cabling or radio technology, network cards, and if

online access is desired, a high-speed modem.

In a network, one computer is designated as the server, and the others, clients. The

server is connected to an external hub, which the clients are also connected to.

Now that the computers each have one foot in a common electronic door (the hub),

they can use the hub to pass signals back and forth.

To direct these signals, the hub contains a device known as a router. Computer in

the network must have a network card installed. These network devices each contain

a unique address.

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In a hard-wired network, special cabling called Ethernet runs from the network card

to the hub. In a wireless network the network cards and router/hub communicate

using radio waves.

Online access is optional in a local area network, but if included, a single online

account can be shared by all computers on the network.

When online access is available, the router not only directs traffic on the local

network, but also handles requests made to the Internet and subsequent replies.

The router acts as a gateway to the Internet, and also serves as a hardware firewall

to keep unsolicited traffic from flowing back into the network from the wild.

One can add online access to a LAN by either attaching a router/hub to a high-speed

modem, or by acquiring a high-speed modem that has a router/hub built-in.

The high-speed modem must be compatible with the online service. Most modems

are designed specifically for use with DSL, cable or fiber optics, though some

models might be made to work with more than one technology, such as being DSL

and cable compatible.

These are:

Routers

Repeaters

Bridges

Switches

Gateways

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Modems

Network cards

Servers

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1. Routers : A Router is a device that transfers data from one network to another in an

intelligent way.

- It has the task of forwarding data packets to their destination by the most efficient

route.

- In order to do this, the router has a micro computer inside it.  This holds a table in

memory that contains a list of all the networks it is connected.

- Also contains the latest information on how busy each path in the network is, at that

moment. This is called the 'routing table'.

When a data packet arrives, the router does the following:-

Checks on how busy each path is at the moment

Looks up all the paths it has available to get to that address.

Sends the packet along the least congested (fastest) path.

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2. Repeaters: A Repeater boosts the signal back to its correct level.

 All signals fade as they travel from one place to another. Each type of network

cable has a maximum useable length. If you go beyond that length, the signal

will be too weak to be useful. Computers on a real network can easily be more

than 200 metres apart.

3. Bridges: A Bridge does just what you would expect it to do - it joins two

networks together so as far as data packets are concerned it looks like one large

network. A bridge is not as capable as a Router - but it is less expensive. A

switch has a number of ports and it stores the addresses of all devices that are

directly or indirectly connected to it on each port.

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4. Switches: A network cable can only have one data packet in it at anyinstant.

So if two or more computers want to place a data packet on to the network at

exactly the same time, then a 'data collision' will take place.

5. Gateways: A gateway converts the data passing between dissimilar networks

so that each side can communicate with each other. i.e. converts data into the

correct network protocol. The gateway is a mixture of hardware components and

software. This is unlike a standard 'Bridge' which simply joins two networks

together that share the same protocol.

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6. Modems: Modem came from the combination of the words called modulator

and demodulator. A modem converts the digital data from the computer into a

continuous analogue wave form that the telephone system is designed to deal

with (MODulation).  The reason for this is that the telephone system was

originally designed for the human voice i.e. continuous signals.  The modem also

converts the analogue signal from the telephone network back into digital data

that the computer can understand. (DEModulation).

Standard modems come in two forms:

-- Internal modem: An external box that links to your computer either through a

serial or USB port, or an internal modem that is plugged directly to the

motherboard inside the computer.

--External modem: Up to quite recent times, modems connected to the standard

telephone line at speeds up to 56 kilobits per second. This was OK until

broadband became available which offers ten times the speed. However many

people still have to use a 56Kb modem to connect to the internet because their

local exchange has not been converted to broadband as yet.

--Wi-Fi modem: In addition to telephone modems, radio has now become very

popular as a means of connecting to the internet. The device that allows you to

do this is called the Wi-Fi modem

 

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7. Network Cards: A network interface card (NIC) is also called a network

adapter. It is a type of expansion board (printed circuit board), which looks like a

thin plate. There are microchips and other electronic parts soldered to the board.

--The NIC is the device that enables you to establish a link between your

computer and the network cable. In computer networking, a NIC provides the

hardware interface between a computer and a network.

-- A NIC technically is network adapter hardware in the form factor of an add-in

card such as a PCI or PCMCIA card. Some NIC cards work with wired

connections while others are wireless. Most NICs support either wired Ethernet

or Wi-Fi wireless standards.

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--Ethernet NICs plug into the system bus of the PC and include jacks for network

cables, while Wi-Fi NICs contain built-in transmitters / receivers (transceivers).

--In new computers, many NICs are now pre-installed by the manufacturer. All

NICs feature a speed rating such as 11 Mbps, 54 Mbps or 100 Mbps that suggest

the general performance of the unit.

8. Servers: A server is a computer program that delivers a service to clients. The

server and client programs are usually, but not necessarily, running on different

computers communicating over a network. A web server delivers a web page

when requested by a web browser (called client in this context). The predefined

way a server and client communicates is called a protocol. For instance, HTTP is

the protocol used between a browser a nd a web server.

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Services provided by Internet Servers:

1.World Wide Web

2. the domain name system

3. e-mail

4. FTP file transfer

5. chat and instant messaging

6. voice communication

7. streaming audio and video

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

• The physical layout of a network is its topology. Three prevalent types of network topologies are Bus, Star and Ring.

• Topology of a network depends on Media Access Method and type of cables used.

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• Large networks that span a wide physical area may use a combination of

Topologies.

a) Bus Topology: In a bus topology each node (computer, server, peripheral etc)

most often serves as the backbone for a network. The set-up cost is relatively

low. It is difficult to troubleshoot as the cabling is not structured.

b) Star topology: In this topology, each node has a dedicated set of wires

connecting it to a central network hub. A star topology is relatively easy to

troubleshoot due to its structured wiring. The failure of one connection will not

usually affect the others.

c) Ring Topology: A ring topology features a logically closed loop of cable - a

ring. Data packets travel in a single direction around the ring from one network

device to the next. Each network device acts as a repeater, meaning it regenerates

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the signal. If one device fails, the entire network goes down.

d) Hybrid Topology:

CONCEPT OF ETHERNET CABLING

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--Ethernet: The most popular media access method to desktops. Works in star

and/or bus configurations, Ethernet networks transmit data over utp, thin-coaxial,

thick-coaxial and fiber-optic cables at rates of 10 mbps. Fast Ethernet refers to

100 mbps transfer rate. The "10" refers to the Ethernet transmission speed - 10

mbps. The "base" refers to baseband. The last character referred to the maximum

cable distance in hundreds of meters. In 10 base t and 10 base f. The t and f refer

to the cable types (twisted-pair and fiber-optic).

-- A straight-thru cable has identical ends.

--A crossover cable has different ends.

--A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet connections.

--A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub or for

connecting two hubs.

--A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires switched with the Green

set.

--Odd numbered pins are always striped, even numbered pins are always solid

colored.

--Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you, Brown is always on

the right, and pin 1 is on the left.

--No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted otherwise it will

be susceptible to crosstalk.

--Do not deform, do not bend, do not stretch, do not staple, do not run parallel

with power cables, and do not run Ethernet cables near noise inducing

components.

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Types:

Straight-through cable

Crossover cable

Rolled cable

Straight –through cable is used to connect:

• Host to switch or hub

• Router to switch or hub

• Only pins 1, 2, 3, and 6 are used.

Cross-over cable is used to connect:

• Switch to switch

• Hub to hub

• Host to host

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Rolled-over cable is used to connect:

• A host to a router console serial communication port.

• In Hyper Terminal.

 

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to SATCOM) is an artificial satellite

stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications.

Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits including geostationary orbits,

other elliptical orbits and low (polar and non-polar) Earth orbits.For fixed (point-to-

point) services, communications satellites provide a microwave radio relay technology

complementary to that of submarine communication cables.

They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles,

planes and hand-held terminals, and for TV and radio broadcasting, for which

application of other technologies, such as cable, is impractical or impossible.

a. Geostationary Orbits: The concept of the geostationary communications satellite was

first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears to be in a

fixed position to an earth-based observer.

- A geostationary satellite revolves around the earth at a constant speed once per day over

the equator.

-The geostationary orbit is useful for communications applications because ground based

antennas, which must be directed toward the satellite, can operate effectively without the

need for expensive equipment to track the satellite’s motion.

-Basically for applications that require a large number of ground antennas.

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b. Low Earth Orbits: A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 400

kilometres above the earth’s surface and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve

around the earth) of about 90 minutes.

- Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only visible from within a radius of

roughly 1000 kilometres from the sub-satellite point.

- In addition, satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the ground

position quickly.

-For local applications, a large number of satellites are needed if the mission requires

uninterrupted connectivity.

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APPLICATIONS OF SATCOM

1. Telephony: The first and historically most important application for communication

satellites was in intercontinental long distance telephony.

The fixed Public Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line

telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary

satellite. The downlink follows an analogous path.

2. Satellite Television: Television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous

delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more

precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats.

Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct Broadcast

Satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS).

a) Fixed service satellites: Fixed Service Satellites use the C band, and the lower portions

of the Ku bands.

Normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate

stations (such as program feeds for network and syndicated programming, live shots,

and backhauls).

Also used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television (BTV),

Videoconferencing, and general commercial telecommunications.

b) Direct broadcast satellites: A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that

transmits to small DBS satellite dishes (usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in

diameter).

Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave Ku

band.

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DBS technology is used for DTH-oriented (Direct-To-Home) satellite TV services, such

as DirecTV and DISH Network in the United States.

3. Military Uses: Communications satellites are used for military communications

applications, such as Global Command and Control Systems.

Examples of military systems that use use communication satellites are the MILSTAR,

the DSCS, and the FLTSATCOM of the United States, NATO satellites, United

Kingdom satellites.

4. Navigation: One of the fascinating applications of satellites is GPS (Global Positioning

System). Its primary application is navigation.

There is a network of 24 satellites LEO satellites spaced equally around the world in

overlapping pattern for this purpose.

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SCADA SYSTEM

Concept: SCADA is an acronym that stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.

SCADA refers to a system that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant or in

other remote locations and then sends this data to a central computer which then manages

and controls the data. SCADA is a term that is used broadly to portray control and

management solutions in a wide range of industries. Some of the industries where SCADA

is used are Water Management Systems, Electric Power, Traffic Signals, Mass Transit

Systems, Environmental Control Systems, and Manufacturing Systems.

SCADA- In Process

There are many parts of a working SCADA system. A SCADA system usually includes

signal hardware (input and output), controllers, networks, user interface (HMI),

communications equipment and software.

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o The term SCADA refers to the entire central system.

o The central system usually monitors data from various sensors that are either in

close proximity or off site (sometimes miles away).

o For the most part, the brains of a SCADA system are performed by the Remote

Terminal Units (sometimes referred to as the RTU).

o The Remote Terminal Units consists of a programmable logic converter.

o The RTU are usually set to specific requirements, however, most RTU allow human

intervention, for instance, in a factory setting, the RTU might control the setting of a

conveyer belt, and the speed can be changed or overridden at any time by human

intervention.

o In addition, any changes or errors are usually automatically logged for and/or

displayed.

o Most often, a SCADA system will monitor and make slight changes to function

optimally; SCADA systems are considered closed loop systems and run with relatively

little human intervention.

o One of key processes of SCADA is the ability to monitor an entire system in real time.

o This is facilitated by data acquisitions including meter reading, checking statuses of

sensors, etc that are communicated at regular intervals depending on the system.

o SCADA can be seen as a system with many data elements called points. Usually each

point is a monitor or sensor. Usually points can be either hard or soft.

o A hard data point can be an actual monitor; a soft point can be seen as an application

or software calculation.

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Benefits of SCADA

Support efficient monitoring of the operational productional & drilling parameters.

Automatic generation of Logs, Reports and DPRs.

Better accounting of the products and stricter control wastages etc.

The data can be provided to other Production and Drilling Appliocations for more

purposeful information. The application such as Mass balancing, Leakage Detection,

Gas Lift Optimization add value to the organization.

Seamless flow of Realtime Online information into business and scienftific systems

increasing authenticity due to avoiding manual errors.

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WORKS CITED

Computer Networks

By Andrew S. Tanenbaum

Computer Networking

By Douglas Comer and Prentice Hall

www.ongc.co.in

www.amazon.com

www.about.com

www.tech-ict.in

www.wikipedia.com

Google Search Engine

Bing Search Engine

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