Computational Neuroscience Trends in Research, 1998

Computational Neuroscience Trends in Research, 1998

Edited by

James M. Bower California Institute of Technology

Pasadena, California

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data

Computational neuroseienee , trends in research. 1998 I edited by James M. Bo"er.

p. em. ·Proeeedings of the [Slxthl Annual Computational Neuroseienee

Conferenee. held July 6-10. 1997, in Big Sky, Montana"--CIP t.p. verso.

Includes bibllographlcal referenees and Index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7190-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-4831-7 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4831-7 1. Computational neuroseienee--Congresses. 1. Bo"er. James M.

II. Computational Neuroselence Conferenee (6th , 1997 , 8ig Sky, Montana) QP357.5.C642 1998 573.8'01'1--de21 98-25793

CIP

Proceedings of the Annual Computational Neuroscience Conference, held July 6 -10, 1997, in Big Sky, Montana

ISBN 978-1-4613-7190-8

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1998

10987654321

AII rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,

without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE

This volume includes papers presented at the Sixth Annual Computational Neurosci­ence meeting (CNS*97) held in Big Sky, Montana, July 6-10, 1997. This collection includes 103 of the 196 papers presented at the meeting. Acceptance for meeting presentation was based on the peer review of preliminary papers originally submitted in January of 1997. The papers in this volume represent final versions of this work submitted in January of 1998. Taken together they provide a cross section of computational neuroscience and represent well the continued vitality and growth of this field.

The meeting in Montana was unusual in several respects. First, to our knowledge it was the first international scientific meeting with opening ceremonies on horseback. Second, after five days of rigorous scientific discussion and debate, meeting participants were able to resolve all remaining conflicts in barrel race competitions. Otherwise the magnificence of Montana and the Big Sky Ski Resort assured that the meeting will not soon be forgotten.

Scientifically, this volume once again represents the remarkable breadth of subjects that can be approached with computational tools. This volume and the continuing CNS meet­ings make it clear that there is almost no subject or area of modem neuroscience research that is not appropriate for computational studies.

In order to emphasize the interrelated nature of computational neuroscience, the pa­pers in this volume are grouped into very general levels of investigation and analysis. The pa­pers found in each category represent research undertaken with a wide range of experimental preparations, analysis techniques, and technical approaches. The range of subjects presented here is unusual in modem biology, and one of the strengths of our field and of this meeting. This volume represents work focused on figuring out how brains compute rather than on a particular animal, brain structure, or technique.

For a student or someone new to the field, this book provides an overview of some of the best work currently being done in this field. For a library, this book is the best available representation ofthe current state of computational brain studies. For those that participated in the meeting in Montana, it is my hope that this book reminds you both of the exciting sci­ence we heard about AND what it was like to spend five days under Montana's big sky.

Jim Bower

v

REVIEWERS FOR CNS*97

The papers presented in this volume were submitted in January of 1997. Each submit­ted paper was peer reviewed prior to its acceptance at the meeting under the supervision of the program committee. The meeting organizers are particularly thankful for the efforts of the re­viewers in assuring acceptance of the highest quality papers.

CNS*97 ORGANIZING AND PROGRAM COMMITTEE

• Jim Bower (California Institute of Technology) • John Miller (University of California, Berkeley) • Charlie Anderson (Washington University) • Axel Borst (Max-Planck Institute, Tuebingen, Germany) • Leif Finkel (University of Pennsylvania) • Anders Lansner (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden) • Linda Larson-Prior (Pennsylvania State University Medical College) • Christiane Linster (Harvard University) • Maureen Rush (California State University, Bakersfield) • Karen Sigvardt (University of California, Davis)

CNS*97 REVIEWERS

Larry F. Abbott, Brandeis University; Charles H. Anderson, Washington University School of Medicine; Upinder S. Bhalla, National Centre for Biological Sciences; Alexander Borst, Max-Planck-Society; Ron Calabrese, Emory University; Erik De Schutter, University of Antwerp-UIA; Bard G. Ermentrout, University of Pittsburgh; LeifH. Finkel, University of Pennsylvania; Michael E. Hasselmo, Harvard University; William R. Holmes, Ohio Uni­versity; Gwen Jacobs, Montana State University; Leslie M. Kay, Caltech; Nancy Kopell, Boston University; Anders Lansner, Royal Institute of Technology; Linda 1. Larson-Prior, Pennsylvania State Univ. Med. College; Gilles Laurent, Caltech; Christiane Linster, Harvard University; William W. Lytton, University of Wisconsin; Bartlett W. Mel, University of Southern California; Kenneth D. Miller, University of California at San Francisco; John Miller, Montana State University; Mark E. Nelson, University of Illinois; Bruno A. 01-shausen, University of California at Davis; Michael Paulin, University of Otago; Klaus Pawelzik, Max-Planck-Institut; John Rinzel, MRBINIDDKlNIH; Maureen E. Rush, Califor­nia State University at Bakersfield; Idan Segev, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Shihab Shamma, University of Maryland; Gordon Shepherd, Yale University School of Medicine; Karen A. Sigvardt, University of California at Davis; Nelson Spruston, Northwestern Un i-

vii

versity; Michael Stiber, University of Washington at Bothell; Greg Stuart, Australian Na­tional University; David S. Touretzky, Carnegie Mellon University; Philip S. Ulinski, University of Chicago; Gene V. Wallenstein, Harvard University; Charles Wilson, University of Tennessee

CNS*97 CONFERENCE SUPPORT

Judy G. Macias (California Institute of Technology) Monica Oller (California Institute of Technology)

SUPPORTING AGENCIES

National Institute of Mental Health and National Science Foundation

viii

CONTENTS

SECTION I: SUBCELLULAR

1. Response-Field Dynamics in the Auditory Pathway ....................... . D. A. Depireux, Powen Ru, S. A. Shamma, and 1. Z. Simon

2. Rapid Categorization of Extra foveal Natural Images: Implications for Biological Models .............................................. 7

Michele Fabre-Thorpe, Denis Fize, Ghislaine Richard, and Simon Thorpe

3. Cortical Activity Pattern in Complex Tasks F. Frisone, P. Vitali, and P. Morasso

13

4. Relations among EEGs from Entorhinal Cortex, Olfactory Bulb, Somatomotor, Auditory and Visual Cortices in Trained Cats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19

G. GaaJ and W. J. Freeman

5. Naive Preference and Filial Imprinting in the Domestic Chick: A Neural Network Model ................................................ 29

Lucy Hadden

6. A Computational Model of Retinogeniculate Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35 Gary L. Haith and David Heeger

7. Cluster Structure of Cortical Systems in Mammalian Brains. . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... 41 Claus C. Hilgetag, Gully A. P. C. Bums, Mark A. O'Neill, and

Malcolm P. Young

8. Dynamic Memory Maintenance ....................................... 47 David Hom, Nir Levy, and Eytan Ruppin

9. Encoding Context in Spatial Navigation: One Role of Dentate Gyrus. . . . . . . . .. 53 Karl Kilborn, Gary Lynch, and Richard Granger

10. Large Scale Simulations of Hippocampal-Neocortical Interactions in a Parallel Version of GENESIS ............................................ 59

J. C. Klopp, P. Johnston, V. I. Nenov, N. Goddard, G. Hood, and E. Halgren

ix

x

11. Production of Phase Lag in Chains of Neural Networks Oscillating through an Escape Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65

Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski, Anders Lansner, and Sten Grillner

12. A Dynamic Neighbourhood Function in Volume Learning .................. 71 Bart Krekelberg and John G. Taylor

13. Basal Ganglia Perform Differencing between 'Desired' and 'Experienced' Parameters .................................................... 77

Andras Lorincz

14. Neural Model of Transfer-Of-Binding in Visual Relative Motion Perception. . .. 83 Jonathan A. Marshall, Charles P. Schmitt, George J. Kalarickal, and

Richard K. Alley

15. Analysis of Coupled Chaoscillators Embedded within Thalamocortical and Corti co cortical Reentrant Loops Encompassing Dynamics on Multiple Time Scales ................................................... 89

James M. E. Patterson, Mark E. Jackson, and Lawrence J. Cauller

16. Presence of a Chaotic Region between Subthreshold Oscillations and Rhythmic Bursting in a Simulation of Thalamocortical Relay and Reticular Neurons .............................................. 95

Kush Paul, Mark Jackson, and Larry J. Cauller

17. The Role of the Hippocampus in the Morris Water Maze ................... 10 1 A. David Redish and David S. Touretzky

18. A State Space Model of Gerbil Cochlea ................................. 107 Bilin Zhang Stiber, Edwin R. Lewis, and Kenneth R. Henry

19. Rank Order Coding ................................................. 113 Simon Thorpe and Jacques Gautrais

20. Neuromodulation of Hippocampal Population Coding: Place Field Development and Phase Precession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119

Gene V. Wallenstein and Michael E. Hasselmo

21. Cortical Synchronization and Perceptual Salience ......................... 125 Shih-Cheng Yen, Elliot D. Menschik, and LeifH. Finkel

SECTION II: CELLULAR

22. Resolving the Paradoxical Effect of Activity on Synapse Elimination ......... 131 Michael 1. Barber and JeffW. Lichtman

23. Cellular Mechanisms ofCa1cium Elevation Involved in Long Term Memory .... 137 K. T. Blackwell, T. P. Vogl, and D. L. Alkon

24. Temporal Characteristics of VI Cells Arising From Synaptic Depression ...... 143 Frances S. Chance, Sacha B. Nelson, and L. F. Abbott

25. Synaptic Pruning in Development: A Novel Account in Neural Tenus ......... 149 Gal Chechik, Isaac Meilijson, and Eytan Ruppin

26. A Nonlinear Systems Approach of Characterizing AMPA and NMDA Receptor Dynamics ............................................. 155

Sunil S. Dalal, Vasilis Z. Manuarelis, and Theodore W. Berger

27. Detailed Model of Ryanodine Receptor-Mediated Calcium Release in Purkinje Cells ......................................................... 161

Erik De Schutter

28. Somato-Dendritic Interactions Underlying Action Potential Generation in Neocortical Pyramidal Cells In Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167

Alain Destexhe, Eric J. Lang, and Denis Pare

29. Modelling the Evoked Release of Quanta at Active Zones: Theoretical Investigation of the Secretosome Hypothesis ......................... 173

William G. Gibson, Max R. Bennett, and John Robinson

30. Analysis of Sensory Coding in the Lateral Superior Olive ................... 179 Charlotte M. Gruner and Don H. Johnson

31. Dynamics of Spike Generation May Underly In Vivo Spike Train Statistics. . . .. 185 Boris Gutkin and G. Bard Ermentrout

32. Modeling the Contributions of Calcium Channels and NMDA Receptor Channels to Calcium Current in Dendritic Spines ..................... 191

William R. Holmes and IIdik6 Aradi

33. Computational Properties of a Neuronal Model for Noisy Subthreshold Oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 197

Martin T. Huber, Hans A. Braun, Mathias Dewald, Karlheinz Voigt, and Jurgen C. Krieg

34. Analysis of Light Responses of the Retinal Bipolar Cells Based on Ionic Current Model ................................................. 203

Akito Ishihara, Yoshimi Kamiyama, and Shiro Usui

35. Cable Properties of Motoneurons in Rat Spinal Cord Slice Cultures ........... 211 J. Kleinle, M. Larkurn, N. Buchs, W. Senn, and H.-R. Luscher

36. Active Dendritic Conductances Influence the Relations between Synaptic Input and the Current-Voltage Relation of Adult Spinal Motoneurons ..... 217

Robert H. Lee and C. J. Heckman

37. Emulation of Hopfield Networks with Spiking Neurons in Temporal Coding .... 221 Wolfgang Maass and Thomas Natschlager

38. Binocular Disparity Tuning in Cortical 'Complex' Cells: Yet Another Role for Intradendritic Computation? ...................................... 227

Bartlett W. Mel, Kevin A. Archie, and Daniel L. Rudenuan

39. Dendritic Calcium Currents in Thalamic Relay Cells ....................... 233 Mike Neubig, Daniel Ulrich, John R. Huguenard, and Alain Destexhe

xi

40. A Model of How Rapid Changes in Local Input Resistance of Shark Electrosensory Neurons May Enable Detection of Small Signals ......... 239

Michael Paulin, Walter Senn, YosefYarom, Hanoch Meiri, and Dana Cohen

41. Dynamics of the Electroreceptors in the Paddlefish, Polyodon Spathula ........ 245 Xing Pei, David F. Russell, Lon A. Wilkens, and Frank Moss

42. Computational Mechanisms underlying the Second-Order Structure of Cortical Complex Cells .......................................... 251

Ko Sakai and Shigeru Tanaka

43. A Calcium Diffusion-Reaction Model for Facilitation ...................... 257 Thomas Schlumpberger

44. Spike Timing Reliability in a Stochastic Hodgkin-Huxley Model ............. 261 Elad Schneidman, Barry Freedman, and Idan Segev

45. Can Stochastic Neurons Support Spatio-Temporal Codes ................... 267 Harel Shouval and Orner B. Artun

46. Modelling the Control of Calcium Oscillations by Phosphorylation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ................................. 273

Volker Steuber and David J. Willshaw

47. Monte Carlo Simulation of Neurotransmitter Release Using MCell, a General Simulator of Cellular Physiological Processes ........................ 279

Joel R. Stiles, Thomas M. Bartol, Jr., Edwin E. Salpeter, and Miriam M. Salpeter

48. Non-Linear Parameter Estimation of Membrane Properties in Xenopus Embryonic Neurons ............................................. 285

Laurence Prime, Joel Tabak, Fran90is Tiaho, Benoit Saint-Mleux, Yves Pichon, C. R. Murphey, and L. E. Moore

49. Cholinergic Modulation of Spike Timing and Spike Frequency Adaptation in Neocortical Neurons ............................................ 291

A. C. Tang, A. M. Bartels, and T. J. Sejnowski

50. Noise Removal by Nonlinear Synapses .................................. 297 M. C. W. van Rossum and R. G. Smith

51. Temporal Coding with Oscillatory Sequences of Firing ..................... 303 Michael Wehr and Gilles Laurent

SECTION III: NETWORK

52. An Oscillating Cortical Network Model of Sensory-Motor Timing and Cordination .................................................... 309

Bill Baird

53. Pattem-Generator-Driven Development in Self-Organizing Models ........... 317 James A. Bednar and Risto Miikkulainen

xii

54. An Empirical Model Describing the Dynamics of Graded Transmission in the Lobster Pyloric Network ......................................... 325

J. T. Birmingham, Y. Manor, F. Nadim, L. F. Abbott, and E. Marder

55. Novel Frequency Control in a Population of Bursting Neurons with Excitatory Synaptic Coupling .............................................. 331

Robert J. Butera, Jr., John Rinzel, and Jeffrey C. Smith

56. A Two-Layer Model Describes the Spatiotemporal Properties of Spontaneous Retinal Waves .................................................. 337

Daniel A. Butts, Marla B. Feller, Holly L. Aaron, Carla J. Shatz, and Daniel S. Rokhsar

57. The Inhibitory Control of Pyramidal Cell Discharge in a Neural Network Simulation of a Local Circuit in Hippocampus Area CAl ............... 343

Allan Coop and Stephen Redman

58. A Biological Mechanism for Synaptic Stability in Developing Neocortical Circuits ....................................................... 349

Niraj S. Desai, Kenneth R. Leslie, Sacha B. Nelson, and Gina G. Turrigiano

59. Edge Detectors and Texture Detectors Differ in Their Lateral Connectivity ..... 355 Alexander Dimitrov and Jack D. Cowan

60. Orientation Contrast Enhancement Modulated by Differential Long-Range Interactions in Visual Cortex ...................................... 361

Udo Ernst, Klaus Pawelzik, Fred Wolf, and Theo Geisel

61. Carbachol-Induced Rhythms in the Hippocampal Slice: Slow (.5-2 Hz), Theta (4-10 Hz) and Gamma (80-100Hz) Oscillations ...................... 367

Jean-Marc Fellous, Taylor Jonhston, Michele Segal, and John Lisman

62. Chemotaxis Control by Linear Recurrent Networks ........................ 373 Thomas C. Ferree and Shawn R. Lockery

63. A Visually Driven Hippocampal Place Cell Model ........................ 379 Mark C. Fuhs, A. David Redish, and David S. Touretzky

64. Transient Synchronization of Propagating Discharges in Neocortical Slices ..... 385 D. Golomb, E. Kozhinsky, 1. A. Fleidervish, and M. J. Gutnick

65. A Hebbian Algorithm that Balances Information Rate and Neural Resource Consumption .................................................. 391

Allan Gottschalk

66. A Model of Monocular Cell Development by Competition for Neurotrophic Factor: Effects of Excess NT with Monocular Deprivation and Effects of NT Antagonist ................................................. 397

Anthony E. Harris, G. Bard Ermentrout, and Steve L. Small

67. Synchronization of Randomly Driven Nonlinear Oscillators and the Reliable Firing of Cortical Neurons ........................................ 403

R. V. Jensen, L. Jones, and D. H. Gartner

xiii

68. Neural Ensemble Processing with Types ................................. 409 Don H. Johnson and Charlotte M. Gruner

69. Response to Perturbations ofa Neural Network Model of Locomotor Control in the Lamprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Ranu Jung and Suzanne Generazzo

70. Modeling Dynamic Receptive Field Changes Produced by Intracortical Microstimulation ............................................... 423

George 1. Kalarickal and Jonathan A. Marshall

71. Local Spinal Modulation of the KCa Channel Underlying Slow Adaptation in a Model of the Lamprey CPG ....................................... 429

Anders Lansner, Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski, Maria Ullstrom, and Sten Grillner

72. Sequence Compression by a Hippocampal Model: A Functional Dissection .... 435 William B. Levy, Per B. Sederberg, and David August

73. From Touch Localization to Directed Motor Output in the Leech Local Bend Network ...................................................... 441

John E. Lewis and William B. Kristan, Jr.

74. Information Exchange Between Pairs of Spike Trains in the Mammalian Visual System .................................................. 447

Steven B. Lowen, Tsuyoshi Ozaki, Ehud Kaplan, and Malvin C. Teich

75. The Role of Feed forward and Feedback Inhibition on Frequency-Dependent Information Processing in a Cerebellar Granule Cell ................... 453

Huo Lu, F. W. Prior, and L. J. Larson-Prior

76. Using the Dynamic Clamp Technique to Study Frequency Regulation of the Pyloric Rhythm ................................................ 459

Yair Manor, Farzan Nadim, and Eve Marder

77. Attractor Dynamics in Realistic Hippocampal Networks .................... 465 Elliot D. Menschik, Shih-Cheng Yen, and LeifH. Finkel

78. Entrainment of a Slow Neuronal Oscillator by a Fast One ................... 471 Farzan Nadim, Yair Manor, Steve Epstein, and Eve Marder

79. Entrainment ofa Reciprocal Inhibition Neural Network Model to a Periodic PulseTrain .................................................... 477

Hirofumi Nagashino, Kazumi Achi, and Yohsuke Kinouchi

80. Extracellular Recording from Multiple Neighboring Cells: Response Properties in Parietal Cortex ...................................... 483

John S. Pezaris, Maneesh Sahani, and Richard Andersen

81. Analysis of Tetrode Recordings in Cat Visual System ...................... 491 Sergei Rebrik, Svilen Tzonev, and Ken Miller

82. Correlation Coding in Stochastic Neural Networks ........................ 497 Raphael Ritz and Terrence J. Sejnowski

xiv

83. A Model of the Effects of Lamination and Celltype Specialization in the Neocortex ..................................................... 503

Adrian Robert

84. Self-Organizing Maps of Spiking Neurons Using Temporal Coding ........... 509 Berthold Ruf and Michael Schmitt

85. A Model for Development of Cortical Lateral Connectivities Using Motion Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15

Ladan Shams and J6zsefFiser

86. Analog VLSI Model of the Leech Heartbeat Elemental Oscillator ............ 519 Mario F. Simoni, Girish N. Patel, Stephen P. DeWeerth, and

Ron L. Calabrese

87. A Mathematical Description for GABAergic Modulation of Sequence Disambiguation in Hippocampal Region CA3 ........................ 525

Vikaas S. Sohal and Michael E. Hasselmo

88. Bidirectional Completion of Cell Assemblies in the Cortex .................. 531 Friedrich T. Sommer, Thomas Wennekers, and GUnther Palm

89. Model of Hippocampal LTP Induced by Time-Structured Stimuli ............. 537 Masami Tatsuno and Yoji Aizawa

90. Modulation of Oscillatory Properties, Burst Rates, Intersegmental Coordination by GABAs-Receptor Activation in the Lamprey ........... 543

Jesper Tegner, Anders Lansner, and Sten Grillner

91. Activity Dependent Modulation of the Burst Rate by Calcium-Dependent Potassium Channels in Lamprey ................................... 549

Jesper Tegner, Anders Lansner, and Sten Grillner

92. Synchronization in Networks of Noisy Intemeurons ....................... 555 P. H. E. Tiesinga, W-J Rappel, and Jorge V. Jose

93. Significance of Modulated Adaptation for Rhythm Generation and Inter-Segmental Co-ordination in Lamprey ........................... 561

Maria Ullstr6m, Anders Lansner, Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski, and Sten Grillner

94. A Hippocampal-Like Neural Network Model Solves the Transitive Inference Problem ...................................................... 567

Xiangbao Wu and William B. Levy

SECTION IV: SYSTEMS

95. Finite Element Decomposition of Human Neocortex ....................... 573 David A. Batte, Travis S. Chow, and Bruce H. McCormick

96. Path Integration in the Rat Head-Direction Circuit ......................... 579 Hugh T. Blair, Patricia E. Sharp, Jeiwon Cho, Jeremy P. Goodridge,

Robert W. Stackman, Edward J. Golob, and Jeffrey S. Taube

xv

97. Weight-Space Mapping offMRl Language Tasks ......................... 585 Jeremy B. Caplan, Randall R. Benson, James M. Hodgson,

Kaaren E. Bekken, Bruce R. Rosen, and Jeffrey P. Sutton

98. Representing Odor Quality Space: A Perceptual Framework for Olfactory Processing .................................................... 591

Christine W. J. Chee-Ruiter and James M. Bower

99. Neuronal Representations in a Categorization Task: Sensory To Motor Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Emilio Salinas and Ranulfo Romo

SECTION V: METHODOLOGY

100. The Paperless Laboratory: An Integrated Environment for Data Acquisition, Analysis, Archiving, and Collaboration ............................. 605

Thomas D. Coates, Jr.

101. The Qualitative Reasoning Neuron: A New Approach to Modeling in Computational Neuroscience ...................................... 609

Jeffrey L. Krichmar, Giorgio A. Ascoli, James L. OIds, and Lawrence Hunter

102. Perturbative M-Sequences for Auditory Systems Identification ............... 615 Mark Kvale and Christoph E. Schreiner

103. Extracellular Recording from Multiple Neighboring Cells: A Maximum-Likelihood Solution to the Spike-Separation Problem .................. 619

Maneesh Sahani, John S. Pezaris, and RichardA. Andersen

104. From Cells to Systems: Logos and METALogos .......................... 627 Michael Stiber and Gwen A. Jacobs

104. Regularity in Spike Firing with Random Inputs Detected by Method Extracting Contribution of Temporal Integration of a Pair of Incoming Spikes to the Firing of a Neuron ................................... 633

David C. Tam

Index ......................................................... '" ..... 639

xvi

Computational Neuroscience Trends in Research, 1998