Compromise of 1850Chapter 12

Section 1•Main Ideas:

– How did the Compromise of 1850 settle the slavery issue only temporarily?– What were the 3 positions on the extension of slavery?

•Do Now:– “Debating Popular Sovereignty” Cartoon and questions pg. 29.– Harriet Beecher Stowe Biography pg. 30.

•Topics:– The Gold Rush– Wilmot Proviso– Election of 1848– Compromise of 1850– Fugitive Slave Act– Underground Railroad– Election of 1852– “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”

Gold Rush

• 1849 – gold discovered Sutter’s Mill California– By San Francisco

• Attracted large number of people

Gold Rush• Clipper ships allowed

for fast ocean travel to California– Replaced by

steamships when rail line was built through Panama

Wilmot Proviso

• Stated no land taken from Mexico could have slavery

• South opposed– Said Congress could not limit

access to federal territory

• Possible alternatives– Extend Missouri Compromise

line– Allow popular sovereignty

Sen David Wilmot, PA

Election of 1848• Democrats

– Lewis Cass (MI)

• Whigs– General Zachary Taylor– Avoided taking any political

positions

• Free Soil Party– Created as abolitionist

party– Took votes from Cass

• Taylor wins election

Lewis CassZachary Taylor

Compromise of 1850• Developed by Henry Clay

– California is free state

– Fugitive Slave Act requiring runaways to be returned

– Slave trade abolished in DC

– Popular Sovereignty to determine slavery in territories

The United States Senate, A.D. 1850Clay introduces Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850• Daniel Webster supported

Compromise– Union more important than

abolition

• Zachary Taylor dies and is replaced by Millard Fillmore– Fillmore supports

compromise

• Stephen Douglass gets compromise passed as individual bills

• Did not settle issue of slavery

The United States Senate, A.D. 1850Clay introduces Compromise of 1850

Fugitive Slave Act• Law said Northerners had to

capture and return runaways

• Personal Liberty Laws– State laws passed that refuse to

follow Fugitive Slave law

Underground Railroad• Organized system of routes and safe-

houses to help slaves escape south

• “Conductors” led groups of slaves to freedom

– Harriet Tubman

Election of 1852

• Democrats united behind Franklin Pierce

• Whigs split North and South– Led to collapse of

Whig party

• Pierce wins election

Winfield ScottWhig

Franklin PierceDemocrat

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin– Written by Harriet Beecher

Stowe– Described entire range of slave

experience

• Made slavery “real” for many Northerners

• Increased view of abolition as moral necessity

How Compromise Collapsed

Chapter 12

Section 2•Main Ideas:

– Identify the major events of the 1850s that increases tensions between the North and the South.

– Explain the similarities and differences among the elections of 1848, 1852, and 1856.•Do Now:

– “The Caning of Charles Sumner” Political cartoon and questions.•Topics:

– Gadsen Purchase– Ostend Manifesto– Kansas-Nebraska Act– Republican Party– Know-Nothing Party– Bleeding Kansas– Caning of Charles Sumner

Gadsen Purchase• Land purchased from Mexico to allow expansion of railroad

• Completed territory of continental US

Mexican Cession

Annexation of TexasGadsen Purchase

Ostend Manifesto

• Ostend Manifesto– Attempt to purchase Cuba

from Spain

– If Spain doesn’t sell, take Cuba by force

• Plan leaked to press– Associated slavery with

expansion and war

– President had to back down

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Growth of railroads spurred settlement of west

• Douglass wanted lands west of IA and MO organized so railroads would go to Chicago

– Created Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory

– Douglass propose popular sovereignty in territory to get Southern support

Republican Party

• Created in 1854 to oppose extension of slavery

– Called slavery a great moral, social, political evil

– Demand repeal of Kansas-Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Act

• Weakened Whig and Democrat parties– Whigs did not recover

Know-Nothing Party

• Created to oppose immigration, Catholic influence, protect slavery and state’s rights

– Also known as American Party

– Operated in secret

Irish and German immigrants stealing elections

Bleeding Kansas

• Pro-slavery and abolitionists rushed to Kansas to win popular sovereignty vote about slavery

– Both came armed for fighting

– Abolitionists were led by Henry Ward Beecher and John brown

Bleeding Kansas

• Pottawatomie Creek– Abolitionists murdered pro-slavery

residents– Led by John Brown

The destruction of the city of Lawrence, Kansas, and the massacre of its inhabitants by the Rebel guerrillas, August 21, 1863. Illus. in: Harper's weekly, v. 7, no. 349 (1863 September 5), p. 564.

Source: Library of Congress

• Lawrence, Kansas– pro-slavery mob attacked

and burned the town

Caning of Charles Sumner

• Senator Sumner (MA) gave a speech attacking and insulting pro-slavery people and politicians

• Representative Preston Brooks (SC) went to Senate and beat Sumner with a cane in response

• Brooks and Sumner became symbols for their sides

Nation Comes ApartChapter 12

Section 3•Main Ideas:

– Be able to cite 4 events that occurred between 1856-1861 that increased hostility between North and South.

– Explain the importance of the Republican part and the election of 1856.•Do Now:

– Analyzing Supreme Court Cases Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857 pg. 34.– “John Brown Becomes a Martyr” Political Cartoon and questions pg. 35.

•Topics:– Election of 1856– Dred Scott v. Sanford 1856– Lecompton Constitution 1857– Lincoln Douglas Debates– Harpers Ferry– Reaction to Harpers Ferry

Election of 1856• Democrats

– James Buchanan (PA)– Had no connections to Kansas or

abolition

• Republicans– John Fremont (CA)

• Know Nothing– Millard Fillmore nominated by South– John Fremont nominated by North

Election of 1856• Buchanan wins Presidency

Dred Scott v Sanford (March 1857)

• Dred Scott was a slave who was taken into territory where slavery was prohibited, then was taken to Missouri

– Scott sued saying by being brought to free territory he was no longer a slave

Dred Scott v Sanford (March 1857)

• Justice Taney ruled:– Scott is a slave therefore not a

citizen, so cannot sue

– Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

• Slaves are property• Federal government cannot limit

access to property

• Means slavery cannot be limited in territories by any means

• Increased tensions between North and South

Lecompton Constitution (November 1857)

• Passed by pro-slavery forces to get slavery into Kansas– Abolitionists boycotted the vote

• Constitution was rejected when put to a Kansas wide vote

• Buchanan tried to have Kansas made a slave state anyway

• Was eventually admitted as free state in 1861

Lincoln and Douglas• Ran for Illinois Senate in 1858

• Stephen Douglas believed free and slave could live in peace

• Abraham Lincoln argued Union could not continue half free and half slave

“ ‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall-but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.” – Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln Douglas debates• Series of debates around Illinois for the

Senate

• Lincoln took hard stance against spread of slavery

• Douglas tried to find a middle ground– Freeport Doctrine

• If a territory did not pass laws to protect slavery, then slavery is avoided

• Caused Douglass to lose support of South

• Douglas is elected Senator

• Lincoln becomes a national political figure

Harpers Ferry

• John Brown led raid on armory in Harpers Ferry VA– Wanted to give weapons

to slaves to start revolt– US Marines led by Robert

E Lee trapped and arrested Brown and followers

• Brown was hung for treason

Reaction to Harpers Ferry• North treated Brown like a martyr• South was terrified

– Proved Republicans wanted to start slave revolts

Election of 1860Chapter 12

Section 4•Main Ideas:

– Explain the importance of the election of 1860– Describe in detail the factors which contributed to Lincoln’s victory in the election.

•Do Now:– Presidential Election of 1860 map and question pg. 37.– Seceding States map and questions pg. 38.

•Topics:– Schism in Democratic Party– Constitutional Unionists and Republicans– Abraham Lincoln– Lincoln Elected– Southern States Join South Carolina– Crittenden Compromise– Fort Sumter

Schism in Democrat Party

• Northern Democrats– Support Stephen Douglas (IL)

• Southern Democrats– Support John C Breckinridge (KY)– Wanted to protect slavery, believed

states could secede

Constitutional Unionists and Republicans

• Republicans– Support Abraham Lincoln (IL)– Opposed spread of slavery

• Constitutional Unionists– Support John Bell (TN)– Mostly Know-Nothings and Whigs– Wanted to avoid secession

Abraham Lincoln

• Symbolized America

– Family lived on frontier in poverty

– Grew up in log cabin

– Achieved success through hard work

• Became successful attorney

– Was not radical on slavery issue

Lincoln Elected• Election happened on sectional

lines– No national political parties

• Lincoln wins with no support from South

• South Carolina secedes when Lincoln wins

180

72

39

12

Lincoln Breckinridge Bell Douglas

South CarolinaDec 20 1860

MississippiJan 9 1861

FloridaJan 10 1861

AlabamaJan 11 1861

GeorgiaJan 19 1861

LouisianaJan 26 1861

TexasFeb 1 1861

Southern States join South Carolina

• Confederate States of America (CSA) were created

– Jefferson Davis selected President

– Montgomery Alabama was the Capital

• CSA believed states voluntarily joined union so could secede

• Union believed people made union, not States, so secession is illegalPresident Jefferson Davis, CSA

Crittenden Compromise• Last ditch attempt to avoid

civil war with constitutional amendments

– Reinstate Missouri Compromise line

– Forbid federal government interference with slavery

• Lincoln and Republicans reject any plan to allow extension of slavery

John Crittenden (KY)

Fort Sumter• Confederates confiscated all

federal property in south

• Fort Sumter, SC needed supplies– Lincoln decided to

resupply the Fort

• South Carolina attacked the Fort to take by force

• Beginning of the Civil War