competitive english grammar 1 -...

COMPETITIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1

D. RAJ & CO. ( E.MAIL - [email protected] ) SANSA

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. g`n; dh ckrks ds vHkhO;Dr djus ds ek/;e dks Hkk’kk dgrs gSA

2. English is the mixture of every language.

3. Grammar is rule or law which determine the

organisation of sentences and various parts of speech.

4. ;nh vaxszth dks NksVs ls NksVs Hkkx esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS rks tks lcls

NksVk va’k izkIr gksrk gS mls alphabet dgrs gSAe.g. D,N,X etc.

5.tc ,d ls vf/kd alphabet vkil esa feyrs gS vkSj mlls dksbZ vFkZ

fudyrk gS rks mls word dgrs gSA e.g. we, cat, love etc.

6. tc ,d ls vf/kd word vkil esa feyrs gS vkSj mlls dksbZ vFkZ fudyrk

gS rks mls sentence dgrs gSA e.g. We love India.

7.okD; ds fru izew[k vax gksrs gSA (a) subject (b) verb (c) object.

(a)Subject- ge ftlds fo’k; esa ckr djrs gS ;k tks dk;Z dk djusokyk

gksrk gS mls subject dgrs gSA e.g. India is the best. Ram killed

Ravana.

(b) Verb- ftl “kCn ls fdlh dk;Z ds gksus ;k djus dk irk pys mls

verb dgrs gSA e.g. Ashoka was great. Ram killed Ravana.

(c) Object- tks fdlh ds dk;Z ls izHkkfor gksrk gS mls object dgrs gSA

e.g. I learn English.

8. okD; dk subject ;k rks noun gksxk ;k pronoun.

NOUN

9. Noun ,d latin “kCn gS ftldk vaxzsth gS name vkSj fgUnh gS uke

vFkkZr tks Hkh uke gksxk og noun gksxkA e.g. Geetansu, Boy, Water,

Love, Parliament etc.

10. tkfr ds n`f’Vdks.k ls ge noun dks ikp Hkkxks esa ckV ldrs gSA (a)

Proper noun (b) Common noun (c) Material noun (d) Abstract

noun (e) Collective noun.

(a) Proper noun- oSls uke tks fdlh dks vkSjks ls vyx djus ds fy,

fof”k’V :i ls iznku fd;k tkrk gS Proper noun dgykrk gSA e.g.

Tunu, Sada Nand, Sansa, Daudnagar, Aurangabad, Bihar etc.

N1-;g singular jgsxkA

N2-bldk izFke v{kj capital jgsxkA

N3-blds igys izk;% article ls cpk tk,xkA

Q. The great poet and dramatist / the Shakespeare / never

had any / university education.

N4-But proper noun will take “the” if it is used for praising

anyone.

Q. Dr. Kalam can / be called / the Vava of Modern India. (

NE )

N5

–And it will take ‘a/an’ if it is used for mocking.

Q. Every girl / thinks/ herself/ a Priyanka Chopra/ of her area.

(NE)

(b) Common Noun – oSls uke thl ij lHkh dk vf/kdkj gks] leqps tkrh

dk vf/kdkj gks ,d uke ysus ls leLr dk cks/k gks common noun

dgykrk gSA e.g. student, river, village etc.

N1-Common Noun gekjs leD+{k nks :iks esa vkrs gS ,dopu rFkk

cgwopuA

N2-tc ,dopu gks blds igys article yxsxkA e.g. The boy is happy.

N3-tc ;g cgwopu gksxk vius igys izk;% article ugh ysxkA e.g. Boys

are happy.

N4-If common noun plural number is made particular it will

take ‘the’.

Q. We the pupils of this college / having prepared well / to

appear in the test / of Indian railways / are going to Baroda.

(c) Material Noun- oSls uke ftuls ,sls oLrw dk cks/k gks ftUgs ukik ;k rkSyk tk lds] ftUgs vyx&vyx djds fxuuk ewf”dy gks rFkk ftuls fdlh

vU; oLrq dk fuekZu gksrk gks Material Noun dgykrs gSA e.g. Milk,

Rice, Gold etc.

N1-;g izk;%singular gS singular fdz;k ysrk gSA

Q. Selling peanuts peanut / on the road is/ the only means of

earning/ in respect of most of the people.

N2- ‘Dregs’ material noun gksus ds ckotwn plural gS plural verb ysrs

gSSA

Q. Dregs is are/ sitting and / need to pick /removed from

here.

Kameshwarsingh is the Principal of YSSKHS,Repura.

(N-NOTE)



N3- blds igys izk;% article ugh yxsxkA

Q. The milk Milk is/ a vital source /of energy for/ human

beings.

N4- If material noun is made particular it will take ‘the’.

Q. The water of the Ganga/ play very important / role in the

life / of the Hindus. (NE)

(d) Abstract Noun- oSls noun ftls ns[kk uk tk lds Nwvk uk tk lds

cfYd ftudh vuwHkwfr gks Abstract Noun dgykrs gSA e.g. love, death,

anger etc.

N1- ;s singular gS singular fdz;k ysrk gSA

N2- blds igys izk;% article ugh vkrsA

Q. The bravery Bravery is the / boon of God and/ it is not

enjoyed by craven.

N3- If abstract noun is made particular it will take ‘the’.

Q. The bravery of/ Jon of Arc is famous in/ the history of

France. (NE)

(e) Collective noun-oSls uke thues HkhM+ dk irk pys] Lkewg dk irk pys]

laxBu dk irk pys collective noun dgykrs gSA e.g. furniture,

police, parliament etc.

Collective noun tks Lo;a noun ds ,d izdkj gS fru

izdkj ds gksrs gSA (i) generalising (ii) group (iii) distributive.

(i) Generalising collective noun- HkhM+ es ls ,sls HkhM+] lewg es ls oSls

lewg tks fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds lnL;ks ls feydj curs gS generalising

collective noun dgykrs gSA e.g. furniture, luggage, scenery etc.

N1-;g singular gS singular verb ysrk gSA

N2-blds igys ‘the’yxsxkA

Q. The sceneries scenery / of Kashmir is more/ beautiful than

that/of any other sight.

(ii) Group collective noun - fHkM+ esa ls oSls HkhM+ tks ,d gh izdkj ds

lnL;ks ls ehydj cus gks Group collective noun dgykrs gSA e.g.

cattle, people, police etc.

N1-;g plural gS plural verb ysxkA

N2-blds igys the yxsxkA

Q. The cattles cattle are grazing/ in my field and / destroying

my crops.

(iii)Distributive collective noun- fHkM+ es ls OkSls fHkM+ tks dHkh rks

vkil esa ,d jgrs gS vkSj dHkh foHkDr gks tkrs gS Distributive collective

noun dgykrs gSA e.g. government, committee, parliament etc.

N1-tc os vkil esa ,d jgrs gS singular jgrs gS singular verb ysrs gS

‘the’ ysrs gSA

Q. The government ......... united over Kashmir issue. (is/are)

N2- tc os vkil esa foHkDr gksrs gS plural le>s tkrs gS plural verb ysrs

gS ‘the’ ysrs gSA e.g. The juiry ........ taken their seats. (has /

have)

11. xuuk ds n`f’Vdksu ls leLr noun dks nks Hkkxks esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk

gSA (a) Countable (b) Uncountable.

(a) Countable noun - oSls noun thls vyx&vyx dj ds vklkuh ls

fxuk tk lds Countable noun dgykrs gSA e.g. boy, chair etc.

N1-;g singular Hkh gks ldsxk vkSj plural HkhA e.g. girl, girls.

N2- ;g ltho Hkh gks ldsxk vkSj futhZo HkhA e.g. girl ltho ] gun futhZoA

(b) Unountable noun - oSls noun thls vyx&vyx dj ds fxuuk

ewf”dy gks Uncountable noun dgykrs gSA e.g. water, love etc.

N1- ;g ,dopu jgsxkA

N2- ;g uhthZo jgsxkA

e.g. water is precious.

12. lajpuk ds n`f’Vdksu ls noun dks iw.k% nks Hkkxks esa ckVk x;k gSA

(a)Single (b) Compound.

(a)Single noun- oSls noun ftlds fuekZu esa ,d “kCn dk ;ksxnku gks

Single noun dgykrk gSA e.g. father, book, cup etc.

(b) Compound noun- oSls noun ftlds fuekZu esa ,d ls v/khd “kCnks

dk ;ksxnku gks Compound noun dgykrk gSA e.g. father-in-law,

cupful etc.



Compound noun tks Loa; ,d noun gS nks izdkj ds

gksrs gSA (i)Compound noun with hyphen (ii) Compound noun

without hyphen.

(i)Compound noun with hyphen- oSls compound noun tks vius

chp esa hyphen ysrs gS Compound noun with hyphen dgykrs gSA

e.g. class-room, father-in-law etc.

(ii) Compound noun without hyphen- oSls compound noun tks

vius chp esa hyphen ugh ysrs Compound noun without hyphen

dgykrs gSA blds var esa ful jgrk gSA e.g. cupful, spoonful etc.

13. Gender ds n`f’Vdku ls noun dks iw.k% pkj Hkkxks esa foHkDr fd;k

tkrk gSA (a) Masculine (b) Feminine (c) Common (d) Neuter.

(a) Masculine Gender- (Only male) oSls noun thlls uj gksus dk

cks/k gks ]tks mRifr dk;Z esa lgk;d gks Masculine Gender esa le>s tkrs

gSA e.g. father, king, hero etc.

(b)Feminine Gender- (Only female) oSls noun thlls eknk gksus dk

cks/k gks] tks vius “kjhj ls vius tSlk mRiUu dj lds Feminine Gender

esa le>s tkrs gSA e.g. mother, girl, queen etc.

(c) Common Gender- (either male or female but not clear by

name is called common gender) e.g. student, citizen, voter

etc.

(d) Neuter Gender- Noun that is undeveloped mentally or

sexually is called neuter gender e.g. child, pen, cat etc.

14. la[;k ds n`f’Vdks.k ls noun dks iwu% nks Hkkxks esa ckVk tkrk gSA(a)

Singular (b) Plural

(a) Singular- oSls noun thuls muds ,d gksus dk irk pys Singular

number esa le>s tkrs gSA e.g. student, teacher etc.

(b) Plural- oSls noun thuls muds ,d ls v/khd gksus dk irk pys Plural

number esa le>s tkrs gSAe.g. tables, girls etc.

15.tUe ds fopkj ls noun izk;% Singular jgrs gS muds Plural cuk, tkrs gS ftuds db fu;e gSA

16. vke rkSj ij noun ds var esa ‘s’ yxkdj muds Plural cuk;s tkrs gSA

e.g. chair chairs

pen pens

hand hands

leg legs

car cars

17. ;nh singular noun ds var esa ch, s, sh, ss,x rFkk z yxk jgs rks mls

plural cukus ds fy, es yxkuk iM+rk gSA

e.g. dish dishes

virus viruses

class classes

tax taxes

topaz topazes

torch torches

18. ysdhu ;nh “kCn ds var esa ch gks ijUrq mudk mPpkj.k ]d] tSlk gks rks

dsoy s yxk;k tk,xkA

e.g. stomach stomachs

momarch monarchs

19. ;nh noun ds var esa y gks vkSj y ds igys vowel

gks rks plural cukus ds fy, s yxk;k tkrk gSA

e.g. boy boys

day days

key keys

20. ;nh dhlh “kCn ds var esa y gks vkSj y ds igys consonent

gks rks plural cukus ds fy, y dks gVk nsrs gS cnys esa ies yxkrs gSA

e.g. body bodies

baby babies

army armies

21. ysdhu ;nh dhlh noun ds vUr esa y gks y ls igys consonant gks

vkSj og noun Lo;a proper noun gks rks y dks gVk,saxs ugh dsoy s

yxkdj dke pyk,saxsA

e.g. Bubly Bublys



Kennedy Kennedys

February Februarys

22. oSls “kCn thuds var esa o gks vSkj o ds igys vowel gks rks dsoy s

yxkdj plural cuk;k tkrk gSA

e.g. bamboo bamboo

portfolio portfolios

23. oSls “kCn thuds var esa o gks vSkj o ds igys consonant gks rks dsoy

es yxk,saxsA

e.g. hero heroes

mango mangoes

tomato tomatoes

24. ijUrq rduhdh “kCnkoyh ls vk;s gw, “kCn ds vUr esa ;nh o gks vkSj o ls

igys consonant gks rks dsoy s yxk,saxsA

e.g. dynamo dynamos

photo photos

canto cantos

piano pianos

tornado tornados

negro Negros

zero zeros

25. ;nh dhlh “kCn ds var esa f ;k fe yxk jgs rks plural cukus ds fy, f

;k fe dks gVk nsrs gS cnys esa ves yxkrs gSA

e.g. leaf leaves

knife knives

sheaf sheaves

26. ysdhu ;nh dksb “kCn eqyr% noun ugh gks dksb vU; parts of

speech gks ijUrq noun ds Hkkrh dk;Z dj jgk gks rks f ;k fe dks gVk,saxs

ugh dsoy s yxkdj dke pyk,saxsA

e.g. chief chiefs

brief briefs

proof proofs

off offs

27. vaxzsth esa dqN ,sls “kCn gS tks vkSjks ds Hkkrh ckgj ls vaxzsth esa izos”k rks dj x;s ijUrq vaxzsth ds uh;eks dks ugh ekursA os vius fu;e vius lkFk ysdj vkrs gS tks muds ewy Hkk’kk dk gksrk gSA vSkj mlh ds vuqlkj vius

plural cukrs gSA

e.g. man men

woman women

ox oxen

child children

mouse mice

louse lice

goose geese

tooth teeth

foot feet

Mr. Messrs

Mrs. Mesdames

28. oSls compound noun ftuds vUr esa ful gks ds plural cukus ds fy,

vUr esa s tksM+k tkrk gSA

Q. I am/ tired so I / want to have / cupful cupfuls of tea.

29. oSls compound nountks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr gks vius lcls

egRoiw.kZ Hkkx dk plural cukdj leLr dk plural cukrs gSA

e.g. class-room class-rooms

arm-chair arm-chairs

note-book note-books



30. oSls compound nountks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr rks gks ijUrq

thudk dksb u dksb va”k preposition gks ds plural cukus ds yh,

preposition ds igys okys dk plural cuk,sxasA

e.g. father-in-law fathers-in-law

passer-by passers-by

hanger-on hangers-on

31.;nh compound noun esa hyphen gks] preposition Hkh gks ijUrw

preposition ls igys dksb “kCn ugh gks rks preposition ds ckn okys dk

plural cuk,saxsA

e.g. on-locker on-lockers

by-stranger by-strangers

32.oSls compound noun tks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr rks gks ijUrq

ftldk dksb u dksb va”k man ;k woman gks ds plural cukus ds yh,

leLr dk plural cuk,saxsA

e.g. man-servant men-servants

woman-engineer women-engineers

33. oSls compound noun thudk dksb ,d va”k noun vkSj vU; va”k

dksb nwljk parts of speech gks rks plural cukus ds yh, noun dk

plural cuk,saxsA

e.g. high-way high-ways

push-back push-backs

head-light head-lights

34. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa us yxk gks ds plural cukus ds yh, us

dks gVk nsrs gS cnys esa i yh[krs gSA

e.g. fungus fungi

radius radii

syllabus syllabi

locus loci

lactus lacti

nucleus nuclei

stemulous stemuloi

focus foci

genius genii

35. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa is gks ds plural cukus ds yh, is dks gVk

nsrs gS cnys eas es yxkrs gSA

e.g basis bases

crisis crises

diagnosis diagnoses

hypothesis hypotheses

thesis theses

analysis analyses

axis axes

synthesis syntheses

36. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa um yxk gks ds plural cukus ds yh,

um dks gVk nsrs gS cnys eas a yh[krs gSA

e.g . bacterium bacteria

pendulum pendula

medium media

dictum dicta

Q. The medias media / specially television/ has a very

powerful/ influence on children.

37. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa a gks ds plural cukus ds yh, var esa e

tksM+ nsrs gSA

e.g. formula formulae

vertebra vertebrae

38. oSls latin “kCn ftuds var esa on yxk gks ds plural cukus ds yh, on

gVk nsrs gS cnys eas a yxkrs gSA

e.g criterion criteria



phenomenon phenomena

Q. The manager put/ forward a number/ of criterions criteria

/ for the past.

39. lalkj ds oSls oLrw tks nks ,d gh izdkj ds vaxks ls ehydj cus gks] ,d

vax vyx gks tkus ij csdkj gks tkrs gS plural le>s tkrs gS plural dzh;k ysrs gSA

Q. The scissors you asked for/ is are in the desk drawer/ in

the bed room.

40. ysdhu ;nh mijksDr esa a pair of yxk nh;k tk, rks mls singular

le>dj singular verb nh;k tk;sxkA

Q. A pair of / shoes/ were was / standing in/ the corner.

41. Alms, reaches, eves igys singular Fks vc plural gSA

Q. Alms is are given/ to the beggars / as an act of / charity in

India.

42. v/;u ds oh’k; singular gS singular fdz;k ysrs gSAe.g.

Mathematics is difficult.

43. ysdhu ;nh v/;u dk oh’k; fdlh dk futh lEirh cu dj vk;s rks os

plural le>s tk,saxaas plural verb ysaxsA

e.g. The Mathematics of K.C Sinha are good.

44. Police ls police foHkkx esa dk;Zjr leLr yksxks dk cks/k gksrk gSA e.g.

Police are government employee.

45. ysdhu ;nh police foHkkx esa dk;Zjr ,d O;fDr dk cks/k djokuk gks rks

police man dk iz;ksx djsaxsaA

e.g. Sachida Nand is a police man.

46. ysdhu ;nh ,d ls vf/kd ijUrq leLr ugh dk cks/k djokuk gks rc

police men dk iz;ksx djsaxsaA e.g. Some police men are honest.

47. Poetry singular gS singular jgsxkA e.g. Poetry is nice.

48. Poem gS rks singular ysdhu bldk plural lEHko gSA

e.g. The poem is nice.

The poems are nice.

49. tc Adjective ds igys the yxkdj mlls leLr tkrh Hkj dk cks/k

djok;k tk, rks mls plural le>dj plural fdz;k nsasxasa s ugh yxk,saxas

people ugh yxk,saxsthe ugh gVk,saxsA

Q. The condition of the hospital/ in India is not good/ because

the sicks sick are not looked after properly.

50. Many+ P.C.N +P.V

Q. Somebody has/ broken the window/ by throwing many

bottle bottles at it.

51. Many+ a/an + S.C.N + S.V

e.g. Q. Many a men man / attended the meeting / last night/

held in community hall.

52. Brick rFkk stone Hkou esa yxs gksus ds dkju uncountable le>s

tkrs gS blyh, singular fdz;k ysrs gSA

Q. That house is/ built of both/ bricks brick and stones stone.

53. ysdhu ;nh ;s Hkou ls vyx gks rks countable le>s tk;saxs ,slh

voLFkk esa ;s singular Hkh gks ldsaxs vkSj plural HkhA

Q. Somebody has / broken the / window glass by /throwing

many stone stones at it.

54. dqN “kCn ,sls gS thuds plural ugh curs ijUrq muds var esa s tksM+k

tkrk gS tks plural cukus ds fy, ugh cfYd mudk vFkZ cnyus ds fy, gksrk gSA

e.g. Iron-yksgk&Irons-csM+h

copper-rkEck & coppers-lhDdk

sand-ckyw – sands-jsxhLrku

number-la[k;k –numbers-dohrk

custom-izFkk &customs-dj

land-/kjrh- lands- ns”k

pain-nnZ- pains-iz;kl

powder-pw.kZ –powders-[kwjkd

wood-ydM+h –woods-taxy



quarter-VwdM+k –quarters-Hkou

compass-lhek –compasses-fn”kk lwpd ;a=

physic-nok &physics-HkkSfrdh

manner-rjhdk&manners- O;ogkj

premise-izLrko –premises-ijhlj

ground-/kjrh –grounds-dkju

advice-Lkykg –advices-lwpuk,

vesper-“kke ;k la/;k-vespers- “kke dh xhr

way-jkLrk –ways-O;ogkj

fruit-Qy& fruits-ijh.kke

time-le; &times- dky

water-Tky &waters-lewUnz

colour-jax –colours->aMk

55.vke rkSj ij ry ls var gksus okyk “kCn singular gS singular verb ysrk

gSAe.g. scenery, crockery, jewellery etc.

56. ijUrq poultry ,gentry, peasantry, cavalry, infantry rFkk

artillery ,sls “kCn gS tks vius var esa ry ysus ds ckotqn plural gS plural

fdz;k ysrs gSA

Q. I was shocked that/ the gentry of the town has have not

been invited/ in the party.

57. Any / one +S.V

e.g. One is missing.

58. Any /one +S.C.N+S.V

Q. One solutions solution is to / avoid the impasse/ together

by taking a slidely different root.

59. Any/one + of +P.C.N+S.V

Q. One of my good/ quality qualities is that/ we do not take

things like / this very seriously.

60. Sheep, deer, fish, offspring, piece Loa; singular gS Lo;a

plural gS bldk iz;ksx gh bls singular ;k plural cukrk gSA

e.g. One sheep is black and all sheep are white.

61. Mischief uncountable gksus ds dkju singular gS bls countable

cukdj bldk plural cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bls countable cukus ds yh,

blesa an act of tksM+ nsrs gS Qhj mlh an act of dk plural cukdj lHkh

dk plural cuk ysrs gSA

e.g. Mischief is bad.

An act of mischief was made.

Many acts of mischief were made.

62. Advice Hkh uncountable gksus ds dkju singular gS bls Hkh

countable cukdj bldk plural cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bls countable

cukus ds yh, blesa a piece of tksM+k tkrk gS

Qhj mlh a piece of dk plural cukdj leLr dk plural cuk yh;k tkrk gSA

Q. He was given/ valuable advices advice / by his parents.

63. Information Hkh uncountable gksus ds dkju singular gS bls Hkh

countable cukdj plural izkIr dh;k tk ldrk gSA bls Hkh countable

cukus ds yh, a piece of yxk;k tkrk gS

Qhj mlh a piece of dk plural cukdj leLr dk plural cuk yh;k tkrk gSA

Q. I went to the / library to get / as many information pieces

of information/ as I could.

64. ;nh preposition ds }kjk nks HkhUu&HkhUu “kCn vkil esa tqM+s gks rks

nksuks esa dksb Hkh dwN Hkh jg ldsxk ,slh voLFkk esa fdz;k izFke okys subject

ds vuwlkj gksxkA

Q. In 2009 the/ largest remittance / sent to India/ were was

from overseas.

65. ;nh preposition ds }kjk nks leku “kCn vkil esa tqM+s gks rks nksuks

singular jgsaxas vkSj dzh;k Hkh singular jgsxkA

Q. Women after women woman after woman /claimed to

speak against/ the present situation/ of Bihar in the meeting.



66. Score, gross, stone, dozen, hundred, million, thousand

vknh vius igys ;k rks a ysxk ;k var essa s.

e.g. A dozen vFkok dozens.

69. ;nh va”k vkSj iw.kZ ,d lkFk vk, rks igys va”k jgsxk ckn esa iw.kZA e.g.

Half an hour.

Quarter part three.

68. ;nh mijksDr dks and ls tksM+ nh;k tk, rks iw.kZ igys vkSj va”k ckn esa jgsxkA

e.g. One and half.

69. ;nh okD; dk subject dksb ekuo gks rks og singular Hkh gks ldsxk

vkSj plural Hkh og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA e.g. The teacher is

teaching. Students are reading.

70. ;nh ppkZ dk oh’k; dksb oLrw gks rks og singular Hkh jg lsdsxk vkSj

plural Hkh og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA

Q. The company have has /thousand of customers / happy

with its service.

71. ;nh ppkZ dk oh’k; ekid gks rks og Hkh singular ,pluralnksuks jg lsdsxk vkSj og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA

e.g. A mile is a unit of distance.

Miles have to go before I sleep.

72. vad singular gS singular fdz;k ysrk gSA

e.g. 420 is a famous number.

73. ;nh vad ds lkFk ekuo vk, rks ekuo vad ds vuwlkj singular,

plural nksuks gks ldsxk og tSlk gksxk oSlk verb ysxkA

Q. Over a thousand tourist tourists /from all over the world /

come to visit the /national park everyday.

74. ;nh vad ds lkFk oLrw vk, rks oLrq vad ds vuwlkj singularHkh jg

ldsxk vkSj plural Hkh og tSlk jgsxk oSlh fdz;k ysxkA

Q. On reaching the lake/ the leader realised / that two

elephant elephants from / his heard were missing.

75. ;nh vad ds ckn ekid vk, rks ekid rkss singular , pluralnksuks jg

ldsxk ijUrq fdz;k singular gh jgsxkA

Q. He walked five miles/ which are is really a great / distance

for a man like him/ who is not only old but ill also.

76. ;nh vad ds ckn ekid vk, vkSj ekid ds ckn mldk uke ftls ekik

tk jgk gS rks ekid singular cus jgus ds yh, ck/; gksxkA ijUrq ftls ekik

tk jgk gS og singular, plural nksuks jg ldsxk vkSj fdz;k mlh ds vuwlkj vk,xkA

Q. Often parents of five years year old child are seen / playing

anxiously for their/ child’s higher education.

77. ;nh vad ds ckn iqu% vad vk, mlds ckn ekid vk, mlds ckn mldk

uke thls ekik tk jgk gS rks ekid rks singular cuk jgsxk ijUrq ftls ekik tk jgk gS og igys okys vad ds vuwlkj jgsxk vkSj fdz;k dk QSlyk nksuks feydj djsaxsaA

Q. A five member committee were was /of the view that /

the present service condition/ of the employees of the

company are quite good.

HOT TIPS OF NOUN

1. O clock dk iz;ksx iDds le; ds lkFk gksrk gSA e.g. 8 O clock ,9 O

clock etc.

2. Cousin ds lkFk uk rks brother jgsxk uk gh sister.

Q. I went to the temple / with my parents/my aunts and/ my

cousin sister.

3. Uniform (,d tSlk ) - ;g dgh Hkh iz;qDr gks ldrk gSA

e.g. We have uniform problem.

4.Cost-dz;eqY; e.g. What is the cost of this mobile.

Price-fodz;eqY; e.g. Price is fixed.

5. txg [kkyh ugh gS] txg jhDr ugh gS dk vaxzsth gS no room. e.g.

There is/ no place room/ for you in this compartment.

6. lcwr&

(i) Witness- (ekuo)-e.g. Sibu Sauren is a witness

of the case.

(ii) Evidence-(oLrq)-e.g. The number plate is an

evidence of the crime.



7. Work-

(i) dk;Z&(singular) e.g. I have a lot of work

today.

(ii) dykd`fr&(singular/plural)- e.g. Godan is a

work of Premchand.

The Godan and the Gawan are works of

Premchand.

8. Word-

(i)opu&(sing.) e.g. I give you a word.

(ii)”kCn&(sing./plu.) e.g. (He)-This is a word.

(He is good)- These are words.

9. Brother-

(i)Brothers(jDr laca/kh HkkbZ) e.g. Ram and Laxman are brothers.

Deepak, Dilip and Dikshit are brothers.

(ii)Brotheren(vkilh le>kSrs dk HkkbZ) e.g. Hindus and Muslims are

brotheren.

10. Genius-

(i) Geniuses(,d ls v/khd dq”kkxzcqf)) e.g. India has produced

many geniuses.

(ii)Genii(Hkwr]filkp)e.g. Hanuman saves us from genii.

11. Wages-

(i)etnqjh (plu.) -e.g. The wages are very high in Patna.

(ii)n.M (sing.)- e.g. The wages of sin is death.

12.Issue-

(i) cky cPpk (sing.) e.g. Lalu has nine issue.

(ii)eqn~nk (sing./plu.) e.g. Unemployment is a great issue.

Unemployment and corruption are great

issues.

13.Force-

(i)Force(“kfDr) (sing.) e.g. Force is being used.

(ii)Forces(lsuk) (plu.) e.g. Forces are alert.

14. vfookfgr&

(i) Bachelor (iq:’k) e.g. Bajpei is a bachelor.

(ii)Maid (L=h) e.g. Mayawati is a maid.

WORK OF NOUN

1.;g okD; dk subject gks ldrk gSA

Q. An unexpected raise rise/ in the cost of living as well

as/decline in employment opportunity/ resulted in the rapid

implementation of new programme.

2. ;g fdz;k ds ckn vkdj fdz;k ls izHkkfor Hkh gks ldrk gSA

Q. The election commission of India has made/ arrange

arrangement to ensure / peaceful polling in Bihar.

3. ;g fdz;k dk compliment Hkh gks ldrk gSA

e.g. It is truely ture / that India is/ the largest consumer / of

gold in the world.

4. ;g preposition dk object Hkh gks ldrk gSA

Q. Prince knew the / value of obedient obedience /too well

known / to anticipate some/ censure of his act.

5. ;g preposition ds igys jgdj preposition dk Lokeh Hkh cu ldrk gSA

Q. There was huge/ crowded crowd infront / of the actor’s

house / on his birthday.

6. ’S ds ckn Hkh noun vk,xkA

Q. The company’s decision to issue/ bonus shares kill yearly

indicates / management’s confident confidence about the

future.

7. ’S ds igys noun vk,xkA



Q. It was Indian’s India’s / victory that/ pleased me.

8. Article ds ckn Hkh noun vk,xkA

Q. The company is prepared/ to lend us the necessary

amount/ required for the / developing development of the

region.

9. Adjective + noun

Q. In spite of being a clear winner/ he was not given / the

best employ employee / of the year award.

10. No + noun

Q. We informed customers/ that there will be/ no

interrupting interruption in / our bank services tomorrow.

COMMON ERRORS IN NOUN

1. Noun ds :i esa study xyr gS lgh gS studies.

2. Noun ds :i esa look xyr gS lgh gS looks.

3. Noun ds :i esa remaining xyr gS lgh gS remainings.

4. Noun ds :i esa greeting xyr gS lgh gS greetings.

5. Noun ds :i esa surrounding xyr gS lgh gS surroundings.

Q. The beautiful/ surrounding surroundings of the / place

enchanted me/ very much.

6. Noun ds :i esa congratulation xyr gS lgh gS congratulations.

7. Noun ds :i esa regard xyr gS lgh gS regards.

8. Noun ds :i esa proceeding xyr gS lgh gS proceedings.

9. Noun ds :i esa order xyr gS lgh gS orders.

Q.The judge has passed/ the order orders that the / guilty

should be/ hanged till death.

10. Noun ds :i esa teaching xyr gS lgh gS teachings.

11. Noun ds :i esa earning xyr gS lgh gS earnings.

12. Noun ds :i esa inning xyr gS lgh gS innings.

13. Noun ds :i esa belonging xyr gS lgh gS belongings.

14. Noun ds :i esa ruin xyr gS lgh gS ruins.

Q. This palace with/ all its belonging belongings / were sold

at/ the auction.

15. Noun ds :i esa waste xyr gS lgh gS wastes.

16. Noun ds :i esa play xyr gS lgh gS plays.

17. Noun ds :i esa service xyr gS lgh gS services.

18. Noun ds :i esa bedding xyr gS lgh gS beddings.

19. Noun ds :i esa boarding xyr gS lgh gS boardings.

Q. The company offers/ a wide range of/ product and service

services / at reasonable price.

20. Noun ds :i esa sweet xyr gS lgh gS sweets.

21. Noun ds :i esa breakable xyr gS lgh gS breakables.

22. Noun ds :i esa valuable xyr gS lgh gS valuables.

23. Noun ds :i esa durable xyr gS lgh gS durables.

24. Noun ds :i esa essential xyr gS lgh gS essentials.

25. Noun ds :i esa vegetable xyr gS lgh gS vegetables.

Q. I have said/ the servant to bring/ fresh vegetable

vegetables /from nearby market.

26. Noun ds :i esa where about xyr gS lgh gS where abouts.

27. Noun ds :i esa error xyr gS lgh gS errors.

28. Family member xyr gS lgh gS the member of the family.

29. dz; ,oa ohdz; ;ksx; /kjrh ds :i esa ground xyr gS lgh gS a plot

of ground.

30. Noun ds :i esa adopt xyr gS lgh gS adoptation.

Q. The air line management should not/ gait ultimate

passenger and unfriendliness / is to have their plane crash /

due to the adopt adoptation of unsafe procedure.



31. Watch ds vHkhizk; theatre xyr gS lgh gS plays.

32. O;fDr ds :i esa typewriter xyr gS lgh gS typist.

33. oLrw ds :i esa typist xyr gS lgh gS typewriter.

34. Noun ds :i esa afterward xyr gS lgh gS afterwards.

Q. And afterward afterwards you went/ there alone in the

arcade / for a long while standing/ where he stood /

remembering the soft melodious voice.

35. Noun ds :i esa half pant xyr gS lgh gS shorts.

36. Noun ds :i esa sale representative xyr gS lgh gS sales

representative.

37. Noun ds :i esa ricket xyr gS lgh gS rickets.

38. yksx ds vHkhizk; esa peoples xyr gS lgh gS people.

39. ns”k ds :i esa people xyr gS lgh gS peoples.

Q. Many peoples were/ brought/ the safety / by the army /

from the floods hit area.

40. Noun ds :i esa companionship xyr gS lgh gS company.

41. Noun ds :i esa freeship xyr gS lgh gS free studentship.

42. England ds vfrjhDr dgh vkSj tUesa ijUrq vaxzsth Hkk’kk i<kusokyks ds

fy, English teacher xyr gS lgh gS teacher of English language.

43.Fire work xyr gS lgh gS fire works.

44. Noun ds :i esa wellness xyr gS lgh gS welfare.

Q. A miser would never/ spend so much money / on health

and wellness welfare / of the family as he does for the

business.

45. Speak truth xyr gS lgh gS speak the truth.

46. Tell lie xyr gS lgh gS tell a lie.

47. Arrear xyr gS lgh gS Arrears.

48. Measle xyr gS lgh gS measles.

49. Noun ds :i esa sign xyr gS lgh gS signature.

Q. The lawyer asked / the companionate / to put his / sign

signature on the paper.

50. Economical condition xyr gS lgh gS financial condition.

51. Noun ds :i esa fooding xyr gS lgh gS food.

52. Noun ds :i esa weddings xyr gS lgh gS wedding.

53. Noun ds :i esa perfumeries xyr gS lgh gS perfumery.

54. Try pack xyr gS lgh gS trial pack.

Q. The customers were asked to / give their feed back after/

using the try pack trial pack of the new detergent powder.

55. Noun ds :i esa fell xyr gS lgh gS fall.

Q. The monsoon showers and/ the fell fall in temperature

have brought smile/ on many faces.

56. Noun ds :i esa sympathies xyr gS lgh gS sympathy.

57. Noun ds :i esa vacations xyr gS lgh gS vacation.

58. None-productive xyr gS lgh gS un-productive.

Q. Organisations are / non-productive un-productive and do

not want/ to work hard.

59. Noun ds :i esa populations xyr gS lgh gS population.

Q. Most of the Indian/ populations population still lives /in its

village and thus the contribution of/ agriculture to India

economic/ becomes very important.

60. Noun ds :i esa meals xyr gS lgh gS meal.

Q. Meals meal will be / served to all guests / outside in the

terrace/ if the weather allows us.

61. Noun ds :i esa in details xyr gS lgh gS in detail.

Q. The community will discuss / the draft in details / and will

make a suggestion/ for the implementation of scheme.

62. Noun ds :i esa amounts xyr gS lgh gS amount.

Q. Certain amounts of stress/ at work is natural but/ it is

important that one learns/ to keep it in the right proportion.



63. Audiences xyr gS lgh gS audience.

Q. The award ceremony ended/ on a note of good cheer /

with audiences responding warmly/ to its line up of film.

64. Cross road xyr gS lgh gS cross roads.

Q. We come to a / halt at a cross road cross roads with/ heavy

traffic.

THE END OF THE CHAPTER NOUN

PRONOUN

Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun.

PRONOUN

PERSONAL DEMONSTRATIVE DISTRIBUTIVE INDEFINITE

INTERROGATIVE RELATIVE REFLEXIVE EMPHATIC

PERSONAL PRONOUN

oSls Pronoun tks dhlh noun ds cnys esa oh”kh’V :i ls iz;qDr gksrs gS

Personal pronoun dgykrs gSA

e.g. I MY/MINE ME

WE OUR/OURS US

YOU YOUR/YOURS YOU

HE HIS HIM

SHE HER/HERS HER

IT ITS IT

ONE ONES ONE

THEY THEIR/THEIRS THEM

N1-He dk iz;ksx iw:’k ds uke ds cnys esa rc djrs gS tc og ppkZ dk

oh’k; gks vkSj ,dopu gksA

Q. The patient lodged/ a complaint against / the doctor for/

its his negligence.

N2- She dk iz;ksx L=h ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og ppkZ dk oh’k; gks vkSj

,d opu gksA

Q. she closely resembles/ his her mother in facial / feature as

well as/ in completion.

N3- It dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds yh, rc djsaxaaas tc og vdsyk gks vkSj ppkZ dk

oh’k; gksA

Q. Planetarium with his its downed/ coiling and many

projections/ is capable of showing / position of the stars in

any season.

N4- It dk iz;ksx izkd`frd d`;kvks rFkk ?kVukvksa ds lkFk Hkh gksrk gSA

e.g. It is Monday.

It is raining.

N5- NksVs&NksVs cPpks ds yh, Hkh it dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Q. A child becomes familiar/ with his its mother’s touch / and

is glad to be picked by her / and held close to her body.

N6- cM+ks esa Hkh ml le; it yxsxk tc okD; dks vf/kd izHkko”kkyh cukuk

gksA

e.g. It is Modi who worked in a tea stall.

N7- It dk iz;ksx vUtkuks ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA

e.g. Who is it?

It is me.

N8- vizR;D{kks ds yh, Hkh It dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

e.g. I have seen the Taj.

It is very beautiful.

N9- ppkZ dk oh’k; ;nh cgwopu gks rks muds cnys esa They dk iz;ksx

djsaxsA

Q. To improve its their efficiency /all income tax officers / will

be provided with/ laptops by next year.



N10

- Who ds igys they dk iz;ksx ugh gksxk cnys esa those vk;sxkA

Q. The NGO provides/ free daily meal to them those / who

live below the poverty line in rural area.

N11

-;nh fHku& fHku izdkj ds personal pronoun ,d lkFk vk, rks vke

rkSj ij formula 231yxsxkA

Q. Ramesh, you and I You, Kundan and I will/ proceed on

journey tomorrow as it is an auspicious day / according to my

uncle.

N12

- ysdhu ;nh okD; esa iki fd ;kstuk vFkok izk;f”pr gks rks formula

123 yxsxkA

Q. You, he and I I, you and he / are responsible / for this/ vital

mistake.

N13

-lkjs personal pronoun ds vius vius lgk;d gS dksb fdlh esa gLr{ksi ugh djrk A

Q. One should be honest/ to his ones word/ in all situations.

N14

-ysdhu ;nh One dk eryc gks ,d rks mldh lsok esa he ifjokj yxsxkA

Q. One of you/ is not using/ones his mind/while solving the

problem.

N15

-tc HkhUk&Hkhu izdkj ds personal pronoun ,d lkFk vk, vkSj mlesa

1st

person Hkh ekStqn gks rks we ifjokj dh lgk;rk yh tk;sxhA

Q. You, Swapnil and I / are equal partner/ in my our leather/

business in India.

N16

- ;nh fHku&fHku izdkj ds personal pronoun ,d lkFk vk, ijUrw

mlesa 1st

person ekStwn uk gks rks 2nd

person rks jgsxk gh ,slh voLFkk esa

you ijhokj ls dke fy;k tk,xk A

e.g. You and he are doing your work. (N/E)

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

oSls “kCn tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj mls iznf”kZr djus dk dk;Z djrs gS

demonstrative pronoun dgykrs gSA

e.g. This, that, these, and those.

N1- This dk iz;ksx lehi ds oLrq ds fy, rc djrs gS tc og ,d opu

gksA e.g. I have a pen in my hand. This is new.

N2- This dk iz;ksx izR;D{kks ds yh, gksrk gSA e.g. This is my coaching.

N3- This dk iz;ksx ijhp; djokus ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA e.g. Meet him,

this is my new friend.

N4- That dk iz;ksx nwj ds oLrq ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og ,d gksA e.g.

Look at the star that is very bright.

N5- That dk iz;ksx igpku djokus ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA e.g. Look at the

man that is Rajeshwar Yadav.

N6- These dk iz;ksx lehi ds oLrq ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og cgwopu

gksA

Q. This These facts make it very clear/ that he had a hand/ in

the murder / though he still pleads innocence.

N7- Those dk iz;ksx nwj ds oLrq ds yh, rc djrs gS tc os ,d ls v/khd

gksA e.g. Look at the stars. Those are very bright.

N8- Comparative Degree esa singular noun dks iqjukor̀h ls cpkus

ds yh, that dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. According to expert/ the Indian banking system/ is better

than that of / every develop country.

N9- Comparative Degree esa plural noun dks iqjukor̀h ls cpkus ds

yh, those dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. There is no evidence / to show that information/

technology secrets are more/ vulnerable in India than those

of Britain and U.S.A. (N/E)

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN

Noun ds cnys esa vkdj mls ckV&CkkV dj ds vyx& vyx dj ds

nh[kykus okys pronoun dks distributive pronoun dgrs gSA

e.g. Each , either, neither, everyone.

N1- ;g singular gS singular verb ysrk gSSA

Q. Everybody know knows / that his failure can/ be attributed

only / to his lack of practice.



N2- ;nh buds rqjUr ckn dksb preposition vk, rks preposition ds ckn

vkus okyk noun ;k pronoun rks plural jgsxk ijUrw verb singular

jgsxkA

Q. Each of us except expects / that he is not capable / of

remaining under water/ for such a long time.

N3- ;nh bugs and ds }kjk tksM+ Hkh nh;k tk, rks Hkh ;s singular jgsxk

singular verb ysxkA

Q. Each and everyone / are is satisfied / with the decision / of

the jury.

N4- ;nh bugs lgk;rk dh vko”;drk iM+s rks izk;% he ijhokj dh lgk;rk

nsaxsaA

Q. Each of them along/ with their his families and pets/ is

going to Goa / for the summer vacation.

N5- ysdhu ;nh ;g LiLV gks tk, dh budk iz;ksx L=h ds fy, gks jgk gS

rc budh lsok esa she ifjokj yxk,asxsA

Q. Each of the participants / of women’s tennis championship

/ has arrived with/ their her tennis racket.

INDEFINITE PRONOUN

oSls “kCn tks vKkr ds cnys esa vkrsa gS vUtkus ds cnys esa vkrs gS

indefinite pronoun dgykrs gSA e.g. all, some, more, most,

enough etc.

N1- tc ;s uncountable noun ds cnys esa vkrs gS singular le>s tkrs

gS singular fdz;k ysrs gSA e.g. Enough is remaining in the cooker.

N2- ,slh voLFkk esa budh lsok esa it ifjokj yxsxkA e.g. Enoungh is

remaining in the cooker. You can take it.

N3-;nh budk iz;ksx countable noun ds cnys esa gks rks bUgs plural

le>dj plural verb nsaxsA e.g. All are learning English.

N4-,slh voLFkk esa budh lsok esa they ifjokj vk,xkA e.g. All are

learning English. I am teaching them.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj muds lanHkZ esa iz”u iwNus dk

dk;Z djrs gS interrogative pronoun dgykrs gSA

e.g. who, whose, whom, what, which, of which etc.

N1-;g okD; ds vkjaHk esa jgsxkA

N2-blds okD; ds var esa (\) jgsxkA

N3-bldk ghUnh vuwokn djus ij blds izFke v{kj ds :i esa v{kj (dk) dh

izkfIr gksxhA e.g. Who are you?

RELATIVE PRONOUN

oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj ;g n”kkZrk gS fd dhlh dk

dhlh ds lkFk laca/k gS rks mls relative pronoun dgrs gSA

e.g. that, what, who, whose, whom, which, of which.

N1-;g okD; ds e/; esa jgsxkA

N2- blds okD; ds var esa (.) jgsxkA

N3- bldk ghUnh vuwokn djus ij v>j (tks) dh izkfIr gksxhA e.g.The

boy who is sitting here is my student.

N4-Relative pronounml “kCn ds lehire jgsxk ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksA

Q. He has a wardrobe/ of wonderful canning and / which has

been in his/ family for generation.

N5-Relative pronoun ds ckn vkus okfy fdz;k ml “kCn ds vuwlkj jgsxh

ftlds fy, relative pronoun vkrk gSA

Q. He is one of the / best novelists that/ has have ever leaved

in /England/ in an 18th

century.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj ;g n”kkZrs gS dh dk;Z dk djus

okyk vius gh dk;Z ls Lo;a dks gh izHkkohr dj jgk gS reflexive

pronoun dgykrk gSA

e.g. myself, himself etc.

N1-lkjs personal pronoun ds vius&vius reflexive pronoun gksrs gS

dksb fdlh esa gLr>si ugh djrkA

Q. We can enhance/ development by improving/ woman

power by giving/ women the opportunity to develop oneself

themself.

N2-pwdh ;g izHkkohr gksrk gS blyh, bldk iz;ksx fdz;k ds ckn gksrk gSSA

e.g. I teach myself.



EMPHATIC PRONOUN

oSls pronoun tks noun ds cnys esa vkdj ;g n”kkZrk gS dh dk;Z dk djus okyk dk;Z rks Loa; dj jgk gS ijUrq izHkkohr dksb vU; gks jgk gS

emphatic pronoun dgykrk gSA

e.g. Myself, himself etc.

N1-;g fdz;k ds fBd igys jgsxkA e.g. I myself cook.

N2-u rks reflexive pronoun uk gh emphatic pronoun okD; ds

vkjaHk esa jgsxkA

Q. Myself Dikshit Raj. (x)

Lkgh gS I am Dikshit Raj.

CASE

1. okD; esa noun ;k pronoun ds voLFkk n”kkZus okys v/;k; dks case

dgrs gSA

2. voLFkk ds n`f’Vdks.k ls okD; esa noun ;k pronoun ds eq[;r% rhu :i

gksrs gSA (a) Subjective (b) Possessive (c) Objective

(a) Subjective Case – tc dHkh okD; esa noun ;k pronoun subject

dk dk;Z djrk gS rks mls subject okyh voLFkk vFkkZr subjective case esa le>k tkrk gSA

e.g. India is great.

I am learning English.

(b) Possessive Case – tc dHkh okD; esa noun ;k pronoun v/khdkj

vFkok laca/k crykrk gS rks mls v/khdkj okyh voLFkk vFkkZRk Possessive

case esa le>k tkrk gSA

e.g. Ram’s Auodhya.

The price of the pen.

My mobile.

(c) Objective Case – tc dHkh okD; esa noun ;k pronoun dhlh ds

dk;Z ls izHkkohr gksrk gS rks mls object okyh voLFkk vFkkZr Objective

case esa le>k tkrk gSA

e.g. The teacher teaches me.

I respect the teacher.

3. Pronoun ds rhuks case cus cuk;s gksrs gSA

e.g. I - my - me

4. Noun ds nks :i leku gksrs gSA

e.g. Ram (subject)loved Sita(object).

Sita(subject) loved Ram(object).

5.ijUrq noun ds possessive case cukus iM+rs gS ftuds nks fu;e gSA

(a) ;nh noun ltho gks rks lcls igys mldk uke fy[krs gS mlds ckn ’s

mlds ckn mldk uke ftl ij vf/kdkj n”kkZuk gksA

e.g. Lalu’s wife.

(b) ;nh noun fuftZo gks rks lcls igys The fy[krs gSa mlds ckn mldk

uke thl ij vf/kdkj n”kkZuk gks ml ds ckn of mlds ckn mldk uke ftldk v/khdkj n”kkZuk gksA

e.g. The key of the lock.

6. ;|ih fuftZo ds lkFk of yxrk gS ijUrw fuEufyf[kr voLFkkvks esa

’syxsxkA

(a) ;nh fuftZo cgwr cgwr oh”kky gksA

e.g. Ocean’s roar, Sun’s rays.

(b) ;nh fuftZo dsk c<k p<k dj n”kkZ;k x;k gksA

e.g. Jungle’s rule.

Court’s orders.

(c) ;nh fuftZo dsk ekuo ds :i esa izLrqRk dh;k x;k gS vFkkZr mldk ekufodju dj nh;k x;k gksA

e.g. Death’s hand.

(d) tc fuftZo ekid dk dk;Z djsA

Q. Having found guilty/ of the theft Sunny / was sentenced

to/ five year year’s imprisonment.

(e) fuEufyf[kr eqgkojks esa fufTkZo ds lkFk ’s yxrk gSA

(i) Cat’s paw pwids pwids

(ii)At arm’s length dks”kks nwj



(iii)At stone’s throw distance FkksM+h nqj ij

(iv)Heart’s contents th Hkj ds

(v) Bird’s eye view iSuh uhxkgks ls

(vi)Pen’s evil dye ls gwb Hkwy

(vii)Wit’s end cw+)h ls ckgj] vdy ls ckgj

(viii)Love’s labour’s lost ?kksj ?k`.kk

(ix)Fortune’s favourite HkkX; dk /kuh

Q. One who is/ the favourite of/ fortune fortune’s favourite is

the / favourite of all.

7. ;|ih ekuo ds lkFk ’s yxrk gS ijUrw fyEufyf[kr voLFkkvks esa of

yxsxkA

(a) ;nh ekuo dk v/khdkj uk crykdj laca/k crykus gskA

e.g. The Dhoom 3 is the picture of Amir Khan.

(b) tc adjective esa the yxkdj mlls tkfr Hkj dk cks/k djok;k tk,

rks og ltho gksus ds cktqn of ysxkA

e.g. The condition of the poor.

(c) Relative pronoun dks mlds Lokeh ds lehire cuk;s j[kus ds fy,

ge ltho ds lkFk of yxk;saxsA

e.g. I like Modi’s policy who is prime minister of India.(x)

lgh gS & I like the policy of Modi who is prime minister of

India.

(d) nks ckj ykxkrkj ’s ls cpus ds fy, ltho esa Hkh ,d ckj of yxsxkA

,slh voLFkk esa lcls igys the fy[krs gS mlds ckn mldk uke

tks lcls de egRoiw.kZ gks mlds ckn of mlds ckn lokZf/kZd

egRo thl esa ’s yxsxk mlds ckn f}fr; egRoiw.kZA

Q. My brother’s secretory’s / car driver The car driver of my

brother’s secratory is/ suffering from / cough and

cold.

8. Body rFkk one ls var gksus okys “kCn gS rks pronoun ijUrw noun ds

Hkkafr Lo;a subjective gS Lo;a objective gS vkSj blds

possessive case cukus iM+rs gSA tks ’s ds lgk;rk ls curs gSA

e.g. Someone is calling you.

I love someone.

Someone’s mobile is ringing.

9.ysdhu ;fn mijksDr ds rwjUr ckn else vk tk, rks ’smijksDr esa ugh

else esa yxsxkA

e.g. It is not my duity. It is someone else’s duity.

10. ;nh ,d lkFk db noun vk, vkSj lcdk vyx&vyx vf/kdkj gks lc

esa ’s yxsxkA

Q. The presiding officer demanded/ Jon Jon’s and Sohan’s /

identity card.

11. ;nh ,d lkFk db noun vk, vkSj mudk la;wDr vf/kdkj n”kkZuk gks rks

dsoy varhe okys esa ’s yxsxkA

Q. There is no/ money in Sohan’s Sohan and Mohan’s / joint

account.

12. oSls compound noun tks hyphen ds }kjk foHkDr gks vkSj ftudk

dksb u dksb va”k preposition gks ds vf/kdkj n”kkZus ds fy,

preposition ds ckn okys esa ’s yxsxkA

Q. He wants to share/ equal to that of his/ only brother-in-

law in/ father’s-in-law father-in-law’s property.

13. ;nh dhlh dsk plural cukus ds yh, s ;k es dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks

mlds vf/kdkj n”kkZus ds yh, plural cukus okys s ds mijkUr ’

yxsxkA e.g. Girls’ hostel.

14. ysdhu ;nh fdlh dks plural cukus ds yh, s ugh yxk;k x;k gks rks

vf/kdkj n”kkZus ds fy, ’s yxsxkA e.g. Women’s college.

15. ;nh noun dk vUr ghUnh ds fdlh Hkh izdkj ds l (“k]’k]l) ls gks rks

v/khdkj n”kkZus ds fy, dsoy ’ yxsxkA e.g. Ganesh’ papa.

16. Possessive case + v1 + ing.

Q. They insisted/on me my studying / there at /least for a

week.

17. ;nh okD; esa noun in apposition noun vk, rks ’s apposition esa vk,xkA



Q. The Buddhism was / at its zenith/ during Ashoka’s the

great Ashoka the great’s reign.

18. ;nh abbereviation esa ’s yxkuk gks rks vafre okys v{kj esa yxk;saxsA

e.g. M.L.A.’s flat.

19. If surname comes after main name ’s will come after

surname.

Q. Barak’s Obama Barak Obama’s policy/ is not different

from/ that of any other / president of America.

20. tc nks drkZ vius&vius dk;ksZ ls ,d nwljs dks izkHkkfor djs rks izHkkfor

gksus okys dks n”kkZus ds fy, each other yxsxkA

Q. Fishing and swimming / are two different / activities

independent / of one another each other.

21. tc nks subject vius&vius dk;ksZ ls ,d nwljs dks ugh cfYd ,d nwljs

ds vf/kdkj {ks=ks dks izHkkfor djs rks each other’s yxsxkA

e.g. Sonia and Bajpei criticise each other’s policy.

22.tc nks ls vf/kd drkZ ,d nwljs dks vius&vius dk;ksZ ls izHkkfor djs rks

one another dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. All the members / in the counsel / began shorting/ at each

other one another.

23. tc nks ls vf/kd dRkkZ vius&vius dk;ksZ ls ,d nwljs dks ugh cfYd ,d

nwljs ds vf/kdkj {ks=ks dks izHkkfor djs rks one another’sdk iz;ksx djsasxsA

Q. The four friends were/ very different from / one another

yet they / came to each other’s one another’s / aid

when required.

24. izkd`frd ?kVuk rFkk izkd`frd d`;kvks esa u rks of yxsxk u ’s .

e.g. Winter season, Summer season.

25. rwyuk cjkcjh okyh case esa gksxkA

(a) Subjective rqyuk subjective.

e.g. He is taller than I.

(b) Possessive rqyuk possessive.

e.g. My shoes are better than you. (x)

lgh gS My shoes are better than those of yours.

(c) objective rqyuk objective.

e.g. The teacher scolds me more than he him.

26. S+V

Q. Them They were very / disciplined and qite / when the

new teacher/ intered the class room.

27. V+O

Q. The business lobby wanted/ he him to take over/ as the

new chair man/ of their coveted board.

28. Let+O+ V

e.g. Let me go.

29. Preposition+objective case.

Q. He walked to the market/ with two servents / on either

side of his him/ to help him by things.

30. Like+o.

e.g. You are an Indian like me.

31. as + s + v

e.g. I am Indian as you are.

USES OF PRONOUN

1. Either- nks esa ls fdlh ,d dh ckr djus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

e.g. Either of Ram and Ravana was defeated.

2. Any one- nsk ls vf/kd esa ls fdlh ,d dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q.Have you gone through/ either any one of three/ chapters

that have been included in this volume.

3. Neither- bldk iz;ksx nks esa ls dksb ugh dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksxkA



Q. He is a professor / but of his/ three sons neither no one /

has any merit.

4. None or No one – bldk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd es ls dksb ugh dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. The judge was convinced that neither no one / of five

accused / was guilty of murder.

5.Both- nks esa ls lc es lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksxkA

e.g. Both of Ram and Ravana were strong.

6. All - nks ls v/khd esa ls lc ds lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksxkA

e.g. All of us are Indian.

7. Each- bldk iz;ksx Hkh nsk ds chp esa gksrk gS ijUrw rc tc lc dsk

vyx&vyx djds n”kkZuk gskA e.g. Each of Bajpei and Manmohan

has ruled India.

8. Everyone- bldk iz;ksx nks ls v/khd ds chp essa izR;sd dks vyx&vyx djds n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. All Everyone witness of yesterday’s / accident has been /

questioned separately / by the police.

9. One- bldk i;ksx iR;sd ds vfHkizk; esa rc djrs gS tc mins”k nsuk

gksA e.g. One should keep one’s words.

10. Some one – bldk iz;ksx vKkr ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og lkeus

gksA e.g. Some one is making a noise.

11. Absent, present, enjoy, avail, adopt, adapt ds lkFk reflexive

pronoun vo”; vk,xkA

Q. Instead of laying off / the workers the company/ decided

to ask them/ to avail themselves voluntary retire. (N/E)

12. Sleep, sit, laugh, beep, go, bath, stand rFkk swim ds LkkFk

reflexive pronoun ugh yxsxkA

I laugh myself. (x)

Lkgh gS I laugh.

13. Who dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys esa iz”u iqNus ds yh, rc djsaxs tc og

ppkZ dk oh’k; gksAe.g. Ashoka was great.

Who was great?

14. Who dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys esa rc Hkh djsaxs tc og dk;Z dk djus

okyk gksA e.g. Who abused you?

15. Whose dk iz;ksx ekuo ds vf/kdkjks ds lanHkZ esa iz”u iqNus ds yh,

gksrk gSA e.g. Laxman was Ram’s brother.

Whose borther was Laxman.

16. Whom dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys es rc djrs gS tc og fdlh ds dk;Z

ls izHkkohr gksA e.g. Whom do you love most?

I love my mother most.

17. What dk iz;ksx fufTkZo ds yh, rc djrs gS tc og ppkZ dk oh’k; gksA

e.g. Water is precious.

What is precious?

18. What dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds cnys es rc Hkh djrs gS tc og dk;Z dk

djus okyk gksA e.g. Rain has disturbed us.

What has disturbed us?

19. Of which dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds laca/kks ds lanHkZ esa iz”u iwNus ds yh,

gksrk gSA Of which switch is not working?

20. What dk iz;ksx fuftZo ds cnys esa rc Hkh djasxs tc og fdlh ds dk;Z

ls izHkkohr gksA e.g. I am learning English.

What are you learning?

21. Which dk iz;ksx fuftZo rFkk lfto nksuks ds ckjs esa iz”u iwNus ds fy, rc djrs gS tc p;u Hkh n”kkZ;k gksA

Q. The master did not know who which of the servents/ broke

his jug/ in his absence.

22. lgk;d dzh;k ls vkjaHk gksus okys iz”ukRed okD;ks dks ;nh vko”;drk

iM+h rks that ysaxsA e.g. Is there any student that could

understand me?

23. Wh ls vkjaHk gksus okys iz”ukRed okD;ks dks ;nh vko”;drk iM+s that

ysaxsA e.g. Who is there that does not know Gandhiji.

24. One + of + p.c.n + that

Q. This is one of the / companies who that have/ done well

for/ the past two years.



25. One/ body / thing + that

e.g. Is there any body that has any problem.

26. Indefinite pronoun + that

e.g. All that glitters is not gold.

27. ;nh ltho vkSj fuftZo ,d lkFk vk, vkSj mUgs relative pronoun dh

vko”;drk iM+s rks os that ysaxsaA

Q. The man and his dog/ who that were missing/ have been

found / safe and secured.

28. Such ds lkFk that dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc voLFkk ] frczrk ;k xfrf”kyrk n”kkZuh gksA

Q. The tea estate administrator is in/ such a mess that there /

is no leader to / set the thing right.

29. So ds lkFk that dk iz;ksx rc djsasxs tc yD{k n”kZkuk gksA

Q. The passage was / so difficult that I could / not

comprehensed it in/ the first reading.

30. Same ds lkFk that dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc igys okyk gh ekStwn gksA

Q. This is the same/ ice-cream vendor/ which that sold ice-

creams/ when I was a kid.

31. Who dk iz;ksx relative pronoun ds :i esa ekuo ds cnys esa rc

djrs gS tc og okD; dk subject gksA

Q. If the by stander had not been/ with first aid technique /

the driver which who had mate/ with the accident would

have died.

32. Whose dk iz;ksx ekuo ds cnys es rc djrs gS tc muds v/khdkj n”kkZus gksA

Q. This is the man/ who whose advice is/ very difficult to/

follow for anyone.

33. Whom dk iz;ksx relative pronoun ds :i esa rc djrs gS tc ckr

ekuo dh gks vkSj og okD; dk object gksA

Q. I know who whom this job should / be entrusted to/ for

small handling.

34. What dk iz;ksx relative pronoun ds :i es izk;% vkjaHk esa vkSj

dHkh&dHkh e/; esa gksrk gS clRksZ okD; esa antecedent ugh gksA

Q. Even after hearing the leader / for a long time the /

follower could not make out/ which what he was talking

about.

35. Of Which dk iz;ksx ftldk ds vfHkizk; esa fuftZoks ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. Bhutan is a beautiful / country of which almost/ 80% of the

/ population live in the villages.

36. Body / one = He group

e.g. Somebody has not completed his work.

37. Thing ls vUr gksus okys “kCn dks ;nh vko”;drk iM+h rks it ijhokj dh

lgk;rk ysaxsA e.g. Something is burning save it.

38. tc distributive collective noun vkil esa ,der gks rks mldh

lsok esa it ijhokj yxsxkA

Q. Although the advisery commission/on Central America has

completed / their its report that addresses the/ political

tension in that area is not easing.

39. tc distributive collective noun vkil esas cV tk, rks mudh lsok

essa they ijhokj yxsxkA

Q. The committee / left its their seats/ after deciding the

matter.

40.The + adjective + no noun = they group

e.g. The poor are facing their problem.

41. The + adjective + noun = Pronoun according to noun.

e.g. The black dog is eating its food.

42. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd adjective vk, ijUrw article dsoy

,d gks rks mUgs singular le>dj singular pronoun nsaxsA

e.g. A black and white dog is eating its food.

43. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd adjective vk, vkSj article Hkh ,d ls

vf/kd gks rks subject dks plural le>dj plural pronoun nsaxsA e.g. A

black and a white dogs are eating their food.



44. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd in gks ijUrw article dsoy ,d gks rks

mUgs singular le>dj singular pronoun nsaxsA

e.g. The Prime minister and M.P. of Varanashi has cancelled

his programme.

45. ;nh ,d okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd in vk, vkSj lcdks article izkIr gks rks

subject dks Plural le>dj plural pronoun miyC/k djk;saxsA e.g. The

Prime minister and the railway minister have cancelled their

tour.

46. And ds }kjk tqM+s nsk “kCnks es pronoun plural vk,xkA

Q. India and America / have mutually decided / to counter

global terrorism / as her their common problem.

47. It + A.V + subjective case

Q. It was me I who/ was responsible for/ making all the

arrangements/ for the successful completion of his studies.

48. My, your etc. dHkh noun ds fcuk ugh vkrk ;g tc vkrk gS noun

ds lkFk vkrk gS vkSj noun ds ck;h vksj vkrk gSA

e.g. My book is new.

This is my book.

49. Mine, ours etc. Noun ds absence esa vkrs gS blfy, tkgk pkgrs gS ogk jgrs gSA

Q. My book is the new one .......... is the torn one.

(a) your (b) the book of your (c) yours (d) the book of yours

50. One dk iz;ksx singular noun ds cnys esa okyk ds vHkhizk; es noun

dks iqjukor̀h ls cpkus ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. There are two bottles in the freeze bring the green one.

51. Ones dk iz;ksx plural noun dks iwjukorh ls cpkus ds yh, rc djrs gS tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks okys vFkok okyksA

e.g. I have many books in my library. I shall give you old ones.

52. Pronoun dks Hkh O;FkZ esa nksgjk;k ugh tk,xkA

Q. He being/ a house holder/ he is entitled / to vote in this

election.

ADJECTIVE

It adds something to the meaning of noun or pronoun.

ADJECTIVE

PROPER DEMONSTRATIVE DISTRIBUTIVE POSSESSIVE

INTERROGATIVE OF QUANTITY OF NUMBER OF QUALITY

PROPER ADJECTIVE

oSls adjective ftldk fuekZu Proper noun ls gksrk gS Proper

adjective dgykrk gSA

N1- bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, izz;wDr gksrk gSA

N2- bldk izFke v>j capital gksxkA

N3- blds lkFk the vk,xkA

e.g. The Indian farmer etc.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE

oSls “kCn tks Noun ds lkFk jgdj mUgs iznf”kZr djus dk dk;Z djrs gS

Demonstative adjective dgykrs gSA

e.g. This, that, these, these, those.

N1- ;s ml “kCn ds igys jgrs gS ftuds yh, iz;wDr gksrs gSA

N2- This rFkk that ds lkFk vkus okyk noun singular jgrk gSA

Q. This questions forces us to / face the unpleasent truth

that/ the policies of social justice have reached a dead end.

N3- These rFkk those ds lkFk vkusokyk noun plural gksxkA

Q. These kind kinds of problem/ are not being asked now a

days.

DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE



oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj mUgs vyx& vyx djds]

ckV&ckV djds n”kkZrs gS distributive adjective dgykrs gSA

e.g. Each, either, neither, every.

N1- ;s Hkh ml “kCn ds igys jgsxk ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksxkA

N2- blds lkFk vkusokyk noun singularjgsxkA

Q. In his opinion every senior citizens/ will benefit from/ the

new rule.

N3- blds lkFk vkus okyk verb singular jgsXkkA

Q. Each participant are is / expected to be present/ at least an

hour/ before the competation.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj ml ij fdlh dk v/khdkj n”kkZrs

gS possessive adjective dgykrs gSA

e.g. My, your etc.

N1- bldk iz;ksx ml “kcn ds igys gksxk ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksA

e.g. My mobile.

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj noun ds vFkZ esa o`f/k djrs gw,

iz”u iqNus dk dk;Z djrs gS interrogative adjective dgykrs gSA

e.g. What, which, whose etc.

N1- bldk iz;ksx Hkh ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk gSA

e.g. Which season do you like most?

ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY

oSls adjective tks noun ds lkFk jgdj noun dh ek=k crykrs gS

adjective of quantity dgykrs gSA

e.g. Some, little, much, less etc.

N1- bl “kCn dk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk

gSA

N2- blds lkFk vkus okyk noun uncountable rFkk verb singular

jgsxkA

e.g. Much milk was boiled over.

ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER

Tkc vadks dk iz;ksx noun ;k pronoun ds vFkZ esa o`/kh djus ds yh, gksrk

gS rks mls adjective of number dgrs gSA

e.g. Three pencils. The third umpire.

ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER

CARDINAL ADJ. OF NO. ORDINAL ADJ. OF NO.

(a) tc vadks dk iz;ksx noun ;k pronoun ds lkFk mudh la[;k crykus ds yh, gksrk gS rks mls cardinal adj. of number dgrs gSA

(a) tc dHkh vadks dk iz;ksx noun

;k pronoun ds lkFk muds LFkku dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS muds egrrk dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS rks mls ordinal adj. of number dgrs gSA

(b) budk iz;ksx buds Lokeh d igys gksrk gSA

(b) budk iz;ksx Hkh buds Lokeh d igys gksrk gSA

(c) One dks NksM+dj ;s lc plural

gSA e.g. One chair.

Eleven chairs.

(c);s lnSo singular gSA

(d) blds igys dksb article ugh yxsxkA e.g. One chair.

Eleven chairs.

(d) blds igys the yxsXkkA e.g. The tenth chair.

N1- ;nh nksuks izdkj ds adjective of number ,d lkFk vk;s rks lcls

igys the jgsxk mlds ckn ordinal adjective of number mlds ckn

cardinal adjective of number mlds ckn buds LokehA

Q. The three first first three installments / of the rent will be

taken in advance because it is/ the policy of the company.

ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY

oSls “kCn tks noun ds lkFk jgdj noun ds xq.k ;k nks’k dks n”kkZrs gS

adjective of quality dgykrs gSA

e.g. Good girl. New chapter. etc.

N1- ;g vius Lokeh ds igys Hkh vk ldrk gS vkSj ckn esa HkhA

e.g. Bad performance.

Performance was bad.



ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY

DEGREE

POSITIVE COMPERATIVE SUPERLATIVE

N1- Noun ;k pronoun ds xq.k ;k nks’k dh ek=k crykus okys v/;k; dks

degree dgrs gSA

N2- ek=k ds fopkj ls adjective fru voLFkkvks eass ik;s tkrs gSA

(a)Positive (b) Comperative (c) Superlative

(a) Positive degree- tc dhlh ds xw.k ;k nks’k dks lk/kkju <+ax ls O;Dr

djrs gS rks mls positive degree esa le>k tkrk gSA

e.g. Young, good etc.

(b) Comperative degree – tc dhlh ds xq.k ;k nks’k dks dhlh ds xw.k

;k nks’k ls rqyuk djokdj O;Dr djrs gS rks mls comperative degree esa le>k tkrk gSaA

e.g. Better than, younger than etc.

(c) Superlative Degree - tc dhlh ds xw.k ;k nks’k dks ,ruk c<+k p<+k

nh;k tk, dh og loksZre vFkok fuEure cu tk, rks mls superlative

degree esa le>k tkrk gSA e.g. The best, the youngest etc.

N3- tUe ds ohpkj ls adjective of quality izk;% positive degree esa

jgrs gS buds comperative rFkk superlative degree cukus iM+rs gSaA

N4- vke rkSj ij positive degree ds vUr esa er yxkdj comperative

rFkk est yxkdj superlative cukrs gS comperative ds ckn than vkSj

superlative ds igys the yxkrs gSA

Young younger than the youngest

Tall taller than the tallest

Long longer than the longest

Small smaller than the smallest

N5- ysdhu ;nh fdlh ds var esa e igys ls ekStqn gks rks r yxkdj

comperative vkSj st yxkdj superlative cukrs gS than rFkk the

;FkkLFkku jgsxkA

e.g. true truer than the truest

nice nicer than the nicest

large larger than the largest

fine finer than the finest

6. thl “kCn ds vUr esa y gks y ds igys vowel gks rks er vFkok est ls dke

py tkrk gS] than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgrs gSA

e.g. gray grayer than the grayest

gay gayer than the gayest

7. ysdhu ;nh “kCn ds vUr esa y gks vkSj y ds igys consonant gks rks y dks

gVk nsrs gS cnys es ier vFkok iest yxkrs gS than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgsxkA

e.g. dirty dirtier than the dirtiest

heavy heavier than the heaviest

lovely lovelier than the loveliest

beasy beasier than the beasiest

8. ;nh “kCn cgwr NksVk gks] mldk vafre v{kj consonant gks]

consonant ds Bhd igys vowel gks vkSj mPpkj.k djrs le; varhe v{kj

ij tksM+ iM+rk gks rks varhe v{kj dks double dj nsrs gS er rFkk est than

rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgsxkA

e.g. big bigger than the biggest

fit fitter than the fittest

thin thinner than the thinnest

fat fatter than the fattest

sad sadder than the saddest

9. nks ;k nks ls vf/kd syllable okys “kCnks ds degree cukus ds fy, muds

igys more vFkok most yxsxk than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgsxsaA

e.g. handsome more handsome most handsome

stupid more stupid most stupid

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

difficult more difficult most difficult



10. dqN adjective ,sls gS ftuds degree vleku :i ls curs gSA

e.g. good better than the best

well better than the best

much more than the most

many more than the most

far farther than the farthest

bad worse than the worst

little less than the least

11. Compound adjective ds degree cukus ds yh, eqy adjective dk

degree cuk;k tkrk gS than rFkk the ;FkkLFkku jgrs gSA

e.g. well-known better known than the best known

hard-working harder working than the hardest working

good-natured better natured than the best natured

able-bodied abler bodied than the ablest bodied

cuel-minded more cruel minded than the most cruel minded

12. dwN ,sls “kCn gS ftuds lkFk comperative drgree esa than ds LFkku

ij do yxrk gSA

Q. He is junior/ than do the team/ leader by only/ a few

months.

13. tc ckr ,d dh gks rks positive degree dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

e.g. Ram was a handsome man.

14.;nh ckr nks dh gks rks comparative degree dk iz;ksx djsasxsA

Q.Our conclusion is/ that between Vinayak and Lalu

Vinayak/is the best better.

15. ;nh ckr nsk ls vf/kd dh gks rks superlative degree dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q.A young man was standing/ on the road proclaiming / that

he had the more most / beautiful car in the whole world.

16. ;nh ,d lkFk ,d ls v/khd xq.k ;k nks’k vk, rks lc ds lc dhlh ,d

gh degree esa jgsaxsA

Q. He is the most/ intelligent and also/ the very most talented

/ student of the college.

17. ;nh ,d lkFk db positive degree vk, rks dsoy izFke esa a/an

yxssxkA

e.g. Ram was a tall and handsome man.

18. ;nh ,d lkFk db comperative degree vk, rks dsoy vafre okys esa

than yxsxkA

e.g. Ram was taller and more handsome than Laxman.

19. ;nh ,d lkFk db superlative degree vk, rks dsoy izFke esa the

yxsxkA

e.g. Ram was the tallest and most handsome man.

20. ;nh ,d lkFk db positive degree vk, rks vkdkj esa NksVk igys vkSj cM+k ckn esa jgsxkA

e.g. India is rich and greatest country.

21. ;nh ,d lkFk db comperative vk, rks er fufeZr igys jgsxk more

fufeZr ckn esaA

e.g. Ram was taller and more handsome than Laxman.

22. ;nh ,d lkFk db superlative degree vk, rks est fufeZr igys

jgsxk most fufeZr ckn esaA

e.g. Kabita was the tallest and most beautiful woman.

23. tgk&tgk est yxkus ls superlative cu tkrk gks ogk most yxkuk xyr gSA

Q. Sacrates had many / disciples and the / most great

greatest of / them was plato.

24. est rFkk most ,d gh adjective esa ,d lkFk ugh vk ldrsA

Q. The rescent election compaign/ has been ore of/ the most/

noisest compaign/ in the last decade.

25. tgk&tgk er yxkus ls comparative cu tkrk gks ogk more yxkuk xyr gSA



Q. The wheather is/ much more warm warmer/ than it was/ a

few days ago.

26. ysdhu ;nh ,d gh oLrq ds xw.k ;k nks’k dh rwyuk Lo;a mlh ds xq.k ;k

nks’k ls dh tk, rks tgk er yx ldrk Fkk ogk more yxk;k tk,xkA

e.g. He is taller than his age. (x)

lgh gS He is more tall than his age.

27. ,d gh adjective ds lsok esa er rFkk more ,d lkFk ugh vk,xk A

Q. It is more better/ if one of the parents/ stays at home / to

look after the child.

28. Any, other, else dk iz;ksx superlative degree esa ugh gksrkA

Q. There is no argument/ against the fact/ that humans are

the/ most intelligent / of all other species.

29. ijUrq budk iz;ksx comparative degree esa gks ldrk gSA tc budk

iz;ksx comparative degree esa gksxk rks any other ,d lkFk vk,xk ,slh

voLFkk esa noun singular jgsxkA

Q. Swift was more savage/ than any other satirist / though he

was a / great writer of prose.

30. Any ds cnys esa other ds lkFk all Hkh vk ldsxk ,slh voLFkk esa

vkusokyk noun plural jgsxkA

Q. The Nile is said/ to be longer / than all other rivers in/ the

estern / hemisphere.

31. else dk iz;ksx Hkh comperative degree esa gksxk ijUrq thing, one,

body ls vUr gksus okys “kCn ds cknA

Q. Rita was smarter / than any body else / in the class.

32. tc fdlh dh voLFkk esa mUUfr ;k vourh n”kkZuh gks rks comparative

degree dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. With a fresh/ coat of paint/ the school can/ look much nice

nicer.

33. tc dhlh ds voLFkk esa yxkrkj mUufr ;k vourh n”kkuhZ gks rks Hkh

comparative degree dk iz;ksx djsaA

Q. The day is getting/ hot hotter and hotter/ in every part of

the world.

34. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd fdlh esa dksb xw.k ;k nks’k ftruh ek=k esa c<+ jgk

gS vU; esa Hkh og mrus gh ek=k esa c<+ jgk gS rks nks ckj comparative

degree dk iz;ksx djasxs vkSj nksuks esa the yxk,saxsA

Q. The greater the demand/ higher the price.

(a) high (b) the high (c) the higher (d) no improvement

35. Later rFkk former ds lkFk Hkh the yxsxkA

e.g. I like the former chapter.

36. Comparatively+Positive degree

Q. The rate of metabolism / of a body is comparatively lowest

low when it is at rest.

37. Relatively + Positive degree

Q. At this juncture / we are living / in a relatively /better good

condition than/ that of our ansestors.

38. Rather+comparative degree

Q. The performance / of players was/ rather worst worse /

than I had expected.

39. As+ positive degree+ as dk iz;ksx rqyuk ds lkFk&lkFk lekurk n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA

Q. Mohan walked as faster fast/ as he could not/ miss the

train.

40. As + positive degree+ as ds lkFk if vk, rks vk ldrk gS ijUrq as

ds LFkku ij ugh cfYd nks as ds vrhjhDrA

Q. Changu is as tall if not taller thean chanchu.

(a) As tall as if not taller to

(b) So tall as if not taller than

(c) AS tall as if not taller than

(d) No improvement

41. Five times, seven times etc. + comparative degree.

e.g. India is hundred times stronger than Pakistan.



42. Unique, universal, ideal, square, chief, impossible, wrong,

perfect rFkk dead Lo;a superlative gS bldk u rks dksb degree cusxk

uk gh blesa the yxsxkA

Q. All know that Sarita is the most/ unique speaker/ of her

class.

43. One+ of+ the+ s.d+ p.c.n+that+p.v.

Q. The India stock market/ is one of the worse worst

/performing stock markets/ in recent time.

44. Perfer+to

Q. And finally when/ the time came to / part Paul and

Gasper/ preferred death than to separation.

45. Preferable+ to

Q. He has scheme /of his own which/ he thinks preferable

than to / that of any other persons.

46. A few, fewer than, the fewest dk iz;ksx countable noun ds

lkFk la[;k n”kkZus ds yh, dze”k% positive, comparative rFkk

superlative degree esa gksrk gSA

Q. No less fewer than / 60 students / were present/ in today’s

class.

47. A little, less than, the least dk iz;ksx uncountable noun ds

lkFk ek=k n”kkZus ds yh, dze”k% positive degree, comparative

degree rFkk superlative degree esa gksrk gSA

Q. The effect of / this medicine is/ fewer less than / that of

that medicine.

48. Exceed is itself a comparative degree so it will take

neither more nor than.

Q. The short stories/ should not exceed / more than two

hundred words / in any situation.

ADJECTIVE

ARTICLE

Article is itself a kind of adjective which is used before a noun

to make it definite or indefinite.

ARTICLE

INDEFINITE DEFINITE

A/AN THE

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

N1-vfuf”prks] vUtkuks rFkk vifjfprks ds lkFk a/an yxsxkA

e.g. A boy is calling you.

N2- izfr uked “kCn ds :ikUrj esa a/an yxsxkA

e.g. Sixty km an hour.

N3- tc abbreviation ds izR;sd v{kj dk mPpkj.k vyx&vyx gks rks

mlds igys a/an yxsxkA

e.g. A B.A.

An M.A.

N4- fdlh oLrq ;k O;fDr dks ,d gksus ds n”kkZus ds fy, a/an yxrk gSA

Q. According to one a survey/ only those forests which were /

not under village management / succumbed to files.

N5- tc fdlh dh ppkZ igyh ckj gks rks mlds igys a/an yxsxkA

e.g. The postman has just put a letter under the door.

N6- Adjective of quality ds igys rc a/an yxsxk tc og fdlh dk

futh ekeyk gksA

e.g. Ram is a good boy.

N7-Adjective of category ds igys a/an yxsxkA

e.g. 1942 a love story.

N8- Adjective of purpose ds igys a/an yxsxkA

e.g. A face cream.

N9- Adjective of age ds igys a/an yxsxkA

e.g. A young lady. An old man. etc.



N10

-Material noun ls fufeZr ds igys a/an yxsxkA

e.g. A gold medal.

N11

-Common noun ls uhfeZr adjective ds igys a/an yxsxkA

e.g. A village doctor.

N12

-What/ how/ such dk iz;ksx tc vk”p;Z O;Dr djus ds fy, gks rks

buds rwjUr ckn a/an yxsxkA

e.g. What a joke!

N13

- tc too, this, that, so dk iz;ksx vk”p;Z O;Dr djus ds fy, gks rks

mlds rqjUr ckn adjective vk,xk vkSj adjective ds ckn a/an.

e.g. So dark a night.

N14

-tc number of dk vfHkizk; gks cgwr rks mlds igys a yxsxkA

e.g. A number of students are labourious.

N15

- tc little dk vHkhizk; gks ,ruh ek=k ftldh dksb egrrk gks rks mlds

igys a yxsxkA

e.g. Everyone has a little sense.

N16

- Few ds lkFk a rc yxrk gS tc la[;k ,rfu gks dh mldk dksb egRo gksA

Q. The doctor advised him to rest for.......... days.

(a) few (b) a few (c) the few (d) fewer

USES OF THE

1.fuf”prks ds lkFk the dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Q. I know a the doctor/ you are/ refering to.

2.tc abbreviation ds iR;sd v{kj dk mPpkj.k la;qDr :i ls gks rks

mlds igys the yxsaxkA

e.g. The BRICK

3.tc adjective of quality ls leLr tkfr Hkj dk cks/k gks rks mlds igys

the yxkskA

e.g. The black are poor.

4.tc number dk vFkZ gks fd la[;k rks blds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. The number of the girl in this class room is 51.

5.Few ds lkFk the dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc gekjk vfHkizk; gkss (tkss FkksMk

gS lc) vFkok (tks FkksMk Fkk lc)l

e.g. I have spent the few rupees my father had sent.

6. Little ds lkFk the dk iz;ksx rc gksxk tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks (tks Fksss skMk

gS lc )vFkok (tks FkskMk Fkk lc )l

e.g. I have taken the little tea there was in the pot.

7.tc fdlh dh ppkZ nksckjk fd tk, rks mlds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. I have received a letter. The letter is from State Bank.

8.in ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The major.

9.lsuk ds lkjs vaxks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The airforce etc.

10. lkjs committee ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The Nanawati commission.

11. lkjs Dyc ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The rotract club.

12.;nh R;ksgkjsk ds uke ds rqjUr ckn holiday tqM+k gks rks mlds igys the

yxsxkA

e.g. The Durgapuaja holiday.

13. Lkjdkj ds lkjs vaxks ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. The judiciary etc.

14.“kjhj ds lkjs vaxksa ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The nose, The eyes etc.

15.oSls oLrw ftldk tksM+ dgh vkSj ugh gks ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The Taj Mahal, The Titanic etc.

16. lkjs vfo’dkjsk ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA



e.g. The watch, the pen etc.

17. lkjs ?kVukvks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The Gulf war

The green revolution

18. Czkgek.M ds vaxks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

Q. every morning/ the sun rises/ in the east.

19.lkjs nh”kkvks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The east, the west.

20.lkjs miU;kl] ukVd] /kkjkokfgd rFkk flusek ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. The Godan, The Meghduttam, The Santi, The Three Ediot.

etc.

21. lkjs lafxr ;a=ks ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. The harmonium, The flute etc.

22. lkjs lkekpkj i=ks rFkk if=dkvks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The Aaj etc.

23. lkjs u”yks ] /keksZ] tkrh;kas rFkk mitkfr;kas ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The Aryan, The Hindus, The Yadav, The Tirpathi etc.

24.lkjs laLFkkuks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSal

e.g. The Red Cross Society etc.

25.HkkSxksfyd n`f’Vdks.k ls egRoiq.kZ LFkkuks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

Q. The Ganga is the longest/ river in India.

26. Lkkjs jktfufrd nyks ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The Congress, the BJP etc.

27.Village, Mullaha, city, town, district, state, country,

continent etc. ;nh Lo;a fy[ks gks rks mlds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The village is clean. The town is dirty. etc.

28. ;fn xkWo] ewgYyk] “kgj] jkT; rFkk ns”k ds uke ls mlds vanj dk dksb

xw.k >yds rks mlds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. The Punjab, The Scotland etc.

29. Lkkjs jkT;oa”kks rFkk jkT;?kjkuk ds uke ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The Mughal Empire etc.

30.Lkkjs ty;kuks ] jsy;kuks rFkk ok;w;kuks ds uke ds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. The Magadh express, The Kaniska,The TS Chanakya etc.

31. ;nh O;fDr ds uke ds igys dksb adjective vk, rks mlds igys the

yxssxkA

e.g. The late Ram Bhawan Singh.

32. ;nh ekSle ds uke ds lkFk season tqM+k gsk rks mlds igys the

yxsxkA

e.g. With every passing/ day it is becoming hotter and hotter/

to tolerate during the summer season this year.

33. miuke ;nh vdsyk vk, rks muds igys the yxsxkA

e.g. The Sinha, The Yadav etc.

34. Measles rFkk Pimples ds igys the yxrk gSA

e.g. The meascles is dangerous.

OMISSION OF ARTICLE

1. Few ds lkFk ml le; dksb article ugh yxsxk tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks uxU; la[;k esaA

e.g. Few leaders are honest.

2. Little ds lkFk ml le; dksb article ugh yxsxk] tc gekjk vfHkizzk; gks uxU; ek=k esaA

e.g. You have little sense.

3. [ksy ds uke ds igys article ugh yxrkA

e.g. football, cricket etc.

4. ekSle ds uke ds igys article ugh yxrkA

e.g. Spring is the best season.



5. Declear, appoint, crown, elect, slect, become, make ds ckn

vkusokyk in the ugh ysrkA

e.g. I made him a Caption.

6. Society ds igys ik;% the ugh yxrk gSA

e.g. We live in society.

7. ’s ds ckn vkus okyk “kCn article ls oaphr gsk tkrk gSA

e.g. Mohan’s mobile.

8. Possessive adjective ds ckn vkus okyk “kCn article ls oaphr gks tkrk gSA

Q. Jourge had already /submitted his the / document even

before you asked for it.

9. Demonstrative adjective ds ckn vkusokyk “kCn article ugh ysxkA

e.g. This boy.

10. Distributive adjective ds ckn vkus okyk “kCn article ugh ysxkA

e.g. Each girl.

11. Man, woman, mankind, father, mother, unique, universal,

huminity, God ds igys the ugh yxrkA

e.g. God is anywhere.

12. Heaven, heal rFkk paradise ds igys izk;% article ugh yxrk gSA

e.g. He believe in heaven and heal.

13. >qB ewB ;k cukoVh tkrh ds uke ds igys the ugh yxrkA

e.g. Gandhi Ji was/ the Christan/ in his dealing.

14. School, college, church, hospital, court, market, house,

bed, home, jail, prison ds igys rc rd article ugh yxsxk tc rd budk iz;ksx ml dke ds yh, gks ftlds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

e.g. I am going to college to attend the class.

15. ;nh what ds ckn kind ;k short vk, rks buds lkFk dksb article

ugh yxsxkA

e.g. What kind of person you are?

16. Hkk’kk ds uke ds igys izk;% article ugh yxrkA

e.g. English is difficult.

17. tc common noun proper noun ds Bhd igys vk, rks mlds

igys article ugh yxsxkA

e.g. Queen Elizabeth.

18. v/;u ds fo’k; ds igys izk;% article ugh yxrk gSA

Q. The renaissance was a time to reawakening/ in both the

arts.

USE OF ADJECTIVE

1. FORMER/LATTER

FORMER- nks esa ls igys okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. Of the two films / in which he starred/ I think the/ first

former is the best.

LATTER- nks es ls ckn okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

e.g. Both Whisphring and Chandrasekhar were prime minister

the latter is called Balia Naresh.

2. FIRST/ LAST

FIRST- nks ls v/khd esa ls izFke okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

e.g. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India.

LAST- nks ls v/khd esa ls ckn okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gskrk gSaA

e.g. December is the last month of the year.

3. FARTHER/FURTHER

FARTHER-fdlh LFkku ls nks x.rO;ks esa ls v/khd nqj okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. The bus stand is farther to the railway station from my

coaching.

FURTHER- (vkxs dk ) Hkfo’; dk

Q. Kindly note our/ new address and use/ it in all the / farther

further communication.



4. ONE/ OTHER/ ANOTHER

ONE-nks esa ls fdlh ,d ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. He bought two pens. He gave me one.

OTHER-nks essa ls dksb nwljk ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. I have asked my aunt/ to bring two pairs of jeans/ one for

me and another other for my best friend.

ANOTHER-vU; tks ppkZ ls ckgj gksA

e.g. Wait for the news of another scam.

5. LATEST/ LAST

LATEST- (ufoure) ftlds vkxs dze tkjh gks A

Q. What is the last latest score of the match/ being played

between / India and Pakistan.

LAST-(vfUre) ftlds vkxs dksb uk gksA

e.g. In the lattest last month the number of contract / we

have secured / has declined sharply.

6. MUTUAL/COMMON

MUTUAL- bldk iz;ksx nks ds chp ds laca/kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSaA

e.g. Husband and wife are mutual assistant of each other.

COMMON- bldk iz;ksx nks ls v/khd ds chp ds laca/kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. Dropdi was a common wife.

7. ELDER/ OLDER

ELDER- bldk iz;ksx ,d gh ekrk ihrk ds larkuks ds chp ess ls cM+s okys ds yh, gksrk gSaA

e.g. Ram was elder to Laxman.

OLDER- ,d gh ekrk ihrk ds larkuks dks NksM+dj “ks’k LFkku ij older dk iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. He being the oldest eldest son/ has requested us/ to look

after the problem / faced by father.

N1- tgk tgk elder yxrk gS ogk ogk older yxsxk ;nh mez dk mYys[k

gksA

e.g. Rajiv Gandhi was older than Sanjay Gandhi by two years.

N2- tc gekjk vfHkizk; gks cq<s cwtwxZ rks the elder vFkok elders dk iz;ksx

gksxkA

e.g. We should respect the elder/ elders.

8. NEAREST/NEXT/NEXT TO

NEAREST- nks ls v/khd essa ls lcls lehi okys ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. Which is the nearest planet?

NEXT- (vxyk) ;g dze dks n”kkZrk gSA

e.g. The next ball is the last ball of the over.

NEXT TO - tc dksb fdlh ds Li”kZ esa gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. Mahesh and Sachin live next by to post office / not very

far/ from the station.

9. COOL/ COLD

COOL –lw[knk;h Ba<+d

e.g. The air is cool in the morning of summer season.

COLD- nw[knk;h Ba<+d

e.g. The air is cold in the morning of December and January .

10. WARM/HOT

WARM- lw[knk;h xje

e.g. We need warm clothes in the winter season.

HOT- nw[knk;h xje

e.g. The day is very hot in May and June.

11. WHOLE/BOTH/ ALL

WHOLE-,d gh oLrq ds leLr Hkkx dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA



e.g. The whole world is facing global warming.

BOTH- bldk iz;ksx nks esa ls lc ds lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. In an effort/ to make peace/ Priya spoke/ to both the

person persons.

ALL- budk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd esa lc ds lc dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. Being dangerous of / all the criminal criminals / he was

imprisoned / in a special jail.

12. ORAL/ VERBAL

ORAL- (EkkS[khd) ewg ls laca/khr

e.g. Oral cancer

VERBAL- (“kkfCnd) “kCnks ls laca/khr

e.g. There are some verbal mistakes in your sentence.

13. MUCH/MANY/SEVERAL

MUCH-(v/khd) bldk iz;ksx uncountable noun ds lkFk ek=k n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSaA

Q. Smoking is not allowed/ at petrol pump because/ there is

too many much / easily ignited material in the vicinity.

MANY-( cgwr /v/khd ) bldk iz;ksx countable noun ds lkFk rc gksrk gS tc oDrk dks la[;k dk vuweku gksA

Q. Much Many countries are / starting to turn/ their attention

to new sources of energy.

SEVERAL- -( cgwr /v/khd ) bldk iz;ksx countable noun ds lkFk rc gksrk gS tc oDrk dks la[;k dk vuweku u gksA

e.g. She has started/ much several new initiatives to help the

under previllaged/ students get education.

14. SOME/ ANY

SOME- bldk izz;ksx lkdkjkRed okD;ks es gksrk gSaA

Q. It is necessary / that we take/ any some step to / reduce

pollution soon.

ANY – bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkRed rFkk iz”ukRed okD;ks esa gksrk gSA

Q. The manager has sent many / reminders to Mr. Rao /to

repay the lone/ but has not received no any reply.

N1-;nh okD; esa hardly vk, rks mlds lkFk any yxsxk pkgs okD; tSlk

gksA

e.g. I have hardly any friend.

N2- Money ds lkFk nksuks vk ldrk gSA

e.g. Have you some/ any money.

15. OWN/ RESPECTIVE

OWN- (viuk) bldk iz;ksx LokfeRo ij cy nsus ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. This is my own house.

RESPECTIVE-( viuk &viuk ) bldk iz;ksx O;fDrxr vf/kdkjks ds foHkktu ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. Open your respective book.

16. PLENTY OF / A NUMBER OF

PLENTY OF- (vf/kd) bldk iz;ksx uncountable noun ds lkFk gksrk gSA

e.g. Plenty of grain is destroyed by rats.

A NUMBER OF - (vf/kd) bldk iz;ksx countable noun ds lkFk gksrk gSA

Q. If the investor is not satisfied / with the terms of the

entrance policy / there is plenty of a number of / other

policies to chose from.

17. FORE MOST

FORE MOST- (vxziafDr dk) tks lcls igys nh[ksA

e.g. A temple is the foremost building of my village.

18. VERY

VERY-(ogh ) tc ;g adjective dk dk;Z djrk gS rks bldk vFkZ gksrk gS oghA

e.g. This is very Modi who helped Adwani.

19. CERTAIN



CERTAIN- (dksb/ fdlh) ;g vKkr ds yh, iz;wDRk gksrk gSA

e.g. Certain king had three sons.

20. oSls adjective tks ly yxkdj adverb curs gS adjective ds :i esas

fcuk ly ds vk;saxsA

Q. Ramesh has been both/ a dishonestly dishonest person /

and gambler/ since his childhood.

ORDER OF ADJECTIVE

1.fdz;k ls fufeZr adjective ml “kCn ds igys jgsxk ftlds yh, iz;wDRk gksxkA

e.g. The burning train.

2. Adjective of area ml “kCn ds igys jgsxk ftlds yh, iz;wDr gksxkA

e.g. Outer signal tec.

3. vke rkSj ij article noun ds igys jgrk gSA

e.g. A question.

4. ysdhu ;nh noun ds igys adjective vk, rks article adjective ds igys jgsxkA

e.g. An important question.

5.;nh adjective ds lsok esa dksb adverb vk tk, rks article adverb ds igys jgsxkA

e.g. A very important question.

6. ;nh adverb ds igys dksb adverb vk tk, rks article mlds igys jgsxkA

e.g. A very very important question.

7. Numerical adjective possessive adjective ds igys jgsxkA

Q. My all all my mock interviews/ were video recorded/

which helped me a lot/ in self assasment.

8. Demonstrative adjective possessive adjective ds igys jgsxkA

e.g. This my mistake was very dangerous.

9. Numerical adjective Demonstrative adjective ds igys jgsxkA

e.g. All these books are very costly.

10. Adjective of quality material adjective ds igys jgsxkA

e.g. A beautiful plastic serjery.

11. Aloof/afraid/ alive/ alike/ alone/ ashamed/

awake/certain/ constant/ except/ concern/ worth seeing/

immemorial ,sls adjective gS tks ml “kCn ds ckn jgsaxs ftlds yh, iz;wDr gksaxsA

Q. The boy was almost / asleep when a ball / flew across the

garden/ and hit him on the foot. (N/E)

VERB

ftl ls dhlh dk;Z dk gksus ;k djus dk irk pys mls verb dgrs gSA

VERB

AUXILIARY PRINCIPAL

AUXILIARY VERB

1. ftl “kCn ls fdlh dk;Z ds gskus dk irk pys mls auxiliary verb dgrs gSA

2. tks ew[; fdz;k dks lgk;rk iznku djs mls auxiliary verb dgrs gSA

3. tks xkS.k :i ls dk;Z djs mls auxiliary verb dgrs gSA

4. bls be verb Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

e.g. Is, am, are, was, were, do does, did, has, have, had, can,

could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, ought to,

used to, dare, need.

SYNTAX

1. mphr subject ds lkFk mphr LFkku ij mphr fdz;k dk iz;ksx gh

syntax gSA

2. Singular subject ds lkFk singular verb yxsxkA

Q. The RBI which monitors / banking operations don’t does

not have/ the resources to/ carry out investigation.

3. Plural subject ds lkFk plural verb yxsxkA



Q. Some colleges has have set up/ small tutorial groups / for

closure relationship / between professors and the students.

4. tc nks subject and ds }kjk tqM+s gks rks mUgs plural le>dj plural

verb nh;k tk;sxkA

Q. Though poverty is still rampant/ in India economic growth

and/ commercial development has have served/ to reduce

them substantially over the years.

5. ysdhu ;nh and ds }kjk nks ,sls “kCn vkil esa twM+s gks tks lnk tksM+k

cukdj vkrs gks and ls twM+s jgus ds ckotwn singular le>s tk,xs

singular verb yxsaA

Q. The sum and substance of his speech/ were was

essentially/ anti-establishment.

6. ;nh nks singular subject or ;k nor ds }kjk vkil esa twM+s gks rks vkus

okyk verb singular jgsxkA

Q. Neither the price nor the quality / of products / have has

changed.

7. ;nh or ;k nor ds }kjk nks plural subject vkil esa twM+s gks rks verb

plural jgsxkA

Q. Either the boys or the girls are/ responsible for/ this vital

mistake. (N/E)

8. ;nh or ;k nor ds }kjk ,d singular rFkk ,d plural subject vkil

esas twM+k gks rks igys singular vk,xk ckn esa plural rFkk verb plural jgsxk

D;ksdh or ;k nor ds }kjk twM+s nks “kCnks esa ls fdz;k dk fuuZ; ckn okyk djsxkA

Q. Because they refuse/ to follow the dress chord / neither

Shivam nor her friends is are invited to the function.

9. ;nh nks subject not only .... but also ds }kjk twM+k gks rks verb ckn

okys subject ds vuwlkj jgsxkA

Q. Not only students/ but the teacher also / have has friend /

for good result.

10. As well as, along with, with, like, unlike, except, rather

than, and not, but Tkc nks subject dks tksM+us dk dke djrs gS rks fdz;k

dk fu.kZ; igyk okyk subject djrk gSA

Q. Silver as well as cotton/ have has fallen considerably/ in

prices in recent days.

11. A set of/ a chin of/ a team of/ a band of/ a crowd of/ a

group of/ a class of/ an army of/ a series of/ a bunch of/ a

pair of/ a yoak of/ a heard of/ a fleet of/ a batch of/ a flock

of/ a garland of/ a collection of + P.C.N + S.V.

Q. A seris of matches/ were was to be played between/ India

and Pakistan before/ the scandle of spot fixing.

12. Most of + P.C.N+ P.V.

Q. It appears that most / of students from this school has

have / done their studies from/ a technical institution.

13. Most of + U.N + S.V.

Q. Most of the milk was boiled/ over/ due to her

carelessness/ and childish nature. (N/E)

14. tc dHkh ,slh dYiuk djuh gks ftldk laHko gksuk oRkZeku esa vlaHko gks

rks mls n”kkZus ds yh, lkjs subject ds lkFk dsoy were yxsxkA

Q. I wish I am were / the richest person of the/ whole wide

world.

15. ;nh ,slh dYiuk n”kkZuh gks ftldk lEHko gksuk Hkwrdky esa vlaHko Fkk

rks lkjs subject ds lkFk had been yxsxkA

Q. If I had been/ in your place I / would not have / taken this

decision. (N/E)

16. Tkc Hkfo’; dh laHkkoukvks dks n”kkZus gks rks lkjs subject ds lkFk okD;

ds vkjaHk esa should yxsxkA

Q. You should Should you need/ my help please/ will free to

tell me about it.

17. ;nh fdlh dks fdlh izdkj dh deh dk ,glkl gks rks mls n”kkZus ds

yh, lkjs subject ds lkFk had yxsxkA

Q. If we had been/ one more good batsman/ in our team we

would / have won all the matches.

18. There Lks vkjaHk gksus okys okD; esa there ds ckn vkus okyh fdz;k ml

“kCn ds vuwlkj gksxh ftlds yh, there vkrk gSA



Q. Today there is are / over one billion/ people living in

poverty/ in developing countries.

19. A number of+ P.C.N+ P.V.

Q. There are a number of people / of every class and

nationality/ who doubts the truth of his statement.

(N/E)

20. The number of ds ckn vkus okyk noun pkgs tSlk gks verb

singular jgsxkA

Q. The number of A.T.Ms are is being increased/ to serve the

customer/ better than before.

21. None+ S.V.

Q. None of us were was/ really very happy/ when the guests

got/ entry into the house.

22. More than one ;nh ,d lkFk vk, rks noun rFkk verb nksuks

singular jgsxkA

Q. More than one student/ have has passed the exam/ of the

first terminal.

23. More+ P.C.N + than+ one +P.V.

Q. More persons than one/ has have been involved / in this

quarrel / over the land.

24. No/neither/ not/ never/ nor+A.V+ S+ P.V (principle verb )

Q. No sooner did the advertisement/ appeared in the news

paper/ than there was a rush / on the booking counter.

25. ;nh of ds igys percentage vk, rks noun pkgs tSlk gks verb

singular jgsxkA

e.g. The percentage of good persons is small.

26. ;nh of ds igys percent vk, rks verb noun ds vuwlkj gksxkA

e.g. Fourty percent of milk is consumed in tea.

Fourty percent of students are labourious.

27. Nothing ds ckn noun pkgs tSlk gks fdz;k singular jgsxkA

e.g. There is nothing but sorrow in life.

There is nothing but aeroplanes in the airport.

28. Name of the book, game, disease, hotel, country, picture

wheather they take s or not will always be singular and will

take singular verb.

Q. The Arabian Nights / are is indeed/ an interesting book.

29. orZeku dh {kerk dks n”kkZus ds yh, lkjs subject ds lkFk can yxsxkA

e.g. I can pass the exam.

30. Tkc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh Hkwrdky dh {kerk fdlh ds ikl Fkh mlus iz;ksx

fd;k vFkok ugh dss yh, could dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. The judge tested/ the accused to/ see if he would could /

read English.

31. tc ;g n”kkZus gks dh Hkwrdky esa fdlh dks {kerk rks Fkh ijUrw og mls

iz;ksx ugh dj ik;k vkSj vc iprk jgk gS rks could have dk iz;ksx fd;k

tk;sxkA e.g. India could have won this match also.

32. May dk iz;ksx ldrk ds vfHkizk; esa vuwerh xzg.k djus ds yh, djrs

gSA e.g. May I come in sir?

33. laHkkouk dks n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh may dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. According to/ the radio/ it can may rain this evening.

34.vuweku yxkus ds yh, Hkh bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. It may be Suresh.

35. vk”kadk n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh may dk iz;ksx djaxsA

e.g. You may miss the train.

36. vfHk”kki ;k ojnku nsus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. May Bajpei live long.

37. orZeku ds yD{kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, may dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

e.g. We are labouring so that we may succeed.

38.Hkwrdky ds yD{kks dks n”kkZus ds yh, might dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. He worked hard / so that he may might top the list and win

a medal.

39. Might dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky ds laHkkouk dks n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh gksrk gSA



Q. The metrological department / predicted that the rain/and

thunder storm may might continue throughout the day.

40. Hkwrdky ds vuweku dks n”kkZus ds yh, Hkh bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. I guess yesterday that it might be Santosh.

41. Hkwrdky ds vk”kadk dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. He feared that he might fail in the test.

42. tc Hkwr dky esa fdlh dks vk”kadk rks Fkh ijUrw og mlls cp x;k rks

mls n”kkZus ds yh, might+ have+ V3 dk iz;ksx djaaa asxsA

e.g. You might have missed the train.

43. Hkfo’; ds “kfDr ds ijn”kZu ds yh, S+ shall/ will + be + able +

to+V1 dk iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. The tax treaty between India and Sweeterjerland have

been amended and we/ shall be able to obtain information /

about any Swiss Bank account by next year. (N/E)

44. Should dk iz;ksx fdlh dks mins”k nsus ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. I suggest that/ he goes should go to the / doctor as soon

as/ he returns from taking examination.

45. Should dk iz;ksx v”kwHk ls lrdZ djus ds yh, least ds lkFk gksrk gSA

Q. He ought to start/ at once least he may should / miss the

train and fell to appear/ for the interview.

46.Hkwrdky esa ftl dk;Z dks fd;k tkuk pkgh, Fkk ugh fd;k tk ldk vc

iNrkok gks jgk gS dks n”kkZus ds yh, should +have + V3 dk iz;ksx djaxsA

Q. He travelled by bus but would should / have travelled by/

train to save time.

47. Ought to dk iz;ksx uSrhd drZO;ks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. You ought to help the poor.

48. uSrhd drZO;ks dk ikyu u dj ikus dk vkHkk’k n”kkZus ds yh, ought to

have + V3 dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

e.g. We ought to have supported Nigmanand.

49. dhlh dk;Z dh ok/;rk dks n”kkZus ds yh, must dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. You must bring the task.

50. HkkX; ds gkFkks ok/;rk n”kkZus ds yh, have to/ has to/ had to/ dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. As I was had to reach early I left/ in an aeroplane/ instead

of goiong by train.

51. Has, have, had dk iz;ksx xzgu djuk ds vfHkizk; esa Hkh gksrk gSA

Q. Have you had your breadfast? ( N/E)

52. Hkwrdky ds okD; ds laxr esa ;k Hkwrdky ds lanHkZ esa xk] xs] xh ds

vfHkizk; esa would dk iz;ksx djasxsA

Q. He remembered / that his visa/ will would be expired / in a

month.

53. Would dk iz;ksx orZeku esa dwN djus dh dYiuk dks n”kkZus ds yh,

gksrk gSA e.g. If I would fly.

54. Would have dk iz;ksx Hkqrdky ds dk;ksZ ds dYiuk dks n”kkZus ds yh, ds gksrk gSA

Q. If India would / have won more/ gold medal in Olympic.

(N/E)

55. Rather ds lkFk will ijhokj (will, shall, would, would have) vk;sxkA

Q. I have rather resigned than suffer injustice.

(A)would rather resign. (B) am rather resigned.

(C) would rather resigned. (D) no improvement.

56. Else ds lkFk will ifjokj vk;sxkA e.g. Hurry up else we shall

miss the train.

57. Model Verb + original form of other verbs.

Q. The crops/ are drying / it must / not had have rain.

58. Used to dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky ds mu vknrks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS tks fdlh ds yh, mcus dk dkju cu x;k gksA

e.g. He used to come late.

59. mu okD;ks dks iz”ukRed rFkk udkjkRed cukus ds yh, do, does, did

dk iz;ksx djrs gS ftuds ikl dksb lgk;d fdz;k ugh gksA e.g. He

comes late.



Does he come late?

He does not come late.

We labour hard.

Do we labour hard?

We donot labour hard.

She cooked food.

Did she cook food?

She did not cook food.

60. Do, does, did dk iz;ksx lkdkjkRed okD;ks esas ew[; fdz;k ds igys okD; dks vf/kd izHkko”kkyh cukus ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. Mahatma Gandhi did not solve/ all the problem of future/

he did solve / the problem of present. (N/E)

61. NeedrFkk dare lkdkjkREkd okD;ks esa subject ds vuwlkj vius vki dks <ky dj izLrwr djrs gSA

Q. The report states that/ India needs to invest heavily/ in the

infrastructure / to ensure economic growth. (N/E)

62. ijUrw iz”ukRed rFkk lkdkjkREkd okD;ks esa dare rFkk need lkjs

subject ds lkFk vius vlyh :i esa jgrs gSA

e.g. He need not go.

Dare she come here?

63. tc fdz;k ds igys to yxkdj mlls subject dk dke yh;k tkrk gS rks

mls singular le>dj singular verb nsrs gSA

e.g. To walk is a good exercise.

64. tc fdz;k ds vUr esa ing yxkdj mlls subject dk dke yh;k tkrk gS

rks mls singular le>dj singular verb nh;k tkrk gSA

Q. We must realise/ that learning from/ mistakes is an /

important part of life. (N/E)

QUESTION TAG

1. ;nh izFke va”k lkdkjkRed gks subject I gks fdz;k am gks rks nwljk va”k

tks dh ukdkjkRed gksus tk jgk gS I ds lkFk are ysxkA

e.g. I am a student, are not I?

2. ysdhu ;nh izFke va”k ukdkjkRde gks subject I gks fdz;k am gks nwljs

va”k esa I ds lkFk am gh yxsxkA e.g. I am not sick, am I?

3. ;nh izFke va”k lkdkjkRed gsk fdz;k was gks subject I gks rks nwljk va”k

tks dh ukdkjkRed gksus tk jgk gS were ysxkA

e.g. I was ready, were not I?

4. ysdhu ;nh izFke va”k ukdkjkRed gks subject I gks fdz;k was gks rks

nwljk va”k tks dh lkdkjkRed gksus tk jgk gS was gh ysxkA

e.g. I was not busy, was I?

5. ;nh okD; dk izFke va”k lkdkjkRed rFkk present indefinite gks rks

nwljs va”k esa do vFkok does yxsxkA

Q. The earth/ moves round/ the sun/ is does not it?

6. ;nh okD; dk izFke va”k past indefinite rFkk lkdkjkRed gks rks nwljs

va”k esa did yxsxkA \

Q. When the police officer / asked you your salary/ you

provided wrong information/ have did not you?

7. V1+O, can you?

e.g. Open the door, can you?

8. Don’t / never + V1 + O, will you?

e.g. Don’t make a noise, will you?

9. Let+ us+ V1, shall we?

e.g. Let us swim, shall we?

10. ;nh izFke va”k esa this/that noun ds fcuk vk, rks nwljs va”k esa it

yxsxkA e.g. This is new, is not it?

11. ;nh izFke va”k esa this ;k that ds ckn noun vk, rks nwljs va”k dk

pronoun mlh noun ds vuwlkj jgsxkA

e.g. This girl is late, is not she?

12. ;nh izFke va”k esa these ;k those noun ds lkFk vk, ;k noun ds

chuk vk, nwljs va”k esa they yxsxkA

e.g. These are new, are not they?



These boys are labourious, are not they?

13.;nh izFke va”k esa do, dare, need ifjokj dk dksb lnL; ,d ek=

fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa do, does, did yxk;saxsA e.g. She needs

medicine, doesn’t she?

14.;nh izFke va”k esa do, dare, need ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nks fd;k esa ls nwljh fdz;k gks rks izFke fdz;k dks ml vksj ys tk,saxsA

e.g. I cannot do this, can I?

15. ;nh izFke va”k esa do, dare, need ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nks fdz;k esa

ls igfy fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa mlh dks repeat djsaxsA

Q. They need not worry.........?

(a)Need thay (b) is not it (c)does not it (d)don’t it

16. ;nh izFke va”k esa have ifjokj dk dksb lnL; ,d ek= fdz;k gks rks

nwljs va”k esa do, does vFkok did yxsxkA

Q. I have/ a lot of problems/, have do not I?

17. ;nh izFke va”k esa have ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nsk fdz;k esa ls izFke

fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa mlh dks repeat djasxsA

Q. Sachin Tendulkar has completed hundred centuries

...........?

(A) is not he (B) has he (C) does not he (D) has not he

18. ;nh izFke va”k esa have ifjokj dk dksb lnL; nks fdz;k esa ls nwljh fdz;k gks rks nwljs va”k esa izFke fdz;k dks ys tk;saxsA

Q. You should/ have taken / great precaution/, should not

you? (N/E)

19. ;nh izFke va”k esa one ;k body ls var gksus okyk dksb “kCn gks rks

nwljs va”k esa they vk,xkA ,slh voLFkk esa fdz;k they ds vuwlkj gksxhA

Q. I don’t suppose/ any body will volantier/, will not he they?

20. S+ use to/uses to/ used to =do/ does/ did

Q. Your father used to be the Principal of this college, ..........?

(A) did he (B) does he (C) did not he (D) does not he

21. S+ be verb+used to =be verb

e.g. He is used to smoking , is not he?

22. ;nh izFke va”k esa none, few, little, neither, nothing, hardly,

seldom, scarcely, never vknh vk, rks nwljk va”k lkdkjkREkd jgsxkA

e.g. Few boys are intelligent, are they?

PRINCIPAL VERB

TIME AND TENSE

PRESENT INDEFINITE

S+ V/s/es+O

eSa vaxzsth fl[krk gwA I learn English.

geyskx ghlkc tkurs gSA We know Mathematics.

rwe irax mM+krs gskA You fly a kite.

lhrk pk; cukrh gSA Sita makes tea.

os yskx gYyk djrs gSA They make a noise.

Do/ does+ s+ v1+ o+ ?

Do I learn English?

Do we know Mathematics?

Do you fly a kite?

Does Sita make tea?

Do they make a noise?

S+ do/ does+ not + v1+ o

I do not learn English.

We donot know Mathematics.

You donot fly a kite.

Sita does not make tea.

They donot make a noise.

PRESENT INDEFINITE



1. vknr dsk n”kkZus ds yh, present indefinite dk iz;ksx gskxkA

Q. Whenever we have a puncture /she just seats in the car/

and reads a book/ while I changed change the wheel.

2. j”eks ] jhoktks rFkk izFkkvks dks n”kkZus ds yh, blh tense dk iz;ksx gksxkA

e.g. Girls tie rakhi to their brothers.

3. rkth ?kVuk dks n”kkZus ds yh, blh tense dk iz;ksx gksxkA

e.g. SEBI announces its plan.

4. Universal truth dsk Hkh blh tense es j[kk tkrk gSA

e.g. The earth moves round the sun.

5. ys[kd dh ckrsk dsk nksgjkus ds yh, blh tense dk iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g.

Balmiki says in the Ramayana.

6. Hkfo’; essa gksus okyk dk;Z rc present indefinite esa jgsxk tc muds

gksus ds lEHkkouk 99% rd uhf”pr gksA e.g. Modi visits America very

soon.

7.Hkoh’; esa gskus okys dk;Z dks Present indefinite esa rc Hkh j[krs gS tc

mldk izHkko csgn gksA e.g. Patna university reopens on 5th

October.

8. Always, often, never, seldom, generally, everyday,

everynight vknh “kCnks ds lkFk present indefinite yxsxkA

Q. Our customers are always visiting visit / our branches to/

discuss their problems with our staffs.

9. ,d okD; esa nks ckjshall/ will ugh yxsxk ,d ckj shall / will yxsxk

rFkk ,d ckj present indefinite. okD; ds ftl var esa what,

whatever, where, wherever, when, whenever, as soon as, as

long as, till, until, if, unless, after, before, vknh yxk gsk ml va”k esa

shall ;k will ugh yxsxk ml va”k esa present indefinite jgsxk “ks’k esa

shall ;k will jgsxkA

Q. As soon as I shall / reach Patna I shall/ send you the book /

you have asked for.

10. tc dHkh okD; ds vkjaHk esa there vk, rks okD; ml le; present

indefinite esa jgsxk tc subject fdlh dk;Z dk lEiknu dj jgk gksA e.g.

There sleep many men at foot path.

11. Permanent address dks n”kkZus ds yh, present indefinite dk iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. My name is Dikshit Raj / and I am coming come / from a

beautiful state in India.

PRESENT IMPERFECT /CONTINUOUS

S+is/ am / are+v1+ing +O

eSa iz;kl dj jgk gqA I am trying.

os yksx ,d eSp [ksy jgs gSA They are playing a match.

eka [kkuk cuk jgh gSA Mother is cooking food.

PRESENT IMPERFECT

1. ppkZ ds le; gksus okyk dke present imperfect es j[kk tkrk gSA

Q. It is believed that / higher education system/ considers is

considering the proposal to meet/ the demands of the

teachers.

2. Hkfo’; esa gksus okys dk;Z bl tense esa rc j[ks tkrs gS tc os 50% gh

fuf”pr gksA e.g. India is winning the match today.

3. Present imperfect dk iz;ksx Hkfo’; dh mu ;kstukvks dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gS ftudk izHkko uxU; gksA

Q. They were are having/ a birthday party / at their home/

next week.

4. os dk;Z tks Nuhd gks f”k?kz gh lekIr gks tkus okys gks present

imperfect esa j[ks tkrs gSA e.g. The umpire is tossing the coin.

5. Now, this time, present time, at the moment ds lkFk

present imperfect yxsxkA

Q. I have been working / in that organisation for five years

but now I work am working / for a different company.

6. blesa Hkh vknr dks n”kkZ;k tkrk gS ijUrw blesa ,slh vknr jgsxh tks igys rks Fkh vc ugh gS ] tks vHkh yxk gS vc lekIr gks tk,xhA

e.g. I am getting up late these days.

7. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd fdlh dk;Z dh rS;kjh igys ls py jgh Fkh vc

mlds ifj.kke ysus dk le; vk x;k gS rks go fdz;k dks present

imperfect esa j[ksaxsA e.g. I have been preparing for a long time

and now I am going to appear in the test.



8. See, feel, hear, smell, know, think, understand, guess,

suppose, hope, prefer, care, forget, seem, appear, remember,

like, want, hate, wish, love etc. “kCn tc present imperfect esas

ew[; fdz;k dk dk;Z djs rks ing ugh ys ik;saxs ifj.kkeLo:i mUgs present

indefinite esa j[kk tk,xk vFkZ ogh uhdysxk tks ge pkgsaxsA

Q. Some Indian people / are believing believe even now/ that

women can not compete/ with the men.

PRESENT PERFECT

S+has/have +V3+O.

eSa lhUVsDl le> pwdk gwA I have understood syntax.

ekrk us cwyk;k gSA Mother has called.

firk th us dgk gSA Father has said.

PRESENT PERFECT

1. ,sls dk;Z tks ppkZ ds iwoZ gh lekIr gks x, gks ijUrw ftudk izHkko vHkh

ckdh gks present perfect esa j[ks tkrs gSA

Q. We are have now/ reliably learnt that / he was involved /

in the bank robbery.

2. Yet, already, upto, just, just now, recently ds lkFk present

perfect dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. He had has already prepared/ the acceptance speech/

because the student of the year award/ is being given to him.

3. tc this time dk vHkhizk; gks bl ckj rks blds lkFk present

perfect yxsxkA e.g. I have understood syntax this time.

4. Firtst time, second time, third time etc. + present perfect.

e.g. I have seen you here first time.

5. blds lkFk since ;k for dk Hkh iz;ksx gks ldrk gS ijUrw rc tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ gh dwN nsj pydj lekIr gsk x;k ijUrw izHkko vHkh ckdh gSA

Q. I saw have seen him/ a couple of times / since May.

6. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dgh dk Hkze.k fd;k gS vkSj ml Hkze.k dk

izHkko mlds e.k efLr’d ij vHkh “ks’k gS rks present perfect dk iz;ksx

djasxs V3 ds cnys esa been yxk,saxsA

Q. I visit Simla frequently however I have never ......... Kufri.

(A) went to (B)visited to (C) gone to (D) been to

7. Last, past, ago, berore, yesterday, then ds lkFk present

perfect dk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA

Q. My father has/ returned back/ to Chennai yesterday.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

S+ has/ have + been+ v1 + ing + O

og iz;kl djrk jgk gSaA He has been trying.

os yksx fdzdsV [skyrs jgs gSA They have been playing cricket.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. tc dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ ls pydj ppkZ ds le; rd py jgk gks vkSj

vkxs Hkh pyrs jgus dh lEHkkouk gks rks mls present perfect

continuous esa j[kk tkrk gSA ,slh voLFkk esa okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gksxhA

S+has/ have + been+v1+ ing+ O+ since/for + time.

Q. Since his arrival in India/ he is has been visiting as many

villagers as he can/ to acquire a first hand knowledge/ of the

rural India.

2. blds lkFk le; dk vkuk fu;rkar vko”;d gSA

Q. Psychologist have been are documenting / the emotional

and physical / effect of negative/ political advertisement.

3. blds lkFk le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, since / for vk,xkA

e.g. I have been learning Time and Tense for five days.

4. buesa since dk iz;ksx rc djaasxs tc le; to the point gks fuf”pr gks

fuj/kkfjr gks dc ls dk mrj nsrk gks proper noun gks vkSj vklkuh ls

plural ugh curk gksA

Q. Although we have been stressing/ universalization of

elementary education / from since 1950 there is a little hope

of achieving / the objective in near future.



5. For dk iz;ksx bl tense esa rc djaxsa tc le; dh vo/kh nh x;h gks

le; vfuf”pr gks ;k lVhd ugh gks dsrus ls dk mrj nsrk gks common

noun gks vkSj vlkuh ls plural cu tkrk gksA

Q. I have been trying to convience him/ from for the last two

days to come / and live with me/ till his father’s anger cools

down.

6. blds lkFk vkus okyk le; Hkwrdky ls laca/khr gksuk pkgh,A

e.g. I have been preparing since April 2014.

7. vc iz”u ;g mRiu gksrk gS fd since ;k for rFkk time rks present

perfect esa Hkh jgrk gS vkSj present perfect continuous esa Hkh rks Qhj nksuks esa varj D;k gS\

Since ;k for ds lkFk present perfect rc yxk,saxs tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ dwN nsj pydj

lekIr gks x;k ijUrw izHkko vHkh ckdh gSA e.g. I have studied the

syntax for a week.

Since ;k for ds lkFk present perfect

continuous dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ ls pydj ppkZ ds le; Hkh py jgk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh pyrs jgus dh lEHkkouk gSA

Q. Come and sit down / for a while because / you are have

been digging / since lunch time.

8. Know, feel, guess, want, wish, love, like vknh tc verb dk dk;Z

djs rks present perfect continuous esa ugh vk ik;saxs ifj.kkeLo:i bUgs

present perfect esa j[ksasxs vFkZ ogh fudysxk tks ge pkgsaxsA

Q. Mukesh and Malti/ are engaged that is/ not new I have

been / knowing known it for ages.

9. ,d le; ,slk Hkh vkrk gS tc present perfect continuous esa ew[;

fdz;k dk vHkko jgrk gS ,sls voLFkk esa mldk LFkku adjective xzg.k dj

ysrk gS ftl dkj.kol uk ge ing yxk ikrs gS uk object ,oa okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tkrh gSA

S+ has/ have+ been + adjective + since / for +

time tks ;g n”kkZrk gS fd fdlh esa dksb xw.k nks’k ;k voLFkk ppkZ ds igys

ls gS ppkZ ds le; Hkh gS vkSj vkxs Hkh jgus dh lEHkkouk gSA e.g. I have

been weak in English since begning.

PAST INDEFINITE

S+ V2+O

eSus ,d dye [kfjnhA I purchased a pen.

firk th us nke pwdk;kA Father paid price.

nknk th dgrs FksA Grandfather said.

Did+S+V1+O+?

Did I purchase a pen?

Did father pay price?

Did grandfather say?

S+did+not+V1+O

I did not purchase a pen.

Father did not pay price.

Grandfather did not say.

PAST INDEFINITE

1. ;g Hkh vknr dks n”kkZrk gS] ijUrw blesa oSlh vknr j[kh tkrh gS tks igys

rks Fkh vc ugh gSA e.g. Rambilash supported Lalu yadav.

2. j”eks ]fjoktks rFkk izFkkvks dsk n”kkZus ds yh, bl tense dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk

gS]ijUrw rc tc ,slh izFkk n”kkZfu tks igys rks Fkk vc ugh gSA e.g. Hindu

women burnt themselves with the dead body of their

busband.

3. Always, generally, seldom, never, often, everyday vknh “kCnks

ds lkFk past indefinite dk Hkh iz;kssx gskrk gS ijUrw rc tc ;s “kCn ,slh vknr n”kkZ;s tks igys rks Fks vc ugh gSA

Q. As a child/ I always want wanted / to have a/ bicycle of my

own.

4. ;nh ,d okd; esa db ckrs dgh xb gks vkSj muesa ls ,d Hkh past ls

laca/khr gks rks vU; lHkh past ds gh fdlh tense esa jgsaxsA

Q. The movement the manager / came know of/ the

fraudulent action of/ his assistant he order ordered

emidiately to dismiss him.

5. Yksfdu ;nh past ds lkFk dksb universal truth vk, rks og past ds

lkFk jgus ds ckotwn present indefinite esa jgsxkA

e.g. My father said that the earth moves round the sun.



6. ,d okd; esa nks ckj would dk iz;ksx ugh gksxk ,d ckj would vk,xk

vkSj ,d ckj past indefinite.

Q. In about 5 minutes / they would cover the distance from

the road to the point/ where the waves would began begun

lick their feet.

7. There ds lkFk vkus okyh fdz;k past indefinite esa rc jgsxh tc okD;

dk subject okD; ds var esa ;k }hrh; var esa gks og fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks vkSj mlds dk;Z dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gksA

e.g. There ruled a king in Ayodhya.

8. It is high time+past indefinite

Q. It is high time that the government / should wake woke up

to the reality that/ most of the brilliant students / are to go

abroad after their studies.

9. It is time when/ it is time+past indefinite

Q. It is time / you decide decided on/ your next/ course of

action.

10. That time/previous time+past indefinite.

e.g. I missed the chance that time.

11. tc dksb dk;Z cksys tkus ds iwoZ gh lekIr gks x;k vkSj ftldk izHkko Hkh

lekIr gks x;k gks past indefinite esa jgsxkA e.g. I studied the

syntax.

12. Last/ past/ ago/ before/ yesterday/ then ds lkFk past

indefinite yxsxkA

Q. Three years ago/ an earthquake has destroyed/the city

and the people are/ still rebuilding their lilfe.

PAST IMPERFECT

S+was/were/+ V1+ing+O

rwe le; u’V dj jgs FksA You were wasting time.

firk th pk; ih jgs FksA Father was taking tea.

cPps gYyk dj jgs FksA Children were making a noise.

PAST IMPERFECT

1. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ rks py jgk Fkk ijUrw ppkZ ds le; D;k gwvk fdlh dks lkekpkj ikIr ugh gSA

e.g. Lalu was looting Bihar.

2. oSlh vknr tks Hkwrdky esa dwN nhuks ds yh, yxh Fkh mlh le; NqV xb

past imperfect esa j[ks tk;sasxsA e.g. I was not completing the task

in the begining.

3. tc Hkwrdky esa nks dk;Z ,d lkFk vkjaHk gwvk ,d lkFk pyk vkSj ,d lkFk

lekIr gks x;k rks mls n”kkZus ds yh, nks ckj past imperfect dk iz;ksx

djaxs vkSj nksuks dsk while ls tksM+saxsA

e.g. I was writing while the teacher was speaking.

4. Last/ past/ago/before/yesterday/then + now/this time/

present time/ at the moment = past imperfect

e.g. Yesterday I was reading the newspaper this time.

5. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd Hkwrdky esa dksb dk;Z igys ls py jgk Fkk vkxs Hkh pyrk jgk chp esa gh dksb dk;Z gksdj lekIr gks x;k rks tks dke e/; esa

gwvk og past indefinite esa jgsxk vkSj ftlds e/; esa gwvk og past

imperfect esa jgsxkA

Q. I found this ring/ as I dig was digging in the garden/ it looks

very old/ I wounder who it belong to.

6. See, feel, hear, smell, know, think vknh “kCn tc past

imperfect esa ew[; fdz;k dk dk;Z djs rks ing ugh ysxk ifj.kkeLo:i os

past indefinite esa j[ks tk,saxs vFkZ ogh uhdysxk tks ge pkgsaxsA

Q. I was thinking thought / if I could do/ anything to help you/

in this situation.

PAST PERFECT

S+had+V3+O

xkM+h [kwy pwdh FkhA The train had started.

eSa vk x;k FkkA I had come.

rwe igwp x;s FksA You had arrived.

PAST PERFECT

1. bldk lcls cM+k rF; ;g gS dh ;g vdsys ugh vkrk] ;g vius lkFk ,d vfrjhDr okD; ysdj vk,xkA ;g rc iz;wDr gksxk tc ,d okD; esa nks ckrs dgh x;h gks] nksuks esa nks vyx vyx fdz;k gks] nksuks dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gks]



,d fdz;k igys rFkk ,d fdz;k ckn esa gksA ,slh voLFkk esa igys gksus okyh

fdz;k Past perfect esa jgsxh vkSj ckn esa gksus okyh fdz;k past indefinite

esa rFkk nksusk dks before ls tskM+k tk,xkA okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA

S+had+V3+O+ before +S+V2+O.

Q. The orator had / been left the / auditorium before the /

audience stood up.

2. dHkh dHkh bu nksuks okD;ks esa tksM+us gsrw when dk Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gS ,slh voLFkk esa Hkh ,d okD; esa nks ckrsa jgsaxh] nksuks esa nsk vyx vyx fdz;k jgsxh ] nksusk dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls jgsxk] ,d fdz;k igys gksxh vkSj ,d fdz;k ckn

esa ],slh voLFkk esa Hkh igys gksus okyk dke past perfect esa vkSj ckn esa gksus

okyk dke past indefinite esa jgsxk nksuks dks when ls tksM+k tk,xk ]

okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA S+had+V3+O+whe+S+V2+O.

Q. The train had left/ when he had / reached the station.

3.dHkh dHkh bu nksuks okD;ks dks after ls Hkh tksM+k tkrk gSA ,slh voLFkk esa Hkh ,d okD; esa nks ckrs dgh tkrh gS] nksuks esa nks fdz;k;s gksrh gS] nksusk dk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gksrk gS] ,d fdz;k igys ,d fdz;k ckn esa gskrh gS igys gksus

okyh fdz;k dks past perfect esa j[krs gS vkSj ckn esa gksus okyh fdz;k dks

past indefinite esa nksuks dks after ls tksM+rs gS rFkk okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tkrh gSA

S+V2+O+after+S+ had+V3+O.

Q. An earthquake rocked/a chain of islands after a volcano

had brust.

4. ,d okD; esa nks ckj would have ls cpus ds yh, ,d ckj past

perfect dk iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. If I would have had / realised the nature/ of the job I

would/ not have accepted it.

5. ;g since rFkk for ds lkFk Hkh jg ldrk gSaA

e.g. I had studied the syntax for a week last month.

6.tc dHkh hope, expect, suppose, think, intend, want, wish,

like, guess vknh fdz;kvks ls ;g n”kkZuk gsk fd fdlh dh bPNk dh iwfrZ ugh

gks ik;h gS vkSj vc og i”pkrki dj jgk gS rks mijksDr fdz;k past

perfect esa jgsaxh ,slh voLFkk esa ,d vfrjhDr okD; rFkk le; dh vko”;drk ugh gksxhA

e.g. I had wished for the moon and the stars.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

S+had+been+V1+ing+O.

os yskx ,d i= fy[krs gSA They had been writing a letter.

rwe vaxszth lh[krs gksA You had been learning English.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. bldk lcls cM+k iD{k ;g gS fd bles le; vo”; jgsxkA

2. le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, SINCE / FOR jgsxk rFkk okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA

S+had+been+V1+ing+O+since/ for + time.

e.g. I had been learning English for one month last year.

3. vc iz”u ;g mRiu gksrk gS dh since ;k for rFkk time rks persent

perfect, persent perfect continuous, past perfect, past perfect

continuous pkjsk esa iz;wDr gksrk gS rks Qhj pkjsk esa varj D;k gS\

mrj ;g gS fd tc okD; esa sice/for rFkk time ds vfrfjDr ,d

Hkwrdkfyd “kCn ;Fkk last, past, ago, before, yesterday, then vFkok

Hkwrdky ds fdlh tense ds okD; gks rks past perfect vFkok past

perfect continuous dk iz;ksx gksxkA e.g. I had lived in my village

for twelve years when I came to Patna.

Hkwrdkfyd “kCnks rFkk Hkwrdkfyd okD;ks ds lkFk ;nh since/ for

+time gks rks past perfect continuous dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dke Hkwrdky esa igys ls py jgk Fkk nwljs dk;Z ds lkFk

Hkh pyrk jgkA Q. He received timely support from his elder

brother/who had been is working abroad/ for six years.

ysdhu ;nh okD; esa since ;k for gks le; Hkh gsk ijUrw

Hkwrdkyhd “kCn ;k okD; ugh gks rks persent perfect vFkok persent

perfect continuous dk iz;ksx djasxsA

Present perfect dk iz;ksx rc djsaxs tc dk;Z

lekIr izHkko ckdhA e.g. I have studied the newspaper for ten

minute .

Present perfect continuous dk iz;ksx rc djsaxs tc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds iwoZ ls pydj ppkZ ds le;

rd py jgk gS vkSj vkxs Hkh pyrs jgus dh laHkkouk gSA e.g. I have been

sitting here for one hour.



FUTURE INDEFINITE

S+shall/will+V1+O

ge gksaxs dke;kcA We shall succeed.

rqe ?kj ykSVksxsA You will return home.

geyksx nwxkZiwtk euk;asxsA We shall celebrate the Durga Pooja.

FUTURE INDEFINITE

1. bldk iz;ksx Hkfo’; dh ckrksa dks n”kkZus ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. I shall get a job.

2. I vkSj we ds lkFk shall yxsxk] “ks’k ds lkFk will.

3. ijUrw /kedh nsus esa I vkSj we ds lkFk will yxsxkA e.g. I will kill you.

4. oknk djus ds yh, Hkh I vkSj we ds lkFk will yxsxkA e.g. I will come

after the break.

5. tc now dk laca/k Hkfo’; ls gks rks blds lkFk future indefinite

yxrk gSaA e.g. Now I shall return.

6. tc this time dk iz;ksx Hkfo’; dk cks/k djokus ds yh, gks rks blds

lkFk future indefinite yxsxkA e.g. You will get a result this time.

FUTURE PERFECT

S+shall/ will +have+ V3+O.

xkM+h [kwy pwdsxhA The train will have started.

og vk pwdsxkA He will have come.

FUTURE PERFECT

1. ;nh Hkfo’; esa fdlh dk;Z ds fu/kkZfjr le; rd lekIr gksus dks n”kkZuk gks

rks Future perfect esa j[kk tk,xk ,oa okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tk,xhA

S+shall/ will +have+ V3+O+by/ before +time.

2. blesa le; vo”; jgsxkA

3. blesa vkus okyk le; Hkfo’; ls laca/khr jgsxkA

4. bles le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, by vFkok before vk,xkA

5. blesa le; dks n”kkZus ds yh, by rc vk,xk tc nh;s x, le; esa ls

lkjk le; O;rhr gks tk,A e.g. The Barat will have arrived by

sharp 5 O’clock.

6. Before dk iz;ksx rc djsaxs tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh dksb dk;Z fn;s x;s

fu/kkZfjr le; ls igys lekIr dj fy;k tk,xkA e.g. I shall have

completed your batch before examination.

7. tc ,d okd; esa nks ckrs dgh x;h gks ] nksuks esa nks vyx vyx fdz;k gks ] ,d fdz;k igys rFkk ,d fdz;k ckn esa gks nksuks fdz;kvks dk laca/k Hkoh’; ls

gks] rks igys gksus okys dk;Z dks future perfect esa fy[krs gS vkSj ckn esa

gskus okys dk;Z dks persent indefinite esa rFkk okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks tkrh gSA

S+shall/ will +have + V3+ O+ by/ before +S+V1/s/es+ O.

Q. By the time he gets back/ from his holidays / the milk man

has will have left / 21 bottle of milk/ out side the door.

FUTURE IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS 1.thl okD; ds var esa rk jgsxk] rh jgsxh] rs jgsaxs yxk jgs mls future imperfect dgrs gSA blds okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj jgrh gSA S+shall/ will + be+V1+ing

+O. e.g.eSa i<+rk jgwaxkA I shall be

reading. 2. blesa ;g n”kkZ;k tk,xk dh Hkfo’; esa dksb dk;Z pyrk jgsxkA 3. blesa le; dk vHkko jgsxkA 4. blesa fdlh izdkj dk le; ugh jgsxkA 5. blfy, blfd okD; dh lajpuk blizdkj gksxhA S+shall/ will + be+V1+ing +O

e.g. I shall be earning my

bread.

1. thl okD; ds var esa rk jgsxk] rh jgsxh] rs jgsaxs yxk jgs mls future perfect continuous dgrs gSA blds okD; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gksrh gSA S+shall/ will +have+

been+V1+ing +O. e.g. eSa i<+rk jgwaxkA I shall have

been reading. 2.blesa ;g n”kkZ;k tk,xk dh Hkfo’; esa dksb dk;Z fu/kkZfjr le; esa vkjaHk gksdj vkxs dh vksj vxzlj jgsxkA 3. blesa le; vo”; jgsxkA 4. blesa vkus okyk le; Hkfo’; ls lacaf/kr jgsxkA 5.blesa le; dks n”kkZus ds yh,

from jgsxkA 6. blyh, blds okd; dh lajpuk bl izdkj gksxhA S+shall/ will +have+

been+V1+ing

+O+from+time.

e.g. I shall have been

earning my bread from

2015.



Q. The recently imposed dresscord in the university has

enraised / the students who will be will have been / on strike

from tomorrow.

VERB

TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE

TRANSITIVE VERB

VOICE

1. PERSENT INDEFINITE

Act. Prince eats a mongo.

Pass. A mango is eaten by Prince.

2. PERSENT IMPERFECT

Act. I am writing an application.

Pass. An application is being written by me.

3. PERSENT PERFECT

Act. I have killed a snake.

Pass. A snake has been killed by me.

4. PAST INDEFINITE

Act. The cat caught the rat.

Pass. The rat was caught by the cat.

5. PAST IMPERFECT

Act. The labour was digging the well.

Pass. The well was being dug by the labour.

6. PAST PERFECT

Act. He had taken a bath.

Pass. A bath had been taken by him.

7. FUTURE INDEFINITE

Act. I shall receive the first prize.

Pass. The first prize will be received by me.

8. FUTURE PERFECT

Act. You will have sold the house.

Pass. The house will have been sold by you.

9. MODAL VERB

Act. We should read English.

Pass. English should be read by us.

Act. You can take my car.

Pass. My car can be taken by you.

10. ORDER (vkns”k)(V1+O)

Act. Post the letter.

Pass. Let the letter be posted.

Act. Open the door.

Pass. Let the door be opened.

11. PROHIBITION (fu’ks/k)

(Don’t / never + V1+O )

Act. Don’t insult the poor.

Pass. Let the poor not be insulted.

Act. Never open the window.

Pass. Let the window not be opened.

12. REQUEST (foufr)

(Please/ Kindly +V1+O)

Act. Please help me.



Pass. You are requested to help me.

Act. Kindly keep silence.

Pass. You are requested to keep silence.

COMMON ERROR IN VOICE

1. Intransitive verb Okkys okD; dk passive laHko ugh gSA

e.g. I laugh. dk passive ugh cusxkA

2. ftl okD; esa fdz;k dk object reflexive pronoun gks mldk Hkh

passive ugh cusxkA

e.g. I teach himself. dk passive ugh cusxkA

3. vke rkSj ij ,d dRkkZ ds ,d dk;Z ls ,d object izHkkfor gksrk gSA ,slh

voLFkk esa passive cukus ds yh, ,d ek= object dks subject cuk nsrs gSaA

e.g. Ram killed Ravana.

Ravana was killed by Ram.

4. ;nh ,d dRkkZ ds ,d dk;Z ls ,d ls v/khd object izHkkfor gks vkSj os

lc ds lc fuftZo gks rsk passive cukrs le; lkjs fuftZo dks subject cuk nsxsaA

e.g. I study English, Maths and Reasoning.

English, Maths and Reasoning are studied by me.

5. ;nh ,d gh drkZ ds ,d gh dk;Z ls ,d ls v/khd object izHkkohr rks gks

ijUrw os lc ds lc ltho gks rks lkjs ltho object dks subject cuk nsaxs

vkSj mUgas formula 231 ds vUrxZr ltk dj j[kssaxsA

e.g. The teacher teaches me, you and him.

You, he and I are taught by the teacher.

6. ;nh ,d gh drkZ ds ,d gh dk;Z ls ,d ls v/khd object izHkkfor rks gks

izjUrw muesa dksb ltho gks vkSj dksb fuftZo gks rks nks izdkj ls passive

cuk;k tk;sxkA

(a)ge ltho object dks subject cuk ysaxs] fuftZo dks ogh NksM+ nsaxs A

e.g. The teacher teaches me English.

I am taught English by the teacher.

(b) ge fuftZo object dks Hkh subject cuk ldrs gSaA lfto dks ogh NksM+

ldrs gS] ,slh voLFkk esa ltho object dks to nsuk iM+sxkA

e.g. The teacher teaches me English.

English is taught to me by the teacher.

7. Tkc ,d dRkkZ ds nks vyx vyx dk;ksZ ls nks vyx vyx object izHkkfor

gks rks passive cukrs le; nksuks fdz;kvks dks nks vyx vyx lgk;d fdz;k nh;k tk;sxkA

e.g. The teacher cheats me and teaches you.

I am cheated and you are taught by the teacher.

8. Tkc dHkh intransitive verb esa preposition tksM+ dj transitive

cuk;k x;k gks rks mldk passive cusxk ysfdu passive cukrs le;

intransitive verb dks transitive cukus okys preposition dks gVk;k ugh tk,xkA

e.g. Pakistan stand by the terrorists.

The terrorists are stood by by Pakistan.

9. vke rkSj ij passive voice esa by dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ijUrw ;g vko”;d

ugh gksrk by ds vfrfjDr nwljs preposition Hkh iz;wDr gksrs gSA

e.g. The headmaster is distressed at plight.

10. Surprised/shocked/ astonished/ alarmed/ disappointed/

distressed + at.

Q. They were astonished through his failure.

(a) from (b) at (c) with (d) no improvement

11. Know/obliged +to.

Q. I am obliged with to you/ and your entire family / for

showing kindness and generosity towards us.

12. Pleased/satisfied/ disgusted/impressed +with.

Q. The emperor was/ dissatisfied by with the performance /

of his soldiers.

13. Invested/ consisted/ contained + in.

Q. Don’t worry / five hundred people/ can be contained in/

this hall. (N/E)



14. ,d le; ,slk Hkh vkrk gS tc passive voice esa dksb preposition

ugh vkrkA ,slk rc gksrk gS tc active voice dk subject one ;k

body ls vUr djsA

e.g. Someone is calling you.

You are being called.

15. ,slk rc Hkh gksrk gS tc active voice dk subject one gksrk gSA

e.g. One should keep one’s word.

Word should be kept.

16. tc active voice ds vkjaHk esa object gks object ds ckn lgk;d

fdz;k muds ckn to mlds ckn V1 gks rks passive cukus gsrw to rd mrkj

nsrs gS mlds ckn be tksM+rs gS Qhj V1 dks V3 dj nsrs gSA

e.g. The house is to white wash.

The house is to be white washed.

17. bet, bit, hit, hurt, let, split, cut, caste, put, spit, shot, shut,

burst, cost, broadcast,welcome, set, rid, spread, read ds V3 Hkh ;gh gksrs gSA

Q. The corression’s decision / to essue a notice/ is to be

welcomed welcome.

18. Hang:-

(a) hanged-(O;fDr)

Q. The assassin was convicted / and ordered to be hung

hanged / even the defence lawer / hardly the case afeciately.

(b) hung-(oLrw)

Q. A picture of / one of the founders/ of the company/ is

hanged hung on the wall.

19. tc dksb dk;Z Lor% gksrk gS active voice es jgrk gS A

Q. When we were reached/at the gate of the park it was to

dark.

20. tc dksb dk;Z fdlh ds }kjk lEikfnr gksrk gS rks mls passive voice

esa j[krs gSA

Q. Though he has been promoted to / the bank’s board as/

director he continues to carry / out all his current

responsibility.

13. QUESTION WITH AUXILLARY VERB

1. Do you play cricket?

Is cricket played by you?

2. Is the servant cheating me?

Am I being cheated by the servant?

3. Has he taken tea?

Has tea been taken by him?

4. Did you find the pen?

Was the pen found by you?

5. Was Kabita shifting the room?

Was the room being shifted by Kabita?

6. Had they shot the tiger?

Had the tiger been shot by them?

7. Will you collect the ticket?

Will the ticket be collected by you?

8. Can you play the match?

Can the match be played by you?

9. Could they sell the Guitar?

Could the Guitar be sold by them?

10. Should we smoke cigarette?

Should cigarette be smoked by us?

14. HOW QUESTION

1. How do you read the book?

How is the book read by you?



2. How is he earning money?

How is money being earned by him?

3. How has he cut the tree?

How has the tree been cut by him?

4. How did they break the law?

How was the law broken by them?

5. How was Laxmi sweeping the room?

How was the room being swept by Laxmi?

15. WHEN QUESTION

1. When had they returned the ball?

When had the ball been returned by them?

2. When can you purchase a car?

When can a car be purchased by you?

3. When could you send a letter?

When could a letter be sent by you?

4. When should we read the Ramayana?

When should the Ramayana be read by us?

5. When will Muna wash his shirt?

When will his shirt be washed by Muna?

16. WHY QUESTION

1. Why does he buy cigarette?

Why is cigarette bought by him?

2. Why is he beating a dog?

Why is a dog being beaten by him?

3. Why have you killed the bird?

Why has the bird been killed by you?

4. Why did he break the glass?

Why was the glass broken by him?

5. Why were they collecting stamps?

Why were stamps being collected by them?

17. WHERE QUESTION

1. Where had you played a match?

Where had a match been played by you?

2. Where will you watch a cinema?

Where will a cinema be watched by you?

3. Where can they pluck the flower?

Where can the flower be plucked by them?

4. Where could we see him?

Where could he be seen by us?

5. Where should they collect the ticket?

Where should the ticket be collected by them?

18. WHO QUESTION

1. Who eats rice?

By whom is rice eaten?

2. Who is buying a car?

By whom is a car being bought?

3. Who has made this?

By whom has this been made?

4. Who put on the T.V?

By whom was the T.V put on?

5. Who was disturbing you?

By whom were you being disturbed?



6. Who had taught you?

By whom had you been taught?

7. Who can hang the door?

By whom can the door be hung?

8. Who should read the Ramayana?

By whom should the Ramayana be read?

9. Who could give the news?

By whom could the news be given?

10. Who will pluck the flower?

By whom will the flower be plucked?

19. WHOM QUESTION

1. Whom do you love?

Who is loved by you?

2. Whom did you elect?

Who was elected by you?

3. Whom will he support?

Who will be supported by him?

4. Whom should Aayush help?

Who should be helped by Aayush?

5. Whom could they vote?

Who could be voted by them?

6. Whom is he teaching?

Who is being taught by him?

7. Whom has he cheated?

Who has been cheaed by him?

8. Whom had Ram killed?

Who had been killed by Ram?

9. Whom was she abusing?

Who was being abused by her?

20. WHAT AS A SUBJECT

1. What disturbs you?

By what are you disturbed?

2. What pleases you?

By what are you pleased?

3. What annoyed you?

By what were you annoyed?

4. What is inspiring him?

By what is he being inspired?

5. What has satisfied him?

By what has he been satisfied?

6. What will change his mind?

By what will his mind be changed?

7. What can stop it?

By what can it be stopped?

8. What would improve English?

By what would English be improved?

9. What may disrupt the match?

By what may the match be disrupted?

21. WHAT QUESTION

1. What does he eat?

What is eaten by him?

2. What is he buying?



What is being bought by him?

3. What have you brought?

What has been brought by you?

4. What did you find?

What was found by you?

5. What was he playing?

What was being played by him?

6. What had they cooked?

What had been cooked by them?

7. What will you bought?

What will be bought by you?

8. What can children read?

What can be read by childen?

9. What could they sell?

What could be sold by them?

10. What should you read?

What should be read by you?

EX- 22

Act:-subject+is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had+to+v1+

Object

Pass:- object+is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had+tobe+v3+

subject.

1. I am to finish this work.

This work is to be finished by me.

2. You are to write an essay.

An essay is to be written by you.

3. He was to sell this freeze.

This freeze was to be sold by him.

4. You were to buy a car.

A car was to be bought by you.

5. She has to help him.

He has to be helped by her.

6. The students have to write notes.

Notes have to be written by the students.

7. Hari had to repair his car.

His car had to be repaired by Hari.

8. He is to choose a house.

A house is to be choosen by him.

EX -23

Act:- It+is+time+to+v1+noun.

Pass:- It+is+time+for+noun+to+be+v3.

1. It is time to close the office.

It is time for the office to be closed.

2. It is time to start the work.

It is time for the work to be started.

3. It is time to supply food.

It is time for food to be supplied.

4. It is time to stop writing.

It is time for the writing to be stopped.

EX- 24

Act:- There+is/was+o+to+v1.

Pass:- There+is/was+o+to be +v3.



1. There is a lot of work to do.

There is a lot of work to be done.

2. There are six letters to write.

There are six letters to be written.

3. There was no time to loose.

There was no time to be lost.

4. There was a tree to water.

There was a tree to be watered.

EX -25

Act:- s+want+to+v1+o

Pass:- s+want+object+to+be+v3.

1. I want to buy an umbrella.

I want an umbrella to be bought.

2. She wants to eat a cake.

She wants a cake to be eaten.

3. He wanted to get a prize.

He wanted a prize to be got.

4. You want to receive money.

You want money to be received.

EX -26

Act:- S+like+to+v1+o

Pass:- S+like+o+to+be+v3

1. I like to take tea.

I like tea to be taken.

2. She likes to change cloth.

She likes cloth to be changed.

3. They like to wear zeans.

They like Zeans to be weared.

4. You like to pass the exam.

You like the exam to be passed.

EX- 27

Act:- s+hope+to+v1+o

Pass:- s+hope+o+to+be+v3

1. I hope to find a pen.

I hope a pen to be found.

2. She hopes to get salary.

She hopes salary to be got.

3. Ram hoped to take a wicket.

Ram hoped a wicket to be taken.

4. You hope to pass the exam.

You hope the exam to be passed.

EX 28

Act:- s+expect+to+v1+o

Pass:- s+expect+o+to+be+v3

1. I expect to get success.

I expect success to be got.

2. We expected to win the match.

We expected the match to be won.

3. She expects to purchase a car.

She expects a car to be purchased.

4. You expect to take a wicket.

You expect a wicket to be taken.



EX- 29.MISCELLANEOUS

1. Why did your brother write such a letter?

Why was such a letter written by your brother?

2. Mr. Roy teaches us grammar.

Grammar is taught to us by Mr. Roy.

We are taught grammar by Mr. Roy.

3. Who taught you French?

By whom were you taught French?

4. One should keep one’s promise.

Promise shold be kept.

5. Your behaviour greatly astonishes me.

I am greatly astonished at your behaviour.

6. This box contains ice.

Ice is contained in this box.

7. I want to buy an umbrella.

I want an umbrella to be bought.

8. They objected my proposal.

My proposal was objected by them.

9. Piush was writing a letter to her father.

A letter was being written to her father by Piush.

10. Do you intimate others?

Are others intimated by you?

11. I saw him conducting the rehersal.

He was seen conducting the rehersal by me.

12. The French surrendered Qubek to English in 1759.

Qubek was surreundered to English in 1759 by the French.

13. Someone gave her a bull-dog.

A bull-dog was given to her.

She was given a bull-dog.

14. A stone struck me on the head.

I was struck on the head by a stone.

15. You must look into this matter.

This matter must be looked ito by you.

16. The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.

Conquer Carthage was expected to by the Romans.

17. The rain disturbed the last day match.

The last day match was disturbed by the rain.

18. My uncle promised me a present.

A present was promised to me by my uncle.

I was promised a present by my uncle.

19. I saw him leaving the house.

He was seen leaving the house by me.

20. The noise of the traffic kept me awake.

I was kept awake by the noise of the traffic.

21. Why do you waste your time?

Why is your time wasted by you?

22. We hope that we shall win the match.

It is hoped that the match will be won by us.

23. The people will elect him president.

President will be elected to him by the people.

He will be elected president by the people.

24. Who taught you English?



By whom were you taught English?

25. Please walk on the right.

You are requested to walk on the right.

26. Summon the fire-brigade.

Let the fire-brigade be summoned.

27. One cannot gather grapes from thristles.

Grapes cannot be gathered from thristles.

28. The judge suspected that some one had bribed the

witness.

It was suspected by the judge that the witness had been

bribed.

29. Pay the bill at once.

Let the bill be paid at once.

30. The President appointed him Governor.

Governor was appointed to him by the president.

He was appointed Governor by the President.

31. That book has interested me greatly.

I have been greatly interested in that book.

32. Your behaviour has greatly disappointed me.

I have been greatly disappointed at your behaviour.

33. We offered her a chair.

A chair was offered to her by us.

She was offered a chair by us.

34. The cries of distress greatly alarmed them.

They were greatly alarmed at the cries of distress.

35. Tell him to leave the room.

Let him be told to leave the room.

36. Shall we ever forget those happy days?

Will those happy days ever be forgotten?

37. People always admire this picture.

This picture is always admired by the people.

38. He hurt his leg in an accident.

His leg was hurt in an accident.

39. Some people dress their children very badly.

Their children are dressed very badly by some people.

4o. No one has opened that box for the last hundred years.

That box has not been opened for the last hundred years.

41. No one has even beaten my brother at Tennis.

My brother has never been beaten at tennis.

42. Did anyone ask any question about me?

Was any question asked about me?

43. One uses milk for making butter and cheese.

Milk is used for making butter and cheese.

44. What have people done about this?

What has been done about this by people?

45. Has anybody answered your question?

Has your question been answered?

46. They make a book of paper.

A book is made of paper by them.

47. Somebody has pushed the table into a corner.

The table has been pushed into a corner.

48. People will show the visitors the new buildings.

The visitors will be shown the new buildings by people.



49. Some body will tell you what time the train leaves.

You will be told what time the train leaves.

50. Some one taught him French and gave him a dictionary.

French was taught to him and a dictionary was given to him.

EX -30. CHANGE INTO ACTIVE VOICE

1. A mango is eaten by Ram.

Ram eats a mango.

2. A bird is being killed by Ram.

Ram is killing a bird.

3. A letter was written by him.

He wrote a letter.

4. A letter will be written by him.

He will write a letter.

5. A letter was being written by him.

He was writing a letter.

6. A letter has been written by him.

He has written a letter.

7. A letter had been written by him.

He had written a letter.

8. A letter will have been written by him.

He will have written a letter.

9. Let the class not be disturbed.

Don’t disturb the class.

10. Let the door be closed.

Close the door.

11. You are requested to help me.

Please help me.

12. English should be read by us.

We should read English.

13. My car can be taken by you.

You can take my car.

14. Money could be returned by him.

He could return money.

15. Long passage would be taken by it.

It would take long passage.

16. Money may be returned by him.

He may return money.

17. The window might be opened by the girl.

The girl might open the window.

18. The black board must be cleaned by the boy.

The boy must clean the black board.

19. How is English learnt by you?

How do you learn English?

20. When is a pen being bought by them?

When are they buying a pen?

21. Why has the bird been killed by you?

Why have you killed the bird?

22. Where was a pen bought by him?

Where did he buy a pen?

23. What was being played by Ram?

What was Ram playing?

24. What had been cooked by them?



What had they cooked?

25. What will be bought by you?

What will you buy?

26. What can be read by children?

What can children read?

27. What could be sold by them?

What could they sell?

28. What should be read by us?

What should we read?

29. By whom had you been taught?

Who had taught you?

30. By whom will the flower be plucked?

Who will pluck the flower?

31. Is cricket liked by you?

Do you like cricket?

32. Am I being cheated by the servent?

Is the servent cheating me?

33. Has tea been taken by him?

Has he taken tea?

34. Was the pen found by you?

Did you find the pen?

35. Was the room being shifted by Kavita?

Was Kavita shifting the room?

36. Had the tiger been shot by the hunter?

Had the hunter shot the tiger?

37. Will the ticket be collected by you?

Will you collect the ticket?

38. Can the match be played by you?

Can you play the match?

39. Could the Guitar be sold by them?

Could they sell the guitar?

40. Should cigarette be smoked by us?

Should we smoke cigaratee?

41. May your bike be borrowed by me?

May I borrow your bike?

42. It is time for the work to be finished.

It is time to finish the work.

43. There is a lot of work to be done.

There is a lot of work to do.

44. By what are you disturbed?

What disturb you?

45. By what were you annoyed?

What annoyed you?

46. By what are you being inspired?

What is inspiring you?

47. By what has he been satisfied?

What has satisfied him?

48. By what will his mind be changed?

What will change his mind?

49. By what can it be stopped?

What can stop it?

50. By what would English be improved?



What would improve English?

NARRATION

1. Present+Present Indefinite=No change in tense

DIRECT:- Tinku says to Anju, “I love you.”

INDIRECT:- Tinku tells Anju that he loves her.

2. Present + Present Imperfect = No change in tense.

The servant says to the owner, “I am going to market.”

The servant tells the owner that he is going to market.

3. Present +present perfect = No change in tense

Sachin says, “I have scored century.”

Sachin says that he has scored century.

4. Present + present perfect continuous= No change in tense

The driver says, “I have been driving the car for five years.”

The driver says that he has been driving the car for five years.

5. Present+Past indefinite= No change in tense

Ramesh says, “I won the match.”

Ramesh says that he won the match.

6. Present +past imperfect = No change in tense

They say, “We were watching the match.”

They say that they were watching the match.

7. Present + past perfect= No change in tense

The boys say, “We had cut the tree.”

The boys say that they had cut the tree.

8. Present + past perfect continuous= No change in tense

Kundan says, “I had been living in Patna for two month.”

Kundan says that he had been living in Patna for two month.

9. Present+ future indefinite= No change in tense

Juli says, “I shall cook food.”

Juli says that she will cook food.

10. Present + future imperfect= No change in tense

I say, “I shall be helping the poor.”

I say that I shall be helping the poor.

11. Present + future perfect= No change in tense

We say, “We shall have passed the exam.”

We say that we shall have passed the exam.

12. Present + future perfect continuous= No change in tense

Ranjan says to me, “I shall have been teaching Geography.”

Ranjan tells me that he will have been teaching Geography.

13. Future+ Present indefinite= No change in tense

Sachin will say, “I play cricket.”

Sachin will say that he plays cricket.

14. Future+ present imperfect= No change in tense

Gunjan will say, “I am singing a song.”

Gunjan will say that she is singing a song.

15. Future+ persent perfect= No change in tense

I shall say, “I have completed the task.”

I shall say that I have completed the task.

16. Future + persent perfect continuous= No change in tense

Dharmendra will say, “I have been acting for thirty years.”

Dharmendra will say that He has been acting for thirty years.

17. Future + past indefinite = No change in tense

Dewbans will say, “I won the election.”



Dewbans will say that he won the election.

18. Future+ past imperfect = No change in tense

Daiji will say, “I was learning politics.”

Daiji will say that she was learning politics.

19. Future+ past perfect= No change in tense

Sobha will say, “I had decided to sing.”

Sobha will say that she had decided to sing.

20. Future + Past perfect continuous= No change in tense

The driver will say, “I had been travelling for a year.”

The driver will say that he had been travelling for a year.

21. Future+ future indefinite= No change in tense

Khusbu will say, “I shall dance.”

Khusbu will say that she will dance.

22. Future + future imperfect= No change in tense

The teacher will say, “I shall be teaching.”

The teacher will say that he will be teaching.

23. Future + future perfect = No change in tense

This boy will say, “I shall have finished my task.”

This boy will say that He will have finished his task.

24. Future + future perfect continuous= No change in tense

My sister will say, “I shall have been cooking the food.”

My sister will say that she will have been cooking the food.

25. Past + present indefinite= past indefinite

Deepak said to Deepika, “I eat a mango.”

Deepak told Deepika that he ate a mango.

26. Past + present imperfect= past imperfect

Baban said, “I am going to market.”

Baban told that He was going to market.

27. Past + present perfect = past perfect

You said to me, “I have done my work.”

You told me that you had done your work.

28. Past + present perfect continuous= past perfect

continuous

The boys said to the teacher, “We have been learning

English.”

The boys told the teacher that they had been learning English.

29. Past + past indefinite = past perfect

The teacher said, “I taught English.”

The teacher said that he had taught English.

30. Past + Past imperfect = past perfect continuous

I said, “I was finishing my work.”

I said that I had been finishing my work.

31. Past+ Past perfect= Nil.

32. Past + Past perfect continuous= Nil.

33. Past+ future indefinite = future in past

The player said, “I shall try my best.”

The player said that he would try his best.

34. Past + future imperfect= future in past

Ganguly said, “I shall be taking wickets.”

Ganguly said that he would be taking wickets.

35. Past + future perfect= future in past

My father said, “I shall have bought a car.”

My father said that he would have bought a car.



36. Past + future perfect continuous= future in past

Sadanand said, “I shall have been solving the problem.”

Sadanand said that he would have been solving the problem.

37. Past + Universal truth= no change

Chandan said, “The earth moves round the sun.”

Chandan said that the earth moves round the sun.

38. QUESTION WITH AUXILIARY VERB

(a) He said to me, “Have you seen the Taj”?

He asked me wheather I had seen the Taj.

(b) He asked us, “Are you going today”?

He asked us wheather we were going that day.

(c) He said to her, “can you drive the car”?

He asked her wheather she could drive the car.

(d) We said to him, “Is your name Mohan Das”?

We asked him wheather his name was Mohan Das.

(e) They said to us, “Were you present in the meeting”?

They asked us wheather we had present in the meeting.

(f) The man said to his son, “Do you want to go”?

The man asked his son wheather he wanted to go.

(g) An old man asked me, “Do you know how to sleep”?

An old man asked me wheather I knew how to sleep.

(h) Hassan said to us, “Do you remember to have taken

money from me”?

Hassan asked us wheather we remembered to have taken

money from him.

(i) I said to Hassan, “Did you ever give me money”?

I asked Hassan wheather he had ever given me money.

(j) The thief said to the judge, “May I appeal for mercy”?

The thief asked the judge wheather he might appeal for

mercy.

39. QUESTION WITH “WH”

(a) He said to me, “What is your name”?

He asked me what my name was.

(b) “Why are you lagging behind?” said the horse to the mare.

The horse asked the mare why she was lagging behind.

(c) The teacher said to me, “Where do you live”?

The teacher asked me where I lived.

(d) Sanjay said to Modi, “Which way leads to the station”?

Sanjay asked Modi which way lead to the station.

(e) He said to him, “Why do you not ask other”?

He asked him why he did not ask other.

(f) I asked him, “Why did he come late that day”?

I asked him why he had come late that day.

(g) Rakesh said to Rajesh, “What will you do with the

money”?

Rakesh asked Ramesh what he would do with the money.

40. OPTATIVE SENTENCE (beginning with “May”)

(a) He said, “May Atal Bihari Bajpayee hold his office for a few

years more.

He wished that Atal Bihari Bajpayee might hold his office for a

few years more.

(b) He said, “May the king live long”.

He wished that the king might live long.

(c) The old man said to me, “May you be destroyed”.

The old man cursed me that I might be destroyed.



(d) The old woman said to me, “May heaven fall on you”.

The old woman cursed me that heaven might fall on me.

41. SENTENSES WITH “YES” “NO”

(a) He said, “Yes, I can do it”.

He replied in affirmative that he could do that.

(b) They said, “No we cannot do it”.

They replied in negative that they could not do that.

(c) The headmaster said to the monitor, “Yes you will be

granted free studentship.”

The headmaster replied the monitor in affirmative that he

would be granted free studentship.

(d) The servant said, “No I have not bought vegetables”.

The servant replied in negative that he had not bought

vegetables.

42. ORDER

1. The officer said to the peon, “Get out”.

The officer ordered the peon to get out.

2. The master said to the servant, “Bring a glass of water.”

The master ordered the servant to bring a glass of water.

3. “Take this man to the prison” Said the king to the soldiers.

The king ordered the soldiers to take that man to the prison.

4. He said to the gatekeeper, “Open the gate.”

He ordered the gatekeeper to open the gate.

43. PROHIBIT

1. He said to me, “Don’t touch the wire.”

He prohibited me to touch the wire.

2. I said to her, “Don’t go there”.

I prohibited her to go there.

3. The father said to his son, “Never tell a lie.”

The father prohibited his son to tell a lie.

4. My father said to me, “Don’t play cards.”

My father prohibited me to play cards.

44. REQUEST

1. The hostess said to the man, “Please take your seat.”

The hostess requested the man to take his seat.

2. Ram said to his father, “Please give me a rupee.”

Ram requested his father to give him a rupee.

3. “Listen to me please” said the speaker to his audience.

The speaker requested his audience to listen to him.

4. The servant said to the master, “Please make a decision

soon.”

The servant requested the master to make a decision soon.

ALWAYS REMEMBER

1. Now is changed into then.

2. Thus is changed into so.

3. Here is changed into there.

4. This is changed into that.

5. These is changed into those.

6. Tomorrow is changed into next day.

7. Yesterday is changed into previous day.

8. Last day is changed into previous day.

9. Hence is changed into thence.

10. Tonight is changed into that night.



11. Today is changed into that day.

12. Ago is changed into before.

13. Next day is changed into following day.

14. Hither is changed into thither.

15. Come is changed into go.

16. Just is changed into then.

17. Hence forth is changed into thence forth.

45. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

With “joy, sorrow, anger, contempt, disgust, applause,

remorse, regret”

1. The caption said, “Hip Hip! Hurrah! I won the match.

The caption exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.

2. The master of the house said, “Alas! I am undone.”

The master of the house exclaimed with sorrow that he was

undone.

3. The teacher said to me, “Bravo! You have stood first.

The teacher exclaimed me with applause that I had stood

first.

4. He said to his son, “Fie Fie! You have failed”.

He exclaimed his son with contempt that he had failed.

5. The hunter said, “Oh! I have missed the chance.

The hunter exclaimed with regret that he had missed the

chance.

6. He said, “Ah! It was hellish.

He exclaimed with disgust that it had been hellish.

46. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

With “what a, how a, such a”

1. Ravi said, “How a serious offence have I committed”.

Ravi exclaimed with surprise that he had committed a very

serious offence.

2. He said, “How a huge snake lies on the road”.

He exclaimed with surprise that a very huge snake lay on the

road.

3. Kanchan said, “Such a horrible night.”

Kanchan exclaimed with surprise that it was very horrible

night.

4. Mohan said, “How fine this sight is.”

Mohan exclaimed with surprise that that sight was very fine.

5. Mahatma Gandhi said, “How sad is the condition of the

society.

Mahatma Gandhi exclaimed with surprise that the condition

of the society was very sad.

47. MISCELLANEOUS

1. He said, “Hurry up.”

He ordered to hurry up.

2. Harish said, “Sir may I go home.”

Harish respectfully asked wheather he might go home.

3. I said to him, “Do have a cup of tea.”

I insisted him to have a cup of tea.

4. He said, “I must go at once.”

He said that he had to go at once.

5. I said to him, “Let us go out for a walk.”

I proposed him that we should go out for a walk.

6. “Hello” She said to his sister, “How are you.”

She greated to his sister and asked how she was.

7. The teacher said, “Be quite boys”.



The teacher ordered boys to be quite.

8. He asked his teacher, “Need I read this chapter”.

He asked his teacher wheather he needed to read that

chapter.

9. She said, “Can you sing”and I said, “No”.

She asked wheather I could sing and replied in negative.

10. “Are you alone my son” asked a soft voice behind me.

A soft voice behind me addressed me like his son and asked

me wheather I was alone.

11. I don’t know the way do you”? He asked.

He said that he did not know the way and asked me wheather

I knew the way.

12. The manager said, “What can I do for you.”

The manager asked wheather what he could do for me.

13. “I shall shoot you if you don’t keep quite”, the robber said

to the house owner.

The robber told the house owner that we would shoot him if

he did’t keep quite.

14. What a forgetful creature I am! I’ve forgotten to post your

letter.

He exclaimed with surprise that he was a very forgetful

creature and told that he had forgotten to post my letter.

15. He said to me, “I have often told you not to play with

fire.”

He told me he had often told me not to play with fire.

16. “I was to speak to you” He said.

He said he had been to speak to me.

17. “Why do you lock the door? Nobody will disturb us” He

said.

He asked why he locked the door and nobody disturb us.

18. “Have you anything to say on behalf of the prisoner?” said

the judge finally.

The judge asked finally wheather I had anything to say on

behalf of the prisoner.

19. “Bring me a drink of milk,”said the Swami to the villagers.

The Swami ordered the villagers to bring him a drink of milk.

20. “Hurry up,” he said to his servant, “Do not waste time.”

He ordered to hurry up and prohibited to waste time.

21. “Go down to the Bazar. Bring me some oil and lump of

ice,” ordered his master.

His master ordered to go down to the Bazar and bring him

some oil and lump of ice.

22. Telemachus replied “How can I drive away the moter,

who borne me and nourished me?”

Telemachus asked how he could drive away the moter who

had borne him and had nourished him.

23. “I belive,”said he, “that we are in this country among the

people whom we like and who like us.”

He said that he belived that they were in that country among

the people whom they liked and who liked them.

24. He said “Take that bird away. Its gilded cage reminds me

of my father whom I imprisoned.”

He ordered to take that bird away and said that the gilded

case reminded him of his father whom he had imprisoned.

25. “I have just one word to say to you,”said the dealer.

The dealer said that he had just one word to say me.

26. “What is your name?” asked Bellarious. “And where are

you going?

Bellarious asked what my name was and where I was going.

27. “Fidele is my name,”answered Imogne, “And I am on my

way to Milford Haven, where I must take ship for Rome.”



Imogne said that his name was Fidele and he was on his way

to Milford Haven where he had to take ship for Rome.

28. “Let us arm ourselves and fight,”he told his followers. “I

begin to grow tired of the sun, and wish my life at an end.”

He proposed his followers that they should arm themselves

and fought and said that he began to grow tired of the sun

and wished his life at an end.

29. “I willn’t go on the top in such weather. It will kill

me,”Said the woman.

The woman said that she wouldn’t go on the top in such

weather and said that would kill her.

30. “What the matter”, said Hilda. “Is a fly bothering you?”

Hilda asked what the matter was and asked wheather a fly

was bothering me.

INFINITIVE

Tkc fdz;k ls subject dk vFkkZr noun ;k pronoun dk dke ysrs gS rks

mls infinitive dgrs gSA e.g. To walk is a good exercise.

Tkc fdz;k ls object dk vFkkZr noun ;k pronoun dk dke ysrs

gS rks mls infinitive dgrs gSA e.g. I like to teach.

Infinitive nks izdkj ds gskrs gSA 1.Infinitive (with to) 2.

Bare infinitive (without to) .

RULE

1. tc ;g subject dk dk;Z djsxk to ds lkFk vk,xkA

Q. Buy To buy present for/ a lady in her/ absence is a very

difficult task.

2. tc ;g object dk dk;Z djrk gS izk;% to ysdj vkrk gSA

e.g. I want to go.

3. tc ;g compliment dk dk;Z djsxk izk;% to ds lkFk vk,xkA

Q. My ambition is/ to eradicate poverty/from the country.

(N/E)

4. ;g preposition dk object ugh gks ldrkA

5. ;g preposition ds igys jgdj preposition dk Lokeh ugh cu

ldrkA

6. ’s ds ckn Hkh bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA

7. ’s ds igys Hkh bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA

8. Proper adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vk,xkA

9. Demonstrative adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vkrkA

10. Distributive adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vkrkA

11. Possessive adjective ds ckn Hkh infinitive ugh vk,xkA

12. bldk plural Hkh laHko ugh gSA

13. dk;Z ds yD> dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Q. On account of / its new investment rule more companies

are planning / for opening to open their business in China.

14. Ask, decide, discover, discuss, explain, teach+wh (but not

why) + infinitive.

Q. It is only now/ sixty years after/independence that India /

is learning how to nigociating nigociate.

15. tc is,am, are, was, were,dk iz;skx ;kstuk n”kkZus ds yh, gks rks

mlds lkFk infinitive vkrk gSA

e.g. I am to go.

16. tc has,have, had dk iz;ksx ok/;rk n”kkZus ds yh, gks rsk blds lkFk

infinitive vkrk gSA

e.g. I have to attend other classes also.

Q. Sumitra was very absent/because she has to goes go to a

boarding school so she cried the entire night.



17. Is/ was + nothing +but+infinitive.

e.g. There is nothing but to do or die.

18. Do/does/did +nothing +but +bare infinitive.

e.g. Lalu did nothing but cheat.

19. Do, dare, need dk iz;ksx ;nh principal verb ds :i esa gks rks

buds lkFk infinitive vk,xkA

Q. Today as the draught / ravage different part / of the

country/ our rulers need to mind their steps. (N/E)

20. Do/need/dare dk iz;ksx ;nh lgk;d fdz;k ds :i esa gks rks blds

lkFk bare infinitive vk,xkA

e.g. Do you understand ?

21. Infinitive dk to ml “kCn ds lfeire jgsxk ftlds fy, iz;qDr gksxkA

e.g. I request you to kindly help me.

22. To ds ckn vkus okyh fdz;k vius ewy :i esa jgsxhA

Q. We are happy to/ recomended recommend that his sum/

to be considered / for the post of manager.

23. ijUrw passive voice esa to ds ckn be jgsxk vkSj be ds ckn vkus okyh

fdz;k vius frljs :i esa vk,xhA

Q. When there is a lot/ of work pressure / and deadlines to be

meeting met / I become restless.

24. tc anxiousdk vFkZ gks mRlwd rks] rFkk keen ds lkFk infinitive

yxsxkA

Q. Everyone is keen in knowing to know / the forecast of the

mansoon/ this year as it has been the / major cause of

inflation in Asia.

25. Adjective +of+O+infinitive fdlh ds O;ogkj dsk n”kkZrk gSA

Q. It was very kind/ about of you to help me financially /

inspite of your poor economy.

26. Adjective + for+ O+ infinitive fdlh ds ykHk ;k gkuh dks n”kkZrk

gSA

Q. It was courageous/ to for him to wrest / the weapon from

the burgeler’s hand.

27. Ashamed ds lkFk infinitive dk iz;ksx rc djrs gsS tc vxzhe :i ls

yfTtr gksuk n”kkZ;k gksA

e.g. I am ashamed to speak about my result.

28. tc interest dk iz;ksx dwN cksyus esa :ph n”kkZus ds yh, gks rks blds

lkFk infinitive yxsxkA

e.g. I am interested to speak.

29. tc keep ds fdlh Lo:id dk vFkZ gks j[kuk rks mlds lkFk

infinitive yxsxkA

e.g. I keep a pen to write.

30. tc carry ds fdlh Hkh Lo:id dk vFkZ gks <ksuk ;k ys tkuk rks mlds

lkFk infinitive yxrk gSA

e.g. I carry a bag to hold my book.

31. tc go ds fdlh Lo:id dk vFkZ gks tkuk rks mlds lkFk infinitive

yxsxkA e.g. I am going home to celebrate diwali.

32. tc adjective ds igys too fdlh dh v>erk dks n”kkZ;s rks mlds ckn

infinitive vk,xkA

Q. He is too impatient for / tolerating to tolerate any delay /

in his work.

33. Tkc adjective+enough fdlh dh >erk dks n”kkZ;s rsk mlds lkFk

infinitive vk,xkA



Q. He is rich/ enough for / buying to buy a car.

34. Love, hate, prefer+infinitive.

Q. My best friend/ left the country / I hate to hearing hear/

from him again soon.

35. ;nh remember / forget dk iz;ksx Hkfo’; ds lanHkZ esa gks rks mlds

lkFk infinitive yxrk gSA e.g. Remember to come in time.

36. Sorry/regret ds LkkFk infinitive dk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc vfxze

:i ls [ksn O;Dr djuk gksA

Q. I am sorry to disappoint you/ but I cannot late you/ have

any more money / till the end of the month. (N/E)

37. Stop dk iz;ksx ;nh O;fdr ds :dus ;k jksdus dks n”kkZus ds yh, gks rks

blds lkFk infinitive yxsxkA e.g. The teacher stopped me to ask a

question.

38. Likely/sure ds LkkFk infinitive dk iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. I wanted to be/ought of the way /when she was/ likely for

receiving to receive the letter.

39. so+positive degree +as + infinitive.

Q. Would you be not so kind/ as to grant me free studentship.

(N/E)

40. As+ positive degree+as+infinitive.

Q. Are you as/ foolish as/ to believe her/ in such a situation?

(N/E)

41. Why + bare infinitive

e.g. Why play fine.

42. And+ bare infinitive

Q. I requested / my friend / to come and shoping shop with

me.

43. Or+ bare infinitive.

Q. A customer usually/ goes to back / to deposit or to/

withdraw his money.

44. Better, had better, had rather, had sooner vknh ds ckn bare

infinitive vk,xkA

Better reign in hale than surve in heaven.

45. Than ds ckn Hkh infinitive fcuk to ds vkrk gSA

Q. It is always beneficial / to make the people realise / the

importance of discipline / than to impose them on other.

46. Let, bid, behold, watch, see, hear, feel, make vknh dks nsk

object pkfg, izFke object noun ;k pronoun nwljk object bare

infinitive .

e.g. I made him laugh.

47. ijUrw mijksDr “kCn passive esa vk, rks buds lkFk infinitive vk,xkA

e.g. He was made to laugh by me.

48. Allow, advice, order, force, permit, request, remind dks Hkh

nks object pkfg,A bldks Hkh ,d object noun / pronoun pkfg,A

bldk Hkh izFke object noun / pronoun jgsxk ijUrw bldk nwljk

object infinitive vk,xkA

e.g. The teacher allowed me to go.

49. Happen, appear, chance dks Hkh nks object pkfg,A bldks Hkh ,d

noun ;k pronoun pkfg, ijUrw bldks izFke object infinitive pkfg,]

bldk nwljk object noun ;k pronoun jgsxkA

e.g. He appears to forget me.



GERUND

tc fdz;k ds vUr essa ing yxkdj mlls subject dk vFkkZr noun ;k

pronoun dk dke fy;k tkrk gS rks mls gerund dgrs gSA e.g.

Walking is good for health.

tc fdz;k ds vUr esa ing yxkdj

mlls object dk vFkkZr noun ;k pronoun dk dke ysrs gS rks mls

gerund dgrs gSA e.g. I like swimming.

RULES

1. ;g preposition dk object gks ldrk gSA

Q. The project group /would first look into tender/conditions

of both basic and value added / services before submit

submitting its bid.

2. ;g preposition ds igys vkdj preposition dk Lokeh cu ldrk gSA

The batting of Tendulkar.

3. ;g ’s ds ckn vk ldsxkA e.g. Amir’s acting.

4. ;g ’s ds igys Hkh vk ldsxkA e.g. Innings’ defeat.

5. Proper, possessive, demonstrative, distributive adjective ds

ckn gerund vk ldsxkA

Q. His father will never / object him his joining army instead it

will/ make him proud.

6. ;g article ds lkFk Hkh vk ldrk gSA e.g. The printing of the book

is very beautiful.

7. bldk plural Hkh laHko gSA e.g. I am faid up with all these

bombings,burnings and killings.

8. dkj.k dks n”kkZus ds fy, gerund yxsxkA e.g. I was punished for

coming late.

9. Let, bid, behold, watch, see, make vknh fdz;kvks ds second

object ds :i esa gerund rc iz;wDr gksxk tc nks fdz;k;s ,d lkFk py

jgh gks A

Q. My students saw/ a robber snatch snatching / a chain of a

lady.

10. S+ be verb + V3+to + gerund.

Q. Americans are accustomed to/ drinking coffee/ with their

meal. (N/E)

11. ;nh anxious dk vFkZ gks fpfUrr rks blds lkFk gerund yxsxkA e.g.

I am anxious for listening about my parents.

12. dr̀ dk;ksZ ds izfr yfTtr gksus dsk n”kkZus ds fy, ashamed ds lkFk

gerund yxsxkA I am ashamed of making delay.

13. tc interest dk iz;ksx fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa :fp n”kkZus ds fy, gks

rks blds lkFk gerund yxsxkA e.g. I am interesting in gardening.

14. tc go, keep, carry, continue ds fdlh Lo:i dk iz;ksx fdlh

dk;Z ds pyrs jgus dks n”kkZus ds fy, gsk rks mlds lkFk gerund yxsxkA

e.g. India went on winning the match.

15. tc remember / forget dk iz;ksx fcfr gwb ckrsk ds lanHkZ esa gks rks

mlds lkFk gerund yxsxkA

Q. The last time I remembered / used using my knife was/

when took it out/ to cut a strap for you.

16. dr̀ dk;ksZ ds izfr >ek izkfFkZ gksus ds yh, sorry / regret ds lkFk

gerund yxsxkA e.g. I am sorry for disturbing you.

17. tc stop ls fdlh fdz;k dk jkssdk tkuk vfHkizk; gks rks blds lkFk

gerund yxsxkA

Q. If he does not stop to boast boasting / he will antagonise/

all his friends.



18. tc fdlh “kCn dk vFkZ ;k Hkko ;k “kCn Lo;a gh ukdkjkRed gks]

fu’ks/kkRed gks] jksdkoV lwpd gks] ck/kk lwpd gks] eukgh lwpd gks rsk mlds

lkFk gerund yxsxkA

Q. I can’t help to sneeze sneezing/ because I got drenteched/

yesterday and have/ a bad cold and caugh.

19. tc dksb dk;Z fdlh dk;Z izukfy dks viuk dj fd;k tkrk gS rks mls

n”kkZus ds fy, by + gerund yxsxkA e.g. Drink water by boiling.

20. tc dksb dk;Z fdlh dk;Z izukyh dks vuns[kk dj ds lEiknhr fd;k

tkrk gS rks mls n”kkZus ds yh, without + gerund dks iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. Without wait waiting for the instruction/ from the

government some cable / operators in the city/ had blocked

the news.

21. Although, hence, when, while+ gerund.

e.g. He sings a song while taking a bath.

22. tc want dk iz;ksx futhZo ds vko”;drk dks n”kkZ;s rks mlds ckn

gerund vk;sxkA e.g. Your house wants white washing.

23. tc need dk vfHkizk; gks fuftZo dh vko”;drk rks blds lkFk

gerund vk;sxkA e.g. Your house needs reparing.

24. tc dksb fdlh ekeys esa vPNk gks] cwjk gks] rst gks] /khek gks] u;k gks]

iwjk.kk gks] izlh) gks ] cnuke gks] vygM+ gks ]fo”ks’kK gks rks mls n”kkZus ds

yh, in + gerund dk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. He is fast in writing.

PARTICIPLE

A drunken man told me an interesting story.

mijksDr okD; dks /;kuiwoZd ns[kus ij ge ikrs gS

dh mlesa nks noun gS man rFkk story nksusk ds ckjs esa cksyus ds yh, nsk

“kCn gS drunken rFkk interesting vFkkZr drunken rFkk interesting

Adjective dk dk;Z dj jgk gS A

vkSj vf/kd /;ku iwoZd ns[kus ls ;g

irk pyrk gS dh nksuks okLrfod adjective ugh gS cfYd dze”k% drink

rFkk interest fdz;k ls fufeZr gS vkSj dke adjective dk dj gSA vFkkZr

participle gSA

D;ksdh oSls “kCn tks noun ;k pronoun ds

ckjs esa cksyus dk dke djrs gS ijUrw fdz;k ls fuehZr gksrs gS participle

dgykrs gSA e.g. Drinking water, wounded man.

fdz;k ls fufeZr gksus ds dkju buds nsk :i gksrs gSA

(A)Present participle (B)Past participle

(A)Present participle -tc fdz;k vius var esa ing yxkdj adjective

dk dk;Z djrh gS rks mls present participle dgrs gSA e.g. The

burning train. Etc.

(B)Past participle -tc fdz;k vius vUr easa d, ed, n, en, nt, ne vknh

yxkdj muls adjective dk dke ysrs gS rks mls past participle dgrs

gSA e.g. dead body, tired man, burnt child, broken plate, gone

train etc.

RULE

1. Present participle ;g n”kkZrk gS fd mlds Lokeh dks D;k gks jgk gsSA

e.g. A running nose.

2. Past participle ;g n”kkZrk gS fd mlds Lokeh dks D;k gks x;k gSA

Q. Despite working/ very hard he/ failed to achieve/ desiring

desired result.

3. Participle dk iz;ksx ftlds fy, gksxk mldk li’V mYys[k gksuk

pkgh,A e.g. This is looking xyr gS

lgh gS This is a looking glass.

4. Participle dk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds Bhd igys gksxk ftlds yh, iz;wDr

gksxkA



Q. The revised government’s /revised guidelines have

reduced / the number of mergers / taking place among

books.

5. vU; izdkj ds adjective participle ds igys jgsaxsAe.g. A good

looking lady.

6. ;nh adverb participle dh lsok esa vk, rks participle ds Bhd igys

jgsxkA

Q. Only the newer newly imerged/countries had been able

to/ get new call science/ for air craft flying their flags.

7. ;nh nksuks izdkj ds participle ,d lkFk vk, rks igys past participle

jgsxk vkSj ckn esa paresent participle .

e.g. Polluted drinking water.

8. ;nh vko”;drk iMh rks present participle ds lkFk very yxsxkA e.g.

Very interesting story.

9. ;nh vko”;drk iMh past participle ds lkFk much yxsxkA

Q. The more much enlightened / factory woner built homes

for their/ workers in Britain / in the nineteenth century.

10. ;nh yxsxk rks ever present participle ds lkFk yxsxkA

e.g. Ever loving mother.

11. ;|ih participle dk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy,

iz;wDr gksrk gS ijUrw ;g verb of perception ds ckn vkrk gSA e.g. I

feel hurt.

12 . Tkc ;g compliment dk dke djs rks Hkh Lokeh ds ckn jg ldrk gSA

Q. We are interesting interested in purchasing/ the new

laptop model/ since it has many features/ unavailable in

conventional computers.

13. Tkc ;g n”kkZuk gks fd fdlh us ,d dk;Z djus ds mijkar nwljk dk;Z

fd;k vkSj nwljk dk;Z present ;k future ls lacaf/kr gks rks present

participle + present ;k future dk dksb okD; yxk;saxsA e.g. Taking

bicycle I come here.

14. tc ;g n”kkZuk gks dh fdlh dks dwN gksrk gS mlds ckn og dwN djrk

gS vkSj tks djrk gS mldk laca/k present ;k future ls gks rks being +

past participle + present ;k future dk dksb tense iz;ksx djsaxsaA e.g.

Being injured he comes here.

15. ,slh voLFkk esa being ds lehi dksb subject jgsxkA

Q. It being a rainy day/ Aashish dedcides to/ stay indoors/

and enjoy himself with music.

16. tc ,d gh drkZ nks dk;Z djrk gks ,d dk;Z igys rFkk nwljk dk;Z ckn

esa djrk gks ,oa ckn okys dk;Z dk laca/k past tense ls gks rks having +

past participle + past dks dksb tense iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. Being Having recently arrived / in the city we/ visited our

neighbours / to know them.

17. tc Hkwrdky esa fdlh dks dwN gwvk vkSj mlds mijkar mlus dwN fd;k

tks dk;Z ckn esa gwvk ;nh mldk laca/k Hkwrdky ls gks rks having +been+

past participle + past ds fdlh tense dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. Having being been defeated / in election Bahuguna /

announced retirement/ from active politics.

18. ;nh participle dks vko”;drk iM+h rks og no xzg.k djsxkA

e.g. There is no drinking water in the campus.

ADVERB

Adverb is a word that says something about a verb, sometime

something about adjective, sometime something about

adverb, sometime something about preposition and

sometime something about the whole sentence.



e.g. She Speaks slowly.

She is a very nice person.

Very very important question.

The crow flew just over my head.

Unfortunately I called her to invite her to the party but she

was not at home.

ADVERB

1. Of manner 2. Of place 3. Of time 4. Of degree

5. Of number 6. Of purpose 7.Of reason 8.Interrogative

adverb

1. Adverb of Manner

It says the mode of work.

It generally answers the question, “How”.

e.g. Slowly, quickly etc.

N1- Most of adverbs of manner are formed by adding,

“ly”after adjective of quality.

e.g. Quick quickly

sad sadly

neat neatly

Q. Unless we work/ careful carefully we may/ overlook

something/ in the contract.

N2- There are some words that work both as adjective and

adverb without taking “ly”.

e.g. First, hard, hot, long, low, straight, next, fast, late, deep,

high, last etc.

N3- There are some words that work both as adjective and

adverb by taking, “ly”.

e.g. Daily, weekly, monthly, yearly etc.

N4- The adverb that is formed by adding, “ly” After adjective

of quality will take either, “ly” or preposition.

Q. He advised me/ to wait with patiently / for the next

opportunity/ and to grab it soon.

2. Adverb of Place

It says the place of the verb.

It generally answers the question, “Where”.

e.g. Here, there, in the corner etc.

3. Adverb of Time

It says the time of the work.

It generally answers the question, “When”.

e.g. This time, yesterday, then, ago, now etc.

4. Adverb of Degree

It says the quantity of the work.

It generally answers the question, “How much”.

e.g. Much, very, little, enough, most etc.

5. Adverb of Number



It says the number of work.

It generally answers the question, “How many times”.

e.g. Once, twice, thrice, four times, eleven times etc.

Q. The dentist stressed/ on the importance/ of brushing one’s

teeth/ two time twice reguraly.

6. Adverb of Purpose

It says the purpose of the work.

It generally answers the question, “For what”.

e.g. To learn, to earn etc.

7. Adverb of Reason

It says the cause of the verb.

It generally answers the question, “Why”.

e.g. For, as, since etc.

8. Interrogative Adverb

It asks question about the verb.

e.g. What, where, when, why etc.

USES OF ADVERB

1. Ago (igys)- tc Hkwrdky dh ?kVuk dh ppkZ orZeku esa dh tkrh gks rks

Hkwrdky ls ysdj ppkZ ds le; rd ds varjky dks n”kkZus ds fy, bldk

iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. When talking of books/ I am always reminded of / my

youngest brother/ who died a few years earlier ago.

2. Before ( igys)- bldk iz;ksx nsk Hkwrdkfyd ?kVukvks ds fcp ds varjky

dks n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA e.g. I had come before the teacher

came.

3. Already (igys )-bldk iz;ksx present perfect esa ;g n”kkZus ds yh,

gksrk gS fd dksb dk;Z ppkZ ds igys gh lekIr gks x;k ijUrw mldk izHkko

vHkh ckdh gSA e.g. Modi has already announced his policy.

4. Only (dsoy )-bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds lfeire gksxk ftlds fy,

iz;wDr gksxkA

Q. We have paid for our / travel and accommodation so/ we

need only to take / only some pocket money with us.

5. Late (foyac dj ds )

Q. I advised Prashant/ not to work / on the road/ lately late at

night.

6. Lately (vHkh vHkh)

e.g. I have read the newspaper lately.

7. Hard (iwjh “kfDr ls)

Q. Vina wanted to / become a serjon/ so worked very hardly

hard /to achieve it.

8. Hardly (cMh ewf”dy ls ;k cMh dBhukb ls )

Q. A more irrational world / to this one/ in which we

presently live/ good hard hardly we conceived.

9. Respectively (viuk viuk)

Q. John and Sohan / brought their / laptop respectfully

respectively.

10. Respectfully (vknj iwoZd )



Q. All the pupils / stood up respectively respectfully / as the

teacher intered the room.

11. Still (vc rd)- bldk iz;ksx lkdkjkRed rFkk iz”ukRed okD;ks esa gksrk

gSA

e.g. Is he still sleeping?

Yes he is still sleeping.

12. Yet (vc rd)- bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkRed okD;ks esa gksrk gSA

Q. Amit has been deceiving Mona for many years/ but she has

not /still yet tumbled to it.

13. NO-

a. Noun –I have no friend.

b. Pronoun- I have no one.

14. NOT-

a. Adj.-I am not sick.

b. V-I am not going.

c. Adv.- I am not very intelligent.

15. SUCH-

a. Noun- I have never seen such boy.

b. Pronoun- I am not such one.

16. SO-

a. Adj.- So good.

b. Adv.- So quickly.

17.

VERY MUCH

a. It is used before positive

degree.

e.g. Very good.

a. It is used before

comperative degree.

e.g. Much better than.

b. It is used before present

participle.

e.g. Very interesting story.

b. It is used before past

participle.

e.g. Much tired man.

c. It is used before very.

e.g. Very very important.

c. It is not used before very.

d. It is used before much.

e.g. I like it very much.

d. It is not used before much.

e. Too can not be used with

very.

e. Too can be used before

much.

e.g. You speak too much.

f. So can not be used with

very.

f. So can be used before

much.

e.g. I like so much.

g. The is used before very.

e.g. The very best.

g. The is used after much.

e.g. Much the best.

18. Just now (Bhd vHkh)- bldk iz;ksx Hkwrdky ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. I have finished the newspaper just now.

19. Right now (Bhd vHkh )- bldk iz;ksx Hkfo’; ds yh, gksrk gSA

e.g. We shall go right now.

20. Fairly + liking

Q. Yesterday you told me/ that the film was bad / but it was a

/ rather fairly good fillm.

21. Rather + disliking



Q. Our country’s performance / in the last few national/ and

international games/ is fairly rather ordinary / and below our

stature.

22. Also (Hkh)- bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc nsk leku egrrk okys dks

tksM+uk gksA bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds ckn Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj igys Hkh

ftlds yh, ;g iz;wDr gksrk gSA

e.g. Boys are important girls are also important.

23. Even (Hkh)- tc dqN vk”kk ds foifjr gks rc Even dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

bldk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds igys gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk gSA

e.g. Even Manmohan could not control price rice.

24. Too (Hkh)- tc dksb egRoiq.kZ gskus ds dkj.k lk/kkj.k le>k tkrk gS rc

bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. I too am young I too have dreams.

bdk iz;ksx ml “kCn ds ckn gksrk gS ftlds fy, iz;wDr gksrk gSA

25. Too (,ruk vf/kd tsruk dh ugh gksuk pkgh,)-

e.g. We are too foolish.

26. REMOVE “TOO”

CHAPTER – 1 (Single ‘too)

EXAMPLE:-

a. The weather is too hot.

The weather is hotter than proper.

b. He came too late.

He came later than desirable.

c. The weather was too chill.

The weather was chiller than bearable.

d. He was too careless.

He was more careless than was proper to him.

e. The water was too cold.

The water was colder than required.

EXERCISE:-

1. He was too wicked.

He was more wicked than proper.

2. Umakanti is too busy.

Umakanti is busier than proper.

3. It was too early.

It was earlier than proper.

4. The lesson is too tough.

The lesson is more tough than proper.

5. The box was too heavy.

The box was heavier than proper.

CHAPTER- 2 single ‘too’ but before the sentence

EXAMPLE:-

a. Too much praise spoils an artist.

More than proper praise spoils an artist.

EXERCISE:-



1. Too much lift destroys children.

More than proper lift destroys children.

2. Too much of everything is bad.

More than proper of everything is bad.

3. Too much proud defamed him.

More than proper proud defamed him.

4. Too many cooks spoils the broth.

More than proper cooks spoils the broath.

5. Too many servants make the house battle field.

More than proper servants make the house battle field.

CHAPTER -3 Double ‘too’ (in capability)

EXAMPLE:-

a. He is too weak to come on feet.

He is so weak that he can’t come on feet.

b. Rama was too kind to kill Ravana.

Rama was so kind that he couldnot kill Ravana.

EXERCISE:-

1. I am too tired to work.

I am so tired that I can’t work.

2. The boy is too dull to understand.

The boy is so dull that he can’t understand.

3. He was too poor to purchase a car.

He was so poor that he couldnot purchase a car.

4. I was too weak to pass the exam.

I was so weak that I couldnot pass the exam.

5. The child was too short to touch the ceiling.

The child was so short that it could not touch the ceiling.

CHAPTER:- 4 Double ‘too’ ( but inanimated things)

EXAMPLE:-

a. The result is too bad to publish.

The result is so bad that it can’t be published.

EXERCISE:-

1. The news is too good to believe.

The news is so good that it can’t be believed.

2. It is too late to mend.

It is so late that it can’t be mended.

3. The house is too small to accomodate.

The house is so small that it can’t be accommodated.

4. The branch is too high to reach.

The branch is so high that it can’t be reached.

5. Exam was too difficult to pass.

Exam was so difficult that it could not be passed.



CHAPTER:5 Double ‘too’ with the work done by none

a. The sun is too hot to go out.

The sun is so hot that we cannot go out.

EXERCISE:-

1. It was too cold to move outside.

It was so cold that we couldnot move outside.

2. The fog is too dense to drive.

The fog is so dense that we can’t drive.

3. The sea ws too rough to sail.

The sea was so rough that we couldnot sail.

4. The night was too dark to walk.

The night was so dark that we couldnot walk.

5. The glass was too dirty to see.

The glass was so dirty that we couldnot see.

ORDER OF ADVERB

1. ;nh HkhUu HkhUu izdkj ds adverb ,d lkFk iz;wDr gks rks budk dze gksxk

manner, place, time, degree, number, purpose, reason.

e.g. Sonpur fair is held annually at the bank of Gandak in the

month of Kartik widely once a year to worship Baba Harihar

Nath because it the custom of the Hindus.

2. ;nh ,d gh izdkj ds adverb ,d lkFk ,d ls vf/kd la[;k esa vk tk,

rks lcls de egRoiw.kZ lcls igys vkSj lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ lc ds ckn jgsxkA

e.g. I live in flat no. 2 of Murari comlex at Nandlal Chhapra of

Patna in Bihar.

3. ;nh HkhUu HkhUu izdkj ds adverb ,d lkFk vk, vkSj muesa ftudks ,d

ls vf/kd dh la[;k esa vkus dk vf/kdkj ikzzIr gsk og ,d ls vf/kd la[;k esa

vk, rks lcls igys adverb of manner jgsxk mlds ckn lkjs adverb of

place c<rs dze esa jgsaxs mlds ckn lkjs adverb of time c<rs dze esa

jgsaxsa mlds ckn,d ek= adverb of degree jgsxk mlds ckn ,d ek=

number jgsxk mlds ckn ,d ek= purpose mlds ckn ,d ek=

reason.

e.g. Sonpur fair is held annually at the bank of Gandak in the

district of Saran of Bihar at forthnight of Purnwasi in the

month of Kartik widely once a year to worship Baba Harihar

Nath because it the custom of the Hindus.

4. ;nh adv. Intransitive verb dsk qualify djs rks og intransitive ds

rwjar ckn vk,xkA

e.g. I teach regularly.

5. ;nh adv. Transitive verb dsk qualify djs rks og verb ds igys Hkh

jg ldrk gS verb ds ckn Hkh RkFkk object ds ckn HkhA

e.g. She neatly writes a letter.

She writes neatly a letter.

She writes a letter neatly.

6. ;nh okD; esa principal verb auxiliary verb ds lkFk vk, rks adverb

nksuks ds fcp esa jgsxkA

Q. The government soon will soon make / it mandatory for all

private hospital/ to notify infectious case / as soon as they

are detected.

7. ;nh adverb adjective ds lsok esa vk, rks adjective ds igys jgsxkA



e.g. A very good question.

8. ;nh adverb adveb dh lsok esa vk, rks ml adverb ds igys jgsxk

ftldh lsok esa vk;k gSA

e.g. You speak very loudly.

9. ;nh adverb preposition dh lsok esa vk, rks preposition ds Bhd

igys jgsxkA

e.g. The crow flew just over my head.

10. ;nh adverb lEiw.kZZ okD; dh lsok esa vk, rks okD; ds vkjaHk esa jgsxkA

Q. Unfortunately many people / in India of rural areas/ are

still deprives of/ adequate health facilities. (N/E)

11. Two negatives can’t be used together.

Q. The cashier can’t / give no any explanation for/ the money

that is missing/ from the bank locker.

12. Verb of perception + Adjective

Q. Ragi may not taste / good but it has/ very high/ nutritive

value. (N/E)

CONJUNCTION

Conjunction is a word that joins words or sentences together.

e.g. and, but, or etc.

CONJUNCTION

CO-ORDINATE SUB-ORDINATE CO-RELATIVE

1. Co-ordinate Conjunction- It joins same kinds of parts of

speech.

e.g. but, or, nor, yet, till etc.

2. Sub-ordinate Conjunction- It joins different kinds of parts

of speech.

e.g. That, which, who, when etc.

3. Co-relative Conjunction-It joins same kinds of parts of

speech by coming itself in pair.

e.g. Neither...Nor, Either...Or, Both...And.

USE OF CONJUNCTION

1.

AS SOON AS NO SOONER THAN

a. bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkREd Hkko esa

gksrk gSA

a. bldk iz;ksx ukdkjkREd Hkko esa

gksrk gSaA

b. bldk iz;ksx leLr tense esa

gksxkA

b. bldk iz;ksx past tense esa

gskxkA

c.blds okd; dh lajpuk

lkdkjkREd jgsxhA

e.g. As soon as I came here I

took my seat.

C. blds okD; dh lajpuk iz”ukRed

tSlh gksxhA

e.g. No sooner did he come

than I opened the door.

Q. No sooner did he left leave / the office than it started /

raining heavily to/ make him completely wet.

2.



LIKE AS

a. bldk iz;ksx conj. ds :i essa

rwyuk djus ds yh, djrs gSA

a. bldk iz;ksx Hkh conj. ds :i esa

rwyuk djus ds fy, djrs gSA

b.blds rwjar ckn noun/

pronoun vk,xk vkSj okD; var dj

tk,xkA

b.blds ckn ,d noun/

pronoun mlds ckn fdz;kA

c. Like+objective case

Q. Though the ant/ is small it

is / very intelligent/ as like an

elephant.

c. As+subjective case

Q. No other typist/ in this

office / is as slow as her.

(error in third part)

3.

IF WHEATHER

a. bldk iz;skx mu iz”uks ds lkFk

gksrk gS tks lansg Hkh n”kkZrk gSA

e.g. He asked me if I was a

teacher.

a. bldk iz;ksx lkjs izdkj ds iz”uks

esa gksrk gSA

e.g. The teacher asked me

wheather I was satisfied.

b. Doubt ds lkFk bldk iz;skx

ugh gksxkA

b. Doubt ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx

gskxkA e.g. I doubt wheather

she has mind.

c.bldk iz;ksx condition n”kkZus

ds yh, gksrk gSA

Q. It should be obvious to

you/ that if you persist

bothering him/ he will get

angry with you. (N/E)

c. Condition dks n”kkZus ds yh,

bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA

d.vkleatl dks n”kkZus ds yh,

bldk iz;ksx ugh gksxkA

d. vkleatl dks n”kkZus ds yh,

bldk iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. The cause of boy’s death /

how ever wheather it was dut

to suffocation / or due to fear

/ was not known.

4.

SINCE BECAUSE

a.tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS

dkj.k n”kkZrk gSA

a. tc ;g conj.dk dk;Z djrk gS

dkj.k n”kkZrk gSA

b.bldk vFkZ gS pwdhA b. bldk vFkZ gS D;ksfdA

c. bldk iz;ksx okD; ds vkjaHk esa

gksxkA

c. bldk iz;ksx okD; ds e/; esa

gksxkA

d.tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS

igys dkj.k fy[kk tkrk gS ckn esa

ifj.kkeA

Q. Since I had ordered / a

large number of books/ the

salesman agreed/ to give me

a discount. (N/E)

d. tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS

igys ifj.kke fy[kk tkrk gS ckn esa

dkj.kA

Q. He was selected/ for the

post because of he/ was

familiar with both urban /

and rural way of life.

5.

UNTIL UNLESS

;g okD;ks dks tksM+us ds yh,

rc iz;wDr gksrk gS tc dksb

dk;Z le; ls izfrcaf/kr gksA

bldk iz;ksx conj.ds :i esa rc djus gS

tc dksb dk;Z fdlh dk;Z ds }kjk

izfrca/khr gksA



e.g. Don’t go until it is

five o; clock.

Q. She will not/ attend the

meeting/ at any cost/ until unless

she is invited properly.

6.

WHEN WHILE

bldk iz;ksx conj. ds :i esa tc

ds vfHkizk; esa rc djrs gS tc nks

okD;ks dh fdz;k;s vyx vyx le;

esa gksA

Q. You will be ready/ to start

while when he/ comes to

receive/ you for the officer.

bldk iz;ksx conj. ds :i esa tc ds

vfHkizk; esa rc djrs gS tc nks okD;ks

dh fdz;k;s ,d gh le; essa gks jgh

gksA

Q. They had a narrow scape

when while scaping/ as

roaring avalanche / just

missed them.

7.

AS WELL AS WHILE

;g nks vleku egrrk okys dks

tksM+rk gS ftles vf/kd egRoiw.kZ

igys j[kk tkrk gSA

e.g. Ram as well as Ravana

was strong.

;g nks leku egrrk okys dks tksM+rk

gSA

e.g. India and China are

strong.

8.

DUE TO IN ORDER TO

;g dk;Z ds dkj.k dks crykrk gSA

e.g. I came late due to heavy

traffic.

;g dk;Z ds yD.k dks n”kkZrk gSA

e.g. I came here in order to

learn English.

9.

AS LONG AS TILL

;g dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le; dks

n”kkZus ds yh, rc iz;wDr gksrk gS

tc mlds fy, vof/k nh x;h gksA

e.g. Keep learning how to

live as long as you have to

live.

bldk iz;ksx dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le;

dks n”kkZus ds fy, rc gksrk gSa tc

le; to the point gksA e.g. Keep

suffering till your death if you

want to acquire Mokchaa.

10.

SO THEREFORE

;g NksVs eksVs ifj.kkeks dks n”kkZrk

gSA e.g. I was busy so I did

not complete the task.

bldk iz;ksx cM+s cM+s ifj.kkeks dks

n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA e.g. He

killed his time therefore he is

unemployed.

11.

AS FOR

NksVs eksVs dkj.k dks n”kkZus ds yh,

bldk iz;ksx gksxkA e.g. As the

road was blocked I could not

come in time.

;g xaHkhj dkj.k dks n”kkZrk gSA e.g.

For Maharastra had no rain

there was famine.

12.

BUT YET

tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS

noun, pronoun, adjective ds

fojks/kkHkk’k dks n”kkZrk gSA

tc ;g conj. dk dk;Z djrk gS

fdz;k ds fojks/kkHkk’k dks n”kkZrk gSA



e.g. I am poor but satisfied. e.g. I tried my best yet would

not understand.

13.

INSPITE OF DESPITE OF

ds ckotwn

Q. He deserves a reward/

because he managed /to

complete the assignment / in

spite of many difficulties.

ds ckotwn

Q. The city people stayed/

fearlessly despite of a

rumour of terrorist / attack

in the area.

14.

CONSIST OF COMPRISE OF

bldk iz;ksx fuftZoks ls fufeZr ds

fy, gksrk gSA

Q. The secratrait/ comprises

consist of / many air

conditioned rooms.

bldk iz;ksx euw’;ks ds laxBu ds

fy, gksrk gSA

Q. The committee reviewing

/ the deal consist of comprise

/ leading business men and

policy / makers of our

country.

15.

INSTEAD OF ON BEHALF OF

fdz;k ds cnys esa dksb fdz;k] oLrw ds

cnys esa dksb oLrw vk, rc bldk

iz;ksx djasaxsA

e.g. Complete your task

tc dksb dk;Z fdlh balku ds cnys

nwljk balku djs rks mls n”kkZus ds

fy, on behalf of dk iz;ksx djsaxsA

e.g. My brother will sign the

document on behalf of me.

instead of killing the time.

Q. Instead of criticising / why don’t you/ help with the/

presentation of the project.

ORDER OF CONJUNCTION

1. Either ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA

2. Neither ds lkFk nor vkrk gS or ughA

3. Hardly ds lkFk any vkrk gS other ughA

4. Any ds lkFk other vkrk gS but ughA

5. No ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA

6. Not ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA

7. Never ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA

8. Seldom ds lkFk never vkrk gS ever ughA

9. Nothing else ds lkFk but vkrk gS yet ughA

10. Whether ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA

11. Reason ds lkFk why vkrk gS that ughA

12. Rather ds lkFk than vkrk gS then ughA

13. So ds lkFk as vkrk gS so ughA

14. As ds lkFk as vkrk gS than ughA

15. Both ds lkFk and vkrk gS as well as ughA

16. Though ds lkFk yet vkrk gS but ughA

17. Hardly ds lkFk when/before vkrk gS then ughA



18. Scarcely ds lkFk when/ before vkrk gS than ughA

19. No sooner ds lkFk than vkrk gS when ughA

20. No other ds lkFk or vkrk gS when ughA

21. Other ds lkFk than vkrk gS then ughA

22. As much ds lkFk as vkrk gS so ughA

23. Nothing ds lkFk but vkrk gS yet ughA

24. Such ds lkFk that vkrk gS than ughA

25. Doubt ds lkFk wheather vkrk gS if ughA

26. Not only ds lkFk but also vkrk gS but too ughA

27. Not either ds lkFk or vkrk gS nor ughA

28. Without ds lkFk ever vkrk gS never ughA

29. Between ds lkFk and vkrk gS or ughA

30. Else ds lkFk but vkrk gS than ughA

31. Although ds lkFk yet vkrk gS but ughA

N1- mijksDr conj. tksM+s esa vkrs gS lrZdrk ds fo’k; gS D;ksfd blesa dksb

,d ftl part of speech dh lsok esa vkrk gS vU; Hkh mlh part of

speech dh lsok esa vk;sxkA

Q. Ganesh is not only involved / not only in organising

conference and seminar / but also in conducting / adult

literacy programme.

32. As if ds lkFk were vkrk gS dksb vU; fdz;k ughA

33. I wish ds lkFk were vkrk gS dksb vU; fdz;k ughA

34. As though ds lkFk were vkrk gS dksb vU; fdz;k ughA

Q. The looks/ as if it/ has been were / agitated by storm.

35. Define ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA

36. Present ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA

37. Portray ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA

38. Depict ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA

39. Regard ds lkFk as vkrk gS dksb vU; “kCn ughA

Q. In India the guest / is regarded / like as a God.

40. Unless ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA

41. Till ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA

42. Lest ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA

43. Until ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA

44. Else ds lkFk no, not, never ugh vk,xkA

Q. We can’t handle/ this complicated case today/ unless full

detail are not given / to us by now.

45. If ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA

46. Wheather ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA

47. When ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA

48. While ds lkFk then/ than ugh vk,xkA

Q. If there is gurantee/ then we are prepared / to place a bulk

order / for your product.

49. Suppose ds lkFk if ugh yxsxkA



Q. Supposing if/ he tells the truth / he can scape punishment.

50. Just ds lkFk exactly ugh vk,xkA

Q. This happened / just exactly/ five years ago.

51. Request ds lkFk kindly ugh vk,xkA

Q. I request you/ to kindly grant/ me two days leave.

PREPOSITION

1. IN

tc dksb fdlh lhek js[kk esa igys ls ekStwn gks rks mls n”kkZus ds fy, bldk

iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. The young soldier was taken/ to the hospital because/ he

had been seriously wonded /on in the battle field.

2. INTO

tc dksb fdlh lhek js[kk esa xfr ds lkFk ckgj ls izos”k djrk gS rc bldk

iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. The bird dropped/ a big leaf in into the pound / by plucking

from / the trace on wich it/ was sitting for a long time.

3. BETWEEN

tc dksb nsk ds chp esa gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. The ongoing merger among between / the two companies

will / have an advers / impact on consumers.

4. AMONG

tc dksb nsk ls vf/kd ds fcp esa gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Q. If I have to make a choice/ between among Aryan, Amit

and Abhisekh / I think I shall select Aryan because/ of his

commanding ability.

5. WITH

tc dksb dk;Z “kjhj ds fdlh vax ;k ;a= ds lgkjs fd tkfr gks rks With

dk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. We write with a pen.

6. BY

tc dskb dk;Z ekuo ds }kjk laiknhr gsk rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA

e.g. I am taught by a teacher

7. FROM

tc dksb fdlh ls vyx gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. Small pox has been eradicated .......... India.

a. IN b. FROM c. WITHIN d. OUT

8. ON

tc dksb fdlh ds mij gsk vkSj ftlds mij gks mlds Li”kZ esas gks rks ON dk

iz;ksx djsaxsA

Q. The cup of tea/ which was kept/ upon on the table / fell

down.

9. ABOVE

tc dksb fdlh ds mij gsk vkSj ftlds mij gks mlds Li”kZ esa ugh gks rc

bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. The fan is above us.

10. OVER

tc dksb fdlh ds mij Hkh gks ftlds mij gks mlds Li”kZ esa Hkh ugh gks rFkk

ftlds mij gks mls de ls de nks fn”kkvks ls ?ksjs gwvk Hkh gks rc bldk

iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g. The Gandhi Setu is over the Ganga.

11. BESIDE

tc dksb fdlh ds cxy esa gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA



Q. Payal kept her/ drum besides beside her/ always and

played wisely.

12. AT

eksgYys] xkWo] dLcs rFkk NksVs NksVs “kgjsk ds uke ds igys AT yxrk gSA e.g.

At Chandni Chauk Sansa, At Rajendra Nagar, At Jiradei, At

Bihata etc.

13. IN

cM+s “kgjsk] ftyks] jkT;ks] ns”kks rFkk egkns”kks ds uke ds igys IN yxsxkA e.g.

In Patna, In Varanasi, In Jehanabad, In Asia, In India,In

Aurangabad etc.

N1-;fn mohalla, village, town vkfn Lo;a fy[ks gks rks buesa in yxsxkA

e.g. I live in a Mohalla. You live in a town.

N2-;fn nks (in) ds vf/kdkfj ,d nwljs ds fo:/k vk tk, rks buesa ls de

egRoiw.kZ ds lkFk at yxsxk vkSj v/khd egRoiw.kZ ds lkFk in .

e.g. Nehru was born at Allahabad but he was living in Delhi.

14. ON

;k=k ds oSls lk/ku tks ;k=h dsk [kwys :i es ;k=k djokrs gks ON ysrs gSA

e.g. on foot, on horse, on bike etc.

15. BY

;k=k ds oSls lk/ku tsk ;k=h dks vius lhekvks esa j[k dj ;k=k djokrs gS by

ysrs gSA e.g. By car, by train etc.

16. IN

;nh mijksDr lk/ku ;k=h ds vius gks tk, rks mijksDr esa IN yxsxkA

e.g. I shall go in my own car.

17. AT

?kM+h ds le; ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Q. See saw him / coming out of / the hotel/on at 10 O’clock.

18. ON

bldk iz;ksx nhu rFkk nhukad ds lkFk gksrk gSA

Q. The examination will begin....... Monday.

a. From b. In c. At d. On

19. ABOUT (ds ckjs esa)

Q. The actress made a rare appearance/ at the party and was/

over heard talking in about / her next big project.

20. AMID (fcp es)a

tc dksb fdlh ds fcp es LFkkfir gks] fLFkj gks rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g.

There is a temple amid my village.

21. ABOUT (yxHkx)

e.g. I am about 18 year old.

22. OF

tc fuekZrk oLrw vius fLrRo dks cuk;s j[krs gw, fdlh oLrw dk fuekZ.k djrk

gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g. The table is made of wood.

23. FROM

tc fuekZrk oLrw vius fLrRo dk fouk”k dj ds fdlh oLrw dk fuekZ.k djrk

gS rks mls n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. Wine is made from grapes.

24. AGAINST

tc dksb fdlh ds fo:/k gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA



Q. In its final descision the/ court ruled that all the /

allegation levelled for against accused/ were false and

baseless.

25. ACROSS

tc dksb fdlh ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd mij gh mij lrg dks Li”kZ

djrk gwvk tkrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. He swam across the Ganga.

26. OVER

tc dksb fdlh oLrw ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd mij gh mij rks tk,

ijUrw lrg Li”kZ ugh djs rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

The thief jumped over the wall.

27. THROUGH

tc dksb fdlh oLrw ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd Hkhrj gh Hkhrj tk, rc

bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. The train run through the tunnel.

28. PAST

tc dksb fdlh ds lkeus ls xwtjrk gS rks past dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. We went past Patna college.

29. TO

yD> rd igwpus okyh xrh dk n”kkZus ds fy, TO dk iz;ksx djrs gSA

Q. The travel agency made / all the arrangements/ for our

journey / for to England.

30. TOWARDS

tc dksb xfr yD> rd ugh yD> dh vksj tkfr gks rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA

e.g. I go to the coaching towards Khetan market.

31. BEHIND

tc dksb fdlh ds ihNs gksrk gS rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. My friend is sitting behind me.

32. ROUND

;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw fdlh ds pkjks vksjA

Q. Gailelio proved that the earth revolves / around round the

sun.

33. UP

;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw fups ls mij rFkk blesa yD> dk vHkko jgrk gSA

e.g. Jack and zeal went up the hill.

34. UPTO

tc dksb fups ls mij tkdj yD> ikzIr dj ys rks mls n”kkZus ds fy, upto

yxsxkA e.g. I shall go up to the class room.

35. UPON

tc dksb fups ls mij tkdj dgh j[kk tkrk gS Rkc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. The lion jumped upon the deer.

36. DOWN

;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw mij ls fupsA

e.g. Jack and zeal come down the hill.

37. BEYOND

fdlh Hkh izdkj ds lhek js[kk dk mya?ku djrs gw, ckgj tkus dks n”kkZus ds

fy, bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA e.g. The ball went beyond boundry line.

38. BENEATH

tc dksb fdlh ds fups Hkh gks vkSj ftlds fups gks mlds Li”kZ esa Hkh gks rks

BENEATH dk iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. Shankar was lying beneath the

foot of Kali.



39. BELOW

tc dksb fdlh ds fups gks vkSj ftlds fups gks mlds Li”kZ esa Hkh ugh gks rc

below dk iz;ksx djasxsA e.g. We are sitting below the fan.

40. UNDER

tc dksb fdlh ds fups Hkh gks ftlds fups gks mlds Li”kZ es Hkh ugh gks rFkk

ftlds fups gks mlls de ls de nks fn”kkvks ls ?khjk gwvk gks rc bldk

iz;ksx djsaxsaA

e.g. The Ganga flows under the Gandhi Setu.

41. BESIDES (ds vfrjhDr)

tc fdlh dks fHkM+ esa lfeyhr djuk gsk rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Q. Beside besides the chairman/ all the committee members/

were present at / the share holders meeting.

42. EXCEPT (ds vfrfjDr)

bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc fHkM+ ls fdlh dsk vyx djuk gksA

Q. In view of the financial crisis/ the company doesnot hope/

any choice / unless except/ to close down the factory.

43. PAST

?kM+h ds iDds le; ls vf/kdrk dks n”kkZus ds fy, past dk iz;ksx gksxkA

e.g. It is 35 past 9.

44. TO

;g ?kM+h ds iDds le; ls deh dk n”kkZrk gSA

e.g. It is 29 to 5.

45. WITH (ds lkFk )

e.g. With ticket.

46. WITHOUT (ds fcuk )

Q. It is shame that many people in the world have to leave......

basic necessities such as food and shelter.

a. Along b. Including c. Despite d. Without

47. ALONG (yEcor)

tc dksb fdlh ds fdukjs fdukjs ijUrw yEckb es gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs

gSA e.g. People were standing along the road to welcome the

leader.

48. AROUND (or̀or)

tc dksb fdlh ds pkjsk vksj xksykb esa gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. There are trees around Gandhi Maidan.

49. AFTER (fiNs)

;g Hkh xfr n”kkZrk gS ijUrw fdlh ds ihNs A

e.g. I don’t run after anyone.

50. SINCE

bldk iz;ksx present perfect, present perfect continuous , past

perfect , past perfect continuos esa rc djrs gS tc le; to the

point gksA

Q. She shared all her/ secret with Suman / as they had been /

friends with since childhood.

51. FOR

bldk iz;ksx ijksDr esa rc djsaxs tc le; dh vo/kh nh x;h gksA

e.g. I have been coming here for three months.

52. BY

Future perfect esa bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc fn;s x;s le; esa ls fdlh

dk;Z dks djus esa dqN Hkh le; uk cpsA



e.g. I shall have finished your batch by 5, O clock.

53. BEFORE

bldk iz;ksx mijksDr esa rc djsaxs tc fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa fn, x;s le;

esa ls dwN le; cpk fy;k tk,A

e.g. You will have gone before 5 O, clock.

54. FROM

Future perfect continuous essa le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx

djrs gSA e.g. I shall have been doing a job from 2015.

55. IN

leLr indefinite rFkk lEkLr imperfect esa bldk iz;ksx rc djsasxs tc

fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa nh, x, le; dh vo/kh esa ls dwN Hkh uk cpsA

Q. Our country has/ the ambitious goal of eliminating

poverty/ for in 10 year.

56. WITHIN

mijksDr esa ;e; dh vof/k ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx rc djaasxs tc dwN le;

cpk yh;k tk,A

Q. Under this scheme / letters and parcels / are delivered / in

within a given time frame.

57.BY

mijksDr esa fuf”pr le; ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx rc djasxs tc fn, x,

fu/kkZfjr le; esa ls dwN Hkh uk cpsA

e.g. We shall go by 5 O’clock.

58. BEFORE

mijksDr esa bldk iz;ksx rc djrs gS tc fu/kkZfjr le; esa ls dwN le; cpk

fy;k tk,A e.g. I came before 3:30.

59. TILL

bldk iz;ksx dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, rc djrs gS tc

le; to the point gksA e.g. Stay here till 5 O’clock.

60. UPTO

bldk iz;ksx dk;Z ds lekfIr ds le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, rc djrs gS tc

le; dh vo/kh nh x;h gksA Stay here uptpo 1 week.

61. DURING

fdlh dk;Z ds djus esa yxus okys lkjs le; dks n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx

djsaxsA e.g. What did you do during Durga Pooja.

62. ON

;g fdlh ij fdlh dh fuHkZjrk n”kkZrk gSA

e.g. The Indian farmers deped on rain.

63. THROUGH

lw[k ds leLr lk/kuks esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Q. They fight among/ rival candidates between through the

medium/ of catlly slogans/ has started.

64.FROM

nw[k ds lkjs dkjuks ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx gksxkA

Q. The whole/ country was/ suffering by from / a financial

crisis.

65. INTO

:i ifjorZu dsk n”kkZus ds fy, bldk izz;ksx gskxkA

e.g. Change into passive voice.

66. IN

leLr izdkj ds QSlu] oL=ks rFkk lkSUn;Z izlk/kuks ess bldk iz;ksx gksxkA

e.g. Woman go everywhere in full makeup.



67. OVER

mfpr ls vf/kdrk dks n”kkZus ds yh, bldk iz;ksx gksxkA

e.g. Don’t spend over your income.

68. UNDER

bldk iz;ksx mfpr ls de dks n”kkZus ds fy, gksrk gSA

e.g. She thinks herself under the age.

69. OF

;g e`R;w ds ml dkj.k dsk n”kkZrk gS tks nh?kZ gksrs gSA

Q. The child died ........ jaundrish.

a. With b. Of c. By d. No improvement

70. FROM

;g er̀;w ds ml dkju dks n”kkZrk gS tks Nfud gksrs gSA

Q. My friend’s father died........T.T.C fever.

a. By b. Of c. From d. With

71. ONTO

;g fdlh dk fdlh ds izfr O;ogkj n”kkZrk gSA

e.g. The teacher is very cruel onto us.

72. AT

e.g. At night, at noon etc.

73. IN

e.g. In the morning, in the evening etc.

Q. Students are likely to / work on in the evening/ during the

weakends/ or summer break.

74. AT

e.g. At dusk, at dawn

75. FOR

leLr izdkj ds vknku iznku dsk n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA e.g.

Tit for tat. I bought a pen for five rupees.

76. FACING (lkeus)

tc nks izkf.k ,d nwljs ds lkeus psgjk fd, gw, gks rks facing dk iz;ksx

gksxkA e.g. The leader was delievering the speech facing the

public.

77. BEFORE (lkeus)

tc nsk lfto ,d nwljs ds lkeus gks ijUrw ,d dk psgjk vkSj ,d dk ihB

vkeus lkeus gks rc bldk iz;ksx djssaxsA

e.g. I was standing before my friend in the que.

78. OPPOSITE (lkeus)

tc nks fuftZo ,d nwljs ds lkeus psgjk fd, gw, gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs

gSA e.g. My coaching is opposite Rajdhani market.

79. INFRONT OF (lkeus)

tc nsk fuftZo ,d nwljs ds lkeus rks gks ijUrw ,d dk ew[; }kj vkSj ,d

dk i`’V Hkkx vkeus lkeus gks rc bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA

e.g. The Mahavir Mandir is infront of Patna junction.

80. IN

leLr izdkj ds O;Lrrkvks dk n”kkZus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

e.g. In politics , in army etc.

81. BUT



tc ;g preposition dk dk;Z djrk gS rks bldk vFkZ gskrk gS ds vfrjhDr

dwN Hkh ugh] ds vfrfjDr dksb ughA

Q. The government has no/ choice then but to curtail/ the

subcidies in order to/ contain the increasing fiscal deficit.

82. AHEAD

tc dwN vkxs py dj fn[kus okyk gks rc bldk iz;ksx djsaxsA

e.g. your destination is ahead you.

83. ABACK

tks fiNs gh NwV pwdk gks ykSVus ij fn[kus okyk gks ds fy, ABACK dk

iz;ksx djsaxsA e.g. You have left your destination aback you.

84. BY

bldk iz;ksx fuftZo ds lkFk rc djrs gS tc fuftZo lgk;d ugh Lo;a drkZ

cu tk,A

e.g. London was burnt by unknown fire.

85. WITH

bldk iz;ksx ekuo ds lkFk rc djrs gS tc og drkZ ugh lgk;d gksA e.g.

Rajiv Gandhi was killed with the help of a woman.

86. BY

tc fuftZo ekuo ls vf/kd “kfDr”kkfy gks rks buesa by yxsxkA

e.g. Herosima was destroyed by atom bomb.

87. BETWEEN

bldk iz;ksx nks ls vf/kd ds fcp rc gksrk gS tc eS=h ;k Hkkbpkjk n”kkZuk

gksA e.g. There is friendship between the sark countries.

88. AMONG

bldk iz;ksx nks ds fcp esa rc gksrk gS tc dVwrk] “k=wrk vFkok }s’k n”kkZuk

gks A e.g. There is enemity among Pakistan and India.

89. AMONGST

tgk tgk among yxrk gS ogh ogh amongst yxsxk ;nh blds ckn okyk

“kCn vowel ls vkjaHk gksA e.g. There is enemity amongst India and

Pakistan.

90. AMIDST

tgk tgk amid yxrk gS ogh ogh amidst yxsxk ;nh buds ckn okyk “kCn

vowel ls vkjaHk gksA e.g. There is a temple amidst our houses.

SENTENCE ARRANGEMENT

Adverb/phrase tks lEiw.kZ okD; dh lsok esa vk, + subject + subject

foLrkj + verb + object/compliment + dk;Z izukyh (dk;Z djus dk

<ax) + dk;Z LFky +dk;Z dk le; +dk;Z dh ek=k + dk;Z dh la[;k + dk;Z

dk y{; + dk;Z dk dkjuA

(NEGLECT HINDI ERROR)

(SOME SPELLING MISTAKES MAY OCCUR IN TYPING)

THE END

competitive english grammar 1 -...

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