computer architecture & org

8/16/2019 Computer Architecture & Org

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I N T R O

D U C T I O N T O C

O M P U

T E R

A R C H I T E C T U R

E A N

D

H A R D W

A R E / S O

F T W A R

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I N T E R F A C

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2/23

COURSE OBJECTIVE

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• Describe the general organization and architecture ofcomputers.

• Identify computers’ major components and study their

functions.

• Introduce hardware design issues of modern computerarchitectures.

• Build the required skills to read and research thecurrent literature in computer architecture.


3/23

TEXTBOOKS

puter #rganization$% by "arl &amacher$ '(onko )ranesic ant 'aky. +ifth ,dition -craw/&ill$ 2002.

3" rchitecture$ ssembly 4anguage 1rogramming and "$% 3il$ 1rentice &all$ 2000.


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COURSE TOPICS

4

5. Introduction 6"hapter 578 Basic concepts$ o(erall

organization.2. ddressing methods 6"hapter 278 fetch9e:ecute

cycle$ basicaddressing modes$ instruction sequencing$

assembly language andstacks. "I*" (s. 3I*" architectures.. ,:amples of I*s 6"hapter 78 ;

&ardware control$ and -icroprogrammed control.@. rithmetic 6"hapter ;78 Integer arithmetic and

Aoating/pointarithmetic.


5/23

COURSE TOPICS

5

;. -emory architecture 6"hapter @78 -emoryhierarchy$ 1rimary

memory$ "ache memory$ (irtual memory.?. Input9#utput organization 6"hapter =78 I9# de(ice

addressing$ I9# data transfers$ *ynchronization$ D-$ Interrupts$

"hannels$ Bus transfers$ and Interfacing.


6/23

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Simply put ! "#mput$% i& ! p'i&ti"!t$(

$l$"t%#)i" "!l"ul!ti)* m!"'i)$ t'!t+

ccepts input information$

1rocesses the information according to a list of

internally stored instructions and1roduces the resulting output information.

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7/23

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Fu)"ti#)& p$%,#%m$( -y ! "#mput$% !%$+

ccepting information to be processed as input.

*toring a list of instructions to process the information.

1rocessing the information according to the list of

instructions.1ro(iding the results of the processing as output.

W'!t !%$ t'$ ,u)"ti#)!l u)it& #, ! "#mput$%?

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8/23

FUNCTIONA. UNITS OF A COMPUTER

8

I/O Processor

Output

Memory

Input

Control

Arithmetic

& LogicInstr1Instr2

Instr3

Data1

Data2

Input unit acceptsinformation:

• Human operators,• Electromechanical devices• Other computers

Output unit sendsresults of processing:• To a monitor display,• To a printer

Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU:• !erforms the desired

operations on the inputinformation as determined"y instructions in the memory

#ontrol unit coordinatesvarious actions• Input,• Output• !rocessing

$toresinformation:• Instructions,• %ata


9/23

INFORMATION IN A COMPUTER INSTRUCTIONS

I)&t%u"ti#)& &p$"i,y "#mm!)(& t#+

ransfer information within a computer 6e.g.$ frommemory to 4>7

ransfer of information between the computer and I9#de(ices 6e.g.$ from keyboard to computer$ or computer toprinter7

1erform arithmetic and logic operations 6e.g.$ dd twonumbers$ 1erform a logical CD7.

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10/23

INFORMATION IN A COMPUTER INSTRUCTIONS

A &$0u$)"$ #, i)&t%u"ti#)& t# p$%,#%m ! t!&1 i&

"!ll$( ! p%#*%!m 2'i"' i& &t#%$( i) t'$ m$m#%y3

P%#"$&% ,$t"'$& i)&t%u"ti#)& t'!t m!1$ up !p%#*%!m ,%#m t'$ m$m#%y !)( p$%,#%m& t'$

#p$%!ti#)& &t!t$( i) t'#&$ i)&t%u"ti#)&3

W'!t (# t'$ i)&t%u"ti#)& #p$%!t$ up#)?

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11/23

INFORMATION IN A COMPUTER DATA

D!t! !%$ t'$ 4#p$%!)(&5 up#) 2'i"' i)&t%u"ti#)&

#p$%!t$3

D!t! "#ul( -$+

Cumbers$

,ncoded characters.

D!t! i) ! -%#!( &$)&$ m$!)& !)y (i*it!li),#%m!ti#)3

C#mput$%& u&$ (!t! t'!t i& $)"#($( !& ! &t%i)* #,-i)!%y (i*it& "!ll$( -it&3

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12/23

INPUT UNIT

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Input Unit

!rocessor

&emory

#omputer'eal orld

)ey"oard

Audio input**

+inary information must "e presented to a computer in a specific format This

tas- is performed "y the input unit: . Interfaces ith input devices . Accepts "inary information from the input devices . !resents this "inary information in a format e/pected "y the computer . Transfers this information to the memory or processor


13/23

MEMOR6 UNIT

M$m#%y u)it &t#%$& i)&t%u"ti#)& !)( (!t!3

3ecall$ data is represented as a series of bits. o store data$ memory unit thus stores bits.

P%#"$&% %$!(& i)&t%u"ti#)& !)( %$!(&/2%it$& (!t!

,%#m/t# t'$ m$m#%y (u%i)* t'$ $7$"uti#) #, !p%#*%!m3

In theory$ instructions and data could be fetched one bitat a time.

In practice$ a group of bits is fetched at a time.

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14/23

MEMOR6 UNIT

roup of bits stored or retrie(ed at a time is termed as!word%

Cumber of bits in a word is termed as the !word length%of a computer.

I) #%($% t# %$!(/2%it$ t# !)( ,%#m m$m#%y !p%#"$&% &'#ul( 1)#2 2'$%$ t# l##1+

!ddress% is associated with each word location.

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15/23

MEMOR6 UNIT 8CONTD339

P%#"$&% %$!(&/2%it$& t#/,%#m m$m#%y -!&$( #)t'$ m$m#%y !((%$&&+

ccess any word location in a short and :ed amount oftime based on the address.

3andom ccess -emory 63-7 pro(ides :ed accesstime independent of the location of the word.

ccess time is known as !-emory ccess ime%.

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16/23


M$m#%y !)( p%#"$&% '!:$ t# 4"#mmu)i"!t$5 2it' $!"' #t'$% i) #%($% t# %$!(/2%it$i),#%m!ti#)3

In order to reduce !communication time%$ a smallamount of 3- 6known as "ache7 is tightly coupled with

the processor.

M#($%) "#mput$%& '!:$ t'%$$ t# ,#u% l$:$l& #,RAM u)it& 2it' (i;$%$)t &p$$(& !)( &i


17/23


P%im!%y &t#%!*$ #, t'$ "#mput$% "#)&i&t& #, RAM u)it&3

+astest$ smallest unit is "ache.

*lowest$ largest unit is -ain -emory.

P%im!%y &t#%!*$ i& i)&u="i$)t t# &t#%$ l!%*$ !m#u)t& #,(!t! !)( p%#*%!m&3

1rimary storage can be added$ but it is e:pensi(e.

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18/23


St#%$ l!%*$ !m#u)t& #, (!t! #) &$"#)(!%y &t#%!*$

($:i"$&+

-agnetic disks and tapes$

#ptical disks 6"D/3#-*7.

ccess to the data stored in secondary storage in slower$ buttake ad(antage of the fact that some information may beaccessed infrequently.

C#&t #, ! m$m#%y u)it ($p$)(& #) it& !""$&& tim$

l$&&$% !""$&& tim$ impli$& 'i*'$% "#&t3

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19/23

ARITHMETIC AND .O>IC UNIT 8A.U9

Op$%!ti#)& !%$ $7$"ut$( i) t'$ A%it'm$ti" !)( .#*i" U)it 8A.U93

rithmetic operations such as addition$ subtraction.

4ogic operations such as comparison of numbers.

I) #%($% t# $7$"ut$ !) i)&t%u"ti#) #p$%!)(& )$$( t# -$ -%#u*'t

i)t# t'$ A.U ,%#m t'$ m$m#%y3

#perands are stored in general purpose registers a(ailable in the 4>.

ccess times of general purpose registers are faster than the cache.

R$&ult& #, t'$ #p$%!ti#)& !%$ &t#%$( -!"1 i) t'$ m$m#%y #%

%$t!i)$( i) t'$ p%#"$&% ,#% imm$(i!t$ u&$3

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20/23

OUTPUT UNIT

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• "omputers represent information in a specic binary form. #utput

units8

/ Interface with output de(ices. / ccept processed results pro(ided by the computer in specicbinary form. / "on(ert the information in binary form to a form understood by

an output de(ice.

Output Unit

!rocessor

&emory

#omputer 'eal orld

!rinter0raphics display$pea-ers**


21/23

"#C3#4 >CIOp$%!ti#) #, ! "#mput$% "!) -$ &umm!%i7.

1ro(ides processed results through the output units 6#utput unit7.

Op$%!ti#)& #, I)put u)it M$m#%y A.U !)( Output u)it !%$"##%(i)!t$( -y C#)t%#l u)it3

I)&t%u"ti#)& "#)t%#l 42'!t5 #p$%!ti#)& t!1$ pl!"$ 8$3*3 (!t!t%!)&,$% p%#"$&&i)*93

C#)t%#l u)it *$)$%!t$& timi)* &i*)!l& 2'i"' ($t$%mi)$& 42'$)5 !p!%ti"ul!% #p$%!ti#) t!1$& pl!"$3

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22/23

HOW ARE THE FUNCTIONA. UNITS CONNECTED?

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• +or a computer to achie(e its operation$ the functional units need to

communicate with each other.• In order to communicate$ they need to be connected.

MemoryInput Output Processor

• Functional units may be connected by a group of parallel wires.• The group of parallel wires is called a bus.• Each wire in a bus can transfer one bit of information.• The number of parallel wires in a bus is equal to the word length of

a computer

Bus


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OR>ANIATION OF CACHE AND MAIN MEMOR6

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Mainmemory Processor

Bus

Cachememory

Why is the access time of the cache memory lesser than theaccess time of the main memory?

computer architecture & org

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