compartison of selected polish and english transformations
DESCRIPTION
Compartison of Selected Polish and English Transformations. Aleksandra Misiak. on the basis of Saloni, Z., Świdziński M. (1999), Składnia współczesnego języka polskiego , Warszawa:PWN Alexander, L.G., (1988), Longman English Grammar , London:Longman. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Compartison of Selected Compartison of Selected Polish and English Polish and English TransformationsTransformations
on the basis of
Saloni, Z., Świdziński M. (1999), Składnia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warszawa:PWN
Alexander, L.G., (1988), Longman English Grammar, London:Longman.
Harrison, Z.,Structural Linguistics, (1989)
Bąk ,P Gramatyka Języka Polskiego ,(1984 ) Warszawa, Wiedza Powszechna
Aleksandra Misiak
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Grammatical features considered Grammatical features considered for particular categoriesfor particular categories
P: NP(Gender, Person, Case, Number )E: NP( _ , Person, Case, Number ) P: VP(Gender, Person, Number, Tense) E: VP( _ , Person, Number, Tense)P: AP(Gender, _ , Case, Number, Pred, Degree) E: AP( _ , _ , _ , _ , Pred, Degree) P: PERS_PRON(Gender, Person, Case, Number )E: PERS_PRON( _ , _ , Case, _ )P: REL_PRON(Gender, Case, Number)E: REL_PRON(Case , _ , _ )
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Polish transformationsPolish transformationsPASSIVIZATION NP(G1, P1, nom, L1) VP(g1, l1, p1, t) NP(G2, P2 , acc, L2) Żołnierz strzeże granic
NP2(G2, P2 , nom , L2) (g2, l2, p2, t) v-n(nom, g2, l2) Granice są strzeżone
NP1 (G2, P2 , przez+Acc, L2) przez żołnierza
BYĆBYWAĆZOSTAĆ
ZOSTAWAĆ
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English passive transformationsEnglish passive transformations
NP1 ( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP(_, p1, n1, t ) NP2 (_, P2, C2, N2)
The soldier guards the border
NP2 (_, P2, C1, N2) BE (_, p2, n2, t ) + ppraet
The border is guarded
BY-agent - NP1 ( _, P1, C2, N1 )
the soldier
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Negative TransformationsNegative Transformations
vf [n(acc)] nie vf [n(gen)]Dziecko ma katar Dziecko nie ma
kataruPrzyglądano się Piotrowi Nie
przyglądano się PiotrowiPies coś zjadł Pies czegoś nie
zjadł
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English transformationsEnglish transformations
do
t VP (_, p1, n1,t ) u t have (_, p1, n1,t ) not v(n)
be
Exceptions: may/might, can/could, should, ought to,will/would, must
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ExamplesExamples
A child has a cold A child does not have a cold
Peter was observed Peter was not observed
A dog ate something A dog ate nothing
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Polish transformations with indefinite pronounsPolish transformations with indefinite pronouns
ktoś (c) nikt (c)
coś (c) nic (c) któryś (c,g,l ) żaden (c,g ,l)
pewien (c, g,l) nie vf żaden (c,g,l) nie vf gdzieś nigdzie kiedyś nigdy
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ExamplesExamples
Pies czegoś nie zjadł Pies niczego nie zjadł
Pies czegoś nie zjadł Pies nic nie zjadł
Gdzieś go nie ma Nigdzie go nie ma
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English transformations with indefinite pronounsEnglish transformations with indefinite pronouns
something nobody
something nothing
t AUX not v one (c,l) v(_,p1,n1,t) neither of
some (c,l) none of
somewhere never
once nowhere
e.g A dog did not ate anything A dog ate nothing
He is not here He is nowhere
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Transformations of the conditional Transformations of the conditional sentencessentences
cond1 { S1;S2 } jeśli S2 [ to ] S1
P: { Maria jest dumna; Maria urodziła syna }
Jeśli Maria urodziła syna, to Maria jest dumna cond1 { S1;S2 } if S2 [ then ] S1
E:{Mary is proud ; Mary has given birth to a child } If Mary has given birth to a child, she is proud.
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Conditionals second and thirt; polish Conditionals second and thirt; polish transformationstransformations
cond2,3 { t v1-ł (g1, n1, p1 ) u ; w v2-ł (g2 , n2, p2 ) z }
jeśliby -m ( n2,p2 ) w v2-ł (g2, n2 ) z, [to] t v1-ł (g1, n1, p1)-by u
gdyby
e.g { Przyszedłem; Zaprosiłeś mnie }
Jeślibyś zaprosił mnie, przyszedłbym
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Conditionals second and thirt; english Conditionals second and thirt; english transformationstransformations
t v1( t1) w ; z v 2 ( t2 ) u if z v2 ( t2 ) u then t v1( t1) w
e.g { I came; you invited me}
1) If you had invited me, I would have come
2) If you had invited me, I would come
3) If you invited me, I would come
4) If you invited me, I came
5) If you would invite me, I would came
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Conditional sentences;comparison of Conditional sentences;comparison of Polish and EnglishPolish and English
E: 1st part
2nd part P: 1 st part 2nd part
Past perf Fut perf. in the past
Tryb przypusz.
Tryb przypusz.
Past perf. Fut in the past + +
Simple past Fut in the past + +
Simple past Simple past + +Fut in the past Fut in the
past + +
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Polish predicative transformationsPolish predicative transformations
{ NP( G1, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) ; NP( G1, P1, nom, N1)
BYĆ (g1, n1, p1, t1 ) AP( nom, g1, n1 )}
NP( G1, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) AP( c1, g1, n1 )
e.g { Pies wrócił do domu ; Pies był wycieńczony }
Pies wrócił do domu wycieńczony
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English predicative transformationsEnglish predicative transformations
{ NP( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) ; NP( _, P1, nom, N1 )
BE (_, p1, n1, t1 ) AP(_,_,_,_, Pred,_ )}
NP( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) AP(_,_,_,_, Pred,_ )
e.g {A dog came back home ; A dog was worn-out }
A dog came back home worn-out
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Transformations Rhem; polish Transformations Rhem; polish transformationstransformations
t x u to x t u
Chłopiec ma psa To chłopiec ma psa
a( c, g, n ) NP( G, C, N ) To a( c, g, n ) NP( G, C, N ) t u
e.g Maria zjadła tamten kawałek
To tamten kawałek Maria zjadła
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Transformations Rhem ; English Transformations Rhem ; English transformationstransformations
t NP(_, P, C, N ) u It`s NP(_, P, C, N )
Rel_ Pron (_, C, _, ) t u
e.g A boy has a dog It`s a boy who has a dog
t D_ Pron ( n ) NP(_, P, C, N ) u It`s D_Pron ( n ) Rel_Pron(_,c ) NP(_, P, C, N ) u t
e.g Mary ate that piece It`s that piece Mary ate