computer hardware fundamentals

8/3/2019 Computer Hardware Fundamentals

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E N G R . M E L L O W E M A E C . T A M A Y O

R E F E R E N C E S :

H A R D W A R E F U N D A M E N T A L S

B Y C A R I A G A A N D E N C I N A

B U I L D I N G A P C I N E A S Y S T E P S

B Y S T U A R T Y A R N O L D

COMPUTER HARDWAREFUNDAMENTALS


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Table of Contents

y UNIT I: Essentials of a Computer LESSON 1: Computer Basics LESSON 2: Input and Output Devices LESSON 3: Communication Devices LESSON 4: Storage Devices

y UNIT II: PC Assembly LESSON 5: How to Assemble a Computer

y UNIT III: PC Upgrade

LESSON 6: Upgrade a Computery UNIT IV: PC Repair and Troubleshooting LESSON 7: Repairing a Computer

y UNIT V: PC Maintenance LESSON 8: Maintaining a Computer


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Lesson 1: Computer Basics

y Computer

An electronic device capable of performing high speedmathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores,correlates, or otherwise processes information.

y Types of Computer

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Mainframes

Supercomputer


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Types of Computer

y Microcomputer

Desktop designed to fit on top or side of the desk

Portable small enough and light enough to carry and move

easilyy Minicomputer

Midsized computers which size, power and performance liebetween the microcomputer and mainframe computers

Capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously


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Types of Computer

y Mainframes

Are very large and expensive computers which size may spanthe length of a room.

Great processing speed and data storage Capable of supporting thousands of users simultaneously

y Supercomputer Most powerful type of computer

Designed to process few programs in the fastest way possible


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Basic Parts of a Computer

y Input Devices

Accept input from a user

Keyboard, mouse

y System Unit CPU - heart and brain of the computer

ALU

Control Unit

Register

y Memory Temporary storage space of information and instructions

ROM, RAM


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Basic Parts of a Computer

y Secondary Storage Devices

Permanently hold the data and program files

Hard disk, compact disk, thumb drive

y Output Devices Translate and represent the processed information from

the computers CPU into human readable forms

Monitor, printer

y Communication Devices

Allowing sending and receiving of data and applicationprograms from one computer or storage device

Modem, NIC (network interface card)


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Lesson 2: Input and Output Devices

y Input Devices

Provide interface between user and the machine

Interface a point at which connection is made between 2

different things so that they can work together Functions as a medium in translating human language into

machine language

Keyboard

Mouse

Scanner Touch screen

Light pen

Wand reader (barcode reader)

Trackball


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Types of Keyboard

y Program-specific keyboard

Designed for use with specific applications such as internetand office applications

y Cordless keyboardy Gaming keyboards


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Types of Mouse

y Standard wheel mouse

y Cordless mouse

y Optical mouse

y Trackball mouse


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Installing a Keyboard and Mouse

y Traditional PS/2 connection

Plug them into the PS/2 sockets at the top-rear of the case

y USB

Plug them into the USB port

y Cordless mice and keyboard Connect the receiver to the PC via a USB or PS/2 port

Place the batteries in the mouse and a radio frequency

connection should be made automatically


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Output Devices

y Output Devices

Translates the processed computer language or codes intohuman-readable language

Monitor

Printer

Speaker


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Monitors

y CRT (cathode ray tube)

Provide different resolutions

Drawback require refresh rates that smaller CRT monitors cannot support,resulting in screen flicker

y

LCD Advantages over CRT

Size - Physically much smaller in terms of depth

Brightness higher level of inherent brightness

Power consumption very low power requirement

Radiation emission low frequency of radiation

Clarity provides very sharp picture

Viewing option can be pivoted

Limitations

Resolution single fixed (maximum) resolution

Response time ghosting and streaking effect

Contrast ratio low, faded and washed out

Viewing angle loss of screen brightness and color


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Installing a Monitor

y Put it on the desk

y Connect the AC supply and the video system

y If you are using a video card, The monitor connects to the cards VGA or DVI output (VGA

socket)

Integrated video system will require a connection to themainboards VGA output


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Printers

y Dot Matrix

Uses a ribbon

y Inkjet

Ink cartridges

y Laser Toner and drum

y Platter


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Lesson 3: Communication Device

y Communication Device

Interfaced with a PC that is used to transfer informationbetween functional units by means of data transmissionaccording to a common protocol

A medium used to manage communication between twodevices

NIC (network interface card)

Physically connects a computer to a network and controls the flow

of information between the computer and the network Modem (modulation/demodulator)

Lets computer exchange information through telephone lines

Internal modem (expansion slot mounted)

External modem (stand-alone)


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Modem (Modulator Demodulator)

y Dial-up

y Broadband ISDN works on telephone lines with speed up to 128 KB

DSL/ADSL - works on telephone lines with speed up to 1.5 MB Cable works on CATV cable networks and provides speed

similar to DSL

Advantages:

Connection is always open

Faster file download and site connection

No periodic breaks

Telephone line wont be tied up


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Lesson 4: Storage Device

y Storage Devices

This is where data, instructions, and information are kept inany form usually for the purpose of orderly retrieval anddocumentation

Reading is the process of transferring data, instructions, andinformation from a storage medium into memory

Writing is the process of transferring data from memory to astorage medium

Primary storage Data in RAM and other built-in devices

Secondary storage

Data on hard disk, and other external devices


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Four Main Types of Storage Devices

y Magnetic uses orientation of magnetized particles on an oxide-basedsurface to encode bits

Floppy disk

Hard disk

y

Optical uses patterns of pits on a transparent surface to encode bits CD-ROM drive

DVD-ROM drive

Laser disc drive

y Magneto-Optical uses combination to allow rewriting to optical

media CDR and CDRW drives

DVD rewritable drives

minidisc

y Solid-state Electronic uses non-volatile memory array to encode bits

Memory cards


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Memory (RAM)

y RAM Considerations

Size

Pin configurations

Speed

y Types of RAM

Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)

Supplied in DIMM form with 168 pins

Two cut-outs in the edge connector

Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)

Single edge connector cut-out

Operates twice as fast

Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM (DDR2 SDRAM) Latest incarnation

New designs and specifications

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)

Expensive


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Hard Disk

y A device that holds all the information that is stored on acomputer.

y 3 Main Types (interface)

ATA (Advanced Drive Electronics)

EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)

Has an integrated controller

Allow data transfer to and from the hard drive with minimal input fromthe CPU

80-conductor flat ribbon cable

SATA (Serial ATA)

Uses slimline cable

Increased transfer rate of 150 MB/s

SCSI (small computer systems interface)

Requires the use of host adapter

A PCI card that plugs into the mainboard


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Hard Drive Installation

y Drive set-up (masters and slave)

y Slide the HD in the hard drive bay

y Line up the screw holes with the slots in the bay

assembly and secure the drive with the suppliedscrews

y Connect the drive to the mainboard. Take the IDEribbon cable and plug the colored end into the IDE

socket

y The other end (black), plugs into the back of thedrive

y

Hook up the drives power supply


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Removable Media Drives

y Floppy Drives Simple and easy means of transferring data

Rugged in construction compared to a CD

y CD-ROM Drive

Can access data on the disc but cannot write anything ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface)

An extension that enables the ATA interface to support CR-ROM drives

y CD Writers (Burners)

Writing process involves literally burning the data into the disc

CD-R, CD-RW

y DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) Drives

Uses a narrower laser for reading an writing that allows more tracksto be squeezed onto the disc

DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM, DVD+R, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW


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DVD Formats

DISC USES PROS CONS

DVD-ROM Commercial movies,games, software

Plays on virtually alldrives

Cannot be recordedto

DVD-RAM Data back-up Offers drag-and-dropand fast data access.

Most reliable of allformats

Poor compatibility.Cannot be played on

home-DVD players.Disc expensive

DVD-R and DVD-RW

Good for video discs,audio discs, generaldata backup andtransferral

High level ofcompatibility withother formats andhome-DVD players

Lower maximumcapacity than DVD+discs. Write/readspeeds are slowerthan DVD+

DVD+R andDVD+RW

Good for mixed datadiscs. Can also beused for video andaudio discs

More video recordingand editing features.Good level ofcompatibility withhome-DVD players

Compatibility withother formats andhome-DVD playerslower than DVD-R/RW


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Lesson 5: How To Assemble the Computer

y Essential Factors to consider in building a computer

Computer case

System board components

System bus types Ports

Connectors


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Computer Case

y Computer case or chassis or enclosure

Metal and plastic box that houses the main components of acomputer

Protects from dirt, electrical interference and physical damage

y Tower

Most common

Taller than it is wide

y

Desktop Flat

Save space but is not good for cooling


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System Board Components

y Port

Socket at the back or used to plug in external devices

y Memory slot

Socket on the system board that contains the memory module that holds the memory chips

y Chipset

Group of integrated circuits that are designed to work together for some specific functions

y Cache memory Is a high speed buffer storage that is smaller than the main storage; temporarily stores instructions and data from

the main storage that will be used next by the CPU

y Jumpers

A pair of prongs that are electrical contact points set into the computer motherboard or adapter card; allows tochange and adjust the settings of the system board

y Processor socket

Holds the main chip of the computer, CPU

y Expansion slot

Socket for plugging in an expansion card; to add features

y BIOS chip

Acts as an interface between the hardware and the OS

y CMOS chip

Holds the real time clock that keeps the data and time and CMOS RAM that holds the BIOS settings


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Types of Mainboard

y Dual-Processor Mainboards

Uses two CPUs working in tandem

Can support up to 4 GB of RAM

Running processing-extensive applications (3D CAD) Expensive

y 64-bit Mainboards

64-bit architecture processor

an process 64-bits (instructions) at a time


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Main Board or Motherboard


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BUS Types

y PCI Bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

A local bus designed for Intel PCs

It can support 32-64 bit bus and increase in processor speed

Provides the highest performance of general I/O bus usedy AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

Greater performance requirements for video

Considered a port and not a bus

Isolates the video subsystem from the rest of the PC todecrease contention over I/O bandwidth as with the PCI


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Ports

y Parallel port

Provides hardware connection

An entire byte of information can be sent at a time

Sends data faster than a serial port

y

Serial port Only one pin is available for data transmission in a given direction

Bits are transmitted in sequence

More reliable for transmission over a longer distance than parallel ports

y SCSI

Supports hard disk and provides generic interface for other devices such asCD-ROM drives

Can be daisy-chained

y USB

Standard for Intel and Microsoft

Designed to remove the need for almost all the connectors on the back of aPC


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External Port

y Keyboard port

y Mouse port

y Monitor port

y Network port

y Serial port

y Parallel port

y Audio jacky Joystick port

y Modem jack


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External Ports


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Tools

y Screwdriver

y Nut driver

y Cable ties

y Tweezers or pliers

y Pickup tools

y Compressed air

yTorch or flashlight

y Grounding wrist wrap

y Grounding mat


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Getting Started

y Prepare the case

Clean the case

Inspect the power supply

Inspect power switch Install case fan

Remove drive face plates

y Configure and install the motherboard

Place spacers on the case Install the motherboard

Install CPU (processor)

Connect the power to the motherboard

Connect the CPU fan to the power

Casin connectors LEDs ower switch reset switch


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Getting Started

y Integrated storage devices

Remove the front panel

Floppy drive installation

CD-ROM drive installation Hard disk Installation

y Installing memory, audio/video card

Memory installation

Place memory to the memory slots Audio/video card installation

y Plugging external devices Connect the external I/O devices

Plug the power cable


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Dos and Donts in Assembling Computer

y Dos

Gather all the reference materials you will need

Gather and inspect all the components of your computer

Have all the equipments

Prepare your work environment

Protect components from damage

Check the following items before booting:

Drives are properly connected to power

CPU fan is attached to power

Ribbon cables are attached correctly (red on pin 1)

All connections are tight

CPU voltage settings are correct

Cards fully in slots

No wires protruding into fans


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Dos and Donts in Assembling Computer

y Dos

Jumper settings are correct

Check processor is in tightly

y

Donts Do not touch the internal components

Do not touch the pins of the processor

Do not attempt to install processor if not sure of the properorientation

Do not touch the controller board of the HD

Do not use excessive force if things dont slip into place

Dont panic

Dont over tighten screws


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Configuring BIOS Settings

y BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

Low level OS that resides in the motherboards ROM

First program executed by the system when turned on

Takes care of the system settings and configurations

y Enter CMOS setup

System time/date

Boot sequence (order to load the OS)

Plug and play (auto detect)

Drive configuration (HD, CD-ROM, etc) Memory

Security

Power management

exit


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Lesson 6: Upgrade a Computer

y Factors to consider in upgrading

For current and future needs

Time schedule

Computer settings Backup

Software

Reference material

Cost


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Resource Setting

y Resource Setting

It permits or allows any devices installed on the computer tocommunicate with the computer

IRQ (interrupt request)

Actual signal and an interrupt on the processor requested by aperipheral

DMA channel

Allows a certain device to bypass the CPU and communicate

directly with the memory I/O Address

Address used by a device to communicate with the CPU

Memory Address

Responsible for specifying the portion of the memory where a

device can store data temporarily


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Resource Conflict

y One of the most common problems encountered whileinstalling a device

y Conflict produced between 2 devices which uses the sameresource settings

y Signs of Resource Conflicts

System hangs or lockups while using an I/O device

(memory) parity errors on parity-enables systems

Noise or other problems from sound cards

Junk being printed on printer Mouse hanging and refusing to move, or moving in stuttering fashion

Error messages

Errors and crashes of applications for no reason


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Ways to Adjust the Resource Settings

y Hardware

Adjust it physically

y Software

Devices packaged with software that can be used to adjust itssettings

y Plug and play

A technology that will automatically adjust the settings upondetection


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Operating System

y OS

Necessary tool to run an application program

Used to assist and supervise the user and application to run

Controls the overall activity of the computer

y OS Functions

Provide system services

Provide a user interface

Coordinate the sequence of events

Control resources Enforce security

Provide tools

Control the hardware functions

Manage information


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Classifications of OS

y Multi-user

Allows 2 or more users to run application programs at thesame time

y

Multiprocessing Enables to run an application program on more than one CPU

y Multi-tasking

Allows more than one program to run at the same time

y Multithreading Allowing the different parts of a certain program to run

concurrently

y Real Time

Allow to respond to the input instantly


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Lesson 7: PC Repair and Troubleshooting

y Hardware Failure

The error occurred in some components of your PC that tendsto function improperly and may cause several problems

y

Common causes Component age

Defective components

Power fluctuations

Heat

Dust and dirt


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Troubleshooting

y Troubleshooting

One way of finding the cause of a hardware problem or in shortfixing trouble in the hardware components

y

Tips in troubleshooting Checking connections

Testing multiple possibilities

Checking the driver

Eliminating the possibilities

Try another component

Move a component


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General Diagnostic Techniques

computer hardware fundamentals

Documents