Contents

TITLESPAGESPART 1.01.1 Glodon4-71.2 Cost X7-111.3 Dimension X11-121.4 Nomitech CostOS121.5 Vico Takeoff Manager131.6 Summary141.7 Recommendation14

PART 2.0INTRODUCTION TO METHOD OF MEASUREMENT-Traditional method of measurement-Modern method of measurement

PART 2.1Role of Quantity Surveyor in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stageB) Design stageC) Pre construction stageD) Construction stageE) Other (Tendering Stage)

PART 2.2Role of Manual Measurement in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stageB) Design stageC) Pre construction stageD) Construction stageE) Other (Tendering Stage)

PART 2.3Role of BIM Measurement in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stageB) Design stageC) Pre construction stageD) Construction stageE) Other (Tendering Stage)

PART 2.4Role of CAD Measurement in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stageB) Design stageC) Pre construction stageD) Construction stageE) Other (Tendering Stage) Reference

PART 1.01.1 GlodonGlodon Software Company Limited, founded in 1998, is the leader of Chinese AEC IT companies. In May 2010, Glodon was listed on the Shenzhen SME Board. Glodons core value is "professional", and the Company offers products and services to the whole lifecycle of construction projects with the advance 3D graphics technology, BIM solution, cloud computing technology, and management platform.There are five products of Glodon software available in the markets currently which are Glodon Takeoff for Rebar, Glodon Takeoff for Architecture and Structure, Glodon Takeoff for Mechanical and Electrical, Glodon Bill of Quantities and MAGICCADA) Glodon Takeoff for RebarKey features Quick Modeling & BIM-Based Quantity Takeoffi. Build BIM model efficiently by identifying DWG, PDF, JPG or by tracing 2D drawings.ii. One click to complete quantity takeoff based on the model. Deal with variations quickly by only adjusting model information and performing calculation again.iii. Support model sharing with Glodon TAS, enabling quantity takeoff for rebar and architectural structural works in the same BIM model.

Professional, Accurate & Easy-to-Checki. TRB is the only quantity takeoff software embedded with local measurement methods, which has been proved by users from many countries.ii. Perform deductions automatically based on the structural joints rebar connections in BIM model to ensure calculation accuracy. iii. Generate 3D view of rebar on the basis of calculations to facilitate the quantity check of each rebar.

Various Quantity Reportsi. Support importing local BQ and extracting rebar quantities to generate BQ reports quickly.ii. Provide a variety of report formats and support exporting to Excel for different requirements. iii. Support the data sharing with Glodon TBQ, greatly improving the efficiency of generating tender documents.B) Glodon Takeoff for Architecture and StructureKey Features Quick Modeling & BIM-Based Quantity Takeoffi. TAS is the only quantity takeoff software that enables the editing of BIM models, and supports the direct import of IFC, DWG and PDF drawings to build 3D models efficiently.ii. One click to complete quantity takeoff based on the model. Deal with variations quickly by only adjusting model information and performing calculation again. Professional, Accurate & Easy-to-Checki. Built-in local measurement methods, which has been proved by users from many countries. ii. Deduct automatically based on the relations among elements in BIM model to ensure calculation accuracy.iii. Support viewing calculation basis and expressions to facilitate rapid result checking and less calculation errors. Various Quantity Reportsi. Generate reports by floor, element type or other conditions. Unique Reversely Check helps to trace the origin of quantities in BIM models, making it easy to check and modify quantities.ii. Provide a variety of report formats and support exporting to Excel for different requirements. Teamwork High Efficiencyi. Support the rapid adjustment and reuse of BIM models, to reduce the working intensity and greatly increase the efficiency of team collaboration.ii. Support the data sharing with Glodon TRB and TBQ in terms of models, quantities, prices, etc., to improve the efficiency of generating tender documents.C) Glodon Takeoff for Mechanical and ElectricalKey Features Quick Modeling & BIM-Based Quantity Takeoffi. Support importing PDF and DWG files and generating BIM model automatically by identifying MEP devices in different disciplines. Complete quantity takeoff by one click.ii. Show different systems and positions of MEP devices clearly by auto converting black-and-white PDF drawings into colorful ones.iii. Deal with variations quickly by only adjusting BIM model and performing calculation again.

Professional, Accurate & Easy-to-Checki. Provide 3D view of MEP devices, making realistic and intuitive to check quantities.ii. The unique function, Check Device, supports checking omissions and errors so as to takeoff accurately.

Various Quantity Reportsi. Support importing local BQs and extracting MEP quantities to generate BQ reports quickly.ii. Provide a variety of report formats and support exporting to Excel for different requirements.iii. Check and edit quantities conveniently by performing Check Reversely to trace quantities in reports to their positions in the BIM model generated by TME.D) Glodon Bill of QuantitiesKey Features More EfficientIdentify paper BQ and link summary pages with BQ item pages automatically to prepare e-tender efficiently. Support filtering BQ by description, type, unit, etc., to help price or subcontract items. Enable team to collaboratively prepare tender to enhance work efficiency. Easier to UseSupport importing Excel resource library to price, compare and manage BQ items easily. Support auto page layout, flexible format setting to generate report quickly. Connect with Glodon TASTRB and auto update TASTRB quantities to fill in quantities faster. More InnovativeBuilt-in email system in TBQ for convenient communication. Provide enterprise cloud services. Add Beginner Tutorial to help beginners master the whole process of tender and addendum identification.E) MAGICCADFeatures Runs on AutoCAD and RevitMagiCAD is being developed in parallel for Autodesk Revit and AutoCAD, ensuring that our customers get the greatest possible freedom of choice. BIM projectsCarrying out a BIM project is easy with MagiCAD. The information contained in the MagiCAD model can be shared with architects, designers and other project participants. 3D modelingFrom the outset, MagiCAD has been developed for 3D modeling. Even if you choose to work in 2D, MagiCAD automatically creates a 3D model. Any changes made in 2D are updated directly in the 3D model, and vice versa. Products with accurate dimensions and performanceMagiCAD contains Europes largest database featuring over one million products from leading manufacturers. The products have the right geometry and contain the technical data required for accurate calculations Coordination and collision detectionMagiCADs integral collision detection helps you avoid costly errors at a later stage of the design project. You can coordinate and control all disciplines directly in MagiCAD. MagiCADs installations can also be coordinated with other disciplines in programs such as Navisworks, Solibri etc. IFC certificationMagiCAD is fully compatible with the latest IFC standard. Anyone using MagiCAD can export IFC files of project models, complete with design and technical data.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of Glodon is that it is very costly to acquire. Also it presents a lot of extensions at a price which user would need to buy if they feel it is required. This will add the cost of the software even more.

1.2 Cost XExactal:CostX uses the power of BIM (Building Information Modelling) with CostX, the leading construction estimating software. CostXhas full 3D graphics capability and has the ability to extract object properties and generate automatic quantities from 3D BIM models. There are eight products of CostX available in the market currently which are CostX, CostX 2D, CostX Takeoff, CostX Takeoff 2D, CostX XL, CostX Live, CostX Viewer and CostX educational. Though all the products are nearly same in the product name but they do provide different useful function to aid quantity surveyor to do estimating and calculation.A) CostX (The complete 3D/BIM and 2D estimating solution) Key Features Design Package Support: Support all major 3D design packages such as Revit, Archicad, Microstation, Teklaand Google Sketchupas well as all standard 2D drawings all in a single integrated program. Advanced Viewing Tools: Advanced viewing tools with transparent and filter modes make model navigation quick and easy. User Defined Properties: Add in user defined properties to the model. In-Built Templates: Use in-built templates to import model data or easily create Model Maps to customize your BIM takeoff. Unique Revision Tool: Unique revision tool identifies changes and automatically updates quantities. 2D And 3D Mode (see figure 1 and 2): Measure in 2D and 3D mode from the same model. Measurements are highlighted in all views. Workbooks (see figure 3): Workbooks live-link the quantities to user-defined rate and constants libraries. Network Capabilities: Network capabilities allow multiple users to work on the same project at once.B) CostX2D (The complete estimating solution for 2D drawings) Key features 2D Takeoff: Measures from scanned, PDF or CAD drawings all without the need to buy CAD software. Workbooks: Powerful spreadsheet based workbooks are live-linked to the drawings. Subcontractor Comparison: Subcontractor comparison workbooks can be generated with associated reports. Network Capability: Network capabilities allow multiple users to work on the same project at once. Paperless Estimating:Allows others to view your estimate and report without paper copies.C) CostXTakeoff (Measures from 3D/BIM and 2D drawings on-screen)Key features 2D Takeoff: Supports scanned PDF or CAD drawings and 3D/BIM models All without the need to buy CAD software. 3D / BIM Takeoff: Supports BIM by using digital design data to accurately estimate quantities and costs. Auto-Revisioning: Unique revision mode compares drawings & highlights the changes to identify revisions and update quantities. Network Capability: Network capabilities allow multiple users to work on the same project at once. Paperless Estimating: Free CostXViewerallows others to view your estimates and reports without paper copies

D) CostXTakeoff 2D (You'll never need a scale ruler again)Key Features 2D Takeoff: Measures from scanned, PDF or CAD drawings without the need to buy CAD software. Network Capability: Network capabilities allow multiple users to work on the same project at once. Paperless Estimating: Free CostXViewerallows others to view your estimates and reports without paper copies.

E) CostXL (Live-link CostXdata directly into your Excelspreadsheets)Key Features Fully integrated with network products from the CostXrange Retrieves live data from the CostXdatabase for integration into any Excelspreadsheet Updates are automatically handled Link dimensions, workbook values, rates, constants & values from the CostXdatabase directly into Excel Drag and drop from the CostXL task pane directly into the Excelworksheet Live links allow the Exceluser to see the dimensions in the drawings Use Excelto generate cash flow forecasts, progress claims, management reports, etc all from the live CostXdatabase Generate charts & graphs using CostXdata Handles data from multiple revisions on the same ExcelWorksheet Ships with sample CostXdata and Excelspreadsheets to get you going quickly

F) CostXLive (Access your CostXProjects anytime, anywhere)Key Features Allows user to access live CostXdata through the internet Compatible with smart phones, tablet computers, laptops and other computer varieties View on-site, at home or in another office; wherever there is internet access Multiple security measures including industry standard SSL encryption Securely upload selected information for third parties to view Have up-to-date data available at your fingertips View 3D/BIM models, 2D drawings, measured dimensions, workbook data, rates and total costs, as well as cost breakdowns No need to have a remote server connection to the office network or carry paper plans around

G) CostXviewer (Easily share live-linked cost-breakdowns with clients)Key Features Distribute files in a read-only format to clients. Offer your clients professional read-only packages complete with hierarchical spreadsheets and live links to embedded CAD drawings & BIM. Give your clients the cutting-edge confidence of live-linked costing projects that can be explored in real-time on-screen. Get fast dynamic estimates. Get more from intuitive electronic estimates than paper print-outs could ever allow. CostXViewer allows you to see past the cost summary: follow live links from within spreadsheets to drawing dimensions, and view lower-level quantity and rate breakdown spreadsheets. Instantly see on-screen the relationships between comprehensive cost breakdowns and precision CAD drawings & BIM - all packaged together into one simple portable document. Get the benefits of CostX free. CostXhas been developed with industry leaders to provide the most efficient package for today's quantity surveying and estimating professionals. With CostXViewer, you can pass on the benefits of CostXto clients with interactive packages complete with full drawing control (zoom, pan, rotate), and powerful spreadsheets that can be drilled down to 10 levels deep. CostXViewer also allows you to easily identify on-screen the impact of drawing modifications across building revisions.DisadvantagesCost X can be very expensive and in order to acquire additional features, add-ons must be bought.

1.3 Dimension XDimension X is a measurement and estimating software. Dimension provide a wide range of functions to ease the work of a quantity surveyor. The features are as follows:Dimension X allows CAD measurements without having CAD installed on the computer. With CAD, data input can be presented more accurately with reduced mistakes and errors. This is done through CAD which extract the information and dimension from the CAD drawings and allowing the individual to work with the data. Hence, the integrity of the original drawing will not be compromise.The digital workflow allows a more fluent working progress as compared to traditional working method with is with ink and paper. Digital data will a lot easier to organize, compare and extract through searches and filters. By eliminating hard copies, the work place can be a lot spacious and tidier. Reducing paper estimated saves time, saves money and reduces handling, printing, storage and retrieval costs. With digital copies, the copies can be restricted when uploaded and directly downloaded by the responding company who has the download permission.

Dimension X is easy to learn and use. They have also provided tutorial vides which eliminates companies having to send their employees to training. There are built in specialized cost libraries from real project and users can also generate their own cost library to help in future estimating. This software also supports BIM measurements. With BIM measurements, the construction material calculated will be quicker since its based on an entire 3D modeling system. Also, automated quantities generator will provide a more accurate analysis of data. DisadvantagesDimensionX have limited functions and is unable to generate workbook or Bills of Quantities.

1.4 Nomitech CostOSNomitech CostOS estimating allow companies to take off and estimates quantities. It only requires one or two licenses for the estimators to work in remote areas. However, the data saved can be collected in the Enterprise Database back at the main office. There are several advanced features which can be added to the basic version.There is CostOS with BIM module. With this module, Estimators can create Bills of Quantities directly using 3D models. S See how each estimates is built up Wide range of local servers cost database and online database for which cost data can be used to match the selected project The cost data includes all the resources, resources rates and productivities required in a project. Supports all kinds of major designing systems to suit the user needs. A 3D cost viewer which enables the visual representation of the cost and instantly show the resources and price. Then there is also CostOS with GIS module. This module enables the takeoffs based on maps. It is normally use for pipelines, highways and the likes.Finally there is CostOS with Assemblies Development module. This module is usually used to accelerate the production of estimates for value engineering options.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of NomitechOS is that it is unable to generate Bills of Quantities or review revisions. Requires external progames in order to make comparisons.

1.5 Vico Takeoff ManagerVico Takeoff Managers allows quick model and location-based quantity takeoff which are derived from 3D models creates using BIM. After a model is loaded into Vico Office, it runs a geometry analysis algorithm to scan the 3D model with all its content. It then automatically creates takeoff items, each a defined set of construction-caliber quantities The features of Vico Takeoff Manager are: Allows adjustments and refinement to the automatic takeoff process to suit company needs View takeoff items in the context of the 3D model Automatic takeoff process is constantly updated Is integrated with Vico Cost Planner and Schedule Planner modules Generate quantity takeoff reports Constructability Reports which organize the issues with snapshots of the 3D clash and the 2D drawing Project Cost Reports for Estimates, Cost Variance, and others Resource Histograms indicate the allocation of crews across a project site Control Charts are simple way to monitor the percent complete for the various trades Cash Flow Reports can be produced at any time during construction

DisadvantagesThe disadvantages Vico Takeoff Managers is that it requires it is unable to do revision work or produce bills of quantities.

1.6 Summary

Software

FeaturesNomitech CostOSCOST XGlodonVico Takeoff ManagerDimension X

Supported CAD and Printed Drawings

Supports BIM models

Revision

Taking Off

Workbook/Bills of Quantities

Demo/Free Trail

Instructions/ Video Tutorials

Cost Data Database

1.7 RecommendationBased on the summary above Glodon will be the recommended BIM software. It has the most functions available and a wide range of extensions for functions to suit the needs of the work done. Even if the cost is quite high, the functions available to the user will compensate for the price. It supports almost all kinds of drawing format as well as BIM and hence eliminates the need for a different software which supports a certain drawing format.

PART 2.0INTRODUCTION TO METHOD OF MEASUREMENTTraditional method of measurementTraditional quantity surveyor practice involved a manual process with drawings received on paper and quantity surveyors using scale rules to take measurements off the drawings and input them onto a computer system for the purposes of creating a bill of quantitiesMeasurement tools: Dimension paper (Figure 1) Scale ruler Standard method of measurement Calculator

Modern method of measurementFigure 1

Most quantity surveyor firms have embraced electronic measurement where appropriate because it could provide the most efficient in terms of productivity, particularly if drawings can be provided in an agreed layering convention. 2D Drawings and 3D Drawings CAD Measurement Provides automatic quantities generation from 3D BIM models and a simple interface for the extraction of dimensionCAD measurement: It helps users view, take off, quantify and compare revisions in 2D & 3D CAD drawings, to ultimately provide schedules, costs and estimates with the generated information.BIM measurement: It provides the ability to measure directly from federated or individual models and drawings whether presented in 2D, 3D or BIM format. BIM Measure also integrates fully with CATO modulesCost Planning,Taking-off and Billing(Bill of Quantity production) designed for Cost Consultants, as well asConstruction Estimatingfor contractors.

PART 2.1Role of Quantity Surveyor in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stage Preparation of feasibility studies, elemental cost plan and cost advice. Recommended that adequate time is allowed for the particular project. Advice employer on the procurement and tendering strategies. Clarifying the mission of the organization and the function of the construction projectmeanwhile the technique that is often used to identify the functions of a new building is value management.B) Design stage Cost Planning Decision to tender Pre tender and site visit report Subcontractor and supplier enquiries Estimating process Tender adjudication and submissionC) Pre construction stage Checklist Schedule requirement Master program Preliminary preparation Preparation of contractD) Construction stage Preparation of cash flows and financial reports Progress payment Preparation of final accountE) Other (Tendering Stage) Tender Documentation Tender Invitation Tender Closing Tender Evaluation Approval and award of tender

PART 2.2Role of Manual Measurement in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stage Elemental cost plan and cost advice: Quantity surveyor control the overrun cost of project and gets maximum returns to the client within agreed budget. Quantity surveyor control the cost of a project within a pre-determined sum up to the tender stage.

Benefit: Flexibility to pick up useful info that is relevant to the needs of client

Constraints: With manual drafting, the objects must be drawn carefully to ensure correct size and alignment. Objects drawn to scale must be manually verified and dimensioned, but the drawings created will not be more accurate compared to the ones created by CAD Once the objects drew have a mistake it will need to be redrawn, unlike using CAD, where it can modify existing objects by mirroring, rotating, scaling, stretching, trimming, and others

B) Design stage Estimating the cost of the project: Quantity surveyor estimate whats involved in the project, based on measurements of the designers or clients sketches Quantity surveyor then studies the architects and engineers plans, identifies the costs involved, and then sets an overall estimated budget for the project

Benefit: Ability to read and interpret drawing, Ability to cope with vast amount of paperwork, Imagination to visualize building design details

Constraints: The drawings done manually cant be shown in 3D, unlike using the software where it can be shown in 3D models which is easier for the people to look on the design The changes to a drawing can be missed if they are checked in hardcopy drawings manually

C) Pre construction stage Preliminary pricing: The Preliminaries section, which form part of the BQ is normally priced by the tenderers separately from trade or elemental bills, which are integral parts of the BQ. Example for preliminary item are temporary hoarding, water, electricity and etc. Three step approach to the pricing of Preliminaries: 1) Understand and price the known cost- Having established an accurate cost for the work 2) Consider and cost the commercial factors- The second and more difficult factor in pricing preliminaries is the balancing the risk and reward against the likelihood of securing the work. 3) Consider how these costs and risks are to be allowed for within the tender presentation- like rated work, can have a significant effect on both cash flow and profitability and these areas are further considered in the Presenting Tenders section.

Benefit: Write clearly, think logically, and possess a sound knowledge of building material

Constraints: Measuring using scale ruler can be an inefficient way to measure and maybe open to the potential for human error for example miss calculated a few number of window or doors or calculate the length differently The drawing in done manually, it is quite difficult to archive the files unlike using the electronic format where the files can be saved easily

D) Construction stage Measurement of variation orders: Variation from the contract occurs where the actual work to be carried out changes, or where the circumstances in which the work is to be carried out changes. Contractor are forced to re-measure the quantity works from the new drawing and prepare a new amount for the new items that requested by architect instruction when the variation order occurred. If he did not follow it, the contractor may entitle in breach his contract.

Benefit: Write clearly, think logically, and possess a sound knowledge of building material

Constraints: It is very inefficient to do the drawing using manual measurement. It is very time consuming and requires lots of money in the measurement and estimating process which will lower down both the efficiency and productivity

E) Other (Tendering Stage) Prepare bill of quantities: There are four stages of bill of quantity preparation in traditional method:1) Taking off- Taking off a process of transferring the dimension scaled or read from the drawings to a specially ruled paper called the dimension paper.2) Squaring- Squaring is a process of getting the total quantity whether in number, length, area or volume for each set of measurement in the dimension paper.3) Abstracting- Abstracting is a process of transferring thesquared dimensions to the abstract where they are written in a recognized order under the appropriate work section headings and subsequently totaled and converted to the required units or billing as stated in the Standard Method of Measurement.4) Billing- Billing is a process of re-writing all the items including their quantities taken from the abstract for the wholeproject, into the billing papers in a recognized format of a Bill of Quantities.

Benefit: Get acquaintance with the ordinary rules of measurement, Ideal vehicle to acquire the basic skills, Ability to cope with vast amount of paperwork

Constraints: Many costs involved, if the drawing and measurement is done, it needs to be printed The process that is common in the industry is heavily dependent on paper. Once there is paper in process, there is handling costs and the drawings issued in hard copy incur costs of printing and postage

PART 2.3Role of BIM(Building Information Modeling) Measurement in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stage

Establishing the submission of progress reports Preparation of information for approval Clients gateways Making payments Selection of consultant who are BIM capable

Benefits: Potential of bringing back the role of architect as master builder Improved risk mitigation and value engineering Accurate programming and cost estimating to allow easier work packages The 3d model can be access on laptop computer, this enhance the 3d understanding about construction, reduce conflict between documents with different type of section and plan view

Constraints: BIM will not consider the actual price variation from the emerging market e.g. metals, gas price Cost of BIM software is expensive, newly built companies do not have enough capital to buy Dont know information in advance; always have different parties or players based on evolution of projectB) Design Stage Integration of analysis of the design Produce and emphasizes early on 3d character system in the building Physical model 3 dimension share to builder Resources schedule is coordinate Analysis how each orientation be altered from system point of view and create some upload, e.g. light upload

Benefits: Workflows& promote an atmosphere of collective problem solving &brainstorming Reduces the abstraction and integrates the multiple disciplines such as design and documentations Eliminate changes minimize error in field and catch them in time on design Work together to design model helping material fabrication, subcontractors coordinate their work and help the field execute the project through completion Enables teams to collaborate and resolve design issues faster (architecture, project management, control institution, fabrication, detailing, and engineering design)

Constraints: A lot of BIM data isnt BIM; table, word document, beyond just geometry Information is out of sync; engineer slightly different than architecture Data is multi-representational; different model taken from architect and contractor, although concept is same but model has different slices Configuration management; deep project hierarchies contain multiple plans this having many different versionsC) Pre construction stage Scheduling/logistics planning(shortens schedules) show in 4 dimensional what is going to happen on site Visualization(ensure good communication) as everyone benefit to see before its build, help everyone talk about project communicate better and its more effective than 2 dimensional Coordinated documents= design modeling make sure plan elevation section coordinated, reduce error in uncoordinated area resulting in reduce rework Estimating= Model to do the take off, 3d estimating is different from 2d estimating, it allow you to get quickly get coordination and understandable scope and budget foreseen footages Space plan checks fire escape staircase element

Benefits: Have a detailed execution plan for the model when planning upfront more smooth it will goes Share models frequently with all project team members as they get update and all are allowed to access building element and construction model The process is as important as final product as they went through the process, deeper understanding they have about activity and practices Environment consideration energy consumption changes in design performance energy uses Energy analysis, make clash detection possible, time and sequence scheduling

Constraints: Sidetracked by modeling too much as some might add complexity of the model, giant model that difficult to make changes, difficult to large file to share Limitless information; too many files causing the needs to handle nicely and put related document together in different files Model content is not 100% correct(constantly check quality) as information obtained from different resources resulting lots of problems occurD) Construction stage Commences after design of the project has been finalized with a contractor This stage covers all the works on site including any specialist e.g. subcontractor or suppliers

Benefits: Have tools like stimulation of construction processes to synchronize the design and reveal sources of potential problems Clash detection(reduce change orders), reduce conflict and allow team to find out beforehand certain building and site is working Improves synchronization of procurement with design as well as construction through the generation of 3D models Reduces wastages and better operation of lean construction techniques Make changes easily even at the end of project

Constraints: Too much changes at the end of project can greatly influences the construction and design costs Much larger file sizes than traditional CAD systems and requires higher performing computer hardware to operateE) Other (Tendering Stage) Get in actual architectural design, decoding the drawing, Find model e.g. foundation concrete area, each unit, cost, installation cost, construction cost, equipment cost, populate all these information and generate the component Use the volume of concrete by selecting the volume setting as well as formwork This is the stage to view all the properties and fill up the quantity bill

Benefits: Speed up production effort & speed up actual construction as contractor can have more information than a set of drawing Temporary works planning Helps with future changes Fully integrated construction documents Reduction on delays

Constraints: As computer system can used to produce quicker BIM drawings, less people need to be employed as the skills are not much needed / people tend to rely on the software and throw away their own skills

PART 2.4Role of CAD(Computer Aided Design) Measurement in the following five stagesA) Preparation/briefing stage CAD design software is also used in complex designs for theautomotiveindustry CAD design systems in 2D and 3D are used to visually draftplant designsorfactory layout designs AutoCADhelps create and manage piping and instrumentation diagrams AutoCAD Electricalsoftware provides a complete set of electrical CAD features, a comprehensive symbols library, and tools for automating tasks Inventor(CAD tools)helps integrate electrical designs into a fulldigital prototype, giving electrical engineers and mechanical engineers the flexibility to smoothly share data and collaborate on full systems design integration

Benefits: Reduces time to market, lead time and cuts production costs & overhead costs Automates repetitive tasks allows for the reuse of critical knowledge and designs Suitable for analysis and simulation processes the size and resolution of the drawing can be changed as needed when doing detailed work

Constraints: Initial cost of buying a computer system is high and needs constant upgrade which also costs money Can be hard to do so additional training is neededB) Design stage The fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation.

Figure: Design stage Benefits: Accurate creation of photo stimulations Parameters can be used to determine the size, shape, and the different modeling elements Tools for measurement such as tensile strength, yield strength, its stress and strain and how the element affected in certain temperatures Software is used from concept through completion by professionals working in architecture,MEP engineering, andstructural engineering, and bybuilding owners, operators, and managers Constraints: Cost of computer system is expensive, newly built companies do not have enough capital to buyC) Pre-construction stage Modeling with CAD systems offers a number of advantages over traditional drafting methods that use rulers, squares, and compasses. For example, designs can be altered without erasing and redrawing during preconstruction.

Benefits: CAD systems offer zoom features analogous to a camera lens, whereby a designer can magnify certain elements of a model to facilitate inspection Modeling cutaway drawings, in which the internal shape of a part is revealed, and to illustrating the spatial relationships among a system of parts The design process using CAD involves transferring a designers idea into a formal geometrical model Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow

Constraints: If not checked properly, the figures can go very wrong, for example the figures accidentally added a few 0s behind CAD are being addressed by research and development in the field of expert systems, an expert system involves incorporating information about the nature of materials; it could mimic the engineers thought pattern and actually create more of the design resulting duplication designD) Construction stage The layering concept in CAD software will help the taker off in viewing and identifying similar items throughout the drawings. For example, type of floor finish.

Benefits: The measurement course for irregular shape is faster and easier Different floor finishes can be separated using various colors or hatch patterns and the exact area of the different type of floor finishes is then calculated CAD design software is used throughout the product development cycle, from concept to manufacturing Constraints: CAD drawings are not formed using a standard method in layering and also there is no standard in naming the layers Creates problems in finding and searching for the applicable items during measurement Quantities that require 3D such as the measure of volume would require additional steps in obtaining the quantity Time & cost of migrating legacy drawings into CAD formatE) Other (Tendering Stage) Get into actual architectural design, decrypting the drawing, Find model such as foundation concrete area, each unit cost, installation cost, construction cost, equipment cost

Benefits: CSost planning Short term works plan Relevant documents throughout in the building Aids with future adjustment

Constraints: As computer system can used to produce quicker CAD drawings, less people need to be employed as the skills are not much needed / people tend to rely on the software and forgot their own skills

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